Encyclopedia of Global Resources part 158 pptx

Colorado River, 187-188, 666, 1310
Colorado River Basin Act (1968),
76
Colorado River Basin Project, 187
Colorado River Storage Act
(1956), 76
Combustion energy, 358
Comminution, 11
Commodities, 170
Common Fisheries Policy
(European Union), 644
Common law; environmental law,
385; public trust doctrine, 983
Common Varieties Mineral Act
(1955), 487
Commoner, Barry, 232-233
Commons, 331, 491, 895; tragedy
of, 434
Communications, 1242
Communications satellites, 1132
Community ecology, 328
Compaction of soils, 1104, 1108
Composite volcanoes, 595
Composites, 719
Composting, 233-235, 1004, 1120
Comprehensive Environmental
Response, Compensation, and
Liability Act. See Superfund
legislation
Computer chips; silicon, 1087
Comstock Lode, 269

Concrete, 184-187, 189; aggregate
use, 9; aluminum compounds,
34; pumice, 985
Confined aquifers, 57
Confining beds, 57
Conflict diamonds, 1026
Congo River, 235, 1163
Congo, Democratic Republic of
the, 235-239; economic
statistics, 236. See also Zaire
Coniferous trees, 464
Conservation, 104, 239-246, 429,
976, 1026, 1184; dams, 270;
defined, 240; European Union,
404-405; ex situ, 493; in situ,
493; land use, 676; Theodore
Roosevelt, 1036; of species,
107; water, 1320
Conservation biology, 246-248
Conservation International, 248-
249, 799
Conservation movement, 242
Conservation Technical Assistance
program, 805
Conservation tillage, 400
Consolidation of soils, 1109
Consultative Group on
International Agricultural
Research, 249-250
Consumption, 976; population

growth, 963-965; waste
generation, 1120; worldwide
patterns, 1020-1022
Containerization, 853, 1240
Continental crust, 324, 699, 950
Continental drift, 1066-1067
Continental shelves, 723, 851;
fisheries, 432
Continental slopes, 852
Contour mining, 1167
Contouring, 399
Convection currents, 950
Convention on Biological
Diversity, 322, 405, 489-490,
492, 619, 796, 1264, 1266-1267,
1274, 1361
Convention on International
Trade in Endangered Species
of Wild Fauna and Flora, 351,
1267-1268, 1274
Convention on Long-Range
Transboundary Air Pollution,
1268-1269
Convention on the Conservation
of Migratory Species of Wild
Animals, 1274
Convention on the Law of the
Sea, 436, 685-686, 1269-1271
Convention on Trade in
Endangered Species of Wild

Fauna and Flora, 645, 1332
Convention on Wetlands of
International Importance. See
Ramsar Convention
Convention to Combat
Desertification, 1264, 1271-1272
Conventions. See Category Index
under “Laws and conventions”
Convergent boundaries, 948
Copenhagen Conference (2009),
1265
Copper, 250-255, 754, 801, 1184;
Argentina, 62; bioleaching,
686; in brass, 136; bronze, 145;
Canada, 167; Chile, 192;
Marcus Daly, 269; Democratic
Republic of the Congo, 237;
end-use statistics, 254;
Indonesia, 609; Iran, 627;
Kazakhstan, 660; Mexico, 744;
Peru, 921; Poland, 961;
Portugal, 967; Russia, 1048;
Sweden, 1190; United States,
1281; world production, 251
Copper carbonates, 179
Coquina, 695
Coral reefs, 255-258, 431-432
Cordillera, 779
Coriolis effect, 851
Cork, 967

Corn, 258-261, 941; ethanol, 402;
world production, 259
Corn syrup, 1172
Corporate agriculture, 701
Corporate welfare state, 171
Corporations, 171
Corrosion-resistant alloys, 634
Cort, Henry, 630
Corundum, 1, 261, 264, 483, 485,
735, 898
Cosmic Background Explorer,
1134
Cost-benefit analysis, 1033
Costa Rica, 281, 352
Costanza, Robert, 802
Cotton, 262-263, 612, 941, 943,
946, 1030; Brazil, 140; India,
603; Turkey, 1250; Zimbabwe,
1369
Cotton fibers, 439
Cotton gin, 263, 439
Council of Energy Resource
Tribes, 264-265
Council on Environmental
Quality, 790
Countries. See Category Index
Courtois, Bernard, 622
Cracking of hydrocarbons, 868,
928
1476 • Subject Index Global Resources

Crater Lake, 665
Cronstedt, Axel Fredrik, 815, 1364
Crookes, Sir William, 1220
Crop production; farmland, 410-
413
Crops. See Agriculture; Food
crops; specific crops
Crown fires, 426, 454
Crude oil, 77-79, 856, 858. See also
Oil
Crushed stone, 8, 1056; end-use
statistics, 9; quarrying, 987;
U.S. consumption, 12
Crustaceans, 433
Crutzen, Paul J., 901
Crystal defects, 267
Crystalline solids, 267
Crystallization, 590, 594, 732;
kyanite, 661; magma, 706-708;
mica, 745; pegmatites, 917; in
space, 1134
Crystals, 265-268; geodes, 497-498;
metals as, 730; quartz, 987-989;
semiconductors, 1079
Cubic boron nitride, 3
Cullinan diamond, 309
Cumulates, 596
Cuprite, 898
Cuprous oxide, 255
Curie, Jacques, 988

