Ảnh hưởng sinh địa hóa khu vực bãi thải than chính bắc, mỏ than núi béo tới sự phát triển cây jatropha

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI
HANOI UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE
FACULTY OF GEOLOGY



Nguyen Thi Hai


ECOLOGICAL GEOLOGY IN CHINH BAC TAILINGS
OF NUI BEO COAL MINE, HALONG CITY FOR THE
GROWTH OF JATROPHA CURCAS L.


Thesis of Bachelor of Science
Major: Geology
(International Undergraduate Program)





Hanoi - 2014




VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI

HANOI UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE
FACULTY OF GEOLOGY



Nguyen Thi Hai


ECOLOGICAL GEOLOGY IN CHINH BAC TAILINGS
OF NUI BEO COAL MINE, HALONG CITY FOR THE
GROWTH OF JATROPHA CURCAS L.


Supervisor: Dr. Nguyen Thi Hoang Ha


Thesis of Bachelor of Science
Major: Geology
(International Undergraduate Program)



Hanoi - 2014



ACKNOWLEGEMENTS
First of all, I would like to thank Dr Nguyen Thi Hoang Ha, for her enthusiastic
support throughout my thesis writing period. She did not only give me her enthusiasm,
her inspiration and her great efforts to explain things clearly and simply but also

provide encouragement and sound advice in the thesis process. Without her guidance
and persistent help, my thesis would not have been possible.
I am also indebted to VNU, Hanoi University of Science and Faculty of
Geology for supporting the best condition to complete this thesis and sharing the
valuable knowledge when I studied here.
Additionally, I am special grateful to the staff members of Soil Science
Department for their generous assistance and their helping endless from the individuals
and organizations to help me analyze samples for my thesis.
Last but not least I would like to thank my family and my friends who have
always pushed, encouraged me to achieve excellence and bring me the best conditions
to study, help me to get my goals.
Again, I sincerely thank you!
Hanoi, 28
th
May, 2014.
Student
Nguyen Thi Hai




CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION 1
CHAPTER 1. LITERATURE REVIEW AND INTRODUCTION OF THE
STUDY AREA 3
1.1. Introduction and literature review on Jatropha curcas L. 3
1.1.1. Origin and spread 3
1.1.2. Biological characteristics 3
1.1.3. Cultivation 4
1.2. Literature review 5

1.2.1. In the world 5
1.2.2. In Vietnam 6
1.3. Introduction of study area 7
1.3.1. Natural conditions 7
1.3.2. Socio-economic conditions 9
CHAPTER 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS 10
2.1. Field survey and sampling 10
2.2. Sample treatment and analysis 10
CHAPTER 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 15
3.1. Status of the plant growth 15
3.2. Physicochemical characteristics of surface mine tailings 17
3.2.1. Soil texture 17
3.2.2. Soil moisture 18
3.2.3. Organic matters (OM) 19
3.2.4. pH
KCl
20
3.2.5. Cation exchange capacity (CEC) 23



3.2.6. Macro essential elements 24
3.2.7. Micronutrients 29
3.3. Assessment of ecological geology of Chinh Bac mine tailings for the growth of
Jatropha 35
CONCLUSIONS 39
REFERENCES 40
APPENDIX 44

FIGURE CAPTIONS
Figure 1. Location of the study area 8
Figure 2. Location of samples 10
Figure 3. Sampling at Chinh Bac mine tailings 11
Figure 4. Sample drying 11
Figure 5. Sample grinding 11
Figure 6. Determination of soil texture and suspended solutions 12
Figure 7. Digestion to estimate total nitrogen, kali, phosphorus 13
Figure 8. Digestion machine 13
Figure 9. Jatropha near QN-03 16
Figure 10. Jatropha near QN-05 16
Figure 11. Jatropha near QN-07 16
Figure 12. Jatropha near QN-09 16
Figure 13. Jatropha near QN-12 16
Figure 14. Jatropha at QN-01qg 16
Figure 15. Jatropha near QN-04qg 17
Figure 16. Jatropha near QN-06qg 17
Figure 17. Jatropha near QN-08qg 17
Figure 18. Soil moisture 18
Figure 19. Organic matters in samples 19
Figure 20. pH
KCl
20
Figure 21. Cation exchange capacity (CEC) 24

