encyclopedia of insects

Encyclopedia of
INSECTS
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Encyclopedia of
INSECTS
Editors

Vincent H. Resh
University of California, Berkeley
Ring T. Carde´
University of California, Riverside
AMSTERDAM • BOSTON • LONDON • NEW YORK • OXFORD • PARIS
SAN DIEGO • SAN FRANCISCO • SINGAPORE • SYDNEY • TOKYO
Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier

Second Edition
Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier
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Second edition 2009
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without the prior written permission of the publisher
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ISBN: 978-0-12-374144-8
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Printed and bound in China
09 10 11 12 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Cover Art: The jewel scarab, Chrysina cusuquensis, known only from a fragment of forest in northern Guatemala
(Photograph courtesy of David Hawks).
Letter-Opening Photo Credits:
R: Snakefl y (Raphidioptera) photographed at Nanaimo (Vancouver Island), British Columbia, Canada.
(Photograph Copyright © Jay Patterson.)
Y : Aedes aegypti , Uganda strain (a vector of yellow fever), bloodfeeding from the photographer’s hand.
(Photograph by Leonard E. Munstermann.)
Other letter-opening photographs furnished by the authors. (See relevant article for credit.)
Copyright Exceptions:
“ Cat Fleas ” by Nancy C. Hinkle and Michael K. Rust, “ Cell Culture ” by Dwight E. Lynn, “ Extension Entomology ” by
Nancy C. Hinkle, Beverly Sparks, Linda J. Mason, and Karen M. Vail, and “ Nomenclature and Classifi cation, Principles
of ” by F. Christian Thompson are in the public domain.
“ Embiidina ” by Edward S. Ross, Figures 1–4 Copyright © Edward S. Ross. “Swimming, Lake Insects” by Werner Nachtigall,
Figures 1–3 Copyright © Werner Nachtigall. “ Wolbachia ” by Richard Stouthamer, Figure 1 Copyright © Richard Stouthamer.
This book is printed on acid-free paper.

CONTENTS BY SUBJECT AREA xvii
CONTRIBUTORS xxi
GUIDE TO THE ENCYCLOPEDIA xxx
FOREWORD xxxii
PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION xxxiv
PREFACE xxxv
ABOUT THE EDITORS xxxvi

A
Acari 1
see Mites; Ticks
Accessory Glands 1
Diana E. Wheeler
Acoustic Behavior 2
see Hearing
Aedes Mosquito 2
see Mosquitoes
Aestivation 2
Sinzo Masaki
Africanized Bees 4
see Neotropical African Bees
Agricultural Entomology 4
Marcos Kogan and Ronald Prokopy
Alderfl y 8
see Megaloptera
Amber 8
George Poinar Jr.
Anatomy: Head, Thorax,
Abdomen, and Genitalia 11
David H. Headrick and Gordon Gordh
Anopheles Mosquito 21
see Mosquitoes
Anoplura 21
see Phthiraptera
Antennae 21
Catherine Loudon
Ants 24
Nigel R. Franks

Aphids 27
John T. Sorensen
Apis Species 31
Eva Crane
Aposematic Coloration 33
Mathieu Joron
Apterygota 38
Ring T. Card é and Vincent H. Resh
Aquatic Habitats 38
Richard W. Merritt and J. Bruce Wallace
Arachnida 48
see
Daddy-Long-Legs; Mites; Scorpions;
Spiders; T
icks; Vinegaroons
Archaeognatha 48
Helmut Sturm
Arthropoda and Related Groups 50
James H. Thorp
CONTENTS
Contents
vi
Auchenorrhyncha 56
Christopher H. Dietrich
Autohemorrhage 64

