Encyclopedia of Smart Materials (Vols 1 and 2) - M. Schwartz (2002) Episode 14 pptx

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Controlled drug delivery 319
Controlled porosity 843
Controllers
for ship noise control 1097 1098
for smart skin sound control 1035
for smart truss structures 1074
for vibration control 1088
Copolymers, Langmuir-Blodgett films 586
Copper, thermal properties compared
to Ni-Ti shape-memory alloys 629
Copper-aluminum-nickel
shape-memory alloys 622 922 952
applications 930

for ship noise control 1101
Copper-aluminum shape-memory alloys 952
Copper-based shape-memory alloys 922 951 952
recovery stresses 961
two-way shape-memory effect 957 958
Copper ferric sulfide, negative
thermal expansion 1041
Copper halides, in photochromic glasses 770 773
Copper nitride anodes, lithium-ion batteries 81
Copper tin anodes, lithium-ion batteries 81
Copper tubing 645
Copper-zinc-aluminum
shape-memory alloys 622 922 952
applications 930 931
designing with 926
for ship noise control 1101
Copper-zinc shape-memory alloys 952
Cordierite, negative thermal expansion 1051
Corneal nipples 114
Corn starch, electrorheological
material dispersed phase 377
Corrosion
conductive adhesives 333
marine environments 984
power industry 886
sensor array technology for
detection in aircraft 903 904 905
ultrasonic measurement 691
Corrosion cell 906
Couplings, electric power industry 884

Covalent molecularly imprinted polymers 669
Crabs, smart materials for studying 423
Crack development
monitoring in structural concrete 64
Schrodinger’s equation-based simulation 271
self-diagnosis in fiber-reinforced
composites 891
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Cradle-through-grave approach 220
See also Health monitoring
Creatine biosensors 107
o-Cresol red 175
Critical magnetic field 001
Critical temperature indicators 175
Critical transition temperature 001
Cross-linking, in hydrogels 491 493
Crown ethers 471

Cruise control 549
Cryocon electrical connector 935
Cryofit hydraulic pipe couplings 928 929
Crystallization, ultrasound application 691
Cure monitoring 292
frequency-dependent
electromagnetic sensing for 456 460
smart automated cure control 463
with surface acoustic wave sensors 915
Current measurement, power
industry applications 881
trans-Cyclohexane-1,2-diamide
organogelator 476
cis-1,3,5-Cyclohexanetricarboxamide
derivative organogelators 476
Cymbal (piezoelectric actuator) 1 147
D

Dacron, for enzyme immobilization 102
Damage detection
carbon-fiber reinforced plastics
self-monitoring 392
cement matrix composites for 226
in ceramics and large-scale structures 891
earthquakes, self-diagnosis 582
fiber-optic sensors for 307 415 419
polymer matrix composites for 236
sensor array technology for aircraft 903 904 907
smart paints for 754
triboluminescence applications 190 1063

using dereverberated transfer function 520 533
Dampers
electrorheological fluids application 388 1091
lockable damper mechanism 449
magnetorheological fluids application 600
space system 928
Dams
health monitoring 546
structural integrity 882 887
Data storage, optical. See Optical
recording media

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Daylight sensing, material characteristics

for architectural smart materials 62
Dc motors, for ship noise control 1105
Debye polarization, and
electrorheological effect 363 364
Decamethylferrocenium, tetracyanothanide
ferromagnetism 592
Defect detection
noncontact ultrasound for 694 700 701 705 706 707
ultrasound for 690 691
Deformation luminescence 190
Deformation sensors
magnetostrictives for 614
triboluminescence applications 1064
Defrost temperature indicator 176
Degrees of freedom, of vibrating systems 1114
DekDyne microsensor 457
Delamination detection, ultrasound for 691
delta E effect 507 609
Demand controlled ventilation 64
Denisyuk hologram 180
Density determination, ultrasound for 690
Dental applications 82
hydrogels application 491
shape-memory alloy application 85 931
Dentures, shape-memory alloy application 86
Dereverberated transfer function, in
structural health monitoring 520
damage detection approach using 533
nonuniform structures 525
Dermatitis, detecting with skin sensor 93

Dew-point hygrometers 912 917
Dew point measurement, surface
acoustic wave sensors for 916
Dextrans, for enzyme immobilization 102
Diabetes monitoring 99 104
1,2-diaminocyclohexane derivative
organogelators 476
2,6-diaminopyridine-barbiturate
organogelators 483
Diaphragm-type pressure
transducers, for ship health monitoring 985
Diazepam, molecularly imprinted
polymer-based assay 680
Dichromism 775
Dielectrics
property-performance relationship 458
ultralow dielectric constant 438


