THE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE pot

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REVISION I.
Tenses

I. THE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE:
1. Form:
- I,You, We, They + Verb ( infinitive without to)
- He, She, It + Verb -s/es
2. Usage:
- Diễn tả một thói quen, một hành động xảy ra thường xuyên, lặp đi lặp lại:
+ He watches TV every night.
+ We go to school by bicycle.
+ She often gets up late on Sundays.
- Diễn tả một chân lý, một sự thật hiển nhiên.
+ The sun rises in the East.
+ Tom comes from Britain.
+ They are students.
- Nói về thời khoá biểu (timetables), chương trình (programmes):
+ The plane leaves for Ho Chi Minh city at 11.30 a.m.
+ Johnny departs for Australia tomorrow.
+ The comedy begins at eight o'clock.
- Dùng sau các cụm từ chỉ thời gian: when, as soon as, và những cụm từ chỉ điều kiện : if,
unless.
+ We will not believe you unless we see it ourselves.
+ As soon as the football match begins, people start shouting.
+ If she asks you, tell her that you do not know.
3. Spelling:

- Ta thêm S vào sau các (V) đi sau ngôi thứ 3 số ít và các (N) số ít.
- Thêm ES và sau những (V) có tận cùng là : o, sh, s, ch, x, z .
Eg: teach, go, do, watch, brush
- Những (V) có tận cùng là "y" và đứng trước nó là một phụ âm, thì ta đổi "y" thành "i"
trước khi thêm "es".
+ He tries to help his friend.
+ Nam studies at Hoa Binh teachers training college.
4. Adverbs go with simple present:
+ often, usually, frequently : thường
+ always, constantly : luôn luôn
+ sometimes, occasionally : thỉnh thoảng
+ seldom, rarely : ít khi, hiếm khi
+ every day/week/month/ year : hàng ngày/ tuần/ tháng.
5. Negative form:
* Đối với (V) đặc biệt ( be, can may ) ta thêm " not" sau (V) đó:


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+ He is a good student.  He isn't a good student.
+ She can swim very well.  She can't
* Đối với (V) thường, ta dùng trợ động từ "Do", hoặc "Does" tuỳ theo chủ ngữ "
Subject".
+ She doesn't like coffee.
+ They don't want to stay at home on Sundays.
6. Interrogative form:
* Đối với (V) đặc biệt, ta đảo (V) lên đầu câu và thêm dấu "?" ở cuối câu.
+ Are you tired now?
+ Can your brother drive a car?
* Đối với (V) thường, ta thêm "Do" hoặc "Does" vào đầu câu. ( Nhớ đưa "V" chính về

nguyên mẫu)
+ Does her father like tea?
+ Do they do their homework everyday?

II. THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE:
1. Form:
- I + am
- He, She, It + is + V-ing
You, We, They + are
2. Usage:
- Diễn tả một hành động đang diễn ra và kéo dài ở một thời gian ở hiện tại, thường đi kèm
với các cụm từ chỉ thời gian: now, right now, at the moment, at present.
Ex:
+ The children are playing football now.
+ What are you doing at the moment?
- Dùng theo sau các câu mệnh lệnh, đề nghị:
+ Listen! The baby is crying.
+ Be quiet! The children are sleeping in the next room.
- Diễn tả một hành động sắp xảy ra trong tương lai gần:
+ She is coming tomorrow.
+ My grandparents are planting trees tomorrow.
3. Spelling:
* Nếu "v" có tận cùng là "e" thì bỏ "e" trước khi thêm "ing".
+ come coming; smile smiling
* Nếu "v" một âm tiết, tận cùng là một phụ âm mà trước nó là một nguyên âm, ta gấp đôi
phụ âm cuối trước khi thêm "ing".
+ run running; sit  sitting
* Nếu "v" có 2 hoặc hơn 2 âm tiết, tận cùng là một phụ âm mà trước nó là một nguyên
âm, và trọng âm lại rơi vào âm tiết cuối ,ta phải gấp đôi phụ âm cuối trước khi thêm "ing".
+ begin beginning.

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* Nếu "v" tận cùng là "l" mà trước nó là một nguyên âm đơn, ta phải gấp đôi "l" trước
khi thêm " ing".
+ travel travelling.
 Note: Không dùng thì HTTD với các "v" chỉ nhận thức, tri giác như:
to be, see, hear, understand, know, like, want, glance (liếc), feel, think, smell, love,
hate, realize ( nhận ra), seem, remember, forget, belong to (thuộc về), believe.
-Với các "v" này, thường thay bằng thì hiện tại đơn.
Ex:
+ I am tired now. (Không nói: I am being tired now)
+ She wants to go for a walk at the moment. (Không nói: She is wanting to go for a
walk at the moment)
+ Do you understand the lesson?
Yes, I understand it now.
4. Negative form:
- Thêm "not" sau "v" to be: am; is; are tuỳ theo chủ ngữ.
+ She is not working now.
+ They aren't learning at present.
5. Interrogative form:
- Đảo am, is, am, are lên trước "S".
+ Is she watching TV at the moment?
- Yes, she is.
EXERCISE 1.
Supply the correct verb forms: The simple present tense or The present continuous tense:
1. Jane, we (go) to town. (you/come) with us?
2. Hurry up! The bus ( come). I ( not want) to miss it.
3. How often ( you/ read) a newspaper?

