Thử nghiệm nhân giống bằng phương pháp giâm hom một số loài hoa đỗ quyên của vườn quốc gia pù mát – con cuông – nghệ an

MỤC LỤC
MỤC LỤC i
DANH MỤC CÁC CHỮ VIẾT TẮT iii
DANH MỤC BẢNG BIỂU iv
MỞ ĐẦU 1
Chương 1 TỔNG QUAN VẤN ĐỀ NGHIÊN CỨU 4
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Chương 2 MỤC TIÊU, GIỚI HẠN, NỘI DUNG VÀ PHƯƠNG PHÁP NGHIÊN
CỨU 27
A<B
'C%0B
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EGH$I3$9"@
Chương 3 ĐIỀU KIỆN TỰ NHIÊN, KINH TẾ, XÃ HỘI KHU VỰC NGHIÊN CỨU
38
"'#J9K"F
"8L-L&$I"F

"'L&"F
""'L&M%NO"P
">?,4*Q6
"5'&;03R
"'#J9J SGTD5
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Chương 4 KẾT QUẢ VÀ THẢO LUẬN KẾT QUẢ 48
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- K%`%e$934&'(Y*5
"[74&%MJ- M$C@B
Chương 5 KẾT LUẬN, TỒN TẠI VÀ KIẾN NGHỊ 78
5> $?BF
5'#&,$0$%'(Y*BF
5'(Y*BF

5'#LBP
ii
DANH MỤC CÁC CHỮ VIẾT TẮT
' f9-
'Y f'(Y*
: f:
] f:#&gR
bcc fb;$&GZ&G
b_c fb;*&G
cc f&&$Z&G&GZ
h f`3i/
\ fV2$.
8Yj f8kYj&
iii
DANH MỤC BẢNG BIỂU
_[fh-+9"
_[f_/Z;l)&`4&%3&J"5
_["f_/Z;l374&'(Y*"5
_[f_/Je$93%e$9-0mGMk4&'(Y*
"@
_[5f[3iG L3)&33&$2
$."B
_["fAD3* J? JK
_[fU&3$%'(Y*0EnAS::S9cF
_[f_[$0ZXQ%X-F
_["fe$9&`4&'()*h3&J65%*5"
_[f_[J/&[74&/%$0J- 
3K%`4&'(Y*35@
_[5f_[J/&[74&/%$0J- e
$934&'(Y*35B

_[@f_[33[74&/- 3K%`4&
'(Y*35F
_[Bf_[33[7$0J- 3K%`4&
'(Y*35F
_[Ff_[33[74&/- e$934&'(
Y*35P
_[Pf_[33[7$0J- e$934&'(
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_[6fe$9&`4&'(Y*Y&<3&J6P%*@6
_[f_[J/&[74&/%$0J- 
3K%`4&'(Y*Y&<@
_[f_[J/&[74&/%$0J- 
e$934&'(Y*Y&<@
_["f_[33[74&/- 3K%`4&
'(Y*Y&<@5
_[f_[33[7$0J- 3K%`4&
'(Y*Y&<@5
_[5f_[33[74&/- e$934&'(
Y*Y&<@@
_[@f_[33[7$0J- e$934&'(
Y*Y&<@@
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9@B
_[Ff_[J/&[74&/%$0J- 
#&+o4&'(Y*hB6
_[Pf_[33[74&/- #&+
o4&'(Y*hB
_[6f_[33[7$0J- #&+
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9B
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#&+o4&'(Y*Y&<B5
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o4&'(Y*Y&<B@
_[f_[33[7$0J- #&+
o4&'(Y*Y&<B@
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DANH MỤC CÁC HÌNH
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955
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9@"
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/+04&%9n!$K4&3K&Q;3-T
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1
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DXg,,p3,$O,€-X+"$%g

