OCA /OCP Oracle Database 11g A ll-in-One Exam Guide- P2 ppt

LICENSE AGREEMENT
THIS PRODUCT (THE “PRODUCT”) CONTAINS PROPRIETARY SOFTWARE, DATA AND INFORMATION (INCLUDING
DOCUMENTATION) OWNED BY THE McGRAW-HILL COMPANIES, INC. (“McGRAW-HILL”) AND ITS LICENSORS. YOUR
RIGHT TO USE THE PRODUCT IS GOVERNED BY THE TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF THIS AGREEMENT.
LICENSE: Throughout this License Agreement, “you” shall mean either the individual or the entity whose agent opens this package. You
are granted a non-exclusive and non-transferable license to use the Product subject to the following terms:
(i) If you have licensed a single user version of the Product, the Product may only be used on a single computer (i.e., a single CPU). If you
licensed and paid the fee applicable to a local area network or wide area network version of the Product, you are subject to the terms of the
following subparagraph (ii).
(ii) If you have licensed a local area network version, you may use the Product on unlimited workstations located in one single building
selected by you that is served by such local area network. If you have licensed a wide area network version, you may use the Product on
unlimited workstations located in multiple buildings on the same site selected by you that is served by such wide area network; provided,
however, that any building will not be considered located in the same site if it is more than five (5) miles away from any building included in
such site. In addition, you may only use a local area or wide area network version of the Product on one single server. If you wish to use the
Product on more than one server, you must obtain written authorization from McGraw-Hill and pay additional fees.
(iii) You may make one copy of the Product for back-up purposes only and you must maintain an accurate record as to the location of the
back-up at all times.
COPYRIGHT; RESTRICTIONS ON USE AND TRANSFER: All rights (including copyright) in and to the Product are owned by
McGraw-Hill and its licensors. You are the owner of the enclosed disc on which the Product is recorded. You may not use, copy, decompile,
disassemble, reverse engineer, modify, reproduce, create derivative works, transmit, distribute, sublicense, store in a database or retrieval
system of any kind, rent or transfer the Product, or any portion thereof, in any form or by any means (including electronically or otherwise)
except as expressly provided for in this License Agreement. You must reproduce the copyright notices, trademark notices, legends and logos
of McGraw-Hill and its licensors that appear on the Product on the back-up copy of the Product which you are permitted to make hereunder.
All rights in the Product not expressly granted herein are reserved by McGraw-Hill and its licensors.
TERM: This License Agreement is effective until terminated. It will terminate if you fail to comply with any term or condition of this
License Agreement. Upon termination, you are obligated to return to McGraw-Hill the Product together with all copies thereof and to purge
all copies of the Product included in any and all servers and computer facilities.
DISCLAIMER OF WARRANTY: THE PRODUCT AND THE BACK-UP COPY ARE LICENSED “AS IS.” McGRAW-HILL, ITS
LICENSORS AND THE AUTHORS MAKE NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, AS TO THE RESULTS TO BE OBTAINED
BY ANY PERSON OR ENTITY FROM USE OF THE PRODUCT, ANY INFORMATION OR DATA INCLUDED THEREIN AND/OR
ANY TECHNICAL SUPPORT SERVICES PROVIDED HEREUNDER, IF ANY (“TECHNICAL SUPPORT SERVICES”).