4. The sun always ( rise) in the east. Look, it (rise) now.
5. I (hear) you. I ( know) what you( say).
6. The concert ( start) at 7.30 this evening.
7. She (have) coffee for breakfast every morning.
8. I ( see) that you (wear) your best clothes.
9. She sometimes ( buy) vegetables at this market.
10. Listen! Somebody (sing).

III. THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE:
1. Form:
- I You, We, They , He, She, It + V-
ed
- Regular verbs: là những "v" có qui tắc như: work, die, stay, play, like, love , live
- Irregular verbs: là những "v" bất qui tắc có 3 dạng như sau:

Simple present Simple past Past participle.
do did done


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go
sleep
have
went
slept
had
gone
slept
had

2. Usage:
- Diễn tả một hành động đã xảy ra trong quá khứ, chấm dứt và biết rõ thời gian.
+ Jim went to Paris last summer.
+ My mother left this city two years ago.
+ He died in 1985.
3. Adverbs often go with:
-yesterday, last, ago, in.
4. Spelling:
* Thêm "ed" sau "v" có qui tắc.
+ work  worked
* "v" có qui tắc có tận cùng là " e' chỉ thêm "d"
+ die  died.
* "v" có tận cùng là "y" mà trước nó là một phụ âm , ta đổi " y" thành "i" và thêm "ed".
* Nếu "v" có qui tắc một âm tiết, tận cùng là một phụ âm, trước nó là một nguyên âm ta
phải gấp đôi phụ âm cuối trước khi thêm "ed".
+ stop stopped.
*Nếu "V' có qui tắc có 2 âm tiết, tận cùng là một phụ âm & trước nó là một nguyên âm mà
trọng âm lại rơi vào âm tiết cuối ta phải gấp đôi phụ âm cuối trước khi thêm "ed"
+ permit  permitted.
* Nếu "v" tận cùng là " l", trước nó là một nguyên âm đơn, ta phải gấp đôi " l" trước khi
thêm " ed".
+ travel  travelled.
5. Pronunciation:
* Những "v" có qui tắc tận cùng là chữ cái được phát âm là /k/, /p/, /f/, /s/, /∫/ , /t∫/ khi
thêm "ed" ta đọc là /t/.
+ laugh/ la:f/  laughed/ la:ft/
+ book /buk/  booked/ bukt/
* Những "v" có qui tắc tận cùng là âm "t" & "d" khi thêm "ed" ta đọc là /id/.
+ want, need, devide, provide

* Ngoài 2 trường hợp trên các "v" có qui tắc còn lại có các âm cuối như: m, n, ỗ, r , l, i,
d3, sau khi thêm "ed" ta đọc là "d".
+ play [plei]  played/ pleid/

EXERCISE 2 .
Which underlined part is pronounced differently from the others?
1. A. planted B. punished C. decided D. attended
2. A. brushed B. watched C. earned D. danced
3. A. tried B. lived C. looked D. travelled
4. A. needed B. enjoyed C. played D. delayed


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5. A. cooked B. invited C. arranged D. specialized
6. A. succeeded B. improved C. travelled D. designed
7. A. shared B. borrowed C. owned D. backed
8. A. escaped B. advised C. described D. exchanged
9. A. booked B. survived C. laughed D. typed
10. A. changed B. crashed C. jumped D. introduced

IV. THE PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE:
1. Form:
- I , He, She, It + was + V-ing
- You, We, They + were + V-ing
2. Usage:
- Diễn tả một hành động đã xảy ra và kéo dài một thời gian trong quá khứ.
+ Yesterday, Mr Moore was working in the laboratory all the afternoon.
+ What were you doing from 2 p.m to 6 p.m yesterday?
- Hành động đang xảy ra vào một thời điểm ở trong quá khứ.

+ I was doing my homework at 3 p.m last Sunday.
+ They were practising English at that time.
+ What were you doing at this time yesterday?
- Hành động đang xảy ra (ở QK) thì có một hành động khác đồng thời xảy ra (Simple
Past).
+ When I came yesterday, he was sleeping.
+ What was she doing when you saw her?
+ As we were crossing the street, the policeman shouted at us.
- Hai hành động xảy ra song song cùng một lúc ở trong quá khứ.
+ Yesterday, I was cooking while my wife was washing the dishes.
* Note: Không dùng thì này với các "v" chỉ nhận thức, tri giác. Thay vào đó ta dùng thì
Simple past.
EXERCISE 3
Supply the correct verb forms: Simple past or Past continuous:
1. The children ( play) football when their mother (come) back.
2. When I (arrive) at his house, he still (sleep).
3. Marry (water) the flowers in her garden while her next door neighbour (chat) with her over
the fence.
4. As we (cross) the street, we (see) an accident.
5. The bell (ring) while James ( take) a bath.
6. Tom (hear) a noise and (get) out of bed when the door ( open).
7. Who ( be) that man that you (talk) to? I (see) him at the gate when I ( came) in.
8. We (wait) for the bus when he (pass) by in his car and (offer) us a lift.
9. When the pupils (hear) the bell, they ( get up) and (leave).
10. We (be) very tired because I (work) all day yesterday.

