quản lí vốn khả dụng trong điều hành chính sách tiền tệ của ngân hàng nhà nước việt nam bản tóm tắt tiếng anh

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
1. THE NEEDS OF PROJECT
Liquidity is available capital to meet the financial obligations of credit
institutions (CIs) or banks. Capital is to meet the requirements of central bank
reserves and compulsory excess to perform its payment obligations to customers,
with the state budget, dealing with partners, pay debt to the central bank. The banks
will maintain liquidity in two forms: in the funds deposited at the central bank and
credit institutions. The excess liquidity is the highest portion of liquid, banks will
determine the proportion of money kept in bank or deposited at the central bank
based on payment demand. Thus, the liquidity kept in the central bank include the
required reserve deposits and a part of excess reserves to meet the needs of payment.
The central bank manages the deposited liquidity by setting the regulation and policy
system, building the rules of intervention, dominating the transaction volume of
liquidity in currency markets to adjust liquidity status in the interbank market,
dominating the behavior of balance adjustment between deposited liquidity and fund
in bank to ensure its proper operation, thereby affecting market interest rates in order
to achieve the ultimate goal of the monetary policy.
To execute the liquidity management, central bank needs to forecast liquidity
status in the market, determine the value needed to intervene and propose the
solutions to adjust liquidity status in the market to achieve the goal of monetary
policy execution. Depending on the nation, with the characteristics of political
institutions, the stage of economic development as well as the effectiveness in
monetary policy operation of central bank; the impact of each element that causes the
supply and demand of liquidity at the central bank as well as the prediction and
control of single component in central bank liquidity also differ.
The State Bank of Vietnam is gradually improving the management of liquidity
such as complete forecasting methods, provide sources of information for the forecast
reports, improve uniformity of intervention system, Despite many efforts, the results
gradually are more accurate prediction, the tools are used flexibly, creating volatility

in line with market requirements and achieve the State Bank goals, but the result of
liquidity management of the central bank faces many constraints, liquidity status of
the market reflects positive changes after the central bank intervened, directed
interest rate does not drive market interest rates, the operating activities of SBV go
after market, the market is not interested in the operating from the central bank.
Causes affecting the results on liquidity management of State Bank of Vietnam is the
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lack of reporting system, forecasting techniques are short-term, predictable and
management on liquidity are limited, the coordination of macroeconomic policies is
inconsistent leading the central bank in the passive state of liquidity adjustment to
achieve the objectives of monetary policy.
Starting from practical requirements outlined, this project have selected research
topic is: "Liquidity management in monetary policy of the State Bank of Vietnam"
contributing more fully to the scientific arguments management of liquidity, practical
implementation at the State Bank of Vietnam and then to propose solutions to
improve the efficiency of the management of liquidity in order to meet the
requirements of operating monetary policy effectiveness.
2. LOCAL AND GLOBAL RESEARCH
Globally, there have been many studies related to the topic of monetary policy
(the tools of monetary policy, the objective of monetary policy ), and money market.
However the material directly related to liquidity management of central bank in
monetary policy execution in the world are not published much. The author
represents the study of this problem: Bindseil Ulrich (2000), Falko Fecht, Kjell G.
Nyborg, J'org Rocholl (2007), Simon T Gray (2008), Mohamed Afzal Norat (2008).
In addition, organizations such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF), European
Central Bank and the U.S.Federal Reserve Board also has a number of research articles
related to the topic. In studies in Vietnam, the research topics related to monetary
policy, the tools of monetary policy, the transmission channel of monetary policy
action has been much research interested, however, directly related to the operation of

the executive liquidity management in the monetary policy of the central bank is only
"Improving prediction method to enhance Liquidity regulatory capacity of central bank
in money market" of Deputy Governor – SBV Nguyen Dong Tien (2006).
Totally, in the world and in Vietnam, the researchs on liquidity management of
the central bank is limited and has not been verified and systematiced as well as a
verification completely and comprehensively, the study made no difference about
liquidity concept in terms of commercial banks and the central bank in every aspect,
the liquidity status changes affect each market and at different levels. So choose the
thesis focuses on systematic reasoning related to the management of the central bank
in terms of liquidity, and study the performance of this work at the State Bank of
Vietnam to increase operating efficiency of monetary policy.
3. PURPOSE
To clarify the theory on liquidity management operations: The concept of
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liquidity, supply and demand of liquidity, content management of liquidity, forecasting
methods of liquidity Research on experience of management and forecasting
liquidity in some countries around the world, to figure out the lessons for Vietnam.
- Analysis of the management situation and forecast the liquidity of SBV in
operating monetary policy by itself.
- Propose solutions to address the issues raised in the liquidity management of
the SBV, improve quality and improve the management of liquidity to contribute and
enhancing the effectiveness of monetary policy.
4. OBJECTS AND SCOPES
Objects: research will focus on the basic theory in terms of liquidity
management of the central bank, the status of liquidity to execute the monetary policy
of the central bank by forecasting method from currency balance sheet and propose
management solution on liquidity of the central bank monetary policy.
Scopes: the project researches on the management aspects of the central bank, using
data on the Cash flow balance sheet of SBV primarily and analyzing from 2000 to 2012.