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0::Dy-zn{4&rG&,!y-z*
3Jg-D04&%&*kX3M;w;J
%%!,%*K?r-*•M-&;0#
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+*-k%+[)&]&'()*XLJ M
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2
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L##.,#${K-CM#k&:ge
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3[GM%X&t$%*%*<<2*[,3H;<
$%t&9,+*[)&,Q?k;-L&
%[$K4&D-+$%*8YjEnA
ƒMrK %*24&3[GM%[+-&;03R
D3$%&'(Y* %K9-#%: “Thử nghiệm
nhân giống bằng phương pháp giâm hom một số loài hoa Đỗ quyên của
Vườn Quốc gia Pù Mát – Con Cuông – Nghệ An”.
3
Chương 1
TỔNG QUAN VẤN ĐỀ NGHIÊN CỨU
1.1. Nghiên cứu nhân giống vô tính bằng phương pháp giâm hom
1.1.1. Nhân giống vô tính bằng phương pháp giâm hom
$%!n4&D[9-/
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*`'*$%%#[JX3KNC
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4
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9$%%+C;`&`%$M*r*A($%*XD
$0nC,ur$%%$M*7N,L%n
Ca]%h,PPBd„6…
;K&J[Q3%`M-L4&
D-0.%-#J9C-/0%/!
\`M-L$%`-C3&7MJuD?%4&*%9`4&
X,% -#)&R$%)%`M-L
:X$0`f\`#m%`!3
- \`#mfV%$0`X+r*,%*
e/JD?4&-C&Jx*z
- \`!3fV%$0`3&3&Ji%>-X
%(Li,LN,% %;w*#-T 4&(
-C7&$%&-0&-NM%?*/M
*,;w- ;pK&$*9-C;wr$G-*L;+$0
J  %&%3z,-*$%37%`
M-LaV'>[,66d„…
hK%`M-LX/-C&$%"&-0f
+ : %L7 i -%%$D$!
%L#.
+ : %3&*;!$![9i-2&%%

$!#R$%3z
+ : %nC2.$?%$Zi-2%`
A-D(•[7!3K&`4&](#,
&*2( #J[Q&`JW]9CK$%9
5
CN ,;*J[ -g
#a]%h,PPBd„6…
* Ưu điểm của giâm hom
- ]93&frD*z,X/$M*-C#%
-/0&#*J JW$M*#%
D*aA&Y&k%:h,66Bd„"…
- jt* *z,M$C%LN-Lf
 ;*#,mM%0D4&*z
-Ct*:XJ[QJ 3$C-KaA&Y&
k%:h,66Bd„"…
- Q3M,3[$C&f:*2 -#&)[&
*+0,X%%;9$2 -/&&
3!aA&Y&k%:h,66Bd„"…
* Nhược điểm của giâm hom
j-pxJ†?,%&
0a&M@SF$23!+0d]0 N4&*z
$M*aA&Y&k%:h,66Bd„"…
* Ảnh hưởng của môi trường sống đến quá trình giâm hom
kk&&[7- J[Q&`
4&%Xf XD3&+t 
-/;*#4&$%,4&GMG%4&/,&p4&N*,N
%,L%%X03+$0MJ&
`%0[-Dm,3,9-D,k<
• Nhân tố nội sinh
- Đặc điểm di truyền loài

'TX#M*J[M[$%-#XJ[
Q&`&,uZ -/;*#$%*J&Xe
6
$9&`J&&;&aPB6d-T;K&ZJ[Q&`-/&$%
*(%X3&f
+ X$%*-JX&`+@$%-XX
Morus sp, Ficus sp, Populus sp …
+ X$%*XJ[Q&`+@5$%-X
XEucaluptus sp, Quercus sp …
+ X$%*;`&`+XP$%D3$%D
Malus sp., Prunus sp., Pyrus sp.€DR\3&Z&Z,%D3J
Aesculus ps, Bauhinia sp …
*,3K&%*e&I{&-XD3
$%7X,.Xw;`&`j0,V`3&,83&€;
?*ZJ[QX/&K?%X$%f
+ X33[4* %+$%DRU
 aMoraceaedU,h€%RV`aSalicaseaedhi,
A&€-!X%*JJ2[GH$Iw
&`k
+ X33[4* 0J[Q&`4&L
0 7-DJ&t$%*;`&`h7- "5Nw
XJ[Q&`B6SP6•t$%*JX&`AOaManglietia
glaucad5Nwe&`•,!X%*Xe$9&`&[
;n*%GH$IMJ&`CaV'>[%
D3K,66"d„"…
- Đặc điểm di truyền của từng xuất xứ, từng cá thể
U -/ ;L%GMG%/J&•XJ[
Q  &  `  J  &        _0  -%  i  :&&
aE.CamaldulensisdN-TM*$gGMG>&ZZXe
$9&`P5•GMGj$Z\ZXe$9&`56•,pGMG{&