V. THE SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE:


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1. Form:

- I ,We + shall
- I, You, He, She, It, They + will + V-bare infinitive

- Bare infinitive: "v" nguyên thể không có to
* Negative form:
S + will/shall + not + V (bare-inf).
+ will not  won't
+ shall not  shan't
* Interrogative form:
Will / Shall+ S + V (bare-inf) ?.

2. Usage:
- Dùng khi ta quyết định làm việc gì vào lúc nói.
+ A: Did you phone Mary?
B: Oh, no, I forgot. I 'll phone her now.
+ Oh, I've left the door open. I will go and shut it.
- Dùng để yêu cầu ai đó làm việc gì.
+ Will you close the door?
+ Will you please be quiet?
- Dùng để đề nghị làm điều gì:
+ That suitcase looks heavy. I will help you carry it.
+ I'll bring it back this afternoon.
- Đồng ý hay từ chối làm điều gì.
+ You know that book I lent you? Shall I have it back?
+ A: I need some money.
B: Don't worry. I will lend you some.
- Dùng để hứa hẹn làm điều gì đó:

+ I promise I will call you as soon as I arrived.
+ I won't tell Tom what you said. I promise.
- Dùng Shall I và Shall we để đề nghị hoặc gợi ý.
+ Where shall we go this evening?
+ Shall I close all the windows?
- Dùng I think I will hoặc I don't think I'll khi ta quyết định làm hoặc không làm điều gì.
+ I think I 'll stay at home tomorrow.
+ I don't think I'll go out with you tonight. I'm too tired.
3. Adverbs often go with:
- someday: một ngày
- tomorrow: ngày mai
- next week/ month/ year: tuần/ tháng/năm tới.
- soon: chẳng bao lâu nữa.


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VI. NEAR FUTURE :
1. Form:
I + am
He, She, It + is + going to + V-bare infi
You, We, They + are (dự định sẽ)

I + am
He, She, It + is + V- ing (sắp sửa)
You, We, They + are
2. Usage:
- Diễn tả một hành động sắp xảy ra hoặc một dự định sắp tới. (Thường trong câu không có
cụm từ chỉ thời gian).

+ My father is retiring.
+ Where are you going to spend your holiday?
* Phân biệt cách dùng Simple present & Near future:
- Dùng will/ shall khi ta quyết định làm điều gì đó vào lúc nói, trước đó ta chưa có ý định
gì.
+ Jom: My bicycle has a flat tyre. Can you repair it for me?
Father: Okay, but I can't do it now. I'll repair it tomorrow.
- Dùng be going to khi ta đã quyết định làm điều gì đó rồi.
+ Mother: Can you repair Jim's bicycle? It has a flat tyre.
Father: Yes, I know. He told me. I'm going to repair it tomorrow.


EXERCISE 4
Supply the correct verb forms: Simple future or Simple present:
1. After the class (be) over, ask the teacher about that sentences.
2. We'll go out when the rain (stop).
3. I (stay) here until he (answer) me.
4. Wait until I (catch) you.
5. I (send) you some postcards as soon as I (arrive) in Hanoi.
6. I (wait) here until you (come) back tomorrow.
7. I (come) and (see) you before I leave here.
8. Mary (not come) until you (be) ready.
9. Miss Laura (help) you as soon as she ( finish) that letter tomorrow.
10. They (go) home as soon as they have finished their work.

VII. THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE :
1. Form:


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I , You, We, They + have
He, She, It + has + past participle

* Negative form: S + haven't/hasn't + past participle
* Interrogative form: Have/ Has + S + past participle ?
2. Usage:
- Diễn tả hành động vừa mới xảy ra, vừa mới kết thúc, thường đi với trạng từ : just ,
recently.
+ The concert has just begun.
+ They have finished their homework recently.
- Diễn tả một hành động bắt đầu từ quá khứ, còn kéo dài đến hiện tại và có khả năng tiếp
tục ở tương lai, thường đi kèm với :
+ My uncle has lived in this house for ten years.
+ We have studied English since 1990.
- Hành động xảy ra ở trong quá khứ (past) mà không biết rõ thời gian.
+ Mr . and Mrs. Brown have gone to Hanoi.
+ John has done his housework.
- Một hành động được lặp đi lặp lại nhiều lần ở quá khứ:
+ Daisy has read that novel several times.
+ We have seen "Titanic" three times.
3. Adverbs go with:
- just, recently, lately: vừa mới, gần đây.
- ever: đã từng
- never: chưa bao giờ
- already: rồi
- yet: chưa
- since: từ khi ( mốc thời gian)
- for: khoảng (thời đoạn)
- so far = until now = up to now = up to the present: cho đến bây giờ.