Figure 22. The concentrations of total nitrogen in samples 25
Figure 23. The concentrations of available nitrogen in samples 26
Figure 24. The concentrations of total phosphorus in samples 27



Figure 25. The concentrations of available phosphorus in samples 27
Figure 26. The concentrations of total potassium in samples 28
Figure 27. The concentrations of available potassium in samples 29
Figure 28. The concentrations of available manganese in samples 30
Figure 29. The concentrations of available copper in samples 31
Figure 30. The concentrations of available zinc in samples 32
Figure 31. The concentrations of available cobalt in samples 33
Figure 32. The concentrations of available molybdenum in samples 34
Figure 33. The concentrations of available boron in samples 35




TABLE CAPTIONS
Table 1. Temperature (
0
C) in 2010 and 2011 in Bai Chay area 9
Table 2. Average rainfall (mm) in 2010 and 2011 in Bai Chay area 9
Table 3. The status conditions of plant growth 15
Table 4. Soil texture and soil classification 18
Table 5. Correlation among physicochemical parameters of mine tailings 22
Table 6. Correlation of parameters between samples collecting around plant and
between plants 23
Table 7. Assessment of some ecogeological conditions for the growth of Jatropha 36

Table 8. Assessment of Chinh Bac mine tailings for plant growth 38




ABBREVIATIONS

CEC
Cation exchange capacity
OM
Organic matter
Nts
Total nitrogen
Ntp
Available nitrogen
Pts
Total phosphorus
Pdt
Available phosphorus
Kts
Total potassium
Kdt
Available potassium
TPCG
Soil texture

1

INTRODUCTION
Due to a rapid increase in global energy demand and adverse environmental

impacts of fossil fuels, much emphasis has been given for exploitation of renewable
sources of energy. Among the various renewable energy choices, Jatropha curcas L.
has recently been hailed as a promising bio-energy crop to help alleviate the energy
crisis and generate income in rural areas of developing countries. Popular claims on
drought tolerance, low nutrient requirement, pest and disease resistance and high yields
have triggered the expectations of using this plant for simultaneous wasteland
reclamation, fuel production, and poverty reduction.
In Vietnam, the orientation for biofuel development to 2015 with a vision to
2025 has attracted extensive attention. Many researches on J. curcas L. have been
carried out to determine its feasibility for biodiesel production, physico-chemical
characteristics, growth conditions, and technologies to increase productivity and oil
content. Although this plant can be adapted with unfavorable growth environment, seed
yields have been reported to be dependent on ecological conditions. However, no
previous study has investigated the growth conditions of mine tailings for both
reclamation and biofuel purpose. This fact highlights the need to conduct the study on
“Ecological geology in Chinh Bac tailings of Nui Beo coal mine, Ha Long city for
the growth of Jatropha curcas L.”
The objective of this thesis is to assess the features of ecological geology in
Chinh Bac mine tailings for the growth of J. curcas L.
The main contents of this thesis are as follows:
- To collect and understand the natural and social conditions in the study area;
- To review previous researches on J. curcas L.;
- To conduct field survey and collect soil samples;
- To determine some physicochemical characteristics of surface tailings;
- To assess the impact of ecogeological conditions for the growth of J. curcas
L.