_e&`-C"5•aV'>[%D3K,66"d„"…
7
- Vị trí cành và tuổi cành lấy hom
]$M*r2J&•XJ[Q&`J
&k$M*r%72;!;`&`72
:%+C;`&`%$M*r*,?*k&kGH$I
*&+C-/$M*aV'>[%D3K,66"d„"…
- Sự tồn tại của lá trên hom
V$%)&)&C0&Mt2 *,-+
k•$%)&!-/J* MJ&`
- D?4&Vp$%)&-# M-#%3
77, J[-/$0D;9$2 ,
3;9$)$!,)!03v$%L
W%X/ !J&`U?*[XS$,%[i!
D2ae-/$0o"Sod;9$a*`]%{&,66d„F…
- Kích thước homfX-kJ$!&`X-k
Jx
- Tuổi cây mẹ lấy cành
>[Q&`4&Jt;;*#)*-L
%p<DM$!#N*z$M*%k*&&
&J )[;`J-T)[,t*zp
y,330v,XQ$K30&`
:*%%J[Q&`4&%* ?7D3$%*J[
Q&`e+07t*SNa*`]%{&,66d„F…
- Các chất điều hoà sinh trưởng
M-#%37&+XK?K%
tCMt-CNC0k&&M-#%
37&$%#X,(XX 4&X,-X
XcGX-DJ&`0MJG?% %
K?$%M4&*3M%MQ$€g

8
-m*3K&`4&C2;w- 3Kg-m*&`4&*3K
J3$I4&cG<D.`%+-D4&X
%>+-D)&-DJ7%JTU-X
9R$0%+-DnCr$0*$%M)&R
+ Các nhân tố ngoại sinh
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-#J9334&*z%[7- )
n&<,3,9-D,m-D%/
- Điều kiện sinh sống của cây mẹ lấy cành
'#J9334&*z$M*%-#J9 3,-D
mJJ,-Dm-MX[7Jl- e$9&`4&,
M$%$M*rt*
- Giá thể hay môi trường giâm hom
j/•X2%%4&:$0j/
k;n$%n&-/<,G;r&Qx,-M2_,
€/[;*-Cm-Dk&;%%
J!,0-#J9`/,-+k[30,J
L`M%JX+39,-DE]J[@,6‡B,6
- Thời vụ giâm hom
k<$%Dt)&RM[7- J[
Q&`4&AD3$%*X/)&Q,3#
$%Xk<l9Zˆ3aP@Bd%Z3ZaP@Bd
n&&e$9&`4&&3!n&J,J )[
&*GMki$#!* ;` J?k 
Q,n&374&*%03$I4&%aV'
>[%D3K,66"d„"…
- Ánh sáng
q3MQ$CR0-D34&3?,
3-X&p3p9&`4&>X3

9
%JX$JX0-D)&C,)&-NM
JXG[*&;-XJX&`K [74&3- 
9&`4&k&MNCZJ/9
3S9-DSm-DaV'>[%D3K,66"d„"…
- Nhiệt độ
9-D$%Dt[7- 0-D34&
3?,$%)* -L- -D&`4&aE&;,P"Fd
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9-D)
&3v$%Qk-DM,[e$9&`4&.$% ,
-!$%*9-!9-DJJCM)
$%r5Š:S"5Š:9-/&9-DJJ"Š:S
5Š:e$9&`9-DJJ"5Š:3v$%Qe$9W$
[7GM- )aV'>[%D3K,66"d„"…
- Độ ẩm không khí và độ ẩm giá thể
'DmJJ%-Dm/$% 3)&R
):0-D34&*-#2!>
($%*-#2Dm-DC,M5S6•-Dm
%%MJ[Q&`'Dm/C$%56S
B6•JQm-D$66•eD3$%Z$Z&;Z!t
-Ce$9&`&,$%J-#[l9.J&`aV'
>[%D3K,66"d„"…
- Các chất kích thích sinh trưởng
+Các AuxinfcGX;<3$IM#.$)
374& %,0-D4&C2,9C R,
!4&K?,3K374&)[%0)[J0, 9
$%J3K%`4&,-XcG-C3H
;<#M:cG+X$%cGK,9&*Xbcc