* Note:
- Ta thường dùng " just" với thì HTHT :
+ Would you like something to eat?
No, thanks. I've just had lunch.
- Dùng "for" để chỉ khoảng thời gian của hành động, dùng "since" để chỉ thời điểm mà
hành động bắt đầu.
+ He has worked here for five months.
+ I have learnt English since 1990.
- Dùng "yet" trong câu phủ định và nghi vấn, dùng "already" trong câu khẳng định.
+ Has John called yet?
+ I've already posted the letter for my friend.
+ He has already started his new job.
- Dùng "ever", "never" với thì HTHT:


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+ Have you ever eaten snake meat?
+ He has never been here.
- Dùng HTHT sau hình thức so sánh cao nhất:
+ What a boring film! It's the most boring film I've ever seen.
- Dùng HTHT với : This is the first time, It is the first time
+ It is the fisrt time I 've been here.
+ This is the first time he has driven a car.
- Gone to khác với been to:
+ Marian has gone to Italy. ( Câu này có nghĩa Marian đang ở nước Ý hoặc đang
trên đường đi đến nước Ý)
+ Marian has been to Italy. ( Câu này có nghĩa Marian đã ở nước Ý trong quá khứ
nhưng bây giờ cô ấy không còn ở đó nữa).
- Dùng HTHT với this morning, this evening/ today/ this week/ this term khi những thời

gian này vẫn còn trong lúc nói.
+ I've smoked ten cigarettes today.
+ I haven't seen Peter this morning. Have you?

EXERCISE 5
Supply the correct verb forms: Simple past or Present perfect:
1. The plane (stop) at a small town. It then (take) off immediately after refuelling.
2. We ( study) a very hard lesson the day before yesterday.
3. I (read) that novel by Hemingway several times before.
4. What you (do) yesterday?
5. They (study) almost every lesson in this book so far.
6. Mr. Dean and his wife (travel) to Thailand by air last summer.
7. We (have) a little trouble with our car last week.
8. How long you ( learn) English?
9. Jim (never be) in Hanoi.
10. Mary (be) so happy when she (hear) the news that she (cry).


VIII. THE PAST PERFECT TENSE :
1. Form:

S + had + past participle
* Negative form: S + hadn't + past participle.
* Interrogative form: Had + S + past participle ?
2. Usage:
- Diễn tả một hành động quá khứ đã kéo dài cho đến khi hành động quá khứ thứ 2 xảy ra
(hành động thứ 2 dùng QK đơn).(Hoặc diễn tả một hành động xảy ra trước một hành động
khác ở trong quá khứ).
* Hành động xảy ra trước : Dùng thì Past perfect.

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* Hành động xảy ra sau: Dùng thì Simple past.
+ When I got up this morning, my father had already left.
+ After the children had finished their homework, they went to bed.
+ It was the most difficult question that I had ever known.
- Diễn tả một hành động xảy ra trước một thời điểm xác định trong quá khứ.
+ We had lived in that town before 1980.

EXERCISE 6
Supply the correct verb forms: Simple past or Past perfect:
1. After they had gone, I (sit) down and (have) rest.
2. He (forget) what I (tell) him. I (remind) him many times, but he still (not bring) what I
(want).
3. What he (be) when he ( be) young?
4. It was the first time I (ever see) such a beautiful girl.
5. He (ask) me whether I (see) his pen on the table. I (tell) him that I (not see) it around.
6. If you (wait) only a little while longer, you would have met her. You (not see) her since we
last (meet) two years ago.
7. They (go) home after they (finish) their work.
8. They told me they (not eat) such kind of food before.
9. After taking a bath, he (go) to bed.
10. When we came to the stadium, the match ( already begin).

IX. THE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE :
1. Form:

S + have/has + been + V-ing
2. Usage:

- Diễn tả một hành động bắt đầu trong quá khứ và kéo dài liên tục tới hiện tại.
+ It has been raining.
+ I have been studying French for five years.
- Note: Không dùng thì HTHTTD với các "v" chỉ nhận thức hay tri giác.
- Các từ đi kèm : since & for.

EXERCISE 7
Choose the best answer by circling the letter A,B,C or D:
1. I'm busy at the moment. I __________ the sitting room.
A. decorate B. decorated C. am decorating D. have decorated
2. I always buy lottery tickets but I __________ anything.
A. have never won B. didn't win C. not win D. don't win
3. How did you get that scar?
- I __________ it in a car accident a year ago.
A. get B. had got C. got D. have got


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4. I __________ for him for ten years and he has never once said "Good morning" to me.
A. work B. had worked C. am working D. have been working 5.
Violets __________in Spring.
A. bloom B. are blooming C. bloomed D. have bloomed
6. I __________ a car accident while I __________ for you on this corner yesterday.
A. see/wait B. saw/was waiting C. saw/waited D. see/am waiting
7. You __________ better when you've had a meal.
A. feel B. will feel C. felt D. will to feel
8. Mr. John __________ principal of our school since last year.
A. is B. was C. has been D. will be
9. I have been teaching hundreds of students but I __________ such a hopeless.

