""
Goe d6 hanh
\1"
Mere
kicn
t~
Mile logic
"
//
/G6c
de)
diu
trl\C
T6ng
h0P
kien true
~/
MCre
hlnh
hQc
Thie't k6
V[tt
IS'
lI'inh 1.4
Cic
goc d
ll
quan \,\1.
I!\lrC
<16
Iri:ru
Ilroll£'.
\'il
ciic phrtn dmlll
!hie",
ke.
a.
Tong
lHlP
kicn trllC
G6c d9
V(lt
ly
M6 hinh hanh
VI
Ci
mut
kiei1 true
co
th0
(hf~X:
the
hi~n
qua
\{Ip
h()p
de
phcp loan
vi:11l10i
quan
h¢
phLJ
thuc)c
giiJa chung. Tong hqp kicn trllc
yell
d.lI
ph,ii
X,lc
dinh cae laj
nguyen
phdn
cung
dn
llLrqc
sit'
dyng
dJ
tlure !Il¢n
de
phep tmin.
,fn
dinh trinh
tty
t1wc
hien cae phcp loan va gtlll
kG!
chting
vt'J"j
de
l~li
nguyen.
Vi¢c
tlll;JC
hi¢n
Xfly
(iL.rng
m'Jch s,w !lay
phl,!
thuQC
nl1l6u
\'010
bIJ6c
n:ly.
Tlwc
v,~y,
de
!hie'!
bY
ve
il1{I\ kicn true
.s;:
xac djnh
mlre
d()
Ilwc
hi~ll
,-;ong
song ella
(,.\c
phcp
toano
TllI;IC
hi¢n toi
1111
hOit
111C.\ch
11"en
llllk
nZly
Ch'lllg
\"ai
tro het suc
quan
trQng trong qua
tdnh
thlet
le".
Ta hay xct
y[
d~1
sau:
til
thiet
ke
m;\Ch
IhljC
hi¢n
Yi¢c
gi:li phuong
Irlnl1
\'1
ph[m),
-;
3x)'
-j
3y=O tren
c1m.m
[0, u]
bi'l.llg
phuong phap s6
"{5i
but'J·c
dich
d\
va dlc gia tf! ban
(.Hiu
x(O)=-x.
y(O)-y,
y (OJ II.
M<'ICh
di~n
co
the
duac
bi~u
dien btmg ng6n ngfr m6
til
ph[in cling llhu
sau:
Diffcq 1
I~
Read( x. y. dx,
i.l):
Repeat {
xl==x+dx:
u 1
==
u - 3*x*u*dx - 3*y*dx;
yl
=y+u*dx
C = x <
a:
x =
xl:
u=uL
y = yJ:
Until
(c ):
Writd
y):
~
119
dieu
khicn
I
I
':'
I
I
Bo
nh(1
t
ALL
I
I
Trong
VI
<lL,l
n~ly.
de
dOll gi,in.
ta
ctl
till:;
coi
c<le
c111'ong
dfr li¢ll Clb
mach
;.;uSt
phattlr
hai
nguon:
til
oQ
nhtm
",'a
lir
h9
tinh
to,in
so
hoc
ALU.
fill
ALL
1l;1~'
co
th~
tl11fc
hi~n
dc
phcp
tmin
cong.
trir
\'il
so
s<-ln11.
M~\ch
s0 g()ll1
c6
dc
thanh
ghi.
h9
X,lc
dinh
dia
chi
va
or)
dieu
khi~n.
Goc
dO
diu
Ink
ella
mo
hlnh
mi teh
(1
mlTe
kic"n
truc
cho
ta Ihtiy
dc
cau
trllc
VI
mo
etta
lhi0"l
kc".
:\16
hlnh
0'
m(re
logic
ella
111<,leh
co
thc
duqc
hieu
dicn
btll1g
dlc
sO"
c16
chuyen
trang
thai
Clla
dc
o16mat hilu h;.ln.
b,'ll1g
doc
sa
d6
h'lgic
1JO~iC
btll1g
de
ngon
ngCi"
m6
t,\ rhrin c(rng
HDL.