2

In addition to the introduction and conclusions, the thesis includes the following

content:
Chapter 1: Introduction
Chapter 2: Materials and methods
Chapter 3: Results and discussions

3

CHAPTER 1. LITERATURE REVIEW AND INTRODUCTION OF THE
STUDY AREA
1.1. Introduction and literature review on Jatropha curcas L.
1.1.1. Origin and spread
Jatropha curcas L. is commonly known as Jatropha or physic nut, which
belongs to the large Euphobiaceae family. This is a multi-purpose tree and is found
through the tropical regions. There is general agreement that the original area of
distribution of J. curcas L. (here after referred to as Jatropha) is Mexico and
continental Central America (Maes et al., 2009). However, it is widely distributed in
many countries such as India, China, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Indonesia, Myanmar,
Malaysia, and Africa (Naresh et al., 2012; Pandey et al., 2012).
Jatropha has been grown in Vietnam since the 14
th
century as a fence to protect
crop, livestock, and medicine purpose. Jatropha was found to grown naturally in most
of ecological regions and various soils and climate conditions such as: Northern
Midland and Mountainous Region (e.g., Lao Cai, Lai Chau, Dien Bien, Son La, Hoa
Binh, Lang Son), North Central Coast (e.g., Thanh Hoa, Quang Tri), South Central
Coast (e.g., Ninh Thuan, Binh Thuan, Khanh Hoa), and Southeast Region (e.g., Ho Chi
Minh, Dong Nai, Lam Dong) (Ministry of Agricultural and Rural development, 2008).
Jatropha has recently been grown in most provinces of Vietnam (Le Quoc Huy et al.,
2008).
1.1.2. Biological characteristics

Jatropha is a deciduous large shrub or small tree of 3 - 5 m in height which can
reach 8 - 10 m under favorable conditions. The stems exude white color watery latex
which becomes brown color when it is dry. Its leaves have significant variability in
their morphology, with oval or heart shape. In general, the leaves are green to pale
green, with a length of 7 - 16 cm and width of 5 -10 cm. The petiole length is within 6 -
23 cm. During hot seasons, male and female flowers are produced on the same
inflorescence; however the female flower grows slightly larger, producing a higher
number of female flowers. The inflorescences can be formed in the leaf axil. Plants are
monoecious plant and sometime, it also presents hermaphroditic flowers. Seeds are
produced in winter or other seasons under favorable rainfall, temperature, and soil

4

fertility (Brittaine and Lutaladio, 2010). The seeds are mature when the capsule changes
from green to yellow from February to April. The inner seeds are black and the fleshy
excerpt dries. The seeds contain 27- 40% oil, which can be processed to produce a high
quality biodiesel fuel (Le Quoc Huy et al., 2007).
Jatropha is a fast growing tree. Although Jatropha starts yielding 9 - 12 months
after the plantation, best yields are usually obtained after 2 - 3 years. Moreover, from
the fifth year of plantation, the production will be stable. Jatropha tree are believed to
have a lifespan of 30 to 50 years or more (Le Quoc Huy et al., 2007). Oil is derived
from the seeds of Jatropha plant. The productivity and seed yields are dependent on
climate conditions, soil types, severity of fertilizer inputs, and irrigation. In the
favorable conditions, seed yield of 10 - 12 tons per hectare per year can be obtained.
The Jatropha seeds contain 25 - 38 % oil. Using modern technique, 1 liters of crude oil
can be extracted from 3 - 3.5 kg seeds (Brittaine and Lutaladio, 2010; Bui Van The
Vinh et al., 2011).
1.1.3. Cultivation
Temperature, rainfall, soil moisture, and fertility of soil are some essential
factors for the growth and productivity of plants. Although Jatropha can be adapted

with unfavorable growth environment, seed yields are dependent on ecological
conditions.
Temperature: Jatropha grows in tropical and sub-tropical regions, with
cultivation limits at 30ºN and 35ºS (Brittaine and Lutaladio, 2010). It also grows in
lower altitudes of 0 - 500 m above sea level. Hot weather is more favorable condition
for Jatropha growth. Optimum average, lowest, and highest temperature for the plant
growth are within 23.4 – 26.2; 14.4 – 19.2; 31.5 – 34.0
º
C, respectively (Maes et al.,
2009; Wen et al., 2011). Jatropha has been seen to be intolerant of frost. The plant is
well adapted to conditions of high light intensity and is unsuited to growing in shade
(Maes et al., 2009; Brittaine and Lutaladio, 2010).
Rainfall: Jatropha is a succulent shrub that sheds its leaves during the dry
season, with deep roots that make it well suited to semi-arid conditions. While jatropha
can survive with as little as 250 to 300 mm of annual rainfall, at least 600 mm are
needed to flower and set fruit. The optimum rainfall for seed production is considered