Vincent H. Resh
Autotomy 64

Ring T. Cardé

B
Bedbugs 65
Christiane Weirauch and Alec C. Gerry
Bee 66
see Apis Species
Beekeeping 66
Eva Crane
Bee Products 71
Eva Crane
Beetle 75
see Coleoptera
Biodiversity 75
Nigel E. Stork
Biogenic Amines 80
Arnd Baumann, Wolfgang Blenau,
and Joachim Erber
Biogeographical Patterns 82
Peter Zwick
Biological Control of Insect Pests 91
M. S. Hoddle and R. G. Van Driesche
Bioluminescence 101
James E. Lloyd and Erin C. Gentry
Biotechnology and Insects 105
Bryony C. Bonning
Blattodea 108
Donald G. Cochran
Blood 112
see Circulatory System
Blood Sucking 112
M. J. Lehane

Body Size 114
Christer Bj ö rkman, Karl Gotthard,
and Mats W. Pettersson
Boll Weevil 116
R. N. Foster
Bombyx mori 117
Satoshi Takeda
Book Louse 119
see Psocoptera
Borers 119
Timothy D. Paine
Brain and Optic Lobes 121
Nicholas J. Strausfeld
Bristletail 130
see Archaeognatha
Bubonic Plague 130
Irwin W. Sherman
C
Caddisfl y 133
see Trichoptera
Caste 133
Sean O’Donnell
Caterpillars 135
Frederick W. Stehr
Cat Fleas 138
Nancy C. Hinkle and Michael K. Rust
Cave Insects 139
Francis G. Howarth
Contents
vii

Cell Culture 144
Dwight E. Lynn
Chemical Defense 145
Murray S. Blum
Chemoreception 148
B. K. Mitchell
Chiggers and Other
Disease-Causing Mites 152
Larry G. Arlian
Chitin 156
Ephraim Cohen
Chromosomes 158
Graham C. Webb
Chrysalis 162
Frederick W. Stehr
Cicadas 163
Maxwell S. Moulds
Circadian Rhythms 165
Terry L. Page
Circulatory System 169
Thomas A. Miller and G ü nther Pass
Classifi cation 173
see Nomenclature and Classifi cation
Cockroach 173
see Blattodea
Cocoon 173
Frederick W. Stehr
Codling Moth 174
Stephen C. Welter
Coevolution 175

Douglas J. Futuyma
Cold/Heat Protection 179
David L. Denlinger
Coleoptera 183
Joseph V. McHugh and James K. Liebherr
Collection and Preservation 201
Charles V. Covell Jr.
Collembola 206
Kenneth A. Christiansen, Peter Bellinger
and Frans Janssens
Colonies 210
Sean O’Donnell
Colorado Potato Beetle 212
George G. Kennedy
Coloration 213
Helen Ghiradella
Commercialization of Insects and
Their Products 220
Gail E. Kampmeier and Michael E. Irwin


Conservation 227
Tim R. New
Crickets 232
Richard D. Alexander and Daniel Otte
Crypsis 236
Paul M. Brakefi eld
Cultural Entomology 239
James N. Hogue
Cuticle 245

Svend O. Andersen
D
Daddy-Long-Legs 247
Gonzalo Giribet
Damselfl y 248
see Odonata
Dance Language 248
P. Kirk Visscher
DDT 251
Fumio Matsumura
Contents
viii
Defensive Behavior 252
Justin O. Schmidt
Delusory Parasitosis 257
see Ekbom Syndrome
Dengue 257
Thomas W. Scott
Dermaptera 259
Susan M. Rankin and James O. Palmer
Development, Hormonal Control of 261
Michael E. Adams
Diapause 267
David L. Denlinger
Digestion 271
Walter R. Terra
Digestive System 273
Walter R. Terra and Cl é lia Ferreira
Diplura 281
Markus Koch

Diptera 284
Richard W. Merritt, Gregory
W. Courtney, and Joe B. Keiper
Diversity 297
see Biodiversity
Division of Labor in Insect Societies 297
Gene E. Robinson
Dobsonfl y 299
see Megaloptera
Dog Heartworm 299
Edward G. Platzer
Dormancy 300
Richard E. Lee Jr.
Dragonfl y 301
see Odonata
Drosophila melanogaster 301
Patrick M. O’Grady
Dung Beetles 304
James Ridsdill-Smith and
Leigh W. Simmons
E
Earwig 308
see Dermaptera
Ecdysis 308
see Molting
Ecdysteroids 308
Michael E. Adams
Eggs 311
Diana E. Wheeler
Egg Coverings 312