Cic
lllO
hlnh
n~ly
c1lt'(.K
nha
thiet
I c'
(hl'a
ra
hO(lC
dunc
tong
hqp
tir
Ule
mo
hlnh
()·llllt'C
kic>'n
trlle.
Cic
thao
tac
0'
mlJoc
k'lgic
co
Ih~
khae
nhau
tU)'"
theo
tinh
ch,"l[
cLla
mach
(nhu
lll'.ICh
t()
hqp
hofle
111i,lch
turin
Il,r)
va
d'.lIlg
hieu
dicll ban
t1:iu
(biC:ll
d6
ehuyen
tn,mg Ihiii
hay
sa
do
l6gic).
va'n
de
toi uu
hOii
dong
\'ai tro
he'[
slk
quan
tr9llg.
N6
gflll
lien
voi qu,i trlllh
t6ng
hop
lrung
yi2c
,de
dillh
de
C:\U
truc
vi
mo
ctl<l
m' lch.
Ket
qua
cuoi
cung
clla
tong
IWp
('j
mu'c 16gic
El
hi~u
dlCI1
CtlLl
trllC
dfiy
uti.
VI
dl,l
n!ur
bang
cac
phan
tlf
logic
ca
h:1ll
\'il
kc:t
Mii
giu<l
nhlJ"ng
ph:in lir do.
Trang
VI
dL.1
tru6"e
cac
d<:mg
dCr
li~Ll
OUl)c
dua
vc
hO
nila
va
dU'<jC
(1tt'a
lU
ht)
!lha
t6i
ALU
va
bt.,'l
nhfm.
HO<.~t
o<)ng clla
b9
dicu
khien
du'(.l'C
bidu
(hen
hang
sa
do
cllUy~n
In.mg th,ii
va
so
do
logic.
15
ThllYI
ke'
\'(11
I}'
1<'1
qu<i.
Irlnh
lao
ra
~o'
d6
h6
lri
eLJa
('/iiI} dien
ILl'.
Ceil'
16"r
btl trf
m"Jch
luang
lIng \'6i
de
1ll,:11
n'.1
dung
lrong
qu,i Irlnh
ehe"
t:.IO
('Iill). ])0
ct6
c,k
116
tri hlllh hqe iii
nwe
IICU
euoi cung ella
Ihl2'1
kc"
ole
m,.teh
\'1
di~n
tu.
Cie
Ihao
I,ic
chlnh
Ircn
rh,ln
elm,lll
1l~IY
hI
b6
trlm'.leh, di
del)"
dinh
tllv(n.
Trotlg
eut'J1l
;;ieh
n~ly
chung:
1<1
khong
di
~[tll
\,~10
ph,-Ill
doan
ni:'y.
2. l'{ii un hna
m: teh
di~n
l1~li
lo<i.1I
t6i
Ull
Iio;.
me.leh
Iw:m
di
dOl
\'Cri
h(li locin tc'ing
hq'p
m,.tell,
T(\i
U'u
iW[1
m:,lch
f h6ng
nhO:ng
d~
(1;.\1
dU\K
()'
ll1u'L'
<16
eao
nil:11
n:: cltSt
IWl'J]g
nwch
mil
C(m
1',10
ra nhlrng llweh
e6
trnh
c.mh
ttanh
C,IO.
Chling la chi :h:t c,le
\:U\
de
t6i
uu
hal d(l
do
eh,lt
Im mg
quan Ir9ng: di¢n tieh
\'(1
hO' lt
(h)ng
ell,.
mach.
l\g(}~li
ra
11l(lt
do
do
ehAI
IU'qng
qu,1ll
tn.mg !lila
I~I
kh,i
n,1ng
de
kiC:m
Ira
\-il
ph;'lt
hi¢n
Ibi
eua
Il1<)eh.