A. don't meet B. have never met C. not meet D. didn't meet
10. He __________ last month and since then he __________ out of work.
A. loses/ is B. lost/was C. loses/ has been D. lost/has been
11. George __________ at the university so far.
A. has worked B. is working C. works D. worked
12. They __________ the Christmas dinner at the moment.
A. prepare B. prepared C. are preparing D. will prepare
13. When I last stayed in Cairo, I rode to Pyramids on a camel that my friend __________
the day before.
A. has borrowed B. had borrowed C. borrowed D. borrows
14. Listen! The bird __________.
A. sing B. sang C. is singing D. was singing
15. Did you speak to Mrs. Black yesterday?
- No , I __________her for a long time.
A. didn't see B. haven't seen C. don't see D. not see
16. People __________English in most of Canada.
A. spoke B. speaks C. have spoken D. speak
17. We __________in Paris for a month when the Second World War __________ out.
A. lived/ broke B. had lived/broke C. have lived/break D. live/break
18. Yesterday the police reported that they __________the thief.
A. captured B. had captured C. have captured D. captures
19. What __________ when I rang you last night?
A. did you do B. have you done C. are you doing D. were you doing
20. When the teacher __________ in, the pupils __________ games.
A. came/ were playing B. comes/ play
C. came/ played D. was coming/ played
21. Up to now, the teacher __________ our class five tests.
A. gives B. has given C. gave D. is giving
22. John __________ born when his father __________.
A. was/died B. is/ died C. was/had died D. has been/ died

23. The last train __________station at 6 p.m.
A. left B. leaves C. leave D. is leaving


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24. When I __________ a child, I __________ to be a doctor.
A. am/ want B. was/ want C. was/ wanted D. was/had wanted
REVISION II.
Word study
A.

WORD FORMATIONS (Cách thành lập từ)
I. Nouns formations: (Sự thành lập danh từ)
1. Một số (n) được thành lập bằng cách thêm các hậu tố (Suffixes) vào sau (v):
a. __________tion (sự )
+ to conserve  conservation
+ to preserve  preservation
+ to prevent  prevention
+ to combine  combination
b. __________ment (sự )
+ to develop  develpoment
+ to achieve  achievement
+ to employ  employment
+ to disappoint  disappointment
c. __________er ( người, vật, hành động)
+ to fertilize  fertilizer
+ to do  doer
+ to teach  teacher
+ wo work  worker

to sing  singer
d. __________or ( người )
+ to deposit  depositor [di'pɔzitə] người gửi tiền ở ngân hàng
+ to act  actor
+ to instruct  instructor [in'strʌktə] người dạy, huấn luyện viên
+ to invent  inventor
e. __________ant ( người )
+ to assist  assistant
+ to account  accountant [ə'kauntənt] nhõn viờn kờ́ toán
+ to apply  applicant
+ to contest  contestant [kən'testənt] đấu thủ, đối thủ, người tranh giải.
f. __________ing (việc , nghề )
+ to teach  teaching
+ to poison  poisoning
+ to dirty  dirtying
+ to understand  understanding
g. __________age ( sự )
+ to drain  drainge
h. __________ar (người )


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+ to beg  beggar
i. __________ ance ( người)
+ to resist  resistance
2. Một số danh từ được thành lập bằng cách thêm các hậu tố (Suffixes) vào sau (n):
a. __________ship.
+ friend  friendship
+ scholar  scholarship ['skɔlə∫ip] sự uyên thâm

+ neighbour  neighbourship
b. __________ism (chủ nghĩa, học thuyết)
+ capital  capitalism ['kæpitəlizm] chủ nghĩa tư bản
+ hero  heroism ['herouizm] cử chỉ anh hùng; thái độ anh hùng
+ critic  criticism ['kritisizm] sự bình phẩm, sự chỉ trích
+ Marx  Marxism ['ma:ksizəm] chủ nghĩa Mác
3. Một số danh từ được thành lập bằng cách thêm các hậu tố vào sau tính từ:
a. adj____ity  noun:
+ possible  possibility [,pɔsə'biləti] tiềm năng
+ able  ability
+ responsible  responsibility [ri,spɔnsə'biləti] sự chịu trách nhiệm
+ special  speciality [,spe∫i'ổləti] nét đặc biệt; đặc tính; đặc trưng
+ real  reality [ri:'ổliti] sự thực; thực tế
+ national  nationality [,nổ∫ə'nổliti] quốc tịch
b. adj____ism noun:
+ racial  racialism ['rei∫əlizəm] chủ nghĩa phân biệt chủng tộc
+ social  socialism ['sou∫əlizəm] chủ nghĩa xã hội
+ feudal  feudalism ['fju:dəlizm] chế độ phong kiến

c. adj ____ness  noun:
+ rich  richness ['rit∫nis] sự giàu có, sự phong phú, sự dồi dào
+ happy  happiness ['hổpinis] sự sung sướng, hạnh phúc
+ sad  sadness ['sổdnis] sự buồn bã
+ cold  coldness ['kouldnis] sự lạnh, sự lạnh lẽo

3. Một số danh từ được thành lập bằng cách thêm các tiền tố ( prefixes) vào sau tính từ:
a. super ____(cao, giỏi, siêu)
+ man  superman
+ market  supermarket
+ structure  superstructure ['su:pə,strʌk∫n] kiến trúc thượng tầng

b. under____ ( ở dưới)
+ achievement  underachievement
+ growth  undergrowth bụi cây thấp; tầng cây thấp
+ clothes  underclothes
+ pass  underpass đường chui
c. sur _____( ở trên, bên ngoài)


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+ face  surface
+ name  surname
+ plus  surplus ['sə:pləs] số dư, số thừa; số thặng dư
d. sub _____( ở dưới)
+ way  subway đường ngầm
+ continent  subcontinent [,sʌb'kɔntinənt] tiểu lục địa,
+ committee  subcommittee ['sʌbkəmiti] phân ban, tiểu ban (trong một UB)
* Others:
- Adj tận cùng là "t"  "cy" : urgent  urgency
- Adj tận cùng là "t"  "ce" : patience.



