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473
A
ACE. See Angiotensin converting enzyme
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
(AIDS), 15, 172, 396–397, 427
Action potential, 48–50, 112, 115, 117, 370
Activin, 210, 235, 421–422, 426–428, 432,
452
Actomyosin, 4, 14, 73–106, 267, 272, 274
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), 11, 15, 40,

42, 74–79, 82, 83, 86, 87, 91, 92,
101, 134–136, 143, 176, 178, 180,
188, 260, 261, 267, 269–270, 272,
320, 340, 447, 458
Adenovirus, 13
Adipose, 11, 16–17, 19, 27, 142, 400, 416, 418
b-Adrenergic, 445–460
b-Adrenoceptor (b-adrenoceptor), 446–452,
456–459
b-Adrenoceptor agonists, 452–456, 459
b-Adrenoceptor antagonist, 457–458
Aerobic capacity, 134, 151, 340
Age, 2, 19, 42, 56, 79, 112, 136, 157, 174,
206, 222, 225, 286, 314, 330, 372, 392,
416, 452
Ageing, 5, 19, 39, 55, 74, 111, 133, 159, 172,
207, 222, 256, 286, 322, 330, 433, 452
Age-related, 2–5, 19, 21–26, 37–51, 73–106,
112, 114–117, 119–125, 134–148, 159,
186, 205–213, 222, 223, 226, 228,
242–243, 264, 267–270, 272, 275–276,
285–301, 314, 319–322, 334, 337,
369–384, 389–405, 433, 435, 452,
454, 455, 459
b-Agonist (b-agonist), 448, 451, 453–459
AIDS. See Acquired immunodeficiency
syndrome
Alpha actinin 3 (ACTN3), 230, 232–233,
237, 241–242
Alpha-bungarotoxin, 44, 120, 122, 123

Amino acid (AA), 10, 17, 74, 81, 94, 99, 101,
102, 104, 208, 291–295, 298–300, 334,
335, 337, 349, 350, 379, 391–392, 395,
396, 401, 416, 417, 421, 428, 447
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, 56, 58, 141
Anabolic resistance, 208, 288, 291, 293, 296,
300, 301, 334–336
Anabolic stimuli, 207–209, 211, 288, 297,
301, 332, 334–337
Androgen receptor (AR), 229, 237–240
Anemia, 10
Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE),
229–232, 237, 241–242
Anorexia, 2, 10–12, 21, 27
Antioxidant supplementation, 322
Apoptosis, 3, 4, 12–15, 24–26
Apoptosome, 14, 15, 144, 180
Appendicular muscle mass, 331, 339–341
AR. See Androgen receptor
Asthenia, 10, 22
Astrocytes, 123
ATP. See Adenosine triphosphate
Atrogin, 14, 208, 297, 334, 396, 429, 450
Atrophy, 3, 4, 10, 21, 22, 26, 39, 56, 63, 112,
116–118, 120, 124, 134, 141–146, 173,
174, 176, 178, 182, 190–191, 206–210,
240, 264, 268, 271, 272, 289, 290, 297,
314, 332–339, 372, 391, 393, 395–398,
404, 405, 428, 429, 431–435, 450, 451,
453–454, 458

Atrophy gene-1 (Atrogin-1), 334, 395
Autocrine, 22, 122, 124, 125, 186, 393–394, 405
Axon terminal, 38, 44, 122
B
Basal lamina, 158, 162, 163, 211, 289, 290,
338, 379, 381
BAT. See Brown adipose tissue
Index
G.S. Lynch (ed.), Sarcopenia – Age-Related Muscle Wasting and Weakness,
DOI 10.1007/978-90-481-9713-2, © Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2011
474 Index
Bedridden, 2
Biceps brachii, 60, 117
Bioinformatics, 100, 103, 104
Biopsy, 79, 135, 207, 225, 344, 373, 376, 398
Bivariate linkage, 227
Body composition, 2, 22, 223, 227, 243,
330–331, 337, 339, 340
Bone marrow, 11
Brown adipose tissue (BAT), 11, 12, 142
C
Cachectic, 10–12, 15, 26, 27, 433
Cachexia, 2, 3, 9–27, 256, 391, 396, 427–430
Calcineurin, 241
Calcium, 15, 64, 66, 74, 97–99, 112, 116, 121,
175, 176, 190, 273, 370, 379, 380, 401,
402, 422
Calcium ion (Ca
2+
), 24, 40, 47, 76, 78, 79,

