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WHOLE
Divide
into
two
sentences:
He
is a
writer.
I
have admired
him for
years.
He
is a
writer
WHOM
I
have admired
for
years.
whole
See
HOLE
OR
WHOLE?.
wholly
(exception
to the
magic
e-
rule)

See
ADDING ENDINGS
(ii).
who's
or
whose?
Use
these exemplar sentences
as a
guide:
WHO'S
been eating
my
porridge?
(=
who
has)
WHO'S
coming
to
supper?
(= who is)
WHOSE
calculator
is
this?
(=
belonging
to
whom)

There's
the
girl
WHOSE
cat was
killed.
wierd
Wrong spelling.
See
WEIRD.
wife
(singular) wives (plural)
See
PLURALS (v).
wilful
(not willful)
will
See
SHALL
OR
WILL?.
wining
or
winning?
wine
+ ing =
wining
win + ing =
winning
See

ADDING ENDINGS
(i) and
(ii).
wisdom
(exception
to
magic
-e
rule)
See
ADDING ENDINGS (ii).
withhold
(not
withold)
214
WRITE
wolf
(singular)
wolves
(plural)
See
PLURALS (v).
woman
(singular) women (plural)
See
PLURALS (vi).
wonder
See
WANDER
OR

WONDER?.
won't
See
CONTRACTIONS.
woollen
(not
woolen)
worship
worshipped, worshipping, worshipper
(exception
to
2-1-1
rule)
See
ADDING
ENDINGS
(iv).
would
See
SHOULD
OR
WOULD?.
wouldn't
Take
care
to
place
the
apostrophe correctly.
would

of
Incorrect construction.
See
COULD
OF.
wrapped
See
RAPT
OR
WRAPPED?.
wreath
or
wreathe?
Use
these exemplar sentences
as a
guide:
She
lay a
WREATH
of
lilies
on his
grave.
(=
noun)
Look
at him
WREATHED
in

cigarette
smoke,
(verb,
rhymes
with
'seethed')
write
Use
these sentences
as a
guide
to
tenses:
I
WRITE
to her
every
day.
215
WRITER
I
AM
WRITING
a
letter now.
I
WROTE
yesterday.
I
have

WRITTEN
every day.
writer
(not
writter)
wry
wrier
or
wryer, wriest
or
wryest
wryly
(exception
to the y-
rule)
See
ADDING
ENDINGS (iii).
wryness
(exception
to the -y
rule)
See
ADDING ENDINGS (iii).
216
-y
rule
See
ADDINGS
ENDINGS

(iii).
See
PLURALS
(iii).
yacht
yield
See
EI/IE
SPELLING
RULE.
yoghurt/youghourt/yougurt
All
these spellings
are
correct.
yoke
or
yolk?
Use
these exemplar sentences
as a
guide:
The
YOKE
of the
christening gown
was
beautifully
embroidered.
The

oxen were
YOKED
together.
She
will
eat
only
the
YOLK
of the
egg.
your
or
you're?
Use
these exemplar sentences
as a
guide:
YOUR
essay
is
excellent.
(=
belonging
to
you)
YOU'RE
joking!
(=
you

are)
yours
This
is
YOURS.
No
apostrophe needed!
217
Y
zealot
zealous
zealously
Zimmer
frame
zloty
(singular) zloties
or
zlotys (plural)
See
PLURALS
(iii).
zoological
zoology
218
Z
APPENDIX
A
Literary terms
Here
are a few of the

most widely used literary devices.
You
will probably
be
familiar with them
in
practice
but
perhaps cannot always
put a
name
to
them.
alliteration
the
repetition
of
sounds
at the
beginning
of
words
and
syllables
Around
the
rugged rocks
the
ragged rascals ran.
climax

epigram
a
short pithy saying
Truth
is
never pure,
and
rarely simple. (Oscar
Wilde)
euphemism
an
indirect
way of
referring
to
distressing
or
unpalatable
facts
I've lost both
my
parents.
(=
they've died)
She's
rather
light-fingered.
(=
she's
a

thief)
hyperbole
exaggeration
Jack
cut his
knee rather badly
and
lost gallons
of
blood.
What's
for
lunch?
I'm
starving.
I
loved Ophelia.
Forty
thousand brothers
Could
not,
with
all
their
quantity
of
love,
Make
up my
sum. (Shakespeare:

'Hamlet')
irony
saying
one
thing while clearly meaning
the
opposite
For
Brutus
is an
honourable man. (Shakespeare:
'Julius
Caesar')
litotes
understatement
He
was not
exactly
polite.
(=
very rude)
I
am a
citizen
of no
mean
city.
(-
St
Paul

boasting about Tarsus
and
hence about
himself)
metaphor
a
compressed comparison
219
I
came;
I
saw;
I
conquered!