II. Adjective formations: (Sự thành lập tính từ)
1. Một số tính từ được thành lập bằng cách thêm các hậu tố (suffixes) vào sau danh từ.
a. ____ful (đầy)
+ harm  harmful
+ use  useful
+ success  successful
+ hope  hopeful

+ help  helpful
b. _____less (không có)
+ child  childless ['t∫aildlis] không có con
+ odour  odourless ['oudəlis] không có mùi
+ tree  treeless ['tri:lis] trơ trụi, không có cây
+ home  homeless
c. _____ly ( có vẻ, có tính cách, hàng (giờ, năm )
+ man  manly ['mổnli] có tính chất đàn ông
+ brother  brotherly ['brʌđəli] anh em
+ world  worldly thế gian
+ hour  hourly
+ year  yearly
+ day  daily
d. _____ like (giống như)
+ child  childlike
+ god  godlike như thần
+ life  lifelike giống như thật
+ statesman  statesmanlike có phẩm chất và năng lực của một nhà chính trị tài ba
e. _____y (nhiều, đầy)
+ rain  rainy
+ snow  snowy
+ dust  dusty
+ sand  sandy


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+ health  healthy
+ fog  foggy
f. _____ish ( theo cách của )

+ fool  foolish
+ self  selfish ['selfi∫] ích kỷ
+ child  childish ngây ngô; như trẻ con, hợp với trẻ con.
g. _____al (thuộc về)
+ magic  magical
+ agriculture  agricultural
+ industry  industrial
+ nature  natural
h. ______ ous
+ poison  poisonous
+ nerve  nervous
+ danger  dangerous
+ fame  famous
2. Một số tính từ được thành lập bằng cách thêm hậu tố vào sau động từ:
a. ______ive ( có tính chất)
+ act  active
+ progress  progressive
+ abort  abortive
+ attract  attractive
b. _____able ( có thể)
+ accept  acceptable
+ count  countable
+ achieve  achieveable
+ agree  agreeable
3. Một số tính từ được thành lập bằng cách thêm tiền tố vào trước tính từ mang nghĩa
phủ định:
a. un_____(không)
+ happy  unhappy
+ fortunate  unfortunate
+ lucky  unlucky

+ forgettable  unforgettable
b. in_____(không)
+ direct  indirect
+ convenient  inconvenient
+ dependent  independent
+ formal  informal
c. im____(không)
+ patient  impatient
+ possible  impossible
+ mature  immature


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+ perfect  imperfect
d. ir______
+ regular  irregular
+ religious  irreligious không tín ngưỡng
+ removable  irremovable không thể chuyển đi được
+ rational  irrational
e. il_____
+ legal  illegal
+ logical  illogical
+ literate  illiterate dốt nát, mù chữ, thất học

II. Verb formations: (Sự thành lập động từ)
1. Một số động từ được thành lập bằng cách thêm tiền tố : Out ___( tốt hơn, nhanh hơn)
+ grow  outgrow
+ live  outlive
+ run  outrun

+ weigh  outweigh
+ number  outnumber
2. Noun /adj + en  Verb.
+ deep  deepen
+ length  lengthen
3. Noun /adj + ize  Verb.
+ critic  criticize
+ modern  modernize
4. Thêm tiền tố : En_____( bỏ vào, làm cho, gây ra)
+ danger  endanger
+ case  encase (cho vào thùng, túi)
+ rich  enrich
+ large  enlarge
+ close  enclose bỏ kèm theo; gửi kèm theo
+ act  enact
+ force  enforce làm cho có sức mạnh



EXERCISE 8
Supply the correct word form:
1. They made a __________ about the heating. (COMPLAIN)
2. It's hard to find __________ in the supermarket. (ACCOMMODATE)
3. She has a large __________ of stamps. (COLLECT)
4. He made an unfavorable __________ between food in his country and mine. (COMPARE)
5. How serious is her __________? ( ILL)
6. She gave a __________ of the new computer. (DEMONSTRATE)


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7. We had __________ starting my car this morning. (DIFFICULT)
8. I had to write a __________ for homework. (COMPOSE)
9. Gardening is relaxing __________ for some people, but not for me. (OCCUPY)
10. Could I have __________ to go home early? (PERMIT)
11. There were several __________ mistakes in that letter. (PUNCTUATE)
12. He is so __________! No sooner he has no friends. (AGREE)
13. He made another __________ about who to invite. (SUGGEST)
14. Can I get a __________ of this novel? (TRANSLATE)
15. Is I were you, I wouldn't make a __________ just yet. (DECIDE)
16. I've put on __________ since I arrived here. (WEIGH)
17. I don't mind __________ criticism but there's no need to be unpleasant. (CONSTRUCT)
18. I had my trousers __________ because they were too short. (LONG)
19. The __________ of the flight was delayed so we had to spend the night at the airport.
(DEPART)
20. It's __________ to expect to get something for nothing. (REASON).