5. METHODOLOGY
The research applies deductive methods, systems analysis, reflecting analysis,
comparison, surveys, statistics, combining theory and practice, Qualitative analysis
combines quantitative models used single regression.
6. RESULTS
Thesis is the first science research project deeply and completely on the liquidity
management (in terms of the central bank) in the monetary policy of the State Bank
of Vietnam. Especially used qualitative research methods to clarify the scientific
arguments.
7. RESEARCH STRUCTURE
Besides Executive summary, Conclusion, the research has 3 chapters:
- Chapter 1: General theory of Liquidity management in the monetary
policy operation of the central bank
- Chapter 2: Status of Liquidity management in the monetary policy
operation of the State Bank of Vietnam
- Chapter 3: Solution to improve the Liquidity management in the
monetary policy of the State Bank of Vietnam


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CHAPTER 1
GENERAL THEORY OF LIQUIDITY MANAGEMENT IN THE
MONETARY POLICY OPERATION OF THE CENTRAL BANK
1.1. OVERVIEW ON LIQUIDITY AND ITS MANAGEMENT IN MONETARY
POLICY OPERATION OF THE CENTRAL BANK
1.1.1. Liquidity
1.1.1.1. Concept
"Liquidity" means funds available to meet its financial obligations, such as
customer cash, payment requirements, to meet loan commitments to customers,

payment for budget and credit repayment for central bank of the bank.
Under banking system perspective: Liquidity is capital strength of a financial
institution, is located in the banks' available capital.
On the management of the central bank: capital availability deposits at central
bank - is the amount of reserves that banks send to the country's central bank. It
includes: compulsory reserve deposits, demand deposits, etc.
1.1.1.2. Demand and supply on liquidity at the central bank
Demand on liquidity at the central bank
The demand on liquidity is understood as a set of demands to be met to make the
financial obligations of the banks with our partners, including central bank, the state
budget, other financial institutions and especially customers of the banks.
The demand on liquidityis formed by two parts: the free availability of capital
and policy requirements.
The free availability of capital: As the demand to meet the payment comes from
the intrinsic factor in the activity of credit institutions and outside the direct control of
the central bank.
The liquiditypolicy: the implementation of the central bank requires that banks
have to deposit an amount known as the reserve requirement.
The relationship between the free liquidityand the liquiditypolicy: a close
relationship with each other through the closing balance date of the payment deposit
accounts. In which the demand on capital availability depends on the required reserve
policies, the institutional factors and not change daily. The rest on the central bank
deposit accounts in order to meet the demand of liquidityitself.
Supply on Liquidity at the central bank
Supplying liquidity is the amount of money that the banks used to meet its
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financial obligations to stakeholders such as customers, budgets, with other banks or
the central bank.
Basically, the supply of liquidity of the banks is formed from two main sources:

(i) raising capital from the economy, (ii) additional supply from the central bank
through the channels: buying foreign currencies, the budget loans, loans for financial
institutions and a number of other terms. When considering the central bank provides
capital availability, the research focused on providing the liquiditycomes from the
change of the elements on the cash flow balance sheet of the central bank.
- The autonomous supply factors including net foreign assets, government net
lending, Other net assets.
- The supply on policy factors include Refinancing for banking activities in the
market.
1.1.2. Managing Liquidity of the central bank in monetary policy operation
1.1.2.1. Concept
Liquidity management is the task of central bank forecasting liquidity generally
for the whole system, establishing rules of conduct and the use of interventions to
adjust monetary conditions and the state of supply and demand of liquidity used in the
interbank market to achieve the ultimate objective of monetary policy.
1.1.2.2. The needs on liquidity management in monetary policy operation of the
central bank
The central bank controls liquidity to improve the effectiveness in monetary
policy operation
The central bank approves the forecast on capital availability state of the market,
determine the exact dosage and duration of the intervention will be the incentive to
market dynamics change in a positive direction, thereby achieving goals central bank
sets. We can say, central bank well manage the liquidity will improve the impact of
the policy tools to the real variables of the economy were chosen as policy goals in
each period, the national monetary policy.
Support the central bank to adjust the state of liquidity of the banking system
The forecasting liquidity of credit institution system will help the central bank
understands normal and abnormal of the market, then propose solutions on the state
capital availability on time through pumping money, adjusting the price mechanism.
It is important to keep the central bank to adjust the state of liquidity, because

the central bank understands that when the state of supply and demand imbalance in
liquidity - whether surplus or deficit - will push the central bank to implement the
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undesired behavior, so the central bank will be able to satisfy the requirements of the
market to implement the planned monetary policy.
1.2. CONTENT AND PROCESS OF LIQUIDITY MANAGEMENT IN
MONETARY MANAGEMENT OPERATIONS OF THE CENTRAL BANK
1.2.1. Process of liquidity management in monetary policy management
operation of the central bank
1.2.1.1. Forecasting the liquidity in monetary policy execution
The role of liquidity forecasting in monetary policy operation
Forecasting liquidity as a basis for central bank can set the operating solution
monetary policy appropriately, contributing to capital availability, regulatory market
interest rates on monetary policy objectives in each time period.
Forecasting liquidity method
 Base on Cash flow balance sheet of the central bank
 Forecasting approach: approaching cash flow balance sheet of the central bank
allows the use of the data items on the balance sheet to predict the state of available
capital. The change of each factor on the balance sheet will affect the Liquidity of the
whole banking system.
Supply of liquidity= (net foreign assets + Government net lending + other net
assets - cash) + bank’s loan from the central bank
Demand of liquidity= required reserves + reserve for payment
 Liquidity (bank’s reserves at the central bank) =  net foreign assets +  Government
net lending +  bank’s loan from the central bank + other net assets -  cash [37]
 Procedure on liquidity forecasting in monetary policy operation
Step 1: Identify factors to predict
Step 2: Create the set of data history on supply factors – demand on Liquidity in
period of time