5

between 1207 and 2001 mm/year (Maes et al., 2009). Production of Jatropha in sites
with 900–1200mmrainfall can be up to double (5 tons dry seed/ha/year) of the
production in semi-arid regions (2 - 3 tons dry seed/ha/year). In addition, while
Jatropha has been observed growing with 3 000 mm of rainfall, higher precipitation is
likely to cause fungal attack and restrict root growth in all but the most free-draining
soils (Brittaine and Lutaladio, 2010).
Soils: The best soils for Jatropha are aerated sands and loams of at least 45 cm
depth (Brittaine and Lutaladio, 2010). Heavy clay soils are less suitable and should be
avoided, particularly where drainage is impaired, as Jatropha is intolerant of
waterlogged conditions. Ability to grow in alkaline soils has been widely reported, but
the soil pH should be within 6.0 to 8.0/8.5 (FACT, 2007).

Slope: This factor affects drainage, irrigation, and soil erosion. The land with a
slope over 25
0
C is regarded as unsuitable for crop as it easily causes water loss and
soil erosion (Brittaine and Lutaladio, 2010).
1.2. Literature review
1.2.1. In the world
Numerous researches on the possible use of Jatropha for biodiesel production
have been carried out in many countries such as USA, Australia, India, China,
Malaysia, China, Thailand, Indonesia,…(Achten et al., 2008; Mazumdar, 2012; Pandey
et al., 2012; Liu et al., 2013). The studies on biodiesel production of Jatropha seed oil
and its characteristics have been performed (Rashid et al., 2010; Raja et al., 2011).
Some studies have also focused on the physicochemical characteristics of this
plant (Mazumdar et al., 2012; Naresh et al., 2012; Liu et al., 2013). The cultivation,
harvest and genetic researches for better seed yield are currently attracting a lot of
interests (Brittaine and Lutaladio, 2010). In addition, the impacts of climatic factors
and soil types on seed yield and oil content of Jatropha, land availability of Jatropha
production, water requirement and use by Jatropha in a semi-arid tropical location have
also been reported (Maes et al., 2009; Kalam et al., 2012; Rao et al., 2012; Wen et al.,
2013).

6

Some researchers have been carried out to determine the ability of this plant for
multipurpose. Agamuthu et al. (2010) and Ahmadpour et al. (2010) showed that
Jatropha were capable of extracting heavy metals from soil, sewage sludge, and coal
fly ash. The potential of Jatropha for phytoremediation and reclamation was also
reported (Jamil et al., 2009; Agamuthu et al., 2010; Ahmadpour et al., 2010; Luhach et
al., 2012).
Studies on medicinal property, phytochemistry and pharmacology of several

Jatropha species; Jatropha leaf and bark fractions protect against ultraviolet radiation-B
induced DNA damage in human peripheral blood lymphocytes (Sabandar et al., 2013;
Sundari et al., 2013).
1.2.2. In Vietnam
Many researches on growth conditions, propagation, and the use of Jatropha for
biodiesel production and multi-beneficial measure have been carried out as follows:
The plantation of Jatropha in Vietnam has been conducted by the Center of
Biotechnology (Forest Science Institute of Vietnam) (Le Quoc Huy et al., 2007). Eight
original Jatropha types were collected (4 in Vietnam and 4 imported from foreign
countries). 29 plus trees were selected with superior properties in growth, grain yield
from 2.5 -5.0 kg / tree and oil content in the seeds was from 25-39%, however it is
observed that high-yielding plant is not coincided with high oil content.
Under the project titled “Adaptability of Jatropha species for biodiesel
production” conducted by the Research Institute of Oil and Oil crops (Ministry of
Industry and Trade), 7 oil plants were investigated for biodiesel (i.e., sunflower,
peanut, sesame, soybean, palm oil, Jatropha, rubber and coconut). The result showed
that Jatropha appeared to be the best candidate for biodiesel production. In 2007, the
Institute collected 41 domestic and foreign varieties from Australia, France, India,
Brazil, Indonesia, Laos, Thailand, and China. The oil contents of seeds varied within
33- 39% (Pham Phu Thinh et al., 2006).
The role for the development of biofuels in general and Jatropha in particular in
Vietnam has been paid more attention after the approval of project titled “Biofuel
development to 2015 with a vision to 2025”. Accordingly, a yield of 50,000 tons and