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Dielectric sensors
for composite manufacturing 562
for cure monitoring 294 298
frequency-dependent
electromagnetic sensing 456
Diethylaminoethyl methacrylate
chemical indicator 175
Differential Global Positioning Systems 550
Digital chronometer 448
Dimensional analysis
noncontact ultrasound application 713
ultrasound application 691
2,4-dinitrotoluene (DNT) detection
porous silicon sensors 130
Direct chip attach technique 439
Direct fiber-optic sensors 719
Discrete fiber-optic sensors 719
Discrete spring-mass elements 520
nonuniform structures 525
Dispersions, memory effects 267
Dispersion-strengthened composites 246
Displacement transducers, for ship
noise control 1103
Displayed motion 923
Dissolution-diffusion method, for preparing
functionally graded polymer blends 826 827
Distributed-effect fiber-optic sensors 718

Distributed fiber-optic sensors 418 718
Distributed fiber-optic temperature sensor 879
Distributed smart material systems 873
Ditriphenylphosphine oxide
manganese bromide triboluminescence 1054
Diverging tail 53
DNA-biochips, conductive polymer
application 283
DNA-chitosan complexes 186
n-docosanoic (behenic) acid
Langmuir-Blodgett films 585
Domain boundaries 994
Donor-acceptor complexes 474
Doppler vibrometers, for bridge monitoring 546
Dot-matrix printer head
piezoelectric actuator application 159
Double exchange 202 998
Dragonflies 44
vision 112
Drainage systems, smart materials for 60
Drosophila melanogaster, vision 112 113


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Drug delivery systems 95 319
chitosan-based gels applications 185
glycoproteins for binding 99
hydrogels applications 322 491 495
Dry (intrinsic) electrorheological materials 379 381
Ducts, active noise control in ships 1107 1111
Dyes
as chemical indicators 174
Langmuir-Blodgett films 589
as pH indicators for power
industry applications 879
Dynamic aeroelasticity 49
Dysprosium. See also Terfenol-D
magnetostriction 602
E

Earth ceramics. See Soil-ceramics
Earthenware 581
Earthquakes
damage monitoring 582

fiber-optic sensors for detecting 421
shape-memory alloy application for
structural elements 933
triboluminescence during 1055
Eastern Pacific bonito, ultrasonic telemetry 435
Eco-carat soil-ceramic material 1027
Ecosystems 219
Edrophonium chloride, pulsatile
delivery systems for 321
Eggo superelastic headphones (Sony) 930
n-eicosanoic (arachidic) acid
Langmuir-Blodgett films 585
Elasticoluminescence 190
Elastic properties determination
noncontact ultrasound application 700
ultrasound application 691
Elastomers 245
electrorheological materials 376
epoxy resin toughening agent in
flip-chips 443
ferroelectric liquid crystalline 850
magnetorheological materials 598
Electrically-conductive adhesives 331
Electrically-induced triboluminescence 1054
Electrically-stimulated pulsatile
drug delivery systems 321
Electrical power industry. See Power
industry applications
Electric motors, for ship noise control 1105
Electric vehicles, high energy density

batteries required 68
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Electroceramic actuators 1 2
Electroceramics 337
electromechanical actuators 338
electrostriction 342
optical materials 351
smart chemical systems 347
thermal systems 344
Electrochemical cells 68
light-emitting, PPV application 799 804
Electrochemical micromachining 647
Electrochemical transduction, porous
silicon sensors 131
Electrochromics
in architectural smart materials 60 62 63
defined 356

Electrochromic smart windows 352 357 360 1133 1135 1141
Electrochromic sol-gel coatings 356
Electrochromism 356
Electrodischarge machining 634
Electroluminescent devices
poly(p-phenylenevinylene) for 793 799
Electroluminescents
in architectural smart materials 62 63
Langmuir-Blodgett film applications 589
Electrolumiscence 1054
Electromagnetic actuators, for ship
noise control 1105
Electromagnetic devices, biomimetic 112
Electromagnetic interference
Shielding, conductive polymer
composites application 274
Electromagnetic sensing, frequency
dependent (FDEMS) 456
Electromechanical actuators 338
Electromyogram (EMG) assessment
of fish using telemetry 434
Electron energy-loss spectroscopy
for smart perovskite characterization 1010
Electronic nose 284
Electronic packaging 438
Electronic polarization, and
electrorheological effect 363 364 387
Electronic Route Guidance Systems 550
Electronics
Langmuir-Blodgett film applications 584