Step 3: Analyzing the factors impact on forecasting: this step is the most
important and sofisticate in forecasting procedures.
 Forecasting factors on liquidity
 Autonomous liquidity supply
Government net lending: To predict the trends of the movement items for
Government net lending, forecasting departments need to monitor the movement of
lending and cash of the Government, in particular through revenues and operating
expenses of the government guarantee. The effect of this factor prediction depends
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on: the relationship between the MOF and the central bank decided to smooth the
information exchange; Opening of Government Accounts at commercial banks,
central bank or open in 2 places will affect the capital movement and affect
forecasted results.
Net foreign assets: In the short term, the change in net foreign assets by the
central bank intervened in the foreign exchange market, the long term: The change in
net foreign assets have been affected by the changes in the components of the balance
of international payments.
Cash in circulation: In the short term, cash requirements primarily influenced by
seasonal factors such as salary payment date, day off, day to spend money to increase
salaries, the forecast on money factor need to rely on historical data to analyze to find
out the seasonal factors, in long-term, factors affecting cash requirements are: (1)
growth trend and cyclical demand cash, (2) growth rate of nominal GDP (3) the
changing trend in the relationship between the Government and cash needs,
Net other items: In the short term, the net accounts negligible fluctuations. In
general, if there is no specific information in advance, able to forecast unchanged
except receivables and payable.
 Supply on capital availability policy: Depends on the monetary policy
objectives of each plan period and providing credit through the banking system, then
forecasting is high certainty and accuracy

 Forecasting the demand factors of available capital: To predict the
availability of capital of the whole banking system, central bank interesting in total
liquidityrequirements of the whole system without the capital requirements
seperately, except in some countries there is a separation of the currency market.
 Forecasting the demand on required reserve: This amount is affected by the
required reserve management methods and factors affecting the average amount of
money raised by the banks. How to forecast of total deposits or on the composition of
deposits may use structure models or time model, taking into account the seasonal
nature of the deposits factor
 Forecasting the exceeded reserves: this needs almost no sensitivity to
interbank rates changes. There are three factors that affect the demand for this
balance: efficient payment process, the expectations of central bank behavior in the
provision for credit loss reserves at no penalty rates; interbank market status
Step 4: Analysis pre-prediction failure
Step 5: Forecasting implementation: Solution 1: analysis base on historical
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data and seasonal adjustment; Solution 2: Based on the data analysis by planned or
expenditures due under the contract, such as loans, bank’s debt collection for central
bank, due date of the sale and purchase contracts with terms limited to the central
bank In particular, Solution 1 is active forecasts of the central bank, solution 2 is
higher accuracy, but the central bank depends upon the data collection.
Also, able to combine quantitative methods to measure the impact of individual
components to the state of supply and demand of the central bank Liquidity in each
period, then having more solid deligence for the decision to use central bank
intervention to achieve monetary policy operation. The model indicated mostly single
regression model, reflecting the impact of a factor on the supply / demand Liquidity
Step 6: Summary of forecasting results
 Pros and cons of forecasting method
 Pros: Increasing the autonomy of the central bank forecasts; negligible bias in

the short-term.
 Cons: Depending on the coordination of information between the central bank and
the MOF, forecasting results for the Liquidity of the whole system under this approach
depends on a number of fundamental conditions: (i) any payment of CIs are made through
the payment system of the central bank, (ii) money market has no separation.
 Forecast approaching from CIs
 Forecast literature
This prediction method is based on figures reported by Cis and the central
bank, aggregation on liquiditystatus of the market at the time of management.
 Forecasting method
For good data forecasting from banks, central bank needs to standardize
forecasting methods liquidityin the system, each bank have been tracking systems to
execute cash flow analysis of their units on the basis of management and monitoring
of all on-line entries arising property and asset and Liability in each bank.
 Pros and cons of forecasting method base on balance sheet approaching of bank
Pros: Helps central bank to forecast more accurate and complete the liquidityof
the whole system; central bank easily requires banks to report the status of
liquidityfrom time to time for the central bank.
Cons: The role of the central bank initiative in forecasts is limited; require each
bank to invest in infrastructure for information and billing systems and human
resources to implement the centralising management capital and on-line in their
system entirely.
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1.2.1.2. Determination of intervention: (i) target of monetary policy each period,
(ii) Based on forecast results of available capital, (iii) The situation of the previous
session, (iv) Review review of market parameters such as interest rates, changes in
capital requirements Then the monetary policy committee (in some countries by
the Commission open market operations) will determine intervention
1.2.1.3. The intervention solutions to achieve goals