DiC:n
Ifeh
eLla
ll1'.Kh
dUq"e
x,ic
dinh
hill1g
t()ng di¢n tfeh ella
de
ph,in tll'
Im,ch.
Do
d{l
dJ¢n tteh
e6
tilt:
"[Ie
djnh
duqc
thcmg
qua
g6e d(l
du
true
nla
m'.leh
nc"u
ta
bie"t
di¢n
tich
ella
Ilrng
th~lIlh
ph:ln m'.Kh. Thclng Ilnrh'ng
de
ph;:in
tlf
ec1
b,in ella
m"ch
16gic
1:1
6e
ph:in
ILr
[clgie,
c.:ie
thanh
ghi,
de
pltan
h'l'
n~IY
c6
dl¢n tfeh
bie't
lnr{re
lu)'
tllll<)e
\'JO
lung
loai
Ihicl
kc",
Di¢Jl licll
dc
d,'IY
n6i
d{lng
\'ai trt)
4uan
trqIlg \'il
khong
the
h()
qUa.
C,k
th:ulh ph:in
di¢n
l!ch
Il~ly
c6 Ihe
X<.lc
djnh
IU
mo
hlnh
m'.leh tren g6e d(l
\',:11
I)' IH\le
u6"c
Im)"llg
tlf
,-"ie
rlH)
hlnh
111":0
g(~le
dt)
(;j"u
Iruc th :o
cae
phuong
phcip
Ihollg
kc.
l-liC:u
n{lI1g
ella m'.lch dlf(fe t6i U'u hoa til/a
IrCII
(h(\i gi'lll
tre.
Ihb'l
gldll
d(ing
h().
c,mh
tranh
Iren
ccie ph:in
IlJ',
Dc
Ifnil to,in
d()
d,)
ho'.11
cklIl)},
eua
Illi)eil
c:in
thic"1
ph,ii ph'ln
lieh
c'lu
Iruc
"il hanl]
\'J
cLla
mach,
V:Yn
d ::
nilY
kllelc nhau dui
\'rJ'i
dc
IO' li
mach
kll,ie
nhall.
,
HI¢u
n,-lI1g
eLla
de
m',lcll
10
h(JP
dU(,J"c
x,ic
dinh
th{ltIg
qua
thlji gldn tre
truY~1l
Ill'
lUU
\'ilo
den
dell!
nl.
TIt(lng
Ihui\ng
dl~
gr,illl dl) pln!c
I'n)
clla tlllll
IO[\ll, la lut)]] giil
thiet
rang
de
gi,i
tf!
d{iu
\'~10
Xll~ll
11I";ll
IrDlIg
dlllg
Ill()\
Ihi)i
dr(~ln
\,:1
hicll
m-lllg
ub
m',lell
dU\1e
tinh qua
Ihr'ii
gian
tn~
truYCII
tllLo lILt'ling
dO
Ii¢u dili
nhat.
Dt'Ji
\'6i
e<i.e
mi lell
tu,\n
t~f
dong
b<\
d(l
do
hi¢u nrlllg
c6
lh~
uuve x,ie djnh
Ihong
qua
thoi
giall
quay
yong
cua
llli.,leh. Tho'i
gian
n;l)'
IiI
chu
k)' dc)ng
b()
nhanh
nhJ"t
c6
the
et,H
\,~IO
tlweh.
Tel
nh,)n
IhAy
dll1g
tllb'i
giaD Ire lruycil ct'la
Iii
thitnh
ph::in
m'.leh t6 hqp
etta
rn'.lch
tu,i.n
~I!
Iil.
can
d116i
ell,1
thh'i
gian quay
vt'mg.
Khi la
:xct
m6 hlnh
trC'1l
111lTC
kicll true nhu
qp
h{)"p
d.e
phep
lo{m,
d{il
vll'i
de
m'.lch
tlHll1
t~t"
ddng
bi\
m¢t
trong
nlllrng
ci{)
do
hi('u
lHlng
li\
Ihi)i giml
dn
thiitt
tte'
tlll.TC
hi~n
d.c
phep to,in.