Diana E. Wheeler
Ekbom Syndrome 313
Nancy C. Hinkle
Embiidina 315
Edward S. Ross
Embryogenesis 316
Lisa Nagy and Miodrag Grbic
´

Endangered Insects 320
Scott Hoffman Black and
Mace Vaughan
Endopterygota 324
Ring T. Card é
Entomological Societies 324
Alan I. Kaplan
Ephemeroptera 328
John E. Brittain and Michel Sartori
Estivation 334
see Aestivation
Contents
ix
Evolution 334
see Phylogeny of Insects
Excretion 334
Timothy J. Bradley
Exopterygota 339
Ring T. Card é
Exoskeleton 339
Svend O. Andersen

Extension Entomology 342
Nancy C. Hinkle, Beverly Sparks,
Linda J. Mason, and Karen M. Vail
Eyes and Vision 345
Michael F. Land
F
Fat Body 356
Ephraim Cohen
Feeding Behavior 357
R. F. Chapman
Fire Ants 362
Les Greenberg
Flea 364
see Siphonaptera
Flight 364
Michael Dickinson and Robert Dudley
Fly 372
see Diptera
Folk Beliefs and Superstitions 372
James N. Hogue
Food, Insects as 376
Gene R. DeFoliart
Forensic Entomology 381
M. Lee Goff
Forest Habitats 386
David L. Wood and Andrew J. Storer
Fossil Record 396
David Grimaldi
Freshwater Habitats 403
see Aquatic Habitats

Fruit Fly 403
see Drosophila melanogaster
G
Gallmaking and Insects 404
Katherine N. Schick and Donald L. Dahlsten
Genetically Modifi ed Plants 406
David A. Andow
Genetic Engineering 410
Peter W. Atkinson and David A. O’Brochta
Genetic Variation 416
George K. Roderick and Maria Navajas
Grasshopper 419
see Orthoptera
Genomics 419
Peter Arensburger and Peter W. Atkinson
Grassland Habitats 424
Teja Tscharntke, Ingolf Steffan-
Dewenter, Andreas Kruess, and
Carsten Thies
Greenhouse Gases,
Global Warming, and Insects 428
Peter Stiling
Growth, Individual 431
Martin B. Berg and Richard W. Merritt
Grylloblattodea 434
D. C. F. Rentz and Sigfrid Ingrisch
Gypsy Moth 435
Joseph S. Elkinton
Contents
x

H
Hearing 440
Ron Hoy and Jayne Yack
Hemiptera 446
see Auchenorrhyncha;
Prosorrhyncha; Sternorrhyncha
Hemolymph 446
Michael R. Kanost
Heteroptera 449
see Prosorrhyncha
Hibernation 449
Richard E. Lee Jr.
History of Entomology 449
Edward H. Smith and George G. Kennedy
Homeostasis, Behavioral 458
P. Kirk Visscher
Homoptera 459
see Auchenorrhyncha; Sternorrhyncha
Honey 459
Eva Crane and P. Kirk Visscher
Honey Bee 461
see Apis Species
Honeydew 461
Angela E. Douglas
Hornet 463
see Wasps
Host Seeking, by Parasitoids 463
J. Daniel Hare and Ronald M. Weseloh
Host Seeking, for Plants 466
Elizabeth A. Bernays

House Fly 469
Gregory A. Dahlem
Human History, Insects Effect on 471
James N. Hogue
Hymenoptera 473
Donald L. J. Quicke
Hypermetamorphosis 484
John D. Pinto
Hyperparasitism 486
Daniel J. Sullivan
I
Imaginal Discs 489
Seth S. Blair
Immunology 492
Nancy E. Beckage
Industrial Melanism 496
Michael E. N. Majerus
Insecta, Overview 501

Vincent H. Resh and Ring T. Cardé
Insecticides 502
Fumio Matsumura
Insecticide and Acaricide Resistance 505
Gregor J. Devine and
Ian Denholm
Insectivorous Plants 511
Lewis J. Feldman
Insectivorous Vertebrates 514