Open market operations: The operations and primarily used frequently in the
short-term intervention and immediate availability of capital management
Tools are often used to supplement the impact to the state's last
liquiditymarket after the open-market operations ending the day session or extended
impact to the state capital of some banks that can not join OMO operations.
Obligatory reserves: The intervention measures provide long-term adjustment
strongly to the status of capital availability in the market through the central bank
requires banks to hold a prescribed amount of money based on the required reserve
ratio and the amount send to mobilize each period.
1.2.2. Timeframe of forecasts and Liquidity management
Short term forecast: short-term forecast period depends on the length of the
period and the ability to maintain an accurate forecast of the central bank. Forecast
period is usually today (t = 0), the next day (t = 1), from today to the end of
maintenance period.
Long-term forecast: central bank can help more easily in the operating plan.
The long-term forecasts on a quarterly basis, the next year to help the central bank
determines an interest goals or payment term of OMO operation.
1.2.3. Factor impacts on liquidity management in monetary policy operation of the
Central bank
1.2.3.1. Objective factor
The relationship between the Central Bank and the Government: Basically,
this relationship affects the ability of the central bank planning to government net
lending in liquidityforecasting method that based on cash flow balance sheet of
central bank. The planning is whether or not driven by an independent central bank
with the Government, under the Government.
The effect of the capital flows transfering between lenders and borrowers in
the interbank market: will affect the maintenance of the status and estimated
availability of capital, the interbank market is complicated by the uncertain behavior
of the participating banks in trading capital.
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The regulatory in capital management of banks: the banks' capital
management major influence on the ability to exploit capital at a time, to the capital
state or the supply of capital to the interbank market demand, thereby affecting on the
Liquidity management role of the central banks. The banks have two forms of capital
management centralised and decentralized.
1.2.3.2. Subjective factor
Target system of Monetary policy: The system selected target oriented operating
interest or base on volume will affect the quality of the liquidity management of bank.
Methods of forecasting on liquidity of the central bank: Two methods are used in the
world: (i) the forecast on the cash flow balance sheet of the central bank that brings
proactive in forecasting, (ii) forecast from the banks report provides more accuracy.
The rules and sanctions in monetary market: Markets organized and
comprehensive legal framework to facilitate the central bank control over information
and market signals.
1.3. EXPERIENCE ON LIQUIDITY MANAGEMENT OF MONETARY
POLICY OPERATION FROM OTHER COUNTRIES
1.3.1. FED
1.3.1.1. Forecasting method of FED
Forecasting methods used are accessible from the balance sheet of the central
bank, the duration of the forecast in the U.S. is conducted every two weeks and daily.
This two-week orientation constantly updated daily as estimates of reserves needs to
be adjusted. Daily Forecasting Division on liquidityis the level 1 agent provides
information about the market situation. Every month, the dealer 1 exchanges and
assesses the market status with the economic experts, their customers and provide the
forecast devision on liquidity
Forecasting on Liquidity demand
+ The reserve requirement forecast: Fed manages the reserve requirement by
duplicated partly method. Therefore, the amount of required reserve maintained
relatively stable from the first day to the last day of the period. The banks report the

amount of deposits to the reserve requirement. Forecast Devision would result in
relatively stable data and accurately.
+ Setlement deposits: Before the required reserve maintenance period, besides
the deposit of required reserve, banks are expected to inform the reserves to ensure
solvency for the central bank.
Forecasting the supply on Liquidity
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+ Net foreign assets: Fed takes foreign currency from the Treasury to exchange
for dollars provided to Treasury. Fed spots money buying and protect the value of the
currency that is bought and sold the same amount of money at the same price and
term for the Treasury.
+ Treasury deposit items: Due to the close relationship with the Treasury and
information systems, Treasury data updated daily, then Fed should be able to
exchange information with the Treasury and the forecast impact of fiscal, government
deposits and reserves of banks is very convenient.
+ Cash out flow: Using foreign currency is also a complicating factor for the forecast
by the U.S. dollar is the preferred currency used in international transactions and in some
countries with the status of the dollar can be used to replace the domestic currency.
1.3.1.2. Intervention: Fed can change the market situation through the use of three
tools: reserve requirement, discount rate projection and open market operations.
Open Market Operations: Fed used OMOs to adjust the supply on liquidityto
keep interest rates on interbank market around overnight interest rate target
Lending: The primary purpose of windows is to limit the pressure on the
overnight rate by providing credit adapted to meet the lack of reserves to avoid
overdrafts or late in the day, but the banks are reluctant to rely the discount window.
This complicates the Liquidity management of FED and reduce the effectiveness the
safety valve of discount window.
Required reserve: The difference in tool using is the Fed does not change the
required reserve ratio which changes the required reserve deposit limits

corresponding to the fixed rate is 0%, 3% and 10%. This is a tool to create long-term
impact of liquidity management and Fed does not use much.
Fed funds rate: It is the Fed's interbank rates target. Fed does not decide on
interest rate but providing direction to interest rates and then use the open market to
impact the overnight interest rate target.
1.3.2. Experience of liquidity management at ECB
1.3.2.1. Forecasting methods: ECB forecasts made by the method of the balance
sheet of the central bank with aggregate report, analyze the report forecasts
liquidityof the member nations.
- Forecast on demand of liquidity: self-Factor is the most unpredictable factor
in the availability of capital in the European region.
- For the demand on reserve requirement forecasting: ECB managing the
reserve requirement by an average in period, by partly duplicated solution,
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particularly due to the high required reserve requirements in the European system,
banks tend to maintain cash reserve requirement relatively stable.
- Excess reserves: ECB control state of liquiditythrough the difference between the
rate of reserve and deposits at the central bank with no more than 0:25% -0.5%.
- Forecast in supply of liquidity: The European system, assessment the needs on
liquidity is the major determinant of liquidity allocation in open market operations. The
determination of liquidity needs ends 1 day before deciding on the next refinancing
operations, ECB may decide to change the supply of available capital. ECB has a
database to run econometric model forecasts as a basis for a number of factors.
1.3.2.2. Intervention solution: ECB uses monetary policy tools to intervene in order
to change the state of available capital, state of capital availability in the market is
reflected in the EONIA. The ECB's monetary policy tools are included: open market
operations, channels and minimum reserve.
Open market operations of four categories: primary refinancing operations,
refinancing maturities 3 months, professional intervention to regulate markets and