Th()'j
gian
nay co the
dU'0C
uo-e
Ilfong
Ih<'lllg
qua
d.c
chu ky thai gian. Tich ella thoi gian quay \'ong
vii
Ih(Ji
glan tlllrc
hit;n
eho
ta thi\i
gWIl
thl!e hien
tcing
e(lllg ella
111'.lch.
Thong
tlmi::mg
Ihi:J'i
gian
quay
\'(lI1g
\,ZI
thai
gi<1ll
tlllTC
hl~n
dlTOC
t6i
Ull
hoa
riC'Jlf;
r~
de'
don
gi"111
[10ii
qu{i
:rlllh
leli
u'U
\,;1
Ih(x!
man cae yell
([ill
(t)1 ra d6i v6i thict
kc".
eic
m;,leh
d60g
h6
c{)
the'
dune Ilnrc hicn day
dc
phcp toan theo
chl:"
dl)
d.\y
ehuYCll
~
pipdlll':
),
trong
dCllll' leh
se
tlll.fC
hi~n
c{le
phcp loan song song
tn:'lI
nhung
t~lp
hqp dll'
li~u
khJe nhau.
Nhu
\'~\y
hl~ll
n[lIlg
Cllil
m' lch
ellil e6
th~
dU(l'e
thc
hi~n
qua
kh,\
n:mg
XLI'
15'
def
liC'Lt,
luqng
tier
!t~u
m;\
llI'.leh
e{\
IhJ
Xli'
1\'.
Do
do
dt'i
eni
li\
th{llIg
lunllt'. ella lIldeh. Doi
\-(ii
nhG"nl!.
mach
kh{llll!.
••
__
L'
~_
L'
L
Ihvc
hi~n
qua
ky
IhU<)1
(by
chuy~n,
tIH'UIg
hrqng
hj
glll'i
h'.lll bni nglqch (j.\O
eLlCl
tfch giiIa th6i gian quay
\'i:mg
va
thll'i
gl:ln tlwc
hi~n.
K5'
Ihu(\t
(by
ChUYCll
cho phep
]\I'.LCh
t~ll1g
thong
111(l'Ilg
dCl'
liC'u
dll'{~'c
XLI'
15'
nrot
qua gl6i
h'.1lI
n6i trcII.
V6'i
nhG'ng
dQ
do n6i Ircn, tui
uu
hexi
hi~u
n:ll1g
ella
lIl' lch
bao
g()111
\'icc
gle\m
thicu
tlli:ri
gian (re
truy'?l1
lt6i \'6i
111'.ICI1
t6 hqp, Ihai gian quay
\'{'ll1g
\':1
(he)'j
gial}
Illl,TC
Iw:n
d6i v6i
111'.1Ch
tll<ln
1l/
d6ng
bel:
IZlln
Uing
t6i cb thong
IlTong
ella m'.lch d(ii
\<'ri
nhCmg:
mach tlulc
hi~lllhco
\ 5'
thu[lt d.\y chuyen.
Ngoi\i
nhu'l1g
h~li
100In
t6i
lTli
hoa
vc
kreh
tl1Ll'(k
\,~I
thai
gW!1
n61
In~lI,
hlCll
liang ella
ll1' lch
con lien qllan t6i
kh,-'l
ni"llIg
phal
hi~n
l()i
V:I
d]llh
V!
\'! tr[
16i
lrong
m:.Ich.
(-l,:'11
10:ln
x:ly
d~mg
nhCrng
m~lch
cho phcp
de
d:l1lg
Illll
It'll
c111ng
mot yai
lri'l
qllan trong trong
qUii
IrJllh
tllle"1
kc'
\';1
t6i
lilt
ho,1
tnach.
NhCrng
m'.lell de kicm tra cho phcp giam
IhiJi
gian
Sll1h
Ci\c
b()
gla
Ir!
thl! nghi('lJl
\':1
gl'-'lll1
s6
lu'{.mg
d.c
h~)
gia In
IhlT
nghi~lll.