82, 86, 87, 97, 101, 112, 114–115,
134, 144, 267, 268, 273–275, 334,
403, 458
Caloric restriction, 341, 401, 405, 451
Calpain, 15, 160, 300, 334, 379, 432
cAMP. See cyclic AMP
cAMP response element (CRE), 448
cAMP response element binding protein
(CREB), 113, 114, 448, 449
Cancer cachexia, 9–27, 256, 396, 427, 429
Cardiac hypertrophy, 210, 457
Cardiac output, 340
Cardiorespiratory function, 331
Caspase, 14, 15, 24, 144, 175–186
Catabolic mediator, 11
Caveolin, 432
Cellular, 3–5, 19, 26, 46, 74, 79, 91, 100,
101, 104, 134, 135, 140, 173–178,
180, 183, 190, 191, 206, 255–257,
265, 270–273, 275, 276, 297,
314–320, 347, 381, 382, 451
Cholinergic, 46–48, 50
Chronic obstructive pulmonary
disease (COPD), 14, 230–232, 236,
256, 445
Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), 18, 22,
230, 233, 234, 237
Circadian rhythm, 452
Citrate synthase (CS), 340
Clenbuterol, 450, 453, 455, 457, 459

CNTF. See Ciliary neurotrophic factor
Collagen, 103, 119, 157–164, 435, 458
Comorbidity, 4, 256, 287
Compensatory hypertrophy, 117
Conditioning protocol, 384
Connective tissue, 25, 64, 66, 158, 159, 161,
163, 373
Contractile apparatus, 66, 257, 266–267, 382
COPD. See Chronic obstructive pulmonary
disease
Costamere, 120, 121, 381, 382
CRE. See cAMP response element
C-reactive protein (CRP), 17, 18
CREB. See cAMP response element binding
protein
Cross-bridges, 40, 42, 64, 77, 78, 80, 83, 86,
90, 105, 112, 134, 370, 372
CS. See Citrate synthase
Cultured myotube, 13
Cyclic AMP (cAMP), 447–449, 458
Cytochrome c, 14, 15, 92, 144–146, 176–178,
180, 270
Cytoprotective, 271, 272, 316, 318, 321
D
Deacetylase, 340–341, 432, 449
Delta, 212, 213
Denervation, 3, 39, 42–43, 47–48, 51, 56, 58,
59, 63, 113–118, 120–121, 139–142,
146, 147, 151, 173, 182, 187, 190, 264,
265, 271, 334, 391, 396, 398, 404,

450–451, 458
Depolarization, 56, 113, 116, 121, 274
Designer receptors exclusively activated by
designer drugs (DREADDs), 459
Desmin, 381, 382, 429
Dexamethasone, 428, 433
DHPR. See Dihydropyridine receptor
Diabetes, 4, 14–15, 172, 206, 256, 273,
286–287, 330, 334, 339, 391, 396,
397, 403
Diaphragm, 41, 43–51, 162, 453
Differentiation, 13–15, 22, 158, 162, 172, 189,
210, 213, 257, 264, 271, 273, 290, 296,
300, 319, 336, 393, 394, 416, 417, 419,
422–424, 448, 451, 452
Dihydropyridine receptor (DHPR), 112, 113,
115, 121, 122, 273–275
Disabilities, 2, 9, 19, 21, 23, 56, 73, 79, 124,
222, 330, 331, 339, 344, 345
DNA damage, 142–144, 178
DREADDs. See Designer receptors exclu-
sively activated by designer drugs
Dysferlin-related myopathy, 271
Dystrophin, 15, 121, 162–164, 271, 317,
381–383, 431, 432
Dystrophin glycoprotein complex,
15, 317
475Index
E
EAA. See Essential amino acids