instantaneous adjustment of structure. Important tool in creating signal for the
monetary policy of the Eurosystem's main refinancing operations, done weekly for a
period of two weeks.
Vehicles frequently: Eurosystem offers two facilities deposits and credits
frequently, one for supply and one to absorb the available capital.
1.3.3. Experience on liquidity management in monetary policy operation in Malaixia (BNM)
1.3.3.1. Forecasting method
Currently, the Malaysian currency market exists two inter-bank market, which
operates the interbank market accounts for the majority of Muslims in the active
trading of money market interbank Malaysia. Both markets operate under the unified
management of the central bank of Malaysia.
The method is used mainly from the reports of banks. To have the base of
currency operations, including open market operations impact on bank’s reserves, in
order to achieve the goal-oriented interest rate (policy rate), BNM established
Forecast Division on Liquidity of the Investment Department and the financial
markets. The predicted Liquidity daily substantially BNM mainly synthetic
calculations, forecasting Liquidity of banks. The data on the Liquidity position of the
bank is provided by the bank for BNM via on-line systems (BIDS)
1.3.3.2. Intervention solution
The capital management process includes three stages:
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Step 1: Assess the liquiditystate of banks in normal operating conditions in the
next few months.
Step 2: Evaluate whether a bank able to tolerate in case of the liquidity shock.
Step 3: Evaluate the structure of the system (through the financial indicators to
consider the impact to the organization when market volatility).
Through the above criteria, along with the expected volatility of the world
situation, BNM will need to forecast the necessary capital and market intervention in
order to perform its intended target.

In recent time, BNM is used primarily official interest rate instruments
(Overnight Policy Rate - OPR). It is used as the basis for the overnight interest rate
on the interbank market (KLIBOR) and fluctuating levels of ± 50 points allowed
around the OPR. BNM announced OPR at a rate consistent with long-term goals of
inflation and economic growth in the context of full employment (currently
announced OPR is 3% lower than the inflation rate in 2012 was 1.3 %)
1.3.4. Lessons for Vietnam
(i) necessary to carry out a combination of the two forecasting methods, (ii)
Data relating to the forecast is managed systematically and scientifically in a long
time, (iii) the mechanisms should be divided and official information sharing between
the central bank and Ministry of Finance in time, (iv) implement management
methods compulsory coincide partially or completely identical; (v) Uniform methods
of capital management at banks, especially commercial banks, (vi) Liquidity
management Devision should be connected directly to the providers of information,
(vii) improving capacity management, information exploration and forecasts of
Liquidity management officer.

SUMMARY OF CHAPTER 1
This Chapter presents an overview on the concept of capital availability,
liquiditymanagement executive in montetary policy operation of the central bank, the
elements constituting supply, demand, capital availability, causes influencing factors ,
central bank selection method to forecast the liquiditymovements based on
institutional characteristics and sources of information in the national reports,
intervention options to adjust the capital status of market . Besides, from experience
managing liquidityin monetary policy operating in several countries in order to draw
7 lessons for Vietnam.

14

CHAPTER 2

THE STATE OF LIQUIDITY MANAGEMENT
IN SBV’S MONEYTARY POLICY PERFORMANCE
2.1. THE STATE OF SBV’S MONEYTARY POLICY PERFORMANCE
2.1.1. The targets
2.1.1.1. Policy targets: According to 2010 laws, SBV has a major trendy in stability
VND values through inflation target.
2.1.1.2. Intermediate target that chosen by SBV is the increased level of general M2
payment instrument.
2.1.2. Tools system of monetary policy in practice
2.1.2.1. Direct tools system
- Interest tools: That used by SBV to have an effect on the premises of
Financial institution’s business interest: from August,2000 to May,2002, SBV
administrated basic interested plus margin.
From June, 2002 to May, 2008: Mutual agree interest Mechanism
From May, 2008 up to now, after Degrees No 16/2008/QD-NHNN approved by
the SBV’s governor issued on May, 16th,2008 about basic interest administrate
mechanism by VND.
From early on 2011 up to now, the SBV’s government approved an
administrative rule that forces commercial banks cannot pass over the regulations on
deposit interest ceiling.
2.1.2.2. Indirect tools system
- Compulsory Reserve: Since the approval of SBV laws and especially
regulations, rules on compulsory reserve administration, the sanctions applied when
excess or inadequate has impacted on this followed consciousness of this tool. Most
of commercial Banks have maintained sufficient and excessive quite well their
compulsory Reserve. That followings have create an advantage for Liquidity forcast
department in giving out good forecasts and improved the Liquidity administration.
- Regranted capital policy: Documents system has complied with international
customs gradually but when combining with monthly inflated index the SBV has
showed its passive management of liquidity in order to define targets and use tools

for suitable monetary policy administration. These resulted in phenomena of interest
couple (TCV,TCK) that has not yet oriented the markets, and often up and down after
the changing of inflated index.
- Open market operations: The number of members takes part in open market
15

raised up gradually in years with slowly speed,only 1 or 2 members per year, strongly
increased in 2012. Times of transaction has shown out the advantage affects of this tools
on liquidity state to market.
2.2. THE STATE OF LIQUIDITY MANAGEMENT OF SBV’S MONETARY
POLICY PERFOMANCE
2.2.1. Laws systems
2.2.1.1. About Liquidity management regulation
- Degree no.37/2000/QD-NHNN1 on available management regulation.
- Degree no.38/2000/QD-NHNN1 on forcast time and information providing
periodically for Liquidity management.
2.2.1.2. About interfere methods: OMO Compulsory Reserve, regranted funds policy
2.2.2. Rules on forcast time, information resources, information providing periodically
Forecast time: 3 times a month. First time from 01 to 10. Second time from 11
to 20. The last from 21 to end of month.
Information resources and information providing periodically on the forecast
needed issues.
- Net foreign Assets: SBV transaction centre gives out informations of the before
working days on the end of business day. Foreign exchange management Department
provide information withing 5 first days of month.
- Claims on Government net:sharing information Mechanism between SBV and
Ministry of Finace.
- Claims on DMBs: Information get from Transact center and credit department
through telephone net work, fascinate and post office.
- Net other items Assets: Finance and Accounting Department send by

