BÀI GIẢNG HỆ CHUYÊN GIA - ĐẠI HỌC HÀNG HẢI - 6 doc

47


VKem (Có) = (3/3,0/3) = (1,0)
VKem (Không) = (3/5,2/5)



 


i là :
Tên
Ch.Cao
Cân

Dùng
kem?

Sarah
T.Bình

Không
Cháy
Dana
Cao
T.Bình
Có
Không
Annie


T.Bình
Không
Cháy
Kartie


Có
Không

VC.Cao(Cao) = (0/1,1/1) = (0,1)
VC.Cao(T.B) = (1/1,0/1) = (1,0)


VC.N



VKem (Có) = (0/2,2/2) = (0,1)
48

VKem (Không) = (2/2,0/2) = (1,0)
     
  
dùng kem.
Bài tập chương 5:






49

Chương 6: Logic mờ và lập luận xấp xỉ
6.1. Biểu diễn tri thức bằng LOGIC VỊ TỪ.









F={p(t
1
,t
2

n


t
i
 




p

1
(t
1

k

n
(u
1

n
) suy ra q(v
1

m
)

i

t
i

Câu(clause)

6.2. Một số ví dụ
Bài toán chở đồ vật qua sông.


Thông tin v tình
hu

(Do ng s d)
Tri th v l
v chuyên môn
(Do chuyên gia)
Cung c qua
phiên h
Có qua phiên
thu n tri th
50

 







Bi di:
-V trí :vt(L,S,D,B)
-An toàn: at(L,S,D,B)
-V trí xu phát,  : ql(1, 2)
Ta có mô t nh sau:
1. vt(b,b,b,b)
2. dd(b,n)
3. dd(n,b)
4. vt(LD,S,D,B)

dd 





5. vt(X,X,D,B)

dd(X,X

at(X,X

vt(XX,D,B)
6. vt(X,S,X,B)



B,S)

B,S)
7. vt(X,S,X,D)





,S)
8. at(X S X B)
9. dd


l
6.3. Cơ chế suy diễn

: +
+odus Tollens)



Sói Dê B c B b

Lái 




B nam
51










1. membership( x
1
, [x
1
:-] )


+)- 
2. membership( x
2
, [-:y] )
:- membership (x
2
, y)
Goal: membership(1, [ 1,2,3]): :- membership (1, [1,2,3])


h 
3. :-mb(x, [1,2,3])
4. :- {x/x
1
, 1/x
1
} (3,1) nên x=1
5. :-mb(x,[2,3] {x/x
2
; 2,3/x
1
} (3,2)
6. :- {x/x
3
; 2/x} (5,1)nên x=2
7. :-mb(x,[3]) {x/x
4
; 3/x
4
} (5,2)

8. :- {3/x} (7,1) nên x=3
9. : mb(x,[]) (7,2)
10. fail (9,1)
11. fail (9,2)




p
qp 

p
qp 



:p
p:q



q q q:-


Rule Clause Prolog rule
52

6.4. Biểu diễn tri thức bằng logic mờ và suy diễn
6.4.1


ng
1- 

2- 
P
A


A


A
P
A
: U

{0,1}
X

U

P
A
(x)
Trực quan
Trừu tượng
A

B
P

A

P
B

A

B
P
A

P
B

A \B
P
A

P
B

A =B
P
A

P
B


 

1,0
~

A


:x
1)(0
~
 x
A



A
~
: thì
)(
~
x
A


A
~







A
~



53

)(
~
x
A



(0,25)


(26,32)


(33,38)


(39,45)

6.4



A
~


 
1,0:
A
U







S= {x/
0)( x
A


K={x/
1)( x
A


 



A

xA /











)(x
A

+) 0 
A




U
1
a
b
c
54

+)


x
a

x

b
+)

x


x

c

A
~


(a, b, c)





A
~
= (a, b, c, d)

A
~

A
~





A

và
B


 1).
BA
~
~




C

~




)()( xx
BAC

max(
)();(
A
xx
B

)





S m

a
b
c
d
55

Chú thích


2).
CBA
~
~
~





)()( xx
BAC

min (
)();(
A
xx
B

)





.

A
~


)(
A
x


A
~

+)
A
~

)(1)(
A
xx
A





+)
BABA
~
~
~
\
~


nhau:
)()(:
~
~
xxxBA
BABA




1. Tính giao hoán
ABBA
ABBA
~
~~
~
~
~~
~





)C
~
)B
~
(A
~

C
~
)B
~
A
~
( 

)C
~
)B
~
(A
~
C
~
)B
~
A
~
( 


A
~
A
~
A
~


A
~
A
~
A
~


4.
A
~
A
~
)B
~
A
~
( 

56


A
~
A
~
)B
~
A

~
( 



)C
~
A
~
()B
~
A
~
()C
~
B
~
(A
~



)C
~
A
~
()B
~
A
~

()C
~
B
~
(A
~





~~
A
~



u
~
u
~
A
~


7.
u
~
~






~
u
~


8.

 A
~
A
~


uAA
~
~~


9.
B
~
A
~
B
~
A

~



Ví dụ :
0.4)} (d, 0.3), (c, 0.2), (b, 0.1), {(a,A
~


0.6)} (d, 0.7), (c, 0.8), (b, 0.9), {(a,A
~


0.6)} (d, 0.7), (c, 0.8), (b, 0.9), (a, 0.4), (d, 0.3), (c, 0.2), (b, 0.1, (a, { A 
~
A
~

Nhận xét : - L. Zadel (max, min, 1-)


-
))x(),x((s)x(
BABA





Hàm s là t  conorm :

s 0, 1]

-
))x(),x((t)x(
BABA





Hàm t là t  norm :
s 
- Hàm t   :
+ s(x, y) = s(y, x)
+ s(s(x, y), z) = s(x, s(y, z))
+





x),x(s
),x(s
0
11

- Hàm t   :
+ t(x, y) = t(y, x)
+ t(s(x, y), z) = t(x, s(y, z))
+






00
1
),x(t
x),x(t

Ví dụ : s(x, y) = x + y - xy