REVISION III.
Passive voice.


I. FORMATION:

1. Active sentence: Là câu mà chủ ngữ làm chủ hành động.
+ Mr. Smith teaches English.
2. Passive sentence: Là câu mà chủ ngữ bị tác động hoặc được làm bởi một chủ thể khác.
+ English is taught by Mr. Smith.
3. Change from an active sentence into a passive sentence:
*Form:
- Active: S + V + O

- Passive: S + be (chia) + past participle + by + O
* Note:
- Nếu trong câu chủ động có các trạng từ chỉ thời gian thì đặt bổ ngữ đó sau tân ngữ (O).
- Nếu trong câu chủ động có các trạng từ chỉ nơi chốn thì đặt bổ ngữ đó trước "by".
*Ex: + The police found the boy thirty minutes ago.


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 The boy was found by the poliuce thirty minutes ago.
+ The police found the boy in the forest.
 The boy was found in the forest by the police.
+ The police found the boy in the forest thirty minutes ago.
 The boy was found in the forest by the police thirty minutes ago.
II. FORMATION:
1. Simple present tense:

S + am/is/are + past participle


- Ann writes a letter.
 A letter is written by Ann.

2. Present continuous tense:

S + am/is/are + being + past participle

- Ann is writing a letter.
 A letter is being written by Ann.
3. Simple past tense:

S + was/were + past participle

- Ann wrote a letter.
 A letter was written by Ann
4. Past continuous tense:
I, He, She, It + was
+ being + past participle
We, you, they + were

- Ann was writing a letter.
 A letter was being written by Ann

5. Present perfect tense:


I, We, You, They + have
+ been + past participle
He, She, It + has
- Ann has written a letter.
 A letter has been written by Ann

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6. Past perfect tense:

S + had + been + past participle

- Ann had written a letter.
 A letter had been written by Ann.
7. Simple future tense:
I, We + will/shall
+be + past participle

He, She, It, You, They + will

- Ann will write a letter.
 A letter will be written by Ann.
8. Future of intention :

S + am/is/are + going to +be + past participle

- Ann is going to write a letter.
 A letter is going to be written by Ann.
9. Modal verbs:
- can, may, ought to, should, would, could, might.


S + modal verb + be + past participle

- You can see him now.
 He can be seen now.

- He should type his term paper.
 His term paper should be type.

* Note:
- Nếu tân ngữ trong câu bị động chỉ sự vật, sự việc (không phải người) thì ta dùng giới từ
"with" thay cho "by":
+ Smoke filled the room.  The room was filled with smoke.
- Nếu trong câu chủ động có 2 tân ngữ, thì một trong 2 tân ngữ có thể làm chủ ngữ trong
câu bị động. Tuy nhiên tân ngữ về người được sử dụng nhiều hơn.
+ I'm writing her a letter.  A letter is being written to her by me.
 She is being written a letter by me.
(Các "v": ask, tell, give, send, show, teach, pay, offer thường có 2 tân ngữ)
- Ta có thể bỏ by + me, him, her, it, you, them, someone, people trong câu bị động nếu
không muốn nêu rõ tác nhân, hoặc thấy không quan trọng.
III. OTHER KINDS OF PASSIVE VOICE:


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1. Causative forms " have, get" (Dạng nhờ bảo).
*
Active: S + have (had) + O (person) + bare inf. + O (thing)

Passive: S + have (had) + O (thing) + past participle (+ by +O(person))



- I had him repair my bicycle yesterday.
 I had my bicycle repaired yesterday.
*

Active: S + get (got) + O (person) + to inf. + O (thing)

Passive: S + get (got) + O (thing) + past participle (+ by +O(person))

- I get her to make some coffee.
 I get some coffee made.
2. Verbs of perception "see, watch, hear " (Động từ chỉ giác quan).
*
Active: S + verb + O + bare inf/V-ing

Passive: S + be + past participle + to inf./V-ing

- They saw her come in.
 She was seen to come in.
3. Verbs of opinion: say, think, believe,report, rumour (đồn) ( Động từ chỉ ý kiến).
*
Active: S + verb + that + clause ( S
2
+V
2
+O
2
)

Passive: It + (be) + past participle + that + clause.
S
2
+ be + past participle + to infi./ to have + past participle.

- People say that he is a famous doctor.

 It is said that he is a famous doctor.
 He is said to be a famous doctor.
- They thought that Mary had gone away.
 Mary was thought to have gone away.
 It was thought that Mary had gone away.

4. Imparative sentences ( Câu mệnh lệnh)
*



21

Active: Verb + O + Adjunct (bổ ngữ)

Passive: Let + O + be + past participle + adjunct.

- Write your name here.
 Let your name be written here.
*

S + let + S.O + do S.T

 S.O + be + let/allowed+ to do S.T

- He let me go out.
 I was let to go out.
 I was allowed to go out.