telephone, fascinate network and post office ten days a time.
- Currency circulation: Pushing Treasury Department collect reports 5 days a
time periodicly Finance and Accounting depart provide the before information time
and give out forecasts in the next two days often forecast ending.
2.2.3 The state
2.2.3.1. SBV’s liquidity forecast situation in the previous
- Foundation for liquidity forcast: Based on deposit balances changing of
financial institution at SBV.
Teckniques and methods
- Forecast Method: SBV has given out forecasts from Monetary Balance Sheet
16

and based on historic data line and mainly adjusted seasonal. This method is applied
spreadly in some country like Fed, ECB, PBOC… under IMF guidelines.
- Forecast tecknique: the changing of factors in SBV’s Monetary Balance
Sheet, which is a base to analyse, find out laws, and forecast the variability of
supply-demand liquidity.
(i) Supply: The variability state of supply liquidity is divided in different phase,
which showed the macro changing state has become special strongly from 2008 to 2011.
This not only make the factors of self oriented supply and policy supply on the SBV’s
payment balance sheet changed without order, but also resulted difficulties in liquidity
forecast. This thesis avaluate the affective level of some factors on liquidity supply, that
the net foreign exchange credit asset has strongly influence on liquidity supply.
(ii) Demands: SBV still maintains compulsory reserve deposits and payment on
the same account, this express the closed tie relation between the twos tho meet the
capacity of liquidity demand. Through the measured economy, the compulsory reserve
deposits has clearly affect on demand. The balances often compulsory reserve
eliminatering is extremely small in the cause of 2008-2012 this expressed that the tense
level liquidity on banking system and the SBV’s tightly liquidity management.
2.2.3.2. Interfere Methods and state of bank money market

Interfere Methods: SBV only use OMOs to manage the liquidity in short terms.
The data about transact times, the number bid sucsses and transaction methods of OMO
in the course 2000-2012 expressed their adjustment to Liquidity and other monetary
accommodation raised the standard of OMOs show it’s role in Liquidity state on
markets, in the circumstance that the dependant of banking system on SBV in very high.
 Interfere Results: Interbank is the first place of SBV’s Liquidity adjustment.
Although the SBV choose the central money volume is prospective activity, transaction
volume and interests level on interbank reflect relations between Liquidity supply and
demand of market, where receive and transmit monetary policy affects, show directly
SBV’s liquidity management results.
Interbank transaction volumes grow fast in years and have trendy increased in
quarters, lowest in quarter no. 1, upgrade gradually in quarter no. 2, 3, 4 that clearly
reflect financial institution’s lquidity exploring and management when their participating
in interbank is improved. Market arise rules on changing the state of liquidity. Therefore,
these are very important information for SBV’s forecast, liquidity management.
2.2.4. Quantity evaluation on influence of factors made on Liquidity supply-
demand to state on SBV’s monetary balance sheets
17

Based on theory models built on chapter 1 and the IFS’s data, which is summary
in 2.2.3.1 articles, this part will focus on estimated results in models expressed on 1.2.1
1
st
model: Impacts of Net Foreign Asset on liquidity supply. This model explain up to
88,9252% for the changing of liquidity supply (R2=0.889252).[Appendix 1]
2
nd
model: Impacts of Net Claims on Government on Liquidity supply. The
second sheet show 56,1404% for the changing of Liquidity supply (R2=0.561404).
[Appendix 2]

3
rd
model: Impacts of Net Other Items on Liquidity supply. This model has a
quite small co-efficient define, even 0,225072 and the verify result proved that it
suitalble but the explaining rate is small [Appendix 3]
4
th
model: Impacts of Banking System Lending on Liquidity supply. The sheet
no.4 show that banking system lending item explain for 61,7354% of changing
liquidity. In detail, when banking lending go up or down 1% liquidity equivalent is
0,274952% in average [Appendix 4]
5
th
model: Impacts of Compulsory Reserve on liquidity demand: This model
explain for 69,95 % of changing Liquidity demand and when compulsory reserve go
up or down 1% Liquidity demand equivalent is 0,549116 %, this actually depends on
compulsory reserve [Appendix 5]
6
th
model: Impacts of General banking mobilization capital on Settlement
deposits at SBV, that go up or down 1% the liquidity deposit equivalent is 0,896425%;
relation between the two variable number is in the same direction [Appendix 6]
7
th
model: Impacts of Settlement deposits at SBV on General Domestic
Products. This model explain for 81,4606% of changing General Domestic Products.
So, when Settlement deposits at SBV go up or down 1% General Domestic Products
equivalent is 0,625168%.[Appendix 7]
8
th

model: Impacts of Settlement deposits at SBV on M2: This model explain
for 81,4606% of changing General Domestic Products. So, when Liquidity Deposit
go up or down 1% M2 supply equivalent is 0,625168%.[Appendix 8]
2.3. EVALUATE LIQUIDITY MANAGEMENT OF SBX’S MONETARY
POLICY PERFORMANCE.
2.3.1. Results
- Liquidity regulation documents meet requirement of practice activities
- Liquidity forecast methods are under international standards
- Informatics system is variable and update
- Informatic sharing mechanism in under decree
18

- OMOs expressed effectively Liquidity management step by step.
- OMOs’s interest change closely with interbank’s
2.3.2. Some disadvantages
- Forecast results is not stable yet caused strongly changing forecast factors
- Activities on management and market interfere have not created oriented impacts.
- Informatics sharing mechanism does not adequate, data system is at a start
reported, information system does not embrace.
- Time for liquidity forecast is short term
- SBV’s liquidity manage effects have not influence on whole market.
- Interbank transactions have not reflected correctly common liquidity state of
banking system.
2.3.3. Reasons
2.3.3.1. Objective reasons:
- Macro- economic environments is not stable
- Vietnamese interbank divided, that has not attracted many partners
- Interbank modern transactions methods have not applied widely
- Legal document regulated interbank activities is not specific
- Inadequate of clearing and publishing information