McGRAW-HILL, ITS LICENSORS AND THE AUTHORS MAKE NO EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR USE WITH RESPECT TO THE PRODUCT.
McGRAW-HILL, ITS LICENSORS, AND THE AUTHORS MAKE NO GUARANTEE THAT YOU WILL PASS ANY
CERTIFICATION EXAM WHATSOEVER BY USING THIS PRODUCT. NEITHER McGRAW-HILL, ANY OF ITS LICENSORS NOR
THE AUTHORS WARRANT THAT THE FUNCTIONS CONTAINED IN THE PRODUCT WILL MEET YOUR REQUIREMENTS OR
THAT THE OPERATION OF THE PRODUCT WILL BE UNINTERRUPTED OR ERROR FREE. YOU ASSUME THE ENTIRE RISK
WITH RESPECT TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PRODUCT.
LIMITED WARRANTY FOR DISC: To the original licensee only, McGraw-Hill warrants that the enclosed disc on which the Product is
recorded is free from defects in materials and workmanship under normal use and service for a period of ninety (90) days from the date of
purchase. In the event of a defect in the disc covered by the foregoing warranty, McGraw-Hill will replace the disc.
LIMITATION OF LIABILITY: NEITHER McGRAW-HILL, ITS LICENSORS NOR THE AUTHORS SHALL BE LIABLE FOR ANY
INDIRECT, SPECIAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES, SUCH AS BUT NOT LIMITED TO, LOSS OF ANTICIPATED PROFITS
OR BENEFITS, RESULTING FROM THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PRODUCT EVEN IF ANY OF THEM HAS BEEN
ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES. THIS LIMITATION OF LIABILITY SHALL APPLY TO ANY CLAIM OR
CAUSE WHATSOEVER WHETHER SUCH CLAIM OR CAUSE ARISES IN CONTRACT, TORT, OR OTHERWISE. Some states do
not allow the exclusion or limitation of indirect, special or consequential damages, so the above limitation may not apply to you.
U.S. GOVERNMENT RESTRICTED RIGHTS: Any software included in the Product is provided with restricted rights subject to
subparagraphs (c), (1) and (2) of the Commercial Computer Software-Restricted Rights clause at 48 C.F.R. 52.227-19. The terms of this
Agreement applicable to the use of the data in the Product are those under which the data are generally made available to the general public
by McGraw-Hill. Except as provided herein, no reproduction, use, or disclosure rights are granted with respect to the data included in the
Product and no right to modify or create derivative works from any such data is hereby granted.
GENERAL: This License Agreement constitutes the entire agreement between the parties relating to the Product. The terms of any Purchase
Order shall have no effect on the terms of this License Agreement. Failure of McGraw-Hill to insist at any time on strict compliance with
this License Agreement shall not constitute a waiver of any rights under this License Agreement. This License Agreement shall be construed
and governed in accordance with the laws of the State of New York. If any provision of this License Agreement is held to be contrary to law,
that provision will be enforced to the maximum extent permissible and the remaining provisions will remain in full force and effect.
Thank you, Silvia, for helping me do this (and for giving me a reason for living).
—John
Ameetha, a more loving and caring companion to share this journey through life,
I could not have found.

—Roopesh
This page intentionally left blank
CONTENTS AT A GLANCE
Part I Oracle Database 11g Administration
Chapter 1 Architectural Overview of Oracle Database 11g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Chapter 2 Installing and Creating a Database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Chapter 3 Instance Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Chapter 4 Oracle Networking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
Chapter 5 Oracle Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
Chapter 6 Oracle Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
Part II SQL
Chapter 7 DDL and Schema Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
Chapter 8 DML and Concurrency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
Chapter 9 Retrieving, Restricting, and Sorting Data Using SQL . . . . . . . . . . . . 367
Chapter 10 Single-Row and Conversion Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419
Chapter 11 Group Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459
Chapter 12 SQL Joins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481
Chapter 13 Subqueries and Set Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 515
vii
OCA/OCP Oracle Database 11g All-in-One Exam Guide
viii
Part III Advanced Database Administration
Chapter 14 Configuring the Database for Backup and Recovery . . . . . . . . . . . 543
Chapter 15 Back Up with RMAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 577
Chapter 16 Restore and Recover with RMAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 607
Chapter 17 Advanced RMAN Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 641
Chapter 18 User-Managed Backup, Restore, and Recovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 677
Chapter 19 Flashback . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 699
Chapter 20 Automatic Storage Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 747
Chapter 21 The Resource Manager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 773

Chapter 22 The Scheduler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 805
Chapter 23 Moving and Reorganizing Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 831
Chapter 24 The AWR and the Alert System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 865
Chapter 25 Performance Tuning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 891
Chapter 26 Globalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 937
Chapter 27 The Intelligent Infrastructure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 965
Appendix About the CD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 983
Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 987
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1003
CONTENTS
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxix
Part I Oracle Database 11g Administration
Chapter 1 Architectural Overview of Oracle Database 11g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Exam Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Oracle Product Stack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Oracle Server Family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Oracle Development Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Oracle Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Prerequisite Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Oracle Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
SQL Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Operating System Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Single-Instance Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Single-Instance Database Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Distributed Systems Architectures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Instance Memory Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
The Database Buffer Cache . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
The Log Buffer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
The Shared Pool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
The Large Pool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

The Java Pool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
The Streams Pool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Instance Process Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
SMON, the System Monitor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
PMON, the Process Monitor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
DBWn, the Database Writer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
LGWR, the Log Writer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
CKPT, the Checkpoint Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
MMON, the Manageability Monitor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
ix
OCA/OCP Oracle Database 11g All-in-One Exam Guide
x
MMNL, the Manageability Monitor Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
MMAN, the Memory Manager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
ARCn, the Archiver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
RECO, the Recoverer Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Some Other Background Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Database Storage Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
The Physical Database Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
The Logical Database Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
The Data Dictionary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Two-Minute Drill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Single-Instance Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Instance Memory Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Instance Process Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Database Storage Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Self Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Self Test Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Chapter 2 Installing and Creating a Database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Exam Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