Curie, Marie, 637, 990
Curie, Pierre, 637, 988, 990
Cyanobacteria, 972
Cyclones; Nargis, 442
Cyclosilicates, 762
Cylindrite, 1233
Czochralski process, 1081, 1087
Daimler, Gottlieb, 617
Dairy products, 14; France, 470
Dalton, John, 173
Daly, Herman, 802
Daly, Marcus, 269
Dams, 269-273, 666, 1165; failures,
443; flood control, 444;
hydroelectric energy, 1011;
impact on environment, 582;
Tennessee Valley Authority,
1210; Three Gorges, 1223-1224;
U.S., 155
Darcy, Henry, 59
Darcy’s law, 59
Darfur, 296, 1026
D’Arsonval, Jacques Arsène, 845
Darwin, Charles, 257, 799
Davy, Sir Humphry, 33, 134, 161,
173, 341, 343, 697, 709, 1154,
1170
DDT. See Dichloro-diphenyl-
trichloroethane
Dead Sea, 664

De Beers company, 305, 1030,
1124
Deciduous forests, 115, 464
Declaration on the Human
Environment, 1156
Decomposers, 998
Deep drilling projects, 273-276
Deep ecology, 276-277, 382, 668
Deep Sea Drilling Project, 615
Deere, John, 17
Defoliants, 560, 573, 923
Deforestation, 170, 277-282, 295,
452, 783, 974; Amazon, 140;
rain forests, 992, 994; slash-and-
burn agriculture, 1094
Del Rio, Andrés Manuel, 1289
Deltas, 282-283, 1162
Democratic Republic of the
Congo. See Zaire
Dendritic aggregates, 528
Denitrification, 823
Denmark, 283-287; economic
statistics, 284
Density of minerals, 759
Dent corn, 260
Dental fillings, 528
Deoxyribonucleic acid, 124, 490-
494
Department of Agriculture, U.S.,
287-289, 378, 459, 804-806,

909
Department of Energy, U.S., 183,
289-291, 413, 840;
organizational structure, 290
Department of the Interior, U.S.,
152-153, 155, 291-293, 353-354,
429, 592, 762-763, 1286
Department of Transportation,
U.S., 293-294
Dephlogisticated air, 899
Deposition, 1069; streams, 1164
Depressions (economic), 171
Desalination, 585, 723, 836, 850,
1052, 1309; plants, 294-295
Desertification, 295-298, 300, 412,
452, 567, 895, 1021, 1360;
grasslands, 537; United
Nations, 1271-1272
Deserts, 116, 215, 299-301; China,
199; fires, 427
Deterding, Henri W. A., 812
Detergents, 1176
Devaney, Earl, 292
Developing countries, 301-305,
1155; agriculture, 20;
desertification, 296; hunger,
451
Development. See Land
management
DHW. See Domestic hot water

Diagenesis, 1069
Diamond pipes, 306
Diamond trading, 99
Diamonds, 172-174, 305-309, 483,
485, 534, 597, 707, 801, 1030,
1302, 1366; abrasive, 1;
Belgium, 99; conflicts over,
1026; Democratic Republic of
the Congo, 238; end-use
statistics, 308; Russia, 1047;
South Africa, 1124; synthetic,
3, 308, 486; world production,
306
Diatomaceous earth, 2, 309-312,
507
Diatomite, 2, 309-312; end-use
statistics, 312; world
production, 311
Diatoms, 310
Diatremes, 597
Dichloro-diphenyl-
trichloroethane, 182, 337, 373,
448, 924
Dichromates, 205
Didot, Saint-Léger, 905
Diesel, Rudolf, 109, 617, 1241
Diesel cycle, 1241
Diesel fuel, 481, 928, 930
Digitalis, 947
Global Resources Subject Index • 1477

Dikes, 595
Dimension stone, 9-10, 313-315;
end-use statistics, 314; granite,
531-532; limestone, 695-697;
marble, 720-722; quarrying,
986; sandstone, 1057-1058;
slate, 1094-1095
Diodes, 1080
Dioxins, 397, 1120
Dirty bombs, 190
Disasters, 1032
Diseases; invasive species, 114;
nutritional, 451
Distillation; alcohol, 1172;
fractional, 73, 402, 899;
methanol production, 739;
petroleum, 480, 928; seawater,
294
Divergent boundaries, 948
Dixie Project, 187
DNA. See Deoxyribonucleic acid;
DNA sequencing
DNA sequencing, 124
Dogs, 47; domestication, 43
Dolan v. City of Tigard (1994),
1203
Dolly the sheep, 126
Dolomite, 179-180, 406, 695, 709,
1261; marble, 720; United
Kingdom, 1262

Dolostone, 160, 694-695, 721, 733,
932
Domestic hot water, 1115
Donkeys, 45, 48
Donora, Pennsylvania, 23
Dow, Herbert H., 315-316
Dow Chemical Company, 316
Dow seawater process, 710
Draft animals, 47, 49
Drainage basins. See Watersheds
Drainage density, 1163
Drake, Edwin, 274, 1045
Dredging, 723
Dried food, 471-472
Drift nets, 433
Drilling for oil and natural gas,
861-863
Drinking water, 1313
Drip irrigation, 636
Dromedaries, 45
Droughts, 214, 316-318, 378, 1165,
1208; desertification, 296; Dust
Bowl, 318-320
Drugs; plant sources, 333, 350,
490-491, 945-947, 994
Dry midlatitudes zone, 339
Dry tropics and subtropics zone,
339
Ducks, 45
Dumping, 1021

Durum wheat, 1335
Dust Bowl (1930’s), 206, 242, 296,
317-320, 378, 459, 804, 972,
1322
Dutch disease, 1020
Dynamite, 10, 320, 824
Dysprosium, 999
Dzhakishev, Mukhtar, 658
E waste. See Electronic waste
Earth; crust, 324-326, 503, 698;
interior structure, 503; mantle,
503; seismic activity, 504
Earth Day, 182, 385, 391
Earth First!, 277, 321
Earth in the Balance (Gore), 530
Earth Observation Satellite
Company, 681
Earth Observing System, 683
Earth resources satellites, 680-684,
1008, 1133
Earth Summit, Johannesburg
(2002), 243
Earth Summit, Rio (1992), 7-8,
104, 107, 243, 304, 321-323,
392, 492, 668, 781, 796, 1157,
1264, 1271-1272, 1276, 1361,
1363
Earthforce, 1065
Earthquakes, 323; Sumatra-
Andaman, 502