7

250,000 tons of crude oil per year will be produced until 2015 and 2025, respectively
(Ministry of Agricultural and Rural development, 2008).
In the project titled “Study, development, and use of Jatropha in Vietnam in the
period 2008 – 2015 with a vision to 2025”, 3 periods have been set for the development

of Jatropha in Vietnam: 30.000 ha of field trials at different ecological regions within
2008-2015; plantation up to 300.000 ha and 500.000 ha until 2015 and 2025,
respectively (Ministry of Agricultural and Rural development, 2010).
Studies on propagation techniques and plantation of Jatropha such as tissue
culture morphology and direct shoot regeneration from leaf, regeneration, sowing
seeds, planting density, breeding, and growth condition have also been taken (Vo Thi
Mai Huong et al., 2010; Bui Van Vinh et al., 2011; Do Dang Giap et al., 2012).
Recently, the project multi-beneficial measure for mitigation of climate change
in Vietnam and other Indochina countries by development of biomass energy has been
taken. The purposes of this project are to execute the effective measure for the
mitigation of climate change, to improve environmental pollution and to overcome the
poverty in Vietnam and Indochina countries by establishing cultivation, production and
utilization of biomass energy cycle (Maeda et al., 2012).
1.3. Introduction of study area
1.3.1. Natural conditions
The study area is located in the Chinh Bac mine tailings of Nui Beo coal mine,
Halong city, Quang Ninh province (Figure 1). It is constituted in the northern of Nui
Beo coal mine, in Ha Tu community (Ha Long Bay Management Department, 2013).
Chinh Bac mine tailings were formed by solid mine waste from the Nui Beo
open pit coal mine which was dumped as sidehill fill. A total of 18.3 million m
3
solid
mine waste was dumped on the site (Nui Beo coal Joint Stock Company- Vinacomin,
2013). The solid waste rocks of Chinh Bac dump consists of sandstone (40-50%),
siltstone (30 - 40%), and claystone (5 -10%) (Ahmad et al., 2009).
Topography: Chinh Bac mine tailings cover an area of approximately 107 ha,
the average height and slope angle of the tailings are 256 m and 30º - 40º, respectively

8

(Ahmad et al., 2009). The plantation area of Jatropha is 1.15 ha (Halong Bay
Management Department 2013).
Geology: The study area belongs to Hon Gai formation in Quang Ninh basin
(T
3n-r
hg). The lower parts of Hon Gai formation consist of sandstone, siltstone and
gray charcoal claystone, special coal layers of industrial significance. The upper parts
consist of coarse sandstone and thick bedded conglomerate (Tran Van Tri et al., 2013).

Figure 1. Location of the study area
Climate: the annual average temperature of the study area is 22.7ºC, ranging
from 15 ºC to 29.4

ºC (Table 1). The average temperature in winter is 18.1ºC with the
lowest temperature is 8.6 ºC accompanied by drizzle and frost phenomena. The average
temperature in summer is 27.3ºC (Halong Bay Management Department, 2011).
The annual average rainfall of the study area is 1824 mm. In summer, the
precipitation accounted for 80 - 85 % of the total annual rainfall. The highest rainfall in

9

July and September is reaching 389 mm (Table 2). The lowest rainfall is measured in
December and January (Halong Bay Management Department, 2011).
Table 1. Temperature (
0
C) in 2010 and 2011 in Bai Chay area
Year
Months
Aver.
1