Eccentric contraction, 116, 160, 296, 371
ECM. See Extracellular matrix
Economic burden, 3
ECU. See Excitation-contraction uncoupling
EDL. See Extensor digitorum longus
Electrical stimulation, 115, 122, 148, 150,
315, 335
Electromyography, 48, 59, 117
Electron transport chain (ETC), 91–93, 95,
136–138, 140, 143, 146, 178, 320
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER), 15, 46, 47, 97,
175, 176, 184, 190, 258
Endotoxic, 11
End-plate potential, 47, 48, 50, 112
Endurance, 78, 112, 120, 148, 149, 151, 159,
189, 264, 271, 295, 296, 298, 330, 331,
340, 341, 348, 349, 351, 433
Essential amino acids (EAA), 17, 291, 292,
295–297, 299–300, 321, 334–335
Estrogen receptor (ESR1), 234–235, 237
ETC. See Electron transport chain
Excitability, 39, 115, 124, 173, 274, 449, 459
Excitation-contraction coupling (ECC), 3, 4,
64, 68, 74, 76, 79, 111–125, 263, 265,
268, 273–275
Excitation-contraction uncoupling (ECU),
112–113, 115–116, 124, 125
Exercise, 5, 21, 78, 113, 135, 159, 187,
207, 227, 258, 285, 314, 339, 372,
390, 432

Extensor digitorum longus (EDL), 44, 47–50,
113, 119, 123, 137, 145, 374, 375, 377,
378, 418, 448, 452, 454–458
Extracellular matrix (ECM), 68, 158, 160,
163, 300, 381, 418
F
Fall, 3, 55, 56, 172, 206, 222, 243, 314, 315,
317, 319, 320, 333, 344
Familial aggregation, 223, 226
Fatigue, 10, 38, 40, 57, 112, 117, 268, 373,
453, 454
Fenoterol, 454, 455, 459
Fibre type transformation, 267, 276
Fibre type transition, 267, 276
Fibrosis, 4, 162–164, 381, 425, 435
Follistatin (FST), 235, 238, 239, 419, 426,
428, 432
Force deficit, 377–379, 383
Formoterol, 451–452, 455–457, 459
Fracture, 3, 19, 206, 222
Frailty, 3, 56, 73, 79, 275, 300, 314, 330, 347,
372, 384, 402, 453
Free radicals, 4, 64, 81, 91, 93, 95, 96, 178, 314
FST. See Follistatin
G
Gastrocnemius, 41, 58–59, 137, 146, 147, 149,
162, 208, 260, 265, 267, 269, 274, 275,
370, 453, 458
GDP. See Guanosine diphosphate
Genetic screening, 241, 243

Genetic variation, 5, 221–243
Genome-wide association, 228–229, 239, 240,
242, 243
GH. See Growth hormone
Glial cell, 123
Glucocorticoid, 21, 23, 184, 428
Glucose homeostasis, 331
Glutathione, 58, 102, 315, 320
Glutathione peroxidase, 319
Glycation, 58, 97, 102–104, 159
Glycation endproduct, 58
Glycoprotein, 15, 18, 274, 275, 317, 381
G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR), 446, 459
Growth hormone (GH), 22, 23, 161, 164, 209,
211, 239, 390, 393–394, 397–399,
401–405
Guanosine diphosphate (GDP), 446
H
Haplotype analysis, 232–234, 236, 238
Heat shock proteins (HSPs), 176, 265,
271–273, 316–318, 321, 322
Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), 212, 380
Hepatocytes, 11, 17
Heritability, 223–226, 240, 242
Hindlimb suspension, 271, 453
Hippocampal, 124
Histones, 178, 242–243, 449, 452
HSPs. See Heat shock proteins
Human, 11, 56, 79, 112, 135, 161, 172,
207, 235, 256, 288, 316, 332, 370,

390, 418, 448
Humoural, 10, 11, 27
Hydrogen peroxide (H
2
O
2
), 91, 95, 139, 314,
315, 319–320, 322
Hydroxyl, 91, 99, 314
Hydroxyl radical (HO
•
), 91, 99, 314
Hypercholesterolemia, 16, 190
Hyperinsulinemia, 292, 335
Hyperlipaemia, 16
Hyperlipidemia, 287