Earthwatch Institute, 326-327
East India Company, 263
Ecocentrism, 382
Ecodevelopment, 1156
Ecofeminism, 382
Ecological resources. See Category
Index
Ecology, 327-331
Economic development, 974-976
Economic issues. See Category
Index under “Social, economic,
and political issues”
Economics; oil, 872-875; primary
sector, 974-976; resource
exchange, 1020-1022; resources
accounting, 1015-1016; solar
energy, 1118; sustainability,
1183-1185
Ecoregions, 524
Ecosystem ecology, 328
Ecosystem services, 331-334
Ecosystems, 328, 334-338, 448;
defined, 240; invasive species,
113. See also Biomes
Ecotones, 1327
Ecotourism, 123, 352, 1337, 1370
Ecozones, 338-340
Ecuador, 890
Edge of the Sea, The (Carson), 182
Edison, Thomas, 177, 340-341,

343, 614, 816
Edison Electric Institute, 341-342,
837
EEZs. See Exclusive economic
zones
Efficiency, 717-720
Ehrlich, Paul, 390
Einstein, Albert, 150, 637, 830,
934
EIS. See Environmental impact
statements
Eisenhower, Dwight D., 83-84,
363, 620
Ekeberg, Anders Gustaf, 1207
El Niño, 317, 342-343, 432, 552,
1217
Elasticity of energy demand, 357
Elastomers, 1041
Electric-arc furnace, 1149, 1151
Electric cars, 347
Electric power, 343-348, 1134;
cogeneration, 232; distribution,
341; France, 469; geothermal,
505; Industrial Revolution, 613;
industry, 346; nuclear
generation, 191; ocean
currents, 843-846; ocean tides,
1225-1229; ocean waves, 846-
848; solar cells, 934-937, 1117;
1478 • Subject Index Global Resources

solar chimneys, 1111; steam
turbines, 1145; storage, 368
Electrical conductors, 728-731
Electrical energy. See Electric
power
Electrical properties of minerals,
759
Electrical-resistance alloys, 633
Electricity. See Electric power
Electrochemical cells, 368
Electrolysis, 316, 529, 557-558,
729
Electromagnets, 713
Electrometallurgy, 729
Electronic publishing, 908
Electronic waste, 560
Electronics; silicon, 1086; silver,
1091
Electronics industry, 605
Electrostatic precipitators, 12
Electrum, 528
Elephants, 49, 645; domestication,
45
Elevators, 1240
Elhuyar, Fausto, 1244
Elhuyar, Juan José, 1244
Ellipticine, 947
Elton, Charles S., 448
Emeralds, 483, 485
Emery, 2, 261, 264, 485

Eminent domain, 56, 1201-1205
Emissions trading, 1265
Emus, 45
Endangered species, 104-108, 247,
348-354, 377, 1267, 1362-1363;
extinctions, 1141-1143; ivory
trade, 645-648; land use, 676,
980; marine life, 434; plants,
523; statistics, 349; United
Nations, 1267-1268; whales,
1332. See also Biodiversity;
Threatened species
Endangered Species Act (1973),
348, 353-357, 377, 389, 392,
430, 981, 1142, 1333
Endangered Species Conservation
Act (1969), 353, 1267
Endangered Species Preservation
Act (1966), 104, 353, 1142,
1267
Energy; agriculture, 19; China,
201; cogeneration, 232;
consumption, 1024;
consumption statistics, 366;
economics, 872-875; efficient
use of, 146-152; nonrenewable
resources, 1010; oceans, 843-
848, 851, 1225-1229; propane,
977-978; renewable, 149; solar,
934-937, 1109-1119; storage,

367-370; transportation, 1238-
1243; from waste, 1120; wood
fuels, 1353-1355
Energy Act, U.K. (2004), 216
Energy crisis (1970’s), 149, 286,
346, 357, 360, 363, 391, 401,
872-876, 890, 911, 935, 1003,
1172, 1195, 1227, 1346
Energy cycles, 337
Energy economics, 357-361
Energy efficiency, 717-720
Energy forests, 1353
Energy inputs, 357
Energy Policy Act (2005), 109-110,
361-362, 413
Energy politics, 362-367
Energy Reorganization Act
(1974), 837
Energy resources; weather and,
1323. See also Category Index
Energy returned on energy
invested, 913
Energy Star program, 148
Engineered geothermal systems,
509
Engineered wood, 1359
Engineering; coastal, 227-229
England. See United Kingdom
Enhanced geothermal systems,
509

Enhanced oil recovery (EOR),
863
Environment Action Programme
(European Community), 404
Environment and Natural
Resources Division, U.S.
Department of Justice, 371-372
Environment Canada, 168
Environmental activism, 240, 277,
390-394; Barry Commoner,
233; Earth First!, 321;
Greenpeace, 548, 960; Wangari
Maathai, 704-705; Sea
Shepherd Conservation
Society, 1065
Environmental biotechnology,
372-375
Environmental Defense Fund, 28,
390
Environmental degradation, 334,
375-379; developing countries,
301-305; farmland, 412;
Industrial Revolution, 614; oil
spills, 881-883; overgrazing,
894-896; soils, 1103-1106; strip
mining, 1168
Environmental economies, 1022
Environmental engineering, 379-
381
Environmental ethics, 381-383,