shape-memory alloy applications 934
Electron microscopy, precision
positioner for 339
Electrophoretic mobility
electrorheological fluids 379
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Electrorheological fluids 362 376
for adaptive systems 17 28 30
dielectric properties 363
ESF controllers 451
and fluid machines 450
mechanism of effect 371 385
memory effects 267
for ship noise control 1100 1103

for vibration control 62 1084 1091
Electrorheological materials 218 376 598
applications 388
mechanical properties 382
in oscillatory shearing 383
in steady-state flow 383
Electrorheological valves 390
Electrostatic dissipation, conductive
polymer composites application 274
Electrostatic intermolecular interactions 471 472
Electrostriction 139 218 342
measurement 141
smart perovskites 997
Electrostrictive actuators 1 340
Electrostrictive ceramics 139
See also Piezoelectric ceramics
applications 146
future trends 147
Electrostrictive materials 860
for adaptive systems 17 28
for ship noise control 1099 1100
Electrostrictive single crystals 143
Elevated houses 1016
Elinvar 1044
Emulsions, memory effects 267
Enclosed sound fields 1109 1112
Energy supply systems, smart
materials for 62 63
Engineering materials 214 243
Enhanced active constrained layer

(EACL) damping 31
Enlargement, technology direction 582
Ensemble, of molecules in memory fluid 269
Enteric coatings, smart pills 838
Environmental and people applications 392
Environmental design issues 219
Environmentally-responsive
self-regulated drug delivery systems 322
Environmental sensors 61 64
Enzymatic biosensors 95 97 98
enzymes used 100
immobilization techniques 100
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Enzyme-based drug delivery systems 324
Enzyme immobilization 101
chitosan-based gel application 188
conductive polymer application 281

Enzyme reaction-sensitive hydrogels 495
applications 500
Epoxide-terminated polyurethane
conductive adhesive 334
Epoxy fiberglass snubbers 1125
Epoxy molding compounds, flip-chips
for underfills 446
Epoxy resins
as binder with PZT in smart paint
composites 755
in flip-chips 441
Erasable/rewritable digital storage 738 751
ERL-4221 444
Escherichia coli, infrared detection 116
ESF controllers 452
Esters, Langmuir-Blodgett films 585
N,N'-1,2-Ethanediylbis(2-methyl-2-
propenamide)-based molecularly
imprinted polymers 671
Ethanol biosensor 98
Ethinyl estradiol, controlled release 324
Ethyleneglycol
dimethylmethacrylate-based
molecularly imprinted polymers 671 672 675 677
β
-Eucryptite, negative thermal expansion 1050
Euler buckling, material
characteristics for architectural
smart materials 62
Eurema butterfly wings 115

Evolution 217
Exhaust sensor, automotive 347
Extended irreversible thermodynamics 272
Exterior radiation sensors, for louvers 62
Externally-regulated drug delivery systems 319 320
Extrinsic electrorheological materials 379
Extrinsic Fabry-Perot interferometer sensors 724 725
Extrinsic fiber-optic sensors 416 719
Extrinsic interferometric sensors 1102
Eyeglasses
photochromic 1036
superelastic frames 84 923 929



F

Fab fragments 840
Fabry-Perot etalons 417

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Fabry-Perot fiber-optic sensors 719 727
for cure monitoring 297
for health monitoring 303
for ship health monitoring 987
Fabry-Perot interferometers 298 417 724 725 726
power industry application 878
Factors of ignorance 1117
Fail-safe design, of aircraft 313
Faraday-rotation transducers 881
Fast ion conductors 349 359
Fast polarization 364
Fatigue
shape-memory actuators 629
shape-memory alloys 926
Fatigue life
octave rule for improving 1122
sine wave vibration 1121
Fatty acids
gelators 475
Langmuir-Blodgett films 585 589
Faujasite, negative thermal expansion 1050
Federal power agencies 874
Feldspar 1020

Ferrimagnets 591
Ferrite, for composite tagging 310
Ferroelectric ceramics in shape-memory 148 150
alloy/piezoelectric heterostructures 557
Ferroelectric hysteresis 341
Ferroelectricity 860
piezoelectric ceramics 162 164
semicrystalline polymers 863
smart perovskites 993
Ferroelectric liquid crystalline elastomers 850
Ferroelectric liquid crystals 850
Ferroelectric relaxors 144 151 153 344 575
Ferro fluids, for gas leakage prevention 455
Ferromagnetic shape-memory alloys 936
Ferromagnetic tagged composites 310
Ferromagnets 591
magnetostriction in 601
Ferrous alloys 215
Fiber Bragg gratings 395 728
in photothermorefractive glasses 778
reflection in 395
Fiber Bragg grating sensors 395 719 724 725 726 728
applications 412
for civil structure health monitoring 316
composite manufacturing applications 562
for cure monitoring 297
ß-eucryptite application 1051
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Fiber Bragg grating sensors (cont.)
for health monitoring 303
matched 411
power industry applications 878
sensor demodulation 408
sensor multiplexing 401
for ship health monitoring 988
for ship noise control 1102
Fiber Fabry-Perot filter 409 410
See also Fabry-Perot fiber-optic sensors
Fiber gratings 417 418
Fiber optic Fresnel reflectometers
composite manufacturing applications 562
Fiber-optic sensors 62
See also Fabry-Perot fiber-optic sensors;
Fiber Bragg grating sensors
for adaptive composite systems 17
advantages 415
applications 730

