Rubber Compounding - Chemistry and Applications Part 1 docx

Marcel Dekker, Inc. New York
•
Basel
Rubber
Compounding
Chemistry and Applications
edited by
Brendan Rodgers
The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company
Akron, Ohio
DK1284_FM 6/21/04 1:44 PM Page i
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ISBN: 0-8247-4871-9
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Copyright nnnnnn 2004 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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Current printing (last digit):
10987654321
PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
4871-9_Rodgers_Prelims_R2_052404
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Copyright © 2004 by Taylor & Francis
Preface
Rubber compounding includes the science of elastomer chemistry and the
modification of elastomers and elastomer blends by addition of other
materials to meet a set of required mechanical properties. It is therefore
among the most complex disciplines in that the materials scientist requires a
thorough understanding of materials physics, organic and polymer chemistry,
inorganic chemistry, thermodynamics, and reaction kinetics.
The rubber industry has changed over the last few years. For example,
tires have evolved from bias to tubeless radial constructions, and now
ultralow-profile products are emerging. Service lives of tires and of industrial
products such as automobile engine hoses have dramatically improved. None
of these innovations would have been possible without an emphasis on the
understanding of the chemistry of raw materials and compounds. Examples
of advances in materials technologies over recent years include

1. Commercialization of functionalized and coupled, solution-poly-
merized polymers
2. Thermoplastic elastomers
3. Development of silica tread compound for high-performance tires
4. Hybrid filler systems and nanocomposite technologies
5. Reversion-resistant vulcanization systems
6. Halobutyl polymers, which were the foundation for the develop-
ment of the tubeless radial tire
7. A new emphasis on recycling and renewable sources for raw
materials
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Copyright © 2004 by Taylor & Francis
To elaborate on the philosophy behind this book, we want to emphasize
the chemistry of the materials used in building a compound formulation for a
tire or engineered product. Although subjects are not presented at an
introductory level, this is not an advanced treatise. Rather, it is intended as
a tool for the industrial compounder, teacher, or other academic scientist, to
provide basic information on materials used in the rubber industry. It also
addresses a gap in the body of literature available to the chemist in industry
and academia. One chapter describes the application of materials technolo-
gies in products such as hoses, conveyor belts, and tires.
As Fred Barlow said in his book, Rubber Compounding, Second Edition
(Dekker, 1993), no comprehensive review of a subject such as this could be
written by one individual. The compilation of this work thus depended on
many contributors, and I want to express my thanks to the authors who
participated in the project. All are recognized authorities in their field, and
this is reflected in the quality of their contributions. I also wish to express
many thanks to both Joseph Gingo, Senior Vice President, and Carl Payntor
at The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company for their support, to the staff at

Marcel Dekker, Inc., Rita Lazazzaro and Lila Harris for their patience, and
most important to my wife, Elizabeth, for her encouragement.
Brendan Rodgers
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Copyright © 2004 by Taylor & Francis
Contents
Preface
Contributors
1.NaturalRubberandRecycledMaterials
William Klingensmith and Brendan Rodgers
2.General-PurposeElastomers
Howard Colvin
3.Special-PurposeElastomers
Sudhin Datta
4.ButylRubbers
Walter H. Waddell and Andy H. Tsou
5.ThermoplasticElastomers:FundamentalsandApplications
Tonson Abraham and Colleen McMahan
6.CarbonBlack
Wesley A. Wampler, Thomas F. Carlson,
and William R. Jones
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Copyright © 2004 by Taylor & Francis
7.SilicaandSilanes
Walter Meon, Anke Blume, Hans-Detlef Luginsland,
and Stefan Uhrlandt
8.GeneralCompounding
Harry G. Moneypenny, Karl-Hans Menting,

and F. Michael Gragg
9.Resins
James E. Duddey
10.AntioxidantsandOtherProtectantSystems
Sung W. Hong
11.Vulcanization
Frederick Ignatz-Hoover and Byron H. To
12.CompoundDevelopmentandApplications
George Burrowes and Brendan Rodgers
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Contributors
Tonson Abraham Advanced Elastomer Systems, L.P., Akron, Ohio, U.S.A.
Anke Blume Degussa AG, Cologne, Germany
George Burrowes The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company, Lincoln,
Nebraska, U.S.A.
Thomas F. Carlson Sid Richardson Carbon Company, Fort Worth, Texas,
U.S.A.
Howard Colvin Riba-Fairfield, Decatur, Illinois, U.S.A.
Sudhin Datta ExxonMobil Chemical Company, Baytown, Texas, U.S.A.
James E. Duddy Akron, Ohio, U.S.A.
F. Michael Gragg ExxonMobil Lubricants & Petroleum Specialties
Company, Fairfax, Virginia, U.S.A.
Sung W. Hong Crompton Corporation, Uniroyal Chemical, Naugatuck,
Connecticut, U.S.A.
Frederick Ignatz-Hoover Flexsys America LP, Akron, Ohio, U.S.A.
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William R. Jones Sid Richardson Carbon Company, Fort Worth, Texas,
U.S.A.
William Klingensmith Akron Consulting Company, Akron, Ohio, U.S.A.
Hans-Detlef Luginsland Degussa AG, Cologne, Germany
Colleen McMahon Advanced Elastomer Systems, L.P., Akron, Ohio, U.S.A.
Karl-Hans Menting Schill & Seilacher ‘‘ Struktol’’ Aktiengesellschaft,
Hamburg, Germany
Harry G. Moneypenny Moneypenny Tire & Rubber Consultants, Den
Haag, The Netherlands
Walter Meon Degussa Corporation, Parsippany, New Jersey, U.S.A.
Brendan Rodgers The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company, Akron, Ohio,
U.S.A.
Byron H. To Flexsys America LP, Akron, Ohio, U.S.A.
Andy H. Tsou ExxonMobil Chemical Company, Baytown, Texas, U.S.A.
Stefan Uhrlandt Degussa Corporation, Piscataway, New Jersey, U.S.A.
Walter H. Waddell ExxonMobil Chemical Company, Baytown, Texas,
U.S.A.
Wesley A. Wampler Sid Richardson Carbon Company, Fort Worth, Texas,
U.S.A.
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