Identify the Tools for Administering an Oracle Database . . . . . . . . . . . 56
The Oracle Universal Installer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Database Creation and Upgrade Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Tools for Issuing Ad Hoc SQL: SQL*Plus and SQL Developer . 61
Oracle Enterprise Manager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Other Administration Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Plan an Oracle Database Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Choice of Operating System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Hardware and Operating System Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Optimal Flexible Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Environment Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Install the Oracle Software by Using the Oracle Universal
Installer (OUI) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Create a Database by Using the Database Configuration Assistant . . . 77
The Instance, the Database, and the Data Dictionary . . . . . . . . . 78
Using the DBCA to Create a Database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
The Scripts and Other Files Created by the DBCA . . . . . . . . . . . 84
The DBCA’s Other Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
Two-Minute Drill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Identify the Tools for Administering an Oracle Database . . . . . 91
Plan an Oracle Database Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Install the Oracle Software by Using the Oracle Universal
Installer (OUI) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Create a Database by Using the Database Configuration
Assistant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Self Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Self Test Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
Contents
xi
Chapter 3 Instance Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99

Exam Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Set Database Initialization Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Static and Dynamic Parameters and the Initialization
Parameter File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
The Basic Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Describe the Stages of Database Startup and Shutdown . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
Starting and Connecting to Database Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
Starting the Database Listener . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
Starting SQL*Plus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Database Startup and Shutdown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Use the Alert Log and Trace Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Use Data Dictionary and Dynamic Performance Views . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
The Data Dictionary Views . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
The Dynamic Performance Views . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
Two-Minute Drill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
Describe the Stages of Database Startup and Shutdown . . . . . . 126
Set Database Initialization Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
Use the Alert Log and Trace Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Use Data Dictionary and Dynamic Performance Views . . . . . . . 127
Self Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Self Test Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
Chapter 4 Oracle Networking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
Exam Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
Configure and Manage the Oracle Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
Oracle Net and the Client-Server Paradigm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
A Word on Oracle Net and Communication Protocols . . . . . . . 136
Establishing a Session . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
Creating a Listener . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Database Registration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
Techniques for Name Resolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143

The Listener Control Utility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Configuring Service Aliases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
Filenames and the TNSADMIN Environment Variable . . . . . . . 151
Database Links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
Use the Oracle Shared Server Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
The Limitations of Dedicated Server Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
The Shared Server Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
Configuring Shared Server . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
When to Use the Shared Server . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
Two-Minute Drill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
Configure and Manage the Oracle Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
Use the Oracle Shared Server Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
Self Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
Self Test Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
OCA/OCP Oracle Database 11g All-in-One Exam Guide
xii
Chapter 5 Oracle Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
Exam Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
Overview of Tablespaces and Datafiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
The Oracle Data Storage Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
Segments, Extents, Blocks, and Rows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
File Storage Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
Create and Manage Tablespaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
Tablespace Creation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
Altering Tablespaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
Dropping Tablespaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
Oracle-Managed Files (OMF) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
Space Management in Tablespaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
Extent Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
Segment Space Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196

Two-Minute Drill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
Overview of Tablespaces and Datafiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
Create and Manage Tablespaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
Space Management in Tablespaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
Self Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
Self Test Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
Chapter 6 Oracle Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
Exam Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
Create and Manage Database User Accounts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
User Account Attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
Authentication Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
Creating Accounts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
Grant and Revoke Privileges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
System Privileges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
Object Privileges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
Create and Manage Roles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
Creating and Granting Roles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
Predefined Roles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
Enabling Roles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
Create and Manage Profiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
Password Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
Resource Limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
Creating and Assigning Profiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
Database Security and Principle of Least Privilege . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
Public Privileges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
Security-Critical Instance Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
Work with Standard Database Auditing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
Auditing SYSDBA Activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
Database Auditing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
Value-Based Auditing with Triggers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244

Fine-Grained Auditing (FGA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
Contents
xiii
Two-Minute Drill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
Create and Manage Database User Accounts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
Grant and Revoke Privileges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
Create and Manage Roles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
Create and Manage Profiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
Database Security and Principle of Least Privilege . . . . . . . . . . . 249
Work with Standard Database Auditing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
Self Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
Self Test Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
Part II SQL
Chapter 7 DDL and Schema Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
Exam Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
Categorize the Main Database Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
Object Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
Naming Schema Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
Object Namespaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
List the Data Types That Are Available for Columns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
Create a Simple Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266
Creating Tables with Column Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
Creating Tables from Subqueries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
Altering Table Definitions after Creation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
Dropping and Truncating Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
Create and Use Temporary Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
Indexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
Why Indexes Are Needed? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
Types of Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276
Creating and Using Indexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281

Modifying and Dropping Indexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
Constraints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
The Types of Constraint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
Defining Constraints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286
Constraint State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
Constraint Checking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
Views . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
Why Use Views at All? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
Simple and Complex Views . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
CREATE VIEW, ALTER VIEW, and DROP VIEW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294
Synonyms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
Sequences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298
Creating Sequences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298
Using Sequences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
Two-Minute Drill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
Categorize the Main Database Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
List the Data Types That Are Available for Columns . . . . . . . . . . 303