in architectural smart materials 62 63 64
benefits and concerns 731
for civil structure health monitoring 315
classification 718
comparison 725
composite manufacturing applications 562 564
for cure monitoring 294 295
for data transmission in ship
health monitoring 989
effect of physical parameters on
optical modulation 722
for health monitoring 302 415
for highway smart structure monitoring 546 547
introduction, evaluation, and application 715
for power industry chemical sensing 881
sensing mechanisms 719 720
for ship health monitoring 987
for ship noise control 1102
for smart structures 415
theory and applications 415
Fiber-optic transducers, power
industry applications 876
Fiber-reinforced composites 246
continuous fiber reinforcement 251
fiber-matrix interface 248
randomly oriented fiber reinforcement 254
textile architectures 253
Fiber-reinforced concrete
damage self-diagnosis 897
health monitoring via electrical resistance 311

smart highways 546 547
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Fiber-reinforced plastics 246
See also Carbon-fiber reinforced
plastics; Composites; Glass-fiber
reinforced plastics
cure monitoring 292
damage self-diagnosis 891
fiber Bragg grating sensors 405
Fictitious control surface concept 50
Field-responsive chitosan-based gels 188
Filament winding 293
Films, Langmuir-Blodgett. See
Langmuir-Blodgett films

Finite differences method 265
Finite elements methods 265
adaptive composite system modeling 19
for aircraft structure design 50 57
cavitative pest control calculation 763
memory fluid calculation 271
truss structure analysis 1067
for vibrational analysis 1116 1119 1124
Finite volumes method 265
Firechek valve 930
Fish aquatic studies 119 423
metabolic rate determination 107
operant conditioning applications 423 424
telemetry applications 431 432
Fish kills 887
Flaperon 32
Flexible image carrier 715
Flexible machines 448
Flexible manipulator 1094
Flexible structures
large flexible space structures 1065
microrobotic 641
Flexinol 923 927
Flexon optical frames 929
Flextensional sonar transducers 611
Flint 214
Flip-chip applications
anisotropic conductive adhesives 331
molded (tablet) underfills 446
reworkable underfills 444

underfill materials 438
Flip-chip in package techniques 439
Flip-chip on board technique 439
Floating monolayers 584
Flow control actuators 51
Flow-Gard valve 930
Flow metering, ultrasound for 691
Flow sensors, miniaturized 345
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Fluidic applications
chip fabrication 644
microrobotics 637
microtubes 654
Fluidlastic technology 30
Fluid machines 448
Fluids. See also Electrorheological
fluids; Magnetorheological fluids;

Memory fluids; Newtonian
fluids; Non-Newtonian fluids
memory effects in complex 267
Fluorescence scattering sensors 418
Fluorescent probes 417
Fluorimetry, for cure monitoring with
fiber-optic sensors 295 296
Fluorine-doped tin oxides, in smart
windows 1143
Fluorites, triboluminescence 1056
Fluorohydrocarbons, Langmuir-Blodgett films 585
Flutter, aircraft 45 49
Flux, for epoxy resins in flip-chips 443
Foams
magnetorheological materials 598
smart foam skin 1029
Food quality losses, reactions leading to 177
Foraging behavior studies 423
Force-sensing resistor 907
Force sensors
giant magnetostrictives for 511
magnetostrictives for 616
Formed-in-place membranes
chitosan-based gel applications 187
Forum for Intelligent Materials 392
Fossil-fueled boilers 874
Foundry technology 214
Fractoluminescence 190
Fracture
190

1055
See also Damage detection
triboluminescence during
Frangibolt release bolts 928
Free-free beam element 529
damage detection 535
Free recovery 923
Free stand zone melting, for giant
magnetostrictive material manufacture 508
Free system model 1070
Frequency, of vibration 1114
and displacement 1117