EXERCISE 9

Change the following sentences from active to passive:
1. People speak English all over the world.
 English
2. Somebody has taken my briefcase.
 My briefcase
3. The teacher returned our written work to us.
 Our written work
4. They didn't allow Jim to take these books home.
 Jim wasn't
5. People drink a great deal of tea in England.
 A great
6. We can't make tea with cold water.
 Tea
7. Jane was writing a poem.
 A poem
8. Do they teach English here?
 Is
10. They didn't look after the children properly.
 The children
11. Is she going to write a poem?
 Is
12. How many days did she spend finishing the work?
 How many days
13. Who looked after the children for you?
 Who
14. Will buses bring the children home?


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 Will
15. How long have they waited for the doctor?
 How long
16. What time can the boys hand in their papers?
 What time
17. How did the police find the lost man?
 How
18. Open your book!
 Let
19. Take off your hat!
 Let
20. She advices me to sell that car.
 I
- EXERCISE 10
Change the following sentences from active to passive:
1. He orders us to help him.
 We
2. People saw him steal your car.
 He
3. People don't make the children work hard.
 The children
4. It is believed that the wanted man is living in Chicago.
 The wanted man
5. It is said that many people are homeless after the floods.
 Many people
6. It is known that the Prime Minister is in favor of the new law.
 The Prime Minister
7. It is expected that the government will lose the election.
 The government
8. It is thought that the prisoner escaped by climbing over the wall.

 The prisoner
9. It is believed that the thieves got in through the kitchen window.
 The thieves
10. It is reported that two people were seriously injured in the accident.
 Two people
11. It is said that three men were arrested after the explosion.
 Three men
12. It is said that he is 110 years old.
 He
13. They rumoured the man was still living.
 The man
14. They declared that she won the competition.
 She


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15. People believed that 13 is an lucky number.
 Number 13
16. People believed that the earth stood still.
 The earth
17. They say that Jim is the brightest student in class.
 Jim
18. Luckily for me, they didn't call my name.
 Luckily

EXERCISE 10
Change the following sentences from active to passive:
1. He orders us to help him.
 He orders us that he must be helped by us.

2. People saw him steal your car.
 He was seen to steal your car.
3. People don't make the children work hard.
 The children aren't made to work hard.
4. It is believed that the wanted man is living in Chicago.
 The wanted man is believed to be living in New York
5. It is said that many people are homeless after the floods.
 Many people are said to be homeless after the floods.
6. It is known that the Prime Minister is in favor of the new law.
 The Prime Minister is known to be in favour of the new law.
7. It is expected that the government will lose the election.
 The government is expected to lose the election.
8. It is thought that the prisoner escaped by climbing over the wall.
 The prisoner is thought to have escaped by climbing over the wall.
9. It is believe that the thieves got in through the kitchen window.
 The thieves is believed to have gotten in through the window.
10. It is reported that two people were seriously injured in the accident.
 Two people are reported to have been seriously injured in the accident.
11. It is said that three men were arrested after the explosion.
 Three men are said to have been arrested after the explosion.
12. It is said that he is 110 years old.
 He is said to be 110 years old.
13. They rumoured the man was still living.
 The man was rumoured to have been still living.
14. They declared that she won the competition.
 She was declared to have won the competition.
15. People believed that 13 is an lucky number.
 Number 13 is believed to be an lucky number.
16. People believed that the earth stood still.
 The earth is believed to have stood still.

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17. They say that Jim is the brightest student in class.
 Jim is said to be the brightest student in class.
18. Luckily for me, they didn't call my name.
 Luckily for me, my name wasn't called.
19. We must take good care of books borrowed from the library.
 Books borrowed from the library must be taken care .
20. No one believes his story.
 His history isn't believed/ is believed by no one.
21. Will you invite her to your wedding party?
 Will she be invited to your wedding party?
22. Must we finish the test before ten?
 Must
19. We must take good care of books borrowed from the library.
 Books borrowed
20. No one believes his story.
 His history
21. Will you invite her to your wedding party?
 Will
22. Must we finish the test before ten?
 Must

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REVISION IV.
Prepositions
I. PREPOSITIONS USED FOR TIME AND FOR PLACE:
1. AT:

* For time: (Cho thời gian)
At được dùng trước các cụm từ chỉ thời gian sau:
- at 5 o'clock, at 6 p.m, at 1 a.m (giờ)
- at night.
- at Christmas, at Easter, at Whitsun.
- at once (ngay lập tức)
- at last ( cuối cùng)
- at the moment (bây giờ)
- at present (bây giờ, hiện tại)
- at weekends.
* For place: (cho nơi chốn)
- at home
- at the theatre
- at the seaside
- at the grocer's; at the hairdresser's; at the doctor's
- at school
- at the corner of the street.
- at the top
- at the bottom
- at the foot of the page
- at the beginning, at the end ( of the lesson )
- at the shop
- arrive at the airport; rainway station
Note: (v) arrive đi với giới từ at thường để chỉ những nơi nhỏ, không được dùng với thành
phố lớn hay đất nước.
- arrive in + thành phố lớn/ đất nước.
2. IN:
* For time: In được dùng trước:
- Năm (year): in 1980; in 1970; in 2006
- Tháng (month): in June; in May; in August

- Mùa ( season): in spring; in Summer; in Winter
- Buổi (half a day): in the morning/afternoon/ evening ( Nhưng: at night, at noon)