667-668
Environmental federalism, 414
Environmental geology, 502
Environmental impact statements,
380, 384, 790
Environmental legislation;
European Union, 404-405;
U.S., 384-390
Environmental movement, 390-
394
Environmental Protection Act,
Canadian (1988), 167-168
Environmental Protection Agency,
U.S., 182, 210, 385-386, 394-
398, 561, 791-792, 1033
Environmental racism, 564
Environmental risk analysis, 380
EOSAT. See Earth Observation
Satellite Company
Ephedrine, 947
Epsom salts, 711, 1071
Erbium, 999
EROEI. See Energy returned on
energy invested
Erosion, 398-400, 1068; coastal,
1322; control, 333, 398-400;
placer deposits, 938; soil, 1103,
1322; streams, 1164;
weathering, 1324-1327
Erythronium, 1289

Global Resources Subject Index • 1479
Esparto, 909
Essential2 campaign, 36
Estuaries, 117
Ethanol, 108-110, 374, 400-403,
1012, 1062, 1172, 1242, 1282;
Brazil, 139; corn, 260; U.S.
policy, 362
Ethics. See Environmental ethics
Ethnobotany, 135
Ethyl alcohol. See Ethanol
Ethylene, 925, 977, 1062
Ethylene dibromide, 144
Ethylene glycol, 926
Etta pegmatite, 266
European Union, 404-405; air
pollution, 25. See also Austria;
Belgium; Denmark; France;
Greece; Italy; Netherlands;
Norway; Poland; Portugal;
Spain; Sweden; Switzerland;
Turkey; Ukraine; United
Kingdom
Europium, 999
Eutrophication, 406, 425, 1311;
lakes, 666; phosphorus, 934
Evaporites, 406-407, 1070-1071;
borax, 131; bromine, 142;
potash, 970
Evolutionary ecology, 328-329

Exclusive economic zones, 407-
408, 433, 650, 686, 855, 967,
1156, 1270, 1287
Exotic species. See Biological
invasions; Invasive species
Exploration geology, 501
Explosions, mining, 764
Explosives, 823-824; dynamite,
320; nitrogen compounds,
821
Extensive management, 700
Extinctions, 105, 112, 348-349,
500, 523, 1141-1143
Extractive agriculture, 650
Extraterrestrial resources, 1132-
1136
Extremophiles, 490
Extrusion, 1150
Extrusive deposits, 594-595
Exxon Valdez oil spill, 374, 408-409,
853, 882
Fabrics, 1211-1214
Factory system, 170
Falls, Albert, 292
Famines, 249, 316, 449-452; flood-
related, 441; India, 603
Faraday, Michael, 173, 343, 522,
709, 712, 1040
Farm bureaus, 36-37
Farming. See Agriculture;

Horticulture
Farmland, 410-413; China, 197;
conflicts over, 1026;
degradation, 452; India, 602;
Netherlands, 812; Poland, 961;
slash-and-burn methods, 1092-
1094; soils, 1102; Taiwan, 1197;
Ukraine, 1251
Fayalite, 883
Federal Coal Mine Health and
Safety Act (1969), 154, 766
Federal Coal Mine Safety Act
(1952), 766
Federal Coal Mine Safety and
Health Amendments Act
(1977), 766
Federal Crop Insurance Reform
and Department of Agriculture
Reorganization Act (1994),
289
Federal Energy Regulatory
Commission, 413-414
Federal Environmental Pesticide
Control Act (1972), 387, 574,
925
Federal Facilities Compliance Act
(1992), 1017
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide,
and Rodenticide Act (1947),
574, 924

Federal Land Policy and
Management Act (1976), 153,
672, 979-980, 1341
Federal Metal and Nonmetallic
Mine Safety Act (1966), 766
Federal Mine Safety Board of
Review, 154
Federal Power Act (1935), 413
Federal Power Commission, 413
Federal Water Pollution Control
Act (1948), 211
Federal Water Power Act (1920),
413, 581
Federal Water Quality Act (1965),
211-212
Federalism and resource
management, 414-417, 672
Fee ownership, 748
Feldspar, 3, 417-420, 917, 938,
1057; end-use statistics, 419; in
granite, 532; Italy, 643;
Thailand, 1219; Turkey, 1249;
world production, 418
Felsic minerals, 594, 699, 955
Feral animals, 42
Ferberite, 1244
FERC. See Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission
Fermentation, 1172
Fermi, Enrico, 420-421, 716, 830

Ferroalloys, 29, 421-423
Ferrochromium, 421
Ferromanganese, 421
Ferromolybdenum, 422
Ferronickel, 422
Ferrosilicon, 422, 1088
Ferrotitanium, 422
Ferrous alloys. See Ferroalloys
Ferrovanadium, 422
Fertilizers, 18-19, 46, 164, 423-425,
544, 566; Brazil, 141; guano,
550-552; Haber-Bosch process,
556; nitrogen and ammonia,
818; phosphate, 931; potash,
971; soils, 1107; sulfuric acid,
1175
Fiberglass, 425-426
Fiberglass wool, 426
Fibers; animal, 1211; artificial,
1212; plants, 943-945; synthetic,
1212; textiles, 1211-1214; wood,
1357
FIFRA. See Federal Insecticide,
Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act
Finger Lakes, 665
Firedamp, 764
Firefighting, 455
Fires, 426-428; forest, 454-456;
grasslands, 536; landfills, 679;
mines, 764