V[\n
de
(hlU
lien
dlH)'C
giai
qllyc-I
h~lllg
deh
It
III
ra nhling
thui.lt
to{m
tclng
hnp mach c6
hi~'u
qu,'t:
ctll1
\'an
dc
tilL!"
hal hen quail
h'ri
\'l~e
tIm ra
nhLing
thll,H
to,\])
tIm j()j nhanh
\'('ii
llH.1C
lieu
gi;\1l\
thili glan
ph,-i!
hi¢n
h')i
V;I
\'j trf
16i
IUiJng
l'rllg
viii tlrng
h(l
~;J{\
Irj
thLr
llghicl1l.
T()m
h,ll
h;1l
tOJ1I
t6i
lIll
ho,\ thic't
kC'
du(,l'C
(ILra
vc
ke'l
h(),p
hal
h~\i
10,111'
giall1
11\l~1l
di~n
lich
tlu,re
k'
ella
lIl'.Ich
vi\
I, ng
hi~ll
n:ll1g
ella
llli.lch
y(J'i
J h,\
ll{lllg
cao nhtlt e6 the c6.
Bi:li
loan
l<li
uu
hOii
e6 the ph\!
thUl~C
yilo cae
],;1111:'
bu()C
yi
lIl.t
nlllT
gioi
he.1ll
tren
\'e
dicll tich
Y~I
gi6i
h'.111
dll'l)'i
YC
hi¢lI
n{ltlg.
B~\J
17
lmin
l(ii
Ull
hu,i
co
th~
duO"e
b!~u
(1Il.'11
lrong kh(mg
g:iun
vccW
!lIlli'
~Ull.
T:lJ)
hnp c,ic
c:lll
ln~!C
c6 the
c()
CUd
mc.teh
,,;:
dLroc
IhlC'l
kl: l.!n lh:lnh !Illll kh(mg
~lla!l.
Khllllg. gian
nilY
1;(,)/ b kh(Jllg
gl<lll
llu(:1
kc
\
il
chli'a
llJ(.lL
S(l
jill'Ll
han cac
(hl;m
tlong
d6 mbi
dl~llltU'O'J1g
Ling
\,{ii
ITIi?!
Ih!.:'1
kc'
Cl,1
the,
M{li
(11':111
(
lUling
L(ng
1~1
Ihl'::'1
l (Y
)
:-,c
c6
de
gi<.i
Irj
d/~n
tfeh
\'~l
hi.::u
nilllg
lU(illg
(mg. Ta
,~C
l(tp
h~Ull
gia
Iri.
lr~n
cil
"i)
cic
dOl
!l(i,Jng
nhu
di~n
lich.
the)!
gian Ire. lhi)i
glill1
lh~rc
hi¢n.
thi)'i
gu.lll
quay
\'ung, Ih6Jlg lu'tjng.
Ru
tmin
ll1i
Ull
hoa
mach
1m'
!h:ll1h
n(u
tmin lim kicm dicm
\<ie
d!llllirung
kh(lllg
gl<.ln
thic'l
k.::
"ao
l'l1O
cac
dlli
1Lfong:
dat
g,1J.
tri t6i uu.
'Jhu
"\y.
1j'()llg
ChUUllg
nilY
Chllllg la
dJ
nghicn u'rll
elc
hlJ'('j"C
Cit
b,111
l!\lllg
ljlH!
trillll thie't
k0
t(~lIg
hop nwch.
18
CHlJONG II.
CO
SO
ToAN
HQC
Trong chuong
nuy
chClllg
\()i
nh:-tc
1,.ti
nlt)1
sCi
vCin
de
loan hoc liull
co
_~(j
cho
C[IC
chu'ong
lier
Ih(;o.