2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
2010
17.3
19.2
20.6
22.6
27.3
29.4
29.9
27.7
27.8
25.1
21.7
19.1
24.0
2011
12.8
16.4
16.4
22.5

26.0
28.9
28.9
28.1
27.2
24.4
23.3
17
22.7
Source: Halong Bay Management Department, 2010, 2011
Table 2. Average rainfall (mm) in 2010 and 2011 in Bai Chay area
Year
Months
Total
rainfall
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
2010
141
10.2

5.2
125
197
343
175
538
283
10.1
1.00
15.3
1842
2011
2.7
14.8
60.4
35.7
199
289
319
356
389
118
10.7
29.5
1824
Source: Halong Bay Management Department, 2010, 2011
1.3.2. Socio-economic conditions
The population of Ha Long in 2013 was 224,700 people, accounting for 19.2%
of total population in Quang Ninh (Halong Bay Management Department, 2013). There
are 15 different ethnic groups in Ha Long, in which a majority of population is Kinh

ethnic (People’s committee of Halong city, 2013). The quality of education and
training and health care has been paid much attention (People’s Committee of Ha Long
City, 2013).
Economic structure of Ha Long focuses on industry and services associated with
the development of culture, society, protection of natural resources as well as
development of agriculture, forest and aquaculture (Halong bay management
department, 2013). Of which, coal mining and processing and tourism are considered
as two essential economic fields, which made up the main benefits to the economic
growth in this region. The Nui Beo coal mine has high economic efficiency, supplying
for domestic consumption and export (Nui Beo coal JSC-Vinacomin, 2013).

10

CHAPTER 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1. Field survey and sampling
The field survey was conducted on April 28
th
, 2014 in Chinh Bac mine tailings
of Nui Beo coal mine. The plantation area of Jatropha is approximately 1.15ha. A total
of 100 Jatropha trees were planted in this area from May, 2013.

Figure 2. Location of samples
In the field survey, 11 samples were collected, including 1 reference sample
(QN-R) and 10 samples at the plantation area (5 samples around Jatropha tree and 5
samples between Jatropha trees) (Figure 2). In each sampling location, approximately 2
kg of surface soil (0 - 20 cm) was collected, avoiding impacts on plant roots
Soil is mixed on the spot, then put into the pocket and inscribed clearly on the
scan paper in pencil black, then back to the first bag, zipped pocket to avoid soil from
contacting with the air.
2.2. Sample treatment and analysis

Soil moisture
Soil moisture is calculated by the changing of soil weight between 10 g fresh
sample and the weight of that sample after drying at 105ºC.
Soil texture
Soil samples were dried at room temperature. Soil texture was determined as
follows: (1) Add soil (10-15g of clay, clay loam and 20-30g of sandy, silt loam); (2)
Add 200ml distilled water, 2ml of NaOH 1N in bottle; (3) Fit into machine and shake
in 2 hours; (4) Determine the particle size following by Rhobinson method.

11





Figure 3. Sampling at Chinh Bac mine tailings

Figure 4. Sample drying

Figure 5. Sample grinding

12


Figure 6. Determination of soil texture and suspended solutions
pH
KCl

Add 20g of samples (grain size smaller than 1mm) and 75ml KCl 1N into flasks
100ml. The samples were shaken in velocity of 200 cycles per minute, put samples in

stable conditions for 2 hours and estimate pH of solutions by pH meter.
Soil samples were sieved to 1 mm, crushed into small size for the analyses of
following parameters:
Trace elements
20g of samples and 100ml HNO
3
0.43N were added into 100ml of bottles. Then
the solutions were fitted into machine, shaken about 1hour, and filtered by 0.45µm
filter. The concentrations of trace elements (i.e., Mn, Cu, Zn, Co, Mo) were determined
by Atomic Absorption Spectrometer.
Total nitrogen (Nts)
0.5g sample was digested by H
2
SO
4
, HClO
4
, and H
2
SO
4
. These solutions were
heated until the SO
2
was emitted. Then, HClO
4
70% was added and continued to heat.
The process of digestion took about 40 munities when total of sample turned to white
color. The final steps are distillation and titration.
Available nitrogen (Ntp)

15g samples and 75ml H
2
SO
4
0.5N were added into 100ml beakers, shaken for 3
minutes, kept in stable condition from 16 to 18 hours, and filtered by 0.45µm filter.