Fischer, Franz, 225
1480 • Subject Index Global Resources
Fischer-Tropsch process, 225
Fish. See Fishing and fisheries
Fish and Wildlife Coordination
Act (1934), 353
Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S.,
291, 354, 429-430, 1143, 1339
Fish farming, 437
Fish ladders, 582, 666; Sweden,
1189
Fishing and fisheries, 332, 430-
438, 853; Argentina, 64;
Canada, 166; Chile, 196;
Denmark, 283; fish stocks,
1156-1157; government
regulation, 416; India, 600;
Italy, 644; Japan, 650; Law of
the Sea, 685-686, 1269-1271;
Norway, 829; Poland, 962;
Portugal, 967; Taiwan, 1201;
Thailand, 1219; thermal
pollution, 1221-1222; Ukraine,
1255; United States, 1283; U.S.
catch totals, 434; water
pollution, 1314; world
producers, 854. See also Whales
and whaling
Fishmeal, 196
Fitch, John, 612

Flame retardants, 144
Flash floods, 442
Flax, 438-440, 909, 941, 944, 1211
Flexible fuel, 110
Flexible fuel vehicles, 403
Flint, 2
Flint corn, 260
Floodplains, 442, 1162;
development on, 675
Floods and flood control, 65, 441-
446, 1164; China, 1223; dams,
270; irrigation, 636; landfills
and, 679; regulation, 333
Floriculture, 18
Flour corn, 260
Flow resources, 240
Flowers, 809
Fluidized bed incinerators, 599
Fluorescent imaging, 730
Fluorides, 447
Fluorite, 160, 446-447; end-use
statistics, 446
Fluorspar, 446-447; end-use
statistics, 446
Foliation, 732, 737
Food and Agriculture
Organization, U.N., 452, 1274-
1275
Food chain, 431, 447-449, 973,
1142; mercury in, 726

Food crops, 576; diversity of, 491;
future prospects, 126; genetic
diversity, 488; harvesting, 578;
high-yield, 542-544;
management, 21-22; from rain
forests, 992. See also Agriculture;
Fruit crops; Grains; Vegetable
crops; specific crops
Food preservation, 168-169;
aluminum cans, 30; freeze-
drying, 471-472; tin cans, 1235
Food production, 126, 332
Food pyramid, 448
Food shortages, 449-452; statistics,
450
Food supply, 287-289
Food web, 447-449, 1142
Fool’s gold, 526, 629
Forage crops, 16
Forbes, Stephen Alfred, 448
Ford, Henry, 453, 613, 876
Foreman, David, 321
Forest fires, 428, 454-456
Forest management, 456-458,
1231, 1357; fires, 454;
reforestation, 1005-1007
Forest products, 1229
Forest protection, 457
Forest regulation, 458
Forest Service, U.S., 288, 458-461,

793, 937, 979, 1338-1339
Forestry, 378, 461-464; clear-
cutting, 212-213; Gifford
Pinchot, 937-938
Forestry Service, Canadian, 804
Forests, 332, 378, 464-466, 1021;
Austria, 93; biological
invasions, 113; Brazil, 141;
Canada, 165; Chile, 195; China,
197, 199; deforestation, 277-
282; degradation of, 1026;
Democratic Republic of the
Congo, 239; France, 470;
Indonesia, 608; Japan, 652;
Mexico, 744; multiple use, 785-
787; Norway, 828; Poland, 962;
Portugal, 967; Sweden, 1188;
Switzerland, 1193; Taiwan,
1201. See also Timber industry;
Trees; Wood products
Forging, 1150
Formaldehyde, 739
Forster, Johann R., 338, 883
Forsterite, 883
Fossil fuels, 333, 856, 1010, 1071,
1113, 1227, 1346; Brazil, 137;
China, 201; climate change,
546; coal, 217-226; conflicts
over, 1024; energy economics,
358-359; France, 469; gasoline,

480-482; peat, 913-916;
propane, 977-978;
unsustainability, 108; U.S.
policy, 392
Fourastié, Jean, 975
Fourdrinier machine, 905
Fourth Assessment Report
(IPCC), 616
Fractional distillation, 73
Fracture of minerals, 758
Fragmentation, 93
France, 467-471; economic
statistics, 468
Francis, James B., 581
Franklin, Benjamin, 147
Frasch, Herman, 1175
Frasch process, 960, 1054, 1175
Free trade, 303
Freeze-drying of food, 471-472
French Guiana, 469
Frenkel defect, 267
Freons, 977
Fresh water, 585
Freshwater ecosystems, 117
Freshwater lakes, 664
Freshwater wetlands, 1328
Friends of the Earth, 28, 391, 472
Fringing reefs, 257
Frishmuth, William, 33
Fritts, Charles, 934

Fructose, 1171
Fruit crops, 15; Spain, 1141
Global Resources Subject Index • 1481
Fuel cells, 345, 472-474, 739, 1172,
1240, 1242; lithium, 698;
research, 739
Fuels; ethanol, 400-403; wood and
charcoal, 1353-1355
Fuller, Calvin, 934
Fullerenes, 173, 177
Fuller’s earth, 209
Fulton, Robert, 612, 1239
Fumaroles, 517, 590
Fungicides, 923
Furans, 1120
Furrow irrigation, 636
Furs and fur trade, 76-77
Fused aluminum oxide, 3
Gabbro, 594; ophiolites, 888
Gadolin, Johan, 999
Gadolinium, 999
Gahnite, 898
Gaia hypothesis, 973
Galápagos Islands, 798
Galena, 691, 755
Gallium, 475-476; end-use statistics,
475; semiconductors, 1081
Galton, Francis, 42
Galvanizing, 1371
Gamble, John, 905