ab;$ &GZ &Gd % cG N  C $% b_c  ab; *  &Gd, cc
10
a&&$Z&G&GZd93H;<&G-/
J3K&`$%KJu)&R%iD
+ Xử lý hom bằng thuốc nước: >;n!-/GH$I
+-D%k&3H$IX[7K - ‹$9&`4&
+-DMk&3H$I;%,+-D&k&3H$I
i]9&*XJ*!3H;<+-D&666S"666
-/GH$Ik&"S*-T*$09)[&`
ŒXử lý bằng thuốc bột: ƒH$ID$%-[
;`&,9$C3[GM*!)*$!'!r$%
*,2G-Ll$0,+-D%k&GH$ICM
0J&a(* ,H&(&*-T
(d•*2+-D%k&GH$IJ&%-#%*2
-C)&JXJ 0GH$ID3$C$!%3[GM
a*`]%{&,66d„F…
1.1.2. Tình hình nghiên cứu trên thế giới
8!-D/&X4&#J %2%JK
-T$%k3L`,rL3*[#;9%
M$C,[7K - -k33Jyk'!
-X%J&R#${K$9 9$%3K-X
X4&%J&R$9-T%-&($K-/&t
0*!X2$%%%*%-&;0
Q  PB  _&&  -T  H  9      *    aTectona
gramdisdDCe$9&`4&$%@5,F•
:•Z4&_&&,3Jk•'D-T+
_0-%%QPB"e$9&`-0@6•a]%h,PPBd„6…
8%r-2?J‹F6- &*-T-0-C#
%$%*$J,$D7:ŽQPFBa 9$%
$%Betula, Querus, Sorubs%Salixd,* aTectona gramdis,PPd

11
='&qtQ2-*9%3[GM*
-T-C %7#!*rc3Z&S
:&&;&ac:Vh:d-TNH9rt
QPFF,-*$%X3702M,CM
%-T-C#J )[!$%*R-?
0Y-TG*;K-CD)*9#3[GM
**%<$%*(,*Q)[%*[
8?*[)&D)p304&%J&
RR-T0&t*--Ct*2K`
990*-T7&D!-!-2*
/R0*+7! !
1.1.3. Tình hình nghiên cứu trong nước
t%K0*+
-T%-&-C;<089&h3!X
%J&R4&g&•Jr($K&t)*
,9*rX%*[
)&XV2-289&-TH9D3*_0
-%,€-C %0**$9M*En
SEgRa&*-N%9**$9M*d
QPF,*`R-T%$%*AOr
*.r+*7%, e$9&`4&
$%6•7&(4&*AOJ%*-CGH$I!
,U,+-D56"*a*`]%{&,66d„F…
QPP6,*`]%{&*h7a:&Z$$&$Z3&d
%!e$9&`4&$%F6•' QPPU
AD]n-TEV&%Xe$9&`$!-0!
B@,@•a]%h,PPBd„6…
12
rtQPP67$0-*,V'>[nE08QM%

*`]%{&-T %$%_0-%
aPP6SPPd,*h7aV0h,PP6d,>Z$%%>Z$&aPP5d,*
_G&aPPPd,EaV'+,PPBd,-xa_&8,PP5d
*r9J&R89&3&Dk
&G*;K;<%*/&J&R
9<</J SGTD#g-T3[GM#
*$9XQ3M%M$C&
,<<+rQ66BS6- &*
-T3[GM-C@569*%-T-C+
H9F6&r*$90e#
1.2. Nghiên cứu về loài hoa Đỗ quyên
1.2.1. Nguồn gốc, đặc điểm, phân loại hoa Đỗ quyên
* Nguồn gốc:]&'()*pR$%0$Kg,J9z
%*X{&$%e7ng&&$K3k&,
k&&'()*X+rY-C
#7k&%i3$!4&Y,%Q6
3&*-TGM9&'()*,3H3YX$0
k-XUQ$'()*L •k-k7j&-T+*'(
)*%$*#]%?'kk-7&
'()*%%* k0)$M*`*&'()*$%
t&9' kAXM#%$9W$0#&'()*
- -k&!XD3[,NJ J9#
?%+&'()*' k?-0X%R[k
A†-T"$2- Y$C&-XX2&'(
)*]9&*7cXDk&X- "56$%&'()*4&
YDJ[%K?7!cX*&'(
)*-Ct$%[rQP5,*'()*%*X-k
13
J$%,@,F6QNZpQ,3&%*7c-TJ&3H;<
%*;*#g4&Y,?_[%-/$&0