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Frequency dependent
electromagnetic sensing (FDEMS) 456
cure monitoring application 456 460
life monitoring application 467
molecular mobility sensing 459
Frits 1051
Frontier Ceramics Project 392 582
Fructose biosensors 99
Fuel cells 999
Functional gradient piezoelectric
ceramic actuators 1
applications 10
Functionally graded polymer blends 826
Fused deposition of composites 145
Fuselage noise attenuation 23
Fuses, electric power industry 884
Fuzzy ART 684
Fuzzy associative memory 684
G
Gadolinium-magnesium alloys, in
smart windows 1140
Galactose biosensors 99 107
Gallium arsenide 216
Gallium chalcogenide films 745
Galloping control, power
transmission lines 883 888
Galvanic cells 357
Gas igniters, piezoelectric ceramic
application 155

Gasochromic smart windows 1133 1135 1140
Gas sensors
Langmuir-Blodgett film applications 589
selective 348
surface acoustic wave 913
Gastric acid inhibitors 319
Gatling gun 1127
Gelatin 487
with chitosan-based gels 183
Gelation 474
Gelators, organic 471
Gels 490
See also Chitosan-based gels;
Hydrogels; Sol-gels
electrorheological materials 376
magnetorheological materials 598
memory effects 267
for pulsatile drug delivery systems 322
Gel transition 561
Generators, electric power industry 880
GENERIC framework 272
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Gene therapy, chitosan-based gel delvery 186
Germanium chalcogenide films 740 741 745 751
GFRP. See Glass-fiber-reinforced plastics
Giant magnetoresistance 202
Giant magnetostriction 601
Giant magnetostrictive materials 503
applications 510
in magnetic
particulate/shape-memory
alloy matrix composites 555
manufacturing 508
origins of effect 504
shape-memory alloys compared 623
Ginzburg-Landau formulation
relaxation equations 272
Glass/epoxy composites, shapememory
alloy fiber/polymer matrix composites 553
Glasses 245 770
for enzyme immobilization 102
negative thermal expansion 1051
photochromic and photothermorefractive 770
photosensitivity 770
triboluminescence 1055 1056
Glass-fiber-reinforced concrete
damage self-diagnosis 897

smart highways 546
Glass-fiber-reinforced plastics
for aircraft health monitoring 314
cure monitoring 298 300
damage self-diagnosis 891
damage self-monitoring 392
and ken materials 581 582 583
tagging with ferromagnetics 310
Glass microtubes 647
Glassy carbon, in anodes for
lithium-ion batteries 80
Glazing materials 60 62
for smart windows 1133
Global Positioning System (GPS)
with advanced automobiles 548 549 550
for fish telemetry studies 432
for ship health monitoring 987
Glucose biosensors 95 99 100 104
home test kits 98
Glucose oxidase 99 100 105 106 325
in chemical valve 844
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase 100
Glucose-responsive hydrogels 500
Glucose-responsive insulin delivery 106 325

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Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
Dehydrogenase, affinity precipitation 840
Glycol chitosan 185
Goldfish, operant conditioning 424 428
Goldsmith tolerance factor 204
Golf clubs, shape-memory alloy application 930
GPS. See Global Positioning System
Graphite, noncontact ultrasound
examination 702
Graphite/epoxy composites, shapememory
alloy fiber/polymer matrix composites 553 554
Graphite-fiber-reinforced plastics.
See Carbon-fiber-reinforced plastics
Graphitic carbon, in anodes for
lithium-ion batteries 80
Grazing incidence X-ray diffraction
(GIXD), Langmuir-Blodgett films 587 588
Greases

electrorheological fluid phase 377
magnetorheological materials 598
Great white sharks, acoustic telemetry 436
Green alumina, noncontact
ultrasound examination 706
Greenhouse window opener
shape-memory alloy application 930
Green porcelain, noncontact
ultrasound examination 707
Green tungsten carbide, noncontact
ultrasound examination 706
Gruneisen parameter 1039 1040
Guidewire cores, shape-memory application 931
H

Hand lay-up methods 293
Haptic sensor 92
Hawkmoth, wing as antireflective device 114
Health monitoring 219 301
adaptive systems 39
aircraft and space structures 45 302 303 313 420 718
civil structures 303 315
damage detection approach 533
dereverberated transfer functions
of nonuniform structures 525
dereverberated transfer functions
of structural elements 520
highway structures 546
life monitoring 467
ships 981

smart paints for 754
using wave dynamics 520

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Heat capacity
extrapolation for polymers at very low
temperatures, neural network application 684
material characteristics for
architectural smart materials 62
Heat engines, shape-memory alloy
applications 934
Heat-shock proteins 116 120
Heave, of ships 987 988
Helicopters
adaptive systems applications 28
rotor control system, piezoelectric
actuator application 160