Gamma decay, 637
Gangue, 590
Gardening. See Composting;
Horticulture
Garnet, 2, 476-477, 483, 485, 894;
end-use statistics, 477
Garnier, Jules, 815
Garnierite, 813
Garolim Bay, South Korea, 1228
Gas. See Natural gas
Gases; inert or noble, 477-480
Gasification of coal, 224-226
Gasifiers, 225
Gasohol, 401
Gasoline, 480-482, 617, 928;
consumption, 618; Iran, 625;
lead additives, 688. See also
Alternative energy; Ethanol;
Fossil fuels; Natural gas; Oil;
Petroleum
Gasoline and other petroleum
fuels, 928
GATT. See General Agreement on
Tariffs and Trade
Gay-Lussac, Joseph-Louis, 133
GDP. See Gross domestic product
Geese, 45
Gemstones, 482-487; Australia, 88;
biopyriboles, 117-119; Brazil,
141; corundum, 261; crystals,

267; diamond, 305-309, 1125;
feldspar, 417-420; garnet, 476-
477; hardness, 771; metamict,
732; mineral, 483; olivine, 883-
884; organic, 483; pegmatites,
916-917; quartz, 987-989;
silicates, 1085; synthetic, 485;
Thailand, 1219; world
production, 484; zircon, 1374
Gene banks, 1185-1186
Gene chips, 124
Gene therapy, 128
General Agreement on Tariffs and
Trade, 303
General Mining Act (1872), 672,
980
General Mining Law (1872), 487,
982
General Survey Act (1824), 65
Genetic diversity, 488-491, 1072.
See also Biodiversity
Genetic ecology, 328
Genetic engineering, 719;
agriculture, 20; animals, 39-41;
drug development, 50; food
crops, 135; plant breeding, 942
Genetic erosion, 491
Genetic prospecting, 490
Genetic resources, 332, 349, 490-
494, 993, 1155-1156

Genetic testing, 647
Genetic variability, 941
Geneva Conferences, 685
Genome sequencing, 124
Geochemical cycles, 494-497, 973;
carbon cycle, 174-176;
hydrologic cycle, 585-588;
nitrogen cycle, 821-823;
phosphorus cycle, 932-934;
sulfur cycle, 1177
Geochemical surveys, 505
Geodes, 497-498
Geoffroy, Claude François, 130
Geographic information systems,
462, 498-500, 799
Geological processes and
formations. See Category Index
Geological Survey of Canada, 803
Geology, 500-503
Geophysics, 1074
George, Susan, 451
Georgescu-Roegen, Nicholas, 171
Geostationary Operational
Environmental Satellite, 683
Geostationary satellites, 1132
Geothermal energy, 346, 503-510,
1012; geysers and hot springs,
516-518; world consumption,
508. See also Hydroenergy
Germanium, 510-511; end-use

statistics, 511; gallium in, 475;
semiconductors, 1081
Germany, 511-516; economic
statistics, 512
Getty, J. Paul, 516
Getty Oil company, 516
Geysers, 504, 516-518
Geysers, The, 506
Ghawar oil field, 871, 911
Gibbsite, 897
Gilbert, William, 712
GIS. See Geographic information
systems
Glaciation, 518-520; lakes, 664
Glaciers, 518-520, 587; role in
sedimentation, 1069
Glass, 189, 520-522, 754; Belgium,
99; fiberglass, 425-426; perlite,
917; porcelain, 754; pumice,
984-985; Pyrex, 134, 520;
recycling of, 1004; for solar
heating, 1112
Glauber’s salt, 1116
Glen Canyon Dam, 582
Global Coral Reef Monitoring
Network, 256-257
Global Crop Diversity Trust, 1186
Global ecology, 328
Global Environment Facility,
1264, 1272, 1361

Global positioning systems, 462,
498, 684, 1107, 1132
1482 • Subject Index Global Resources
Global ReLeaf, 1007
Global Strategy for Plant
Conservation, 523
Global 200, 524, 799
Global warming, 333, 347, 392,
531, 544-548, 974, 1010, 1227;
desertification, 1271; fires, 428;
United Nations, 1262-1266,
1275-1278; water resources,
1025. See also Climate change
Globalization, 1021
Glomar Challenger, 275
Glomar Explorer, 852
Glucose, 1171
Gneiss, 524-525, 737, 1163
Goiter, 451
Gold, 525-530, 754, 801, 1030,
1071; alloys, 29; Argentina, 62;
Australia, 85, 88; Brazil, 137;
Democratic Republic of the
Congo, 238; end-use statistics,
529; Greece, 541; Japan, 654;
leaching, 687; Mexico, 745;
mining, 886; Peru, 920; placer
deposits, 938; Russia, 1046;
South Africa, 1123; Taiwan,
1201; world production, 527;

Zimbabwe, 1366
Gold rushes, 85, 526, 938, 1030,
1047, 1124, 1286
Goodyear, Charles, 1039
Gore, Al, 243, 392, 530-531, 616,
802
Gorsuch, Anne, 394
Gossypium, 262-263
Gottlieb, Alan, 1350
Government and resource
management, 244, 414-417,
672, 1160
Government and resources. See
Category Index
GPP. See Gross primary
productivity
GPS. See Global positioning
systems
Graben lakes, 665
Grace, W. R., 1298
Grains, 15, 941; corn, 258-261;
France, 470; high-yield, 542-
544; India, 603; perrenial, 668;
rice, 1030-1031; Ukraine, 1253;
wheat, 1334-1336
Grand Banks, 435
Grand Canyon, 972
Granite, 9, 313, 531-532, 595, 706,
752; Turkey, 1249
Granitic plutons, 955

Grapes; France, 470; Italy, 644;
Portugal, 968; Spain, 1140
Graphic granite, 532
Graphite, 172-174, 532-535, 735,
757, 801; Brazil, 141; end-use
statistics, 534; South Korea,
1130; world production, 533
Grasses, 894
Grasslands, 116, 535-538; China,
199; fires, 427; overgrazing,
894; rangeland, 997-999; U.S.,
459
Grate-type incinerators, 599
Gravel, 9-10, 1054-1057, 1200;
dredging of, 723; end-use
statistics, 1056; mining, 1169;
Netherlands, 812; placer
deposits, 939; Taiwan, 1200. See
also Sand
Gray water, 1004
Gray whales, 1331
Grazing, 894-896; rangeland, 997-
999
Grazing Service, U.S., 1208
Great Barrier Reef, 257, 432
Great Depression (1930’s), 1035,
1208, 1210
Great Lakes, 664-665, 667
Great Plains Conservation
Program, 806