13

Then, 25 ml of this solution, a small amount of zinc, and 5 ml H
2
SO
4
98% were added
into 100ml bottle, heated until the SO
2
was emitted, and added 2ml K
2
Cr
2
O
7
10% and
then heated when brown color of these sample changed into green color. The final
steps are distillation and titration.

Figure 7. Digestion to estimate total
nitrogen, kali, phosphorus

Figure 8. Digestion machine

Total phosphorus (Pts)
5ml digested solution, 2ml molybdate 2.5%, and a little of acid ascorbic
(C
6
H
8
O
6
) were added into 50ml-bottle. The solutions were heated until solutions
changed to blue color and analyzed in colorimetric at 710nm wave length.
Available phosphorus (Pdt)
4g samples, 100ml H
2
SO
4
0,1N were added into 250ml bottle, shaken in 1
minute and filtered. Then, 40 ml of filtered solution, 4ml molybdate 2.5% and a little
acid ascorbic (C
6
H
8
O
6
) were added into 50ml-bottle. The solutions were heated until
solutions changed to blue color and analyzed in colorimetric at 710nm wave length.
Total potassium (Kts)
Samples were digested by H
2
SO
4

and HClO
4
. Then, 5ml digested solutions were
diluted by distilled water to make 10 ml solution. These solutions were shaken, filtered
for flame photometric analysis.

14

Available potassium (Pdt)
5g soil and 50ml CH
3
COONH
4
1N were added into 100ml-bottle, shaken in 1
hour, filtered, and analyzed by Atomic Absorption Spectrometer.
Organic matter (OM)
0.5g soil sample, 10ml K
2
Cr
2
O
7
1N and 10-20ml H
2
SO
4
98% were added,
titrated solutions with acid phenylanthranilic indicator and distillated by Fe
2+
0.5N

solution.
Cation exchange capacity (CEC)
5g of soil sample and 100ml NH
4
Cl 0.05N were added into bottle, shaken in 2
hours, kept the solutions at stable condition for 16-18 hours, and filtered. Then 25ml
filtered solution was added with 10ml HCHO 20% and 4 - 5 drops of phenytalein.
Finally, titration is performed by NaOH 0,025N until solutions changed to pink color.


.


15

CHAPTER 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1. Status of the plant growth
The field survey showed that most of Jatropha plants in the study area were
adapted and developed well after 1 year of plantation (Figures 9-17). Many plants with
green leaves were observed. The average height and circumference of these the plants
was 0.8 m and 0.082 cm, respectively (Table 3). The best growing plant was observed
at QN-03 with the height and circumference was 1,1m and 0.095m, respectively. The
best growing plant was found at QN-05 with the height of 0.55m and few leaves,
yellow color.
Table 3. The status conditions of plant growth
Samples
Height
(m)
Circle
circumference

(m)
Description
QN-01qg
0.84
0.08
Green leaves
QN-04qg
0.95
0.08
Many green leaves
QN-06qg
0.90
0.08
Green leaves
QN-08qg
0.62
0.08
Green leaves
QN-12qg
0.72
0.1
Green leaves
QN-03
1.10
0.1
Many green leaves
QN-05
0.55
0.10
Rare leaves

QN-07
0.74
0.06
Many green leaves.
QN-09
0.88
0.12
Many green leaves
QN-12
0.72
0.10
Many leaves
QN-R


Reference samples




16


Figure 9. Jatropha near QN-03

Figure 10. Jatropha near QN-05

Figure 11. Jatropha near QN-07

Figure 12. Jatropha near QN-09

Figure 13. Jatropha near QN-12

Figure 14. Jatropha at QN-01qg