- Financial market does not developed
2.3.3.2. Subjective Reasons
- Legal document related to Liquidity is not sufficient.
- SBV’s does not define his Liquidity management purposes and interfere
methods outside OMOs.
- SBV’s payment activities is disadvantage.
- Communication system and infrastructure for capital management are not modern.
- Regulation application for not abiding information supplying rules to SBV of
Commercial Bank not appreciated.
SUMMARY OF CHARTER 2
This charter focus on analysis, reflection, and evaluation Liquidity manager of
SBV on the course of 2000-2012. With the handover encouragement from SBV to a
modern central bank, the Liquidity management also changes. Liquidity management
standardizes step by step, this go with forecast contributing to enhance affections of
SBV monetary policy.

19

CHAPTER 3
SOLUTION TO IMPROVE LIQUIDITY MANAGEMENT
IN MONETARY POLICY OPERATION OF STATE BANK OF VIETNAM
3.1. DIRECTION ON OPERATION AND EXECUTION IN MONETARY POLICY OF THE
STATE BANK OF VIETNAM IN THE FUTURE
3.1.1. Direction on operation of the State bank of Vietnam
Towards a model of modern central bank, reached the advanced level in Asia after
2010; develop and implement effectively monetary policy to stabilize the value of
money, inflation control, contributing to macro-economic stability, economic growth,
the successful implementation of the industrialization and modernization of the country.
3.1.2. Direction on execution in monetary policy and liquidity management in
monetary policy operation of the State bank of Vietnam

SBV defined direction, target in monetary policy operation for the period 2010-
2015: (i) Continued on executing tightly the monetary policy and flexibility to
prioritize the inflation control, macro-economic stability, support economic growth as
appropriate, money market, foreign exchange stability consistent with
macroeconomic developments; banking system safety, comply with regulations and
legislation on currency and bank operation, (ii) the total payment increases properly
that has passed the Congress, and interest rates and exchange rates are at a reasonable
execution in order to balance with the macro-economic, changes in the money
market, foreign exchange.
SBV refers to the liquiditymanagement and liquiditymanagement methods
through monetary policy instruments as follows: Operating flexibility and
synchronization tool of monetary policy, to ensure control of money supply for match
the objectives of liquidity and credit growth targets that approved;
Due to information, data to serve the forecasts activities and the monetary policy
operation: (1) Organize the collect information systems, ensure efficient data
collection, data aggregation more accurate and timely. Coordinate with the Ministries
to improve the quality of formulation, analysis, forecast balance of international
payments for monetary policy operation, exchange rates, (2) monitoring of the
macroeconomic developments, domestic and global financial markets to promptly
update the forecasts of macroeconomic, changes in the monetary targets for the
timely proposed solutions monetary policy operation and banking activities; (3) to
direct and guide financial institutions to comply with the accounting regime,
statistical reports
20

3.2. SOLUTION TO IMPROVE LIQUIDITY MANAGEMENT IN
MONETARY POLICY OPERATION OF THE STATE BANK OF VIETNAM
3.2.1. Legal solution
3.2.1.1. Promulgate additional legal documents relating to the Liquidity
management of the central bank: Currently, the documents system directly related

to the liquiditymanagement is still be the Decision 37/2000/QD-NHNN and
38/2000/QD-NHNN but stop at the simple description the concept of liquidity and
liquidity management; steps management and forecasting liquidity; sources of
information that have not mentioned specifically about the purpose and objectives of
liquidity management of the central bank.
- The direction on changes and supplement the liquidity management
regulations: Reviewing the concept of available capital; Adding the purposes of
liquiditymanagement of the State Bank of Vietnam; Adding liquiditymanagement
objectives; Adding forms to collect information, sources of information for
forecasting liquidityoperation; Expand the use of forecast results on available capital.
- The Decision on Amending the reporting period: need to add requirements
for the projected long-term period of 1 month, 6 months to 1 year. Periodically for
providing information: SBV should build a software program to faster reporting,
integrated for the relevant units.
3.2.1.2. Identify regulatory framework liquidityand appropriate interventions to
the market
- Identify interbank interest rate is the target in Liquidity management
operation of SBV: The fact that the relationship more intimate of the liquiditystatus
of banks with interest rates on the interbank market.
- Selecting regulatory approach appropriately with the market: central bank
should define more specifically the use of tools in each phase. With the goal of
creating quick and short-term impact will be using OMO tool, with long-term impact
and sustainability, will use a combination of OMO and reserve requirement with
refinancing policy.
3.2.2. Solutions related to the forecast of liquidityin monetary policy operating
3.2.2.1. Enhanced information sharing mechanism with MoF and other ministries
The shareing information between the ministries and the central bank is
mutually beneficial, SBV has standard data system to provide information for
forecasting and stakeholder data liquidityforecast more accuracy than as a
precondition for the other macro intervention.