Greece, 538-542; economic
statistics, 539
Green Belt movement, 704-705
Green building, 149
Green building movement, 149
Green Revolution, 17, 542-544,
942; rice, 1030
Greenhouse effect, 22, 545, 974
Greenhouse gas emissions;
changes in, 24; U.S. statistics,
546
Greenhouse gases, 216, 513, 544-
548, 662-663, 936, 1032, 1242,
1258, 1263, 1276; abatement,
374; natural gas, 1045
Greenhouses, 506, 517, 1112
Greenockite, 157
Greenpeace, 391, 548, 1065
Gregor, William, 1237
Grignard reagents, 708, 711
Gross domestic product, 975
Gross primary productivity, 973
Grotius, Hugo, 685, 855
Groundwater, 81, 548-550, 585,
587, 1162, 1313, 1319; aquifers,
57-59; Austria, 94; dissolved
minerals, 1069; mining wastes,
886; supplies, 620; water rights,
1316
Grove, Sir William Robert, 472

Groves, Leslie Richard, 716
Guano, 342, 550-552
Guatemala, 800
Guayule, 1037
Guggenheim family, 552-553
Guinea pigs, 45
Gulf Stream, 851
Gulf War (1990-1991), 892, 1024,
1159
Gunmetal, 145
Gunpowder, 1175
Gutenberg, Johann, 905
Gypsum, 160-161, 184, 186, 407,
553-555, 752, 1175-1176;
Indonesia, 610; Thailand, 1219;
world production, 554
Gypsy moth, 113
Gyres, 851
Haber, Fritz, 556, 723, 820
Haber-Bosch process, 556, 583,
818
Habitat conservation plans, 354
Habitat/species area, 797
Haeckel, Ernst, 328
Hahn, Otto, 830, 1284
Halides, 761
Halite, 406, 1050; United
Kingdom, 1261
Hall, Charles Martin, 33, 557-558
Hall-Héroult process, 558, 1149

Halogens, 143
Hancock, Thomas, 1036
Global Resources Subject Index • 1483
Hanford, Washington, 717, 839
Hard abrasives, 1
Hardin, Garrett, 434
Hardness. See Mohs hardness scale
Hardness of minerals, 757, 771-
772
Hardrock Mining and
Reclamation bill, 981
Hardwoods, 464, 1356
Hargreaves, James, 612
Harkin, J. B., 795
Harsten, D. L. G., 534
Harvesting, 578
Hatch, Orrin, 1049
Hatchett, Charles, 817
Haüy, René-Just, 268
Hawleyite, 157
Hazardous and Solid Waste
Amendments (1984), 1017
Hazardous wastes, 397, 1003,
1032, 1306; cleanup, 1177-
1182; disposal, 502, 558-563,
836; incineration, 598; nuclear,
838-842; water contamination,
1314
Hazards of resource exploitation,
1031-1033

Health. See Human health
Hearth-type incinerators, 599
Heat cogeneration, 232
Heat energy, 503-510, 718;
storage, 370
Heat pumps, 358; geothermal,
509
Heating; solar, 1109, 1113
Heating oils, 482, 928
Heavy metals, 1311
Hébert, Louis, 571
Helium, 80, 568-570; end-use
statistics, 569
Hematite, 629, 897
Hemp, 440, 570-572, 909, 941,
944-945, 1211
Henry, Joseph, 343, 712
Herbicides, 573-575, 578, 923
Herbivores, 894, 998
Herbs. See Medicinal plants
Herkimer diamonds, 988
Hermann, C. H., 268
Héroult, Paul, 33, 557, 1149
Hess, Henry, 1066
Hessel, Johann, 268
Hetch Hetchy valley, 793
High-temperature alloys, 633
Hildebrand, William, 569
Hill, James Jerome, 575-576, 1330
Himalayas, 778

Hippopotamuses, 645-646
Historic sites, 56-57
Historical events and movements.
See Category Index
Hitchcock, Ethan, 1001
Hittites, 29
Hjelm, Peter Jacob, 774
Holmium, 999
Homestead Act (1862), 296, 972
Homesteading, 1208
Honeybees, 45
Hoover Dam, 582, 666
Hope diamond, 309, 486
Hormones, 128
Hornblende, 118
Horse Hollow Wind Energy
Center, 1347
Horses, 47; domestication, 45
Horticulture, 18, 576-579;
composting, 233-235
Hot springs, 504, 516-518; health
value, 518
Household waste, 598
Howard, Sir Albert, 233
Huang River, 1165; floods, 443
Hubbert, Marion King, 360, 911
Hubbert’s peak, 360
Hubble Space Telescope, 1134
Huebnerite, 1244
Hugoton gas field, 871

Human growth hormone, 128
Human health, 563-568; acid
precipitation, 4; air pollution,
22-26; animals, 50-52;
biotechnology, 128;
Environmental Protection
Agency, 396; hazardous waste,
558-563; invasive species, 114;
lead, 690; mining safety, 763-
767; radioactive elements,
1283; water pollution, 1312-
1315; weather, 82. See also
Medicine
Human population growth. See
Population growth
Humboldt, Alexander von, 338,
550
Humus, 1100
Hunger, 449-452; future
prospects, 126; statistics, 450
Hunter, M. A., 1237
Hunting, 247, 1342; U.S.
regulations, 672
Huntite; Greece, 541
Huntsman, Benjamin, 1148
Hurricanes, 94, 214, 343, 442-443,
1204, 1322
Husbandry. See Animal husbandry
Huygens, Christiaan, 617
Hybrid vehicles, 1242