Heparin, hydrogel-based delivery systems 498
Heterogeneity determination
ultrasound application 691
Heterogeneous photochromic glasses 774
Heterogeneous systems, using smart
polymers 838
Hexacelsians, triboluminescence 1057
Hexacyanometallate magnets 595
Hexaphenylcarbodiphosphorane
triboluminescence 1054
Hexcel 8552, intelligent processing 563
Hexsil process 644
High density microvia printed wiring boards 438
High density polyethylene, in composites
with large positive temperature coefficients 274 277 278
High energy density batteries. See
Lithium-ion batteries
High performance liquid
chromatography (HPLC)
molecularly imprinted polymers application 672
High pressure environments
steam plants 874
ultrasound application 691
High radiation environments
ultrasound application 691
High temperature environments
noncontact ultrasound application 713
steam plants 874
ultrasound application 691
High-temperature indicating crayons 176

High-temperature shape-memory alloys 955 956
High-temperature superconductors
smart perovskites 992 1001 1006
Highways 545
advanced automobiles 548
damage self-diagnosis 891
monitoring earthquake damage 582
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Hill gratings 399
Hirudin, chitosan-based gel
encapsulation 185
Hollow fiber membranes
chitosan-based gel applications 187
Holographic anticounterfeiting

indicator devices 180
Homeostasis 219 222
Homing studies 423
Hook-and-loop fastener 217
Hopfield nets 684
Hormone replacement therapy 319
Hot isostatic pressing, intelligent
processing application 567
Hot-press molding 293
Houses, made of soil 1025
Hubble Space Telescope 1066
Hull girder stress 981
Hull girder whipping 982
Hull Response Monitoring Systems 990
Hull vibration 1097
Humidity sensing
material characteristics for
architectural smart materials 62
surface acoustic wave sensors for 916
Hund’s rule 998
HVAC systems, smart materials for 60 62 64 65 67
Hyaluronic acid gels, for pulsatile
drug delivery systems 322 324
Hybrid composites 551
Hybrid magnetostrictive/piezoelectric devices 613
Hydraulic actuators, for ship noise control 1106
Hydraulic circuit control
electrorheological material applications 390
Hydraulic devices 215
Hydraulic servo-spool valve 449

Hydrocarbon sensors
for power industry applications 881
surface acoustic wave 913
Hydrogarnet 1019
Hydrogels
applications 497
as chemical indicators 174 175
defined 490
for drug delivery systems 322
enzyme immobilization in 101
in smart windows 1138
structure and properties 494
types 494

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Hydrogen bonding 471 472
chemical indicators 174

hydrogels 491
Hydrogen loading, with fiber Bragg gratings 400
Hydrothermal processing, of
soil-ceramics 1019
Hydrothermal synthesis, of smart
perovskites 568
Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose
acetate succinate, for smart pills 839
Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose
Phthalate, for smart pills 839
8-hydroxypyrene-1,3,6-trisulphonic
acid, as pH indicator 879
Hygrometers, in architectural smart
materials 62
Hysteresis
biosensors 97 98
electrorheological materials 384
ferroelectric 341
ferroelectric liquid crystalline elastomers 850 852
ferromagnetic shape-memory alloys 936
giant magnetostrictive materials 505 508
magnetostrictive materials 604 617
organic magnets 592 593
piezoelectric ceramics 164 170
PVDF and copolymers 807
shape-memory alloys 927 959 970
and shape-memory alloys in
biomedical applications 84
I

Ice, dangers to ships 982
IC fabrication 438
Illuminance measurements, material
characteristics for architectural
smart materials 62
Ilmenites, spontaneous polarization 994
Immobilization. See Enzyme immobilization
Immune responses, to drug delivery 319
Immunization 319
Immunoassays, smart polymers for 846
Immunochemical biosensors 96 97
Impact damage, sensor array
technology for aircraft 903 904 907
Impact test, for smart truss structures 1077
Implants 82
See also Drug delivery systems
chitosan-based 182
Imprint lithography 645
Indirect fiber-optic sensors 719
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Indium chalcogenide films 744 751
Indium tin oxide (ITO)
with PPV in photovoltaics and
light-emitting devices 799
in smart windows 1143
Indium tungstate, negative thermal expansion 1049
Indomethacin, pulsatile delivery sytems for 321
Induction motors, for ship noise control 1106
Industrial Revolution 215
Inertial damping, material
characteristics for architectural
smart materials 62
Inflammation 319
Inflammation-responsive drug
delivery systems 324
Inflatoplane 53
Information integration 222
Infrared detection, biological 115
Inherently conducting polymers 279
See also Conductive polymers
ring-substituted 286
Injection molding 293
Injection molding mandrels
shape-memory alloy application 934