21

3.2.2.2. Applying quantitative models for the management of liquidity and
expected operating monetary policy in the State Bank of Vietnam
From the predicted state of the market supply and demand to determine the
methods used to market intervention for the most effective and appropriate for the
market should be analyzed quantitatively to assess the impact each element of the
supply and demand of liquidity, thereby selecting the right tools to intervene. The
thesis recommends using models built, given in Chapter 1 (Section 1.2) has been used
in Chapter 2 (Section 2.2.3.1) of the thesis and shows the usefulness of the evaluation
model the degree of influence of supply and demand factors constitute capital
availability forecasting method based on the cash flow balance sheet of the central
bank to the state capital availability with high reliability.
3.2.2.3. Adding, more training of specialized human resources to manage
liquidityto monetary policy
In order to increase the efficiency of liquidity management, the central bank
should have a team of experts undertook the statistical analysis, process models and
provide the results to the board of management, for the work of open-market
operations and management of liquidity in the short and long term.
3.2.3. Solutions to improve the interventions approach on liquiditymanagement
in Vietnam central bank monetary policy operation
3.2.3.1. Solution to improve the tool of open market operations to manage the
Liquidity of SBV: SBV should implement diversify maturities of Treasury bills,
diversify, expand the category of valuable documents using OMO trading; period
diversify trading, trading method in a session, adding futures trading
3.2.3.2. Solution to improve reserve requirement tool
- Change management methods to match partial reserve requirement and
proceed to switch completely identical method to enhance the efficiency of the
management of liquidityin operating monetary policy.
- Shorten the length of an identification and maintenance period to 15 days

instead of the current 1 month.
- Apply the required reserve ratio for banks based on the size of deposits and
assets, the level of safety in the operation of banks.
3.2.4. Support solution
3.2.4.1. Continue to improve legal framework that needs for interbank
development
- To issue additional documents related to transactions method in interbank market;
22

- Unified modeling perspective of interbank system.
- Encourage the development of monetary intermediation.
3.2.4.2. Improving information system quality of interbank market
- Improvements in quality of information systems of interbank market and
monetary market;
- Application of new technology and upgrading information systems for supporting
the market, guaranteed to provide completely information, timely and quality.
3.2.4.3. Improving capital management of banks
- Strengthening management and capital mining of banks, the banks need to
quickly: Complete payment information system to perform centralized capital
management, intensify the training of personnel in active markets currency.
- Planning and strategic options Liquidity management agreement;
- Improving the mechanism and Liquidity management policies.
3.2.4.4. Solution on monetary Market development
- Develop and improve monetary market structure of Vietnam;
- Establish, develop market makers and other members participated monetary market;
- Infrastructure development and completion of the transaction rule in monetary
market of Vietnam;
- Continuing to accelerate the process of restructuring banking system in Vietnam.
3.3. RECOMMENDATION
3.3.1. To the Government

- Adjust, complete Banking Law towards complete legal framework for
monetary policy in general and executive management of liquidityin particular;
- Strengthen the relationship between the central bank regularly with MoF and the
ministries concerned Develop mechanisms to share information between ministries;
- Improving and developing financial markets, monetary market in depth to
increase links between parts of financial market to effectively communicate the
impact of regulatory capital available through market signals.
3.3.2. To other Ministries
- MOF in collaboration with the State Bank issued with maturities TPKB more
diversity;
- MOF consider increasing the frequency of bidding bills and Treasury bonds to
4 sessions a week.
- MOF consider building appropriate incentives to banks, non-bank financial
23

institutions commitment to participate regularly buy first issued bills through
incentives such as tax
- MOF disclosure required extensive planning next year's bidding before the end
of the fiscal year (31/12), which routes the information publicly tender bills,
government bonds on the official media of the MoF.
- Promoting the National Committee of financial Supervisory, central bank,
to monitor the monetary market through administrative interventions in line with the
development of the market;
- Enhance the role of the Banks Association;
- Gather information and monitor the effectiveness of marketing activities.

CHAPTER 3 SUMMARY
Chapter 3 outlined the course of action, monetary policy oriented operating and
liquiditymanagement of the State Bank of Vietnam. Solutions proposed include
measures relating to the Group Legal, Group solutions related to the forecast of

operating liquidityin monetary policy, the complete solution of interventions aimed at
managing the capital use group support solutions. Simultaneously thesis gives some
recommendations to the Government, ministries and related organizations with
financial intermediaries to enhance the feasibility of solutions, helping more complete
SBV management operations liquidityto use monetary policy effectively operating.














24

CONCLUSION

Compared with the research purposes outlined in the introduction, thesis on
"Liquidity management in monetary policy of the State Bank of Vietnam" has led to
the following results:
1. The thesis synthesized the theory of management of capital available in the
market economy central banks, commercial banks' research experience of some
countries on the management of available capital, to draw lessons that can SBV
research and application.

2. Focus on situation analysis, and survival outcomes in the management of
liquidityof SBV primarily in the period from 2000 to present.
3. On the basis of theoretical research and situation analysis, the thesis has taken
a number of measures (4 main groups of solutions) and recommendations (with
Government ministries and agencies, financial intermediaries Organization) to
contribute to capacity building in the management of liquidityof central bank
monetary policy operating VN.
The limitations of the study and suggest directions for future research:
New topics in the central bank stopped managing the liquidity for Vietnam, so
the interaction between the volatility of the exchange rate to the liquidity
management and vice versa is not mentioned in thesis. Especially in the context of
international integration, exchange streams flowing in and flowing out of Vietnam
depends heavily on political institutions, investment environment, the stability of the
financial markets do more rates opportunity to impact change faster and deeper,
wide on the economy. In the thesis has shown that qualitative research items net
foreign assets are factors that most influence the level of liquidity to offer and from
which a large impact on the capital management activities State Bank of Vietnam.
Therefore, the research on the change of the rate of entrepreneurial activity of SBV
liquidity is a suggested research direction in the future.
In summary, despite some limitations, but also ensures thesis address the
research objectives and answer all of your research question.
With these results, the thesis seeks to contribute towards a study on improving
liquidity management in the SBV's monetary policy operating in the near future. The
author wishes to receive comments of scientists to be more complete dissertation.