Hybrids, 942
Hydraulic conductivity of aquifers,
59
Hydraulic lime, 753
Hydrocarbons, 325, 481, 625, 858,
864, 867, 977
Hydrochloric acid, 760
Hydrodesulfurization, 930
Hydroelectric dams, 1011
Hydroelectric power. See
Hydroenergy
Hydroelectricity. See Hydroenergy
Hydroenergy, 150, 187, 272, 368,
579-583, 778, 825, 1251;
Argentina, 63; Austria, 94;
Brazil, 139; Canada, 164; dams,
270, 272; electricity from, 345;
France, 469; Germany, 515;
India, 600; Norway, 828;
Poland, 962; Russia, 1046;
Sweden, 1188; Switzerland,
1191; Taiwan, 1200; Tennessee
Valley Authority, 1210-1211;
Ukraine, 1255; Venezuela,
1294. See also Geothermal
energy
Hydroenergy plants, 272, 581
Hydrofluoric acid, 446
Hydrofoils, 1239
Hydrogen, 583-585; fuel cells, 473;

fuel from, 109, 111, 375
Hydrogen bomb, 83, 957
Hydrogen peroxide, 132
1484 • Subject Index Global Resources
Hydrologic cycle, 81, 120, 333,
585-588, 850, 1162, 1308;
forests, 465; groundwater, 549
Hydrology, 81, 585-588
Hydrolysis, 1100
Hydroponics, 588-590, 1299
Hydropower. See Hydroenergy
Hydrothermal energy, 503-510,
517
Hydrothermal solutions, 590-591,
595, 950
Hydrothermal veins, 955, 1232,
1302, 1371
Hydrothermal vents, 724-725, 852,
1300
Hydroxides, 760
Hydroxyapatite, 933
Hyperbaric chambers, 899
Hypothermal deposits, 591
IAEA. See International Atomic
Energy Agency
IAIA. See International Association
for Impact Assessment
Ice caps, 587
Ice, Cloud, and land Elevation
Satellite, 683

Ice for food preservation, 169
Iceland, 503-504, 516
Iceland Deep Drilling Project,
276
Ickes, Harold, 592
Idrija, Slovenia, 643
Igneous rock, 592-597; magma,
706-708
Iijima, Sumio, 177
Illinois Central Railroad v. Illinois
(1892), 983
Ilmenite, 897, 1236; India, 604
IMF. See International Monetary
Fund
Immiscible segregations, 596
Immunotoxins, 566
Incineration of waste, 560, 597-
600, 1120
Inconvenient Truth, An (Gore),
393, 531
India, 600-605; air pollution, 25;
economic statistics, 601;
economy, 975; farmland, 411
Indium, 605-606; end-use
statistics, 606
Individualism, 382
Indonesia, 606-610; economic
statistics, 607; rubber, 1039
Industrial minerals, 207
Industrial Revolution, 610-615;

agriculture, 17; alloys, 1235;
capitalism, 170; coal, 220, 362,
1112; glass technology, 522;
lead, 690; mechanization, 449;
railroads, 1154-1155; steam
engines, 1146; textile
production, 1211
Industrialization, 610-615
Inert gases, 477-480
Infant mortality, 451
Infantile marasmus, 451
Infinite substitutability law, 171
Inosilicates, 117, 762
Insecticides, 923
Insects, 45
Insulation, 146
Insulin, 50, 128
Integrated circuits, 189
Integrated Ocean Drilling
Program, 615
Intensive management, 700
Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change, 393, 615-617,
1028, 1263
Internal combustion engines, 480,
613, 617-619, 911, 1241; acid
precipitation, 3; ethanol in,
402; gasoline, 480-482
International Association for
Impact Assessment, 619-620

International Atomic Energy
Agency, 190, 620
International Conservation of
Biodiversity Groups, 493
International Council for Science,
902
International Geophysical Year
(1957-1958), 52
International Monetary Fund,
303, 1263
International Polar Year (2007-
2008), 902
International Space Station, 1134
International Thermonuclear
Experimental Reactor project,
834
International Treaty on Plant
Genetic Resources for Food
and Agriculture (2004), 1186
International Union for
Conservation of Nature, 7, 243,
348, 621, 796, 1266, 1362
International Whaling
Commission, 377, 1332
Internet, 1242; paper production,
908
Intertidal zone, 117
Intrusions, 706; layered, 707
Intrusive formations. See Plutonic
rocks

Invasive species, 112-114, 248
Iodine, 621-623; Chile, 192; end-
use statistics, 622
Iodized salt, 621
Ion exchange, 295
IPCC. See Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change
Iran, 623-628, 890; economic
statistics, 624; U.S. relations,
365
Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988), 364,
873
Iraq, 890, 1024; mercury
poisonings, 726; U.S. invasion,
366
Ireland. See United Kingdom
Iridium, 951-954
Iron; end-use statistics, 633; world
production, 629
Iron Age, 29
Iron and iron ore, 596, 628-634,
755, 1071, 1135; Australia, 88;
Brazil, 137; dietary, 730;
ferroalloys, 421-423; France,
467; Germany, 515; India, 604;
Indonesia, 610; Iran, 627;
Kazakhstan, 660; magnetic
properties, 712; Peru, 922;
Poland, 961; residual deposits,
1014; Russia, 1047; smelting,

1095; South Africa, 1126;
Spain, 1138; steel manufacture,
1147-1150; Sweden, 1189;
Global Resources Subject Index • 1485