Charles R. Crumly

Insect Zoos 516
Leslie Saul-Gershenz
Integrated Pest Management 523
Ronald Prokopy and
Marcos Kogan
Integument 528
Svend O. Andersen
Contents
xi
Introduced Insects 529
Daniel Simberloff
Island Biogeography 533
George K. Roderick and
Rosemary G. Gillespie
Isoptera 535
Vernard R. Lewis
J
Japanese Beetle 539
David W. Held and Daniel A. Potter
June Beetles 540
Daniel A. Potter and David W. Held
Juvenile Hormones 541
Michael E. Adams
K
Katydid 546
see Orthoptera
Killer Bees 546
see Neotropical African Bees
L
Lacewing 547

see Neuroptera
Ladybugs 547
Michael E. N. Majerus
Larva 551
Frederick W. Stehr
Learning 552
Daniel R. Papaj
Legs 555
Peter H. Adler
Lepidoptera 559
Jerry A. Powell
Lice 587
see Phthiraptera
Lice, Human 587
Terri L. Meinking
Locusts 589
R. F. Chapman
M
Magnetic Sense 592
John Klotz and Rudolf Jander
Malaria 594
William K. Reisen
Mantodea 597
Lawrence E. Hurd
Mantophasmatodea 599
Klaus-Dieter Klass and
Christin Grossmann
Marine Insects 600
Lanna Cheng
Mating Behaviors 604

Darryl T. Gwynne
Mechanoreception 610
Andrew S. French and
P ä ivi H. Torkkeli
Mecoptera 611
George W. Byers
Medical Entomology 614
John D. Edman
Medicine, Insects in 618
Ronald A. Sherman
Megaloptera 620
Norman H. Anderson
Contents
xii
Metabolism 623
S. N. Thompson and R. K. Suarez
Metamorphosis 627
Frederick W. Stehr
Migration 628
Hugh Dingle
Mimicry 633
Mathieu Joron
Mites 643
Barry M. OConnor
Molting 649
Lynn M. Riddiford
Monarchs 654
Lincoln P. Brower
Mosquitoes 658
Bruce F. Eldridge

Moth 663
see Lepidoptera
Mouthparts 663
R. F. Chapman
Movies, Insects in 668
May R. Berenbaum and
Richard J. Leskosky
Muscle System 675
Robert Josephson
Museums and Display Collections 680
Gordon M. Nishida
N
Neosomy 685
Frank J. Radovsky
Neotropical African Bees 686
Orley R. Taylor
Nervous System 688
see Brain and Optic Lobes
Nest Building 688
Robert L. Jeanne
Neuropeptides 691
Miriam Altstein
Neuroptera 695
Catherine A. Tauber, Maurice J. Tauber,
and Gilberto S. Albuquerque
Nomenclature and Classifi cation,
Principles of 707
F. Christian Thompson
Nutrition 715
S. N. Thompson and S. J. Simpson

O
Ocelli and Stemmata 721
Frederick W. Stehr
Odonata 721
K. J. Tennessen
Orientation 729
Ring T. Cardé
Orthoptera 732
Sigfrid Ingrisch and D. C. F. Rentz
Ovarioles 743
Diana E. Wheeler
Oviposition Behavior 745
Marc J. Klowden
P
Parasitoids 748
Nick Mills
Parental Care 751
Michelle Pellissier Scott
Parthenogenesis in Insects and Mites 753
Benjamin B. Normark and
Lawrence R. Kirkendall
Contents
xiii
Pathogens of Insects 757
Brian A. Federici
Phasmida 765
Erich H. Tilgner
Pheromones 766
Ring T. Card é and Jocelyn G. Millar
Phoresy 772

Marilyn A. Houck
Photography of Insects 774
Mark W. Moffett
Phthiraptera 777
Ronald A. Hellenthal and Roger D. Price
Phylogeny of Insects 780
Peter S. Cranston and Penny J. Gullan
Physical Control of Insect Pests 