&#&'()*!,%*&*(&-7!c-#X
&'()*,RXrS"&,?X&-X!6&]&-()*
7Y-T7%•]&7k,%l‘
* Đặc điểm::*'()*a\;;Z;dDX*(&**
<V-R,JR-.Rp,W$*.X
Q&,JX$Js]&K-$y.n,.n*7
$.-2%,kXS"$i]&$O-#.J
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#7tng&,C!J?y)&Q'(
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-!_iA{,n&* qSŽ%'q,JN 7
?%_i#]&-()*•&*-Ci- 
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89&,-()*X7tng&'%V0,h&&,&'[,_0
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* Phân loại thực vật học hoa Đỗ quyên:
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S%a;3dfA&$*&
SV!a$&33dfA&$3;&
S_Da;df}&$Z3
14
S]Ra^&$&df}&Z&Z
S:f\;;Z;
Skf'()*

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1.2.2. Yêu cầu sinh thái của cây hoa Đỗ quyên
1.2.2.1. Ánh sáng
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&
1.2.2.2. Nhiệt độ
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9-D&&-037/J&*2
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&&h70M4&&'(Y*w*2J?y
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6
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15
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9-D“6&7JWM;%F6%*JLW 9-D”6
6
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k&3vi6%*U&'()*377n&
XJ[QLWM?X$0&'()*L-C9-D
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6
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1.2.2.3. Nước
]&'()*)/XD`WX,[
M0*[-!!r&3C0r&3Cge2M-4$0
JL!]&'()*•*2MJi!t
$C!,k&!& !!J#
3v$%-M& %J#3v[7- &-MX
-D& !!J#*,x3&Q* 
-/[TM$C!&'()*! [i
GM$C!4&-L&-/G-LX2 [
M!%GH$I+!&*J
'Dm4&JJ%-M-#[7!37%/
4&*&'DmC*&37,/3
9,&&-z,M$C&&
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)&R& %,JX-2*-4!%k
C, %&,/?$C*37&> 

!)3$I,3X&*&[,CMt
-C0%,*pR,/JW 3K !JW;%,*
&X/JW% , )#!,*Lg?,3
7/4&*•Lr9Ym!,39/
16
0,&Q3MM,M$C&JWA($0&*2-Dm
J&]&'()*D-!*2-Dm-MkJ[B6S
P6•, J m-DC-D;%%QF,•
1.2.2.4. Đất
'M$%D* k)&R[M,$%-O*
+,M!,;;O[%JJ3K34&*
&E2$!*&*2-M,#n,G,!,X
J[Qtm,2&;%*
&'()*-#%/t
$0-M%&,`4* 72-M@67$,D
37$AK!2”6-/[7
!D`'M+&'()*[-[[-4* 3&f'M
G,!,X,#n,-4X'D]J[r
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1.2.2.5. Nhu cầu dinh dưỡng khoáng của cây hoa Đỗ Quyên
2;;O% -/g;;O4&*X$)&
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-D!3K*/X&%?*/4&-k  _,2X
R*r37,$%%&$0,-i$0 #
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Œ>va–dfJ3K[X:•
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)&C>vX$)&- 3K%J37 
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74&*,-i$0,$%$ %G&3&-X*/%,
i% J
19
Œ'+a:dfX:Z—*Z,#$0ZG;&3Z,

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1.2.3. Tình hình nghiên cứu trên thế giới
Z*`L&],2A]C,*` ]9„F…,
V>[> „…,*`{&,*`Lk„…,'()*$%
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 !!y-z;L;%4&X:geK7t
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-z  %  -&  ;0    M  #  $%  a   9      '(  )*  S
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-z;n$%*[Lk !'()*-C$%
t$%&[:<--X,7:q,:Ž%
:A†%$%&;0%$&-T-C+k&
-%D
]R'()*a}&Z&Zd !Xr6BS!J[
"66S"566$%,MD, 9?0n]&$&*&,*
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:'()*,;&J&Rf\;;Z;ar ]*V0f
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 $%-#X&KO'()*$%)&4&Z&$#$%-(
)*-C+$%*[AD3$%X;<t&9
20