In-line fiber etalon sensor 729
Innovative Control Effector program 51
Inorganic electrochromic smart windows 1136
Insect vision 112
Insertion compounds, lithium 72 73
Insulin 319
glucose-responsive delivery 106 325
hydrogel-based delivery systems 497 498 500
pulsatile delivery systems 320 321
Insulin pumps 105
Integral passives 438
Integrating fiber-optic sensors 718
Integration, technology direction 582
Intelligent biomaterials 392
Intelligent ceramics 392
Intelligent components, in architecture 60
Intelligent environments 60
Intelligent fibers 392
Intelligent hydraulics 449
Intelligent materials 218 860
See also Smart materials
Intelligent polymer systems 279
See also Conductive polymers; Smart
polymers
Intelligent processing of materials (IPM) 559
Intelligent synthesis, of ceramic materials 568
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Intelligent transportation systems 546 548 551
Intensiometric optical fiber sensors 720 723
Intensity-based sensors, for health
monitoring 303 305
Interaortic balloon pump 86 87
Interdigital transducers 911
Interface nucleation and
Propagation, shape-memory
material modeling 968
Interfacial polarization, and
electrorheological effect 363 378 386
Interferometric based demodulation 411
Interferometric optical fiber sensors 723
for health monitoring 303
Interior daylight sensors, for louvers 62
Interior heat generation, smart
materials for controlling 62
Intermolecular interactions 471 472
Interpenetrating polymer network 183
Intrinsically-distributed fiber-optic sensors 718

Intrinsically-smart structures 223
cement matrix composites for 223
polymer matrix composites for 233
Intrinsic electrorheological materials 379 381
Intrinsic Fabry-Perot interferometer sensor 724 725
Intrinsic fiber-optic sensors 416 719
Intrinsic sensors 399
Invar effect 1044
Invars
magnetostriction in 603
magnetovolume effect 609
negative thermal expansion 1043 1046
Inverse Joule effect 506 608
Inverse Wertheim effect 507
Inverse Wiedemann effect 609
Investor-owned utilities 874
Ionic conductivity, smart perovskites 999
Ionic displacement polarization, and
electrorheological effect 363 364 386
Ionic hydrogels 492
Ion transfer 221
I-Point (Vitsab) time-temperature
indicator 179
Iron 215
See also Invars; Terfenol-D
magnetostrictive coefficient 607
suspended particles as
magnetorheological fluid 598
Iron Age 214 215

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Iron-based shape-memory alloys 951
magnetically activated ferromagnetic 936
magnetic-field-induced martensitic
transformation 956
Iron-based spin-crossover materials 1036
Iron-chromium-nickel alloys biocompatibility 83
Iron-manganese-silicon
shape-memory alloys 951
for ship noise control 1101
Iron oxide cathodes, lithium-ion batteries 80
Iron-palladium shape-memory alloys
magnetic field-induced strain 938 947
Iron powder compact, noncontact

ultrasound examination 711
Iron-rhenium alloys, for optothermo
magnetic motors 392
Iron-terbium-dysprosium magnetostrictive
materials. See Terfenol-D
Iron(tetracyanoethylene)2-based magnets 595
Irreversible digital storage 738 745 751
Irreversible temperature labels 176
Isocitrate dehydrogenase 100
N-Isopropyl carbazole triboluminescence 1054
Isotropic conductive adhesives 331
Isotropic spontaneous magnetostriction 606
ITO. See Indium tin oxide
J

Jahn-Teller distortion
in cathodes for lithium-ion batteries 79
in colossal magnetoresistive materials 202 207
Joule annealing, of shape-memory alloys 640
Joule effect 506
Joule magnetostriction 601 606 609
Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and

Structures
218
Journal of Smart Material Systems

and Structures
218
K

Kaolinite, hydrothermal processing 1019
Keatite

1051
Ken materials 581
Ken Materials Research Consortium 392 581
Kerosene, electrorheological fluid phase 377
Kerr effect 353
Kevlar 49 257
Kevlaro, in shape-memory alloy
fiber/polymer matrix composites 553
Kiesewetter motor 612
Knee prosthesis 449 451
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Kohonen self-organizing maps 684
Koi, operant conditioning 426