Cell'
kien
there
10;111
Cllll
)eu
xoay
quanh
CO'
so'
X[IY
d~rng
d.c
mach
so
dna
trcn
cac
d',\llg
ci1Uan
lAc
ella cae biel! thue 16gic.
l\hD'ng vall
de
lien
quan
\(Ii
qua
trtnh
11m
\/:'i
!runt-'
dIe
Ill' lch
logIC liell
quan
loi
cae
plllwng ph,ip
ma
ho<i
vi:'
1~'
thuy6t
d6
Ill!_
Do
d6
ChUD'llg
n~IY
(\uoc
chia
lum
hal
phiin chinh, m(l\
phfin
lien
quail
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16i
thieu
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cae hl0u
lhCi'c
logic,
phfill
thLi
hai
lien
quan
I(:ii
I)'
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de;
til!
vii
rna
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Im,\Ch
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Ihi(:',
ke
dIe
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so
hi¢n
(L,IL
L)'
thuye",
nilY
cI\ra
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ky
Il.r
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hQc
Bool s:ing li.\O nen.
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Iii
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hl.lc
khi ta
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cae
ky'
hi¢u hlnh lillie
vii
e,ie
thao
t,-Ie
d<;ll
s6
ilinh tillfe.
Hai
~6
Bool
dU(:il:
dPlh
nghla Iii m()t h¢
d~li
sci
Iho,llllan
he
de
lien
ck
H,nh nghla:
Doi
Hii
\,Jp
hop B
~
{
<.\,
h,
) vZlllili
1001.n
IV
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vi\
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n(u
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li('11
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man
1111
he
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sci
g9i
IiI
d'.li
s6 Bool:
1)
Va.
h E
B.
a + h:= b +
ii,
a . h =
h.
a:
Tfnh eh[it
giao
hmln:
(2.
1)
2)
Va,h.e
E
It
a + ( h . c )
::::;
(
<.l
+ b ) . ( a + e
).
a . ( b + e ) =
(a,
b)
+ ( a .
C):
Tfllh
ehtl! ph:ln
phcii:
(2.2)
J)
3
IE
13,
30
E::
B:
7<1
E B, a +
0:::
<I,
a.
1 = a: Ton
ti li
e,ic ph,ln
tlr
dO'll
q:
(2.3)
-
4) J
<lEB:liaEB,a+
a=La.
a=O:PldnhtL
C~A)
C{u:
djnh
I~'
ella
(h.li
s6
Bool:
\. a + a::: a:
2.
a,
a:::: a:
J.
a + I =
I:
(2.5)
(2.6)
(27)
19
c).
a.{),-O:
(2.~
)
5.
"
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C.9)
6.
(a.h).c=a.
( b . c
):
(2.111)
7.
( a -j- b ) + C = a + ( b + c
):
(2.11 )
~.
<I+<I.11=a:
C.12)
9. a . ( a + h ) = a:
(2.13)
10.
(/+h=a.h:
(2.1-+j
II.
(/,h
= u
• h :
(2
151
Vt'i'i
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so
Boo1.
ta c6 the
chung
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l~'
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ly'
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2.
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S()
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hl' llai
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10'11-1:1
d:'l!
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1)'
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d{mg
m.!~-\l
mach
d1011
duoe
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dUd
ra
do
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n,-ll1l
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20_
1
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L • _ • , •
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bao )!lim hdi ph'\1l1lf (0.
1)
Cllll
dl!\~l'
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eli.!1
S\-j
ehuycllll1ach.
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lien
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u\c
d!lIh
1.\
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dal
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Ik)d]
h\l~\l1
to;'\l1
dlf(:'l'
<ip
dung
cho
dai s6
ellll\'l~n
lllach.
Dc
11l1et
1(1]1
mIll
wong
ql!<l11
glli,(
1)-
tllu)
c'l
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Sll clluycl1
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1,\
dua
ra
de
sO'
Mi
llle.teh
dU\K
,<l\'
dung
Ill' nhCrng
~()'
dli
co'
Sl)'"
==
<l.h
a 0
()
20