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27


#VET +Complexity
h

x m

RPG=(R,A)


r



q

q





VD:











h

2
(r)?
h

2
(r)=?
R
KL
={r:left

q/q

KL}

R
h

2
(r)=kc
RPG
(r,R
KL
)

h


2
(r)

min

GT={a b R}, KL={r}
{a,b,r}
7,8


{a b R A}
8


{a b R A B}
4

{a b R A B C}
1,13


{a b R A B C
c}
9,10,11



h


2
(r
7
)=kc
RPG
(r
7
, r
16
)=3

r
5
r
13

r
6
r
4
r
1 r+9

r
7
r
2
r
10


r
8
r
3
r
11
r
16


r
14

r
12
r
15

28

h

2
(r
8
)=kc
RPG
(r
8
, r

16
)=3

h

2
(r
1
)=kc
RPG
(r
1
, r
16
)=2
h

2
(r
13
)=kc
RPG
(r
13
, r
16
)=1
h

2

(r
15
)=kc
RPG
(r
15
, r
16
)=


h

2
(r
10
)=kc
RPG
(r
10
, r
10
)=1
h

2
(r
11
)=kc
RPG

(r
11
, r
16
)=1
h

2
(r
14
)=kc
RPG
(r
14
, r
16
)=1
h

2
(r
16
)=kc
RPG
(r
16
, r
16
)=0
2. Suy diễn lùi


 ùi:
al=KL
Xét f




+ - 
- 
+ 
h

(r)



VD:
GT={a b R}
{S}
12,13,14


{a b c p}

{a b m
b
p}



* Cách tính
h

3
(r)
h

3
(r)=
h

3
(left

f)=kc(GT,left)

h

3
(r)

min
Kc(GT, left)=max(GT,a)
a

left
Ch r
13
29


Kc(GT, left)=max(b,a)
b

GT
VD: GT={a b R}, KL={S}
{S}
12,13,14


{a b c p}

{a b m
b
p}


h

3
(r
12
)=kc(a b R,a h
a
)=


h

3
(r

13
)=kc(a b R,a a b C)= 2
h

3
(r
14
)=kc(a b R,a b c p)= 4
h

3
(r
6
)=kc(a b R,b h
c
)=


h

3
(r
17
)=kc(a b R,a R)= 0
h

3
(r
5
)=kc(a b R,a h

c
)=


h

3
(r
8
)=kc(a b R,b R)= 0

* Cách tính
h

4
(r)?
h

4
(r)=kc
RPG
(R
GT
, r)

h

4
(r)


min
R
GT
={r: left

q/left

GT}
VD: GT={a b R} KL={S}
{S}
12,13,14


{a b c p}

{a b m
b
p}


Tính
h

4
(r) ta có:








q/ left

TGian}

y
heuristic.
Ch r
13
Ch r
7
Ch r
8
(H ch các  viên)
30



h

() =

/min XACDINH (f) = {r; left

f}



XACDINH (f)


- 
- 
- 
- 
3.4. Biểu diễn TRI THỨC bằng LOGIC vị từ và SUY DIỄN
 r
i
P
1


P
2




P
n



P
i
 
 
 





SS(UV,XZ)
2.SS(UV,XY)

SS(UV,ST)

SS(ST,XY)
3.SS(XY,UV)

SS(XZ,UV)

Thang(X,Y,Z)
4.SS(XY,UV)

Thang(X,Y,Z)

SS(UV,XZ)




SS(XY,UV)

SS(UV,XY)
SS(XY,UV)

SS(VU,YX)

GT: 



KL { SS (PS, BC)


Control
mechanisms
Explicit
Implici t
A
P
Q
B
C
I
J
31


B
'
1
: TG
0
= GT
THOA = {(r
1
,

1

), (r
1
,

2
), (r
1
,

3
), (r
1
,

4
)}


1
= {A/X; B/Y; C/Z; P/U; Q/V}


2
= {C/X; Q/Y; P/Z; E/U; J/V}


3
=



4
=

1
,

1
)
TG
1
= TG
0


{SS (UV, YZ),

1
} = TG
0


{SS (PQ, BC)}
B
'
2
: TG
1
=
THOA = {(r
1

,

2
), (r
1
,

3
), (r
1
,

4
)


i
,

i
)

tron



KL SS(IJ, BC)




 
- 

- 



32

3.5. Ứng dụng các kỹ thuật suy diễn vào xây dựng hệ chuyên gia
3.5.1. Giao 
3.5.1.1. 

- 
- 
- 
- 









- 
- 

3.5.1.



k 


1. a

b

c
2. d

e

f
3. c

e

g
Th
là t v
Làm vi ch y v
ph so th tri th
33

4. d

b


h
5. m

g
6. m

a

h
7. f

h

k
8. g

c

k
có:


= U{left
i
/ r:left

q
i
, q
i



KL}
= {f c g h}



={f/

(f,g)

FPG, g

KL}


xa
= {f/





g, g

KL}
TRÁI=

m
ii

left
i

1

n
}
R={r
1

m
}
r
i
: left
i


q
i

xa
={f

TRAI\ 






g, g

KL}

 \ 

TRÁI={ a b c m n f g h}

 \ 
3.5.1.3



f





34



 




 




i
: left
i


q
1


r
m
: left
m


q
m


f

F


r
1
: p
1




p
n


q

1

n
















35



3.5.2.








+CSTT: Why

.






2) what if thêm r
3.5.2
P
Ph






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
- 
 


- 


nxm
T

- 

3.5.2.3. Why?
 




 Rr
:
- 
- 




TR L
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