Krypton fluoride lasers, for Bragg
grating writing 400
Kunster marrow needle 84
L
LabView, fish studies application 429
Lactate biosensor 98
Lactate dehydrogenase 100
Lactate oxidase 100
Lactose biosensors 95 107
Lagrangian methods 272
Lake trout, radio telemetry 435
Lamellar composites 246
Laminate failure 263
Lamination theory 260
Lamnoid sharks, acoustic telemetry 436
Langmuir-Blodgett films 584
characterization of transferred 588
for microtube formation 645
PVDF copolymers 815
smart material applications 589
Langmuir-Blodgett-Kuhn films 584
Langmuir-Blodgett-Shaefer method 587
Langmuir-Blodgett trough 584
Langmuir film balance 584 585
Langmuir monolayers 584 585
Langmuir trough 584
Lanthanide manganite perovskites
colossal magnetoresistance in 202
Lanthanum hydrides, in smart windows 1140
Lanthanum manganite perovskites 1002

colossal magnetoresistance in 202
ionic conductivity 999
Lanthanum strontium cobalt oxides 1009
Laptop computers, high energy
density batteries required 68 72
Large flexible space structures 1065
Large-scale structures
damage self-diagnosis 891
flexible space structures 1065
Laser annealing, of shape-memory alloys 640
Laser-assisted chemical vapor deposition 645
Laser-induced ultrasound 693
Laser machining 632
Lasers
poly(p-phenylenevinylene) application 804
for writing on optical recording media 738 746
Lattice cell mechanics
shape-memory material modeling 967
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Laws relay 450
Layered cobalt oxide cathodes
lithium-ion batteries 74
Layered iron oxide cathodes
lithium-ion batteries 80
Layered nickel oxide cathodes
lithium-ion batteries 75
Layered vanadium oxide cathodes
lithium-ion batteries 80
Lead-acid batteries 331
lithium-ion batteries compared 72
Lead lanthanum zirconate (PLZT), in
shape-memory alloy/piezoelectric
heterostructures 557
Lead magnesium niobate 144 151
ferroelectric relaxor 144 153
intelligent synthesis 569 575
Lead magnesium niobate-lead
titanate ceramics, ferroelectric
liquid crystalline elastomers contrasted 858
Lead magnesium niobate (PMN)
applications 159 160
for ship noise control 1099 1100
smart perovskite 992 997
Lead meta-niobates, in dry coupling

ultrasonic transducers 693
Lead niobate
intelligent synthesis 575
properties 168
Lead titanate 151 152
composites with piezoelectric polymers 557
composites with smart paints 755
intelligent synthesis 569 572 576 578
negative thermal expansion 1043
properties 143 151 168
in shape-memory alloy/
piezoelectric heterostructures 557
spontaneous polarization 994
Lead-titanium hydrothermal system 571
Lead zinc niobate, intelligent synthesis 569 578
Lead zirconate-lead titanate 152
discovery of piezoelectricity in 150
in dry coupling ultrasonic transducers 693
Lead zirconate titanate (PZT) 337 343
for adaptive composite systems 17 18 31
applications 156 157 160
cation doping 999
characterization 162
composites with piezoelectric polymers 144 557
composites with smart paints 754 755
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Lead zirconate titanate (PZT) (cont.)
for cure monitoring 300
for flexible manipulator 1094
for health monitoring 308 309
intelligent synthesis 569 571 573 576 578
in magnetometers 616
mixed-oxide route for preparing 163
piezoelectric coefficients 150
in piezoelectric double amplifier smart skin 1032
piezoelectricity in 143 150 162 781 788 861
properties 151 168
in sensors for transformer monitoring 881
in shape-memory alloy/
piezoelectric heterostructures 557
for ship noise control 1099 1100 1111
smart perovskite 992 995
in smart truss structures 1071
thin films 2 147 151 154
for vibration control in smart structures 1089
Learning
animal studies 423

self-learning 219 220 222
Lecithins, Langmuir-Blodgett films 585
Leclanche battery 71
LEDs (light-emitting diodes), in
architectural smart materials 62 63
Lens polishing machine 455
Level sensing
noncontact ultrasound for 694 699 713
ultrasound for 690
Lever 215
Lidocaine, pulsatile delivery systems for 321
Lifeline Fresh-check/Fresh-Scan
time-temperature indicators 178
Life monitoring. See also Health monitoring
frequency dependent
electromagnetic sensing for 467
Liftoff fabrication process, of microdevices 632 633
LIGA process 644
Light-emitting devices
in architectural smart materials 62 63
poly(p-phenylenevinylene) application 799
Light-emitting electrochemical cells
poly(p-phenylenevinylene) application 799 804
Lighting systems, smart materials for 60 61 62 63
Light valves. See Suspended particle panels
Lime, in soil-ceramics 1019
Linear displacement transducers, for
ship health monitoring 986
Linear magnetostriction 606