Modeling and Simulation for Material Selection and Mechanical Design Part 18 pptx

Appendix A (Continued)
Variable Unit Explanation
F
c
kN Circumferential force at screw drive flank
F
t
kN Tangential part of F
c
, tangential force
F
n
kN Normal part of F
c
Torque Values
T
tot
N m Total torque (torque applied on screw drive for assembly)
T
tott
N m Total torque for torque controlled tightening
T
t
N m Thread torque during tightening
T
h
N m Head frictional torque during tightening
T
totpermt1
N m Maximum permitted total torque, which can be transmitted
by the screw drive without problems during tightening

T
s
N m Snug torque for angular controlled tightening
Stress and Pressure Values
s
ax
MPa Axial stress in screw shank
s
eq
MPa One-dimensional equivalent stress from maximum distor-
tion energy theory (vMises theory) for reducing com-
bined stresses to one uniaxial stress value (e.g. reducing
the combination of tensile- and shear stress in the screw
shank to one value)
s
a
MPa Axial stress amplitude in general
s
ast2
MPa Axial stress amplitude of screw at temperature t
2
modulated
by dynamic operating force of bolted joint
s
aspermt2
MPa Permitted axial stress amplitude of screw at temperature t
2
modulated by dynamic operating force of bolted joint
s
asperm0

MPa Fatigue limit at room temperature (ISO 3800: s
a
)
t
max
MPa Maximum shear stress in screw shank
p
ch
MPa Pressure in contact area A
h
p
chmaxt1
MPa Maximum pressure in contact area A
h
at temperature t
1
p
chmaxt2
MPa Maximum pressure in contact area A
h
at temperature t
2
p
ct
MPa Pressure in helical contact area of thread engagement
normal to loaded thread flanks
p
cc
MPa Component contact pressure between clamped part and nut
thread component

R
mst1
, R
mst2
MPa Tensile strength of screw at temperature t
1
resp. t
2
R
mnt1
, R
mnt2
MPa Tensile strength of nut thread component at temperature t
1
resp. t
2
R
mpt1
, R
mpt2
MPa Tensile strength of clamped part at temperature t
1
resp. t
2
R
p0.2s
MPa Proof stress with 0.2% plastic strain under conditions of
tensile test
E
s

MPa Young’s modulus of screw material (modulus of elasticity)
E
p
MPa Young’s modulus of clamped part material (modulus of
elasticity)
Continued
Copyright 2004 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Appendix A (Continued)
Variable Unit Explanation
E
st1
, E
st2
MPa Young’s modulus of screw material at temperature t
1
resp.
t
2
E
pt1
, E
pt2
MPa Young’s modulus of clamped part material at temperature
t
1
resp. t
2
Frictional Coefficients
m
t

— Thread frictional coefficient
m
h
— Head frictional coefficient
m
tot
— Total frictional coefficient
m
cc
— Frictional coefficient of component contact between
clamped part and nut thread component
Ratio Values and Numbers
— Load factor; ratio between external axial force of bolted
joint and additional axial force in screw shank
n — Inducing factor; defines, in which position the external axial
force is applied to the fastening system; n ¼0–1
n
x
— Number of transversal displacements for vibration testing
k
s
— Stress factor for relationship between s
ax
and s
eq
(based on
von Mises theory of failure)
Abbreviations
FMEA Failure modes and effects analysis
SOP Start of production

FEM Finite element method
PTFE Poly tetra fluoro ethylene
MoS
2
Molybdenum disulfide
Me Chemical symbol for ‘metal’
SCE Standard calomel electrode (reference potential for mea-
surement of corrosion current)
x-axis Abscissa
y-axis Ordinate
Copyright 2004 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
B. Conversion of Units
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The author thanks Mr. H. Meier and Mr. T. Riehl for performing and eval-
uating a large number of investigations and testings, Mr. W. Thomala for
valuable discussions, Dr. G. E. Totten, Dr. K. Funatani, Dr. L. Xie, and
Mr. R. Johnson for engaged management of the editorial process, RIBE
GmbH Schwabach for support with photographs and experimental results
and finally my family for support with plenty of time during preparing
the manuscript.
Metric
unit
English
unit
To convert metric
to english
multiply by
To convert english
to metric
multiply by

Length mm in 0.039370 25.400
m
a
ft
b
3.2808 0.3048
Area mm
2
in
2
0.001550 645.16
m
2
ft
2
10.764 0.092903
Volume mm
3
in
3
0.000061024 16387
m
3
ft
3
35.315 0.028316
Mass g lb 0.0022046 453.59
Force N
c
lbf 0.22481 4.44822

Torque N m lbf ft 0.7376 1.3558
N m lbf in 8.8508 0.1130
Pressure=stress MPa KSI
d
0.145037 6.89479
Nmm
2
KSI
d
0.145037 6.89479
Temperature 8C 8F 8F ¼(1.8 8C)þ 32 8C ¼(8FÀ32)=1.8
a
1 m 1000 mm.
b
1ft 12in.
c
1 N 9.81
Ã
gf.
d
1 ksi 1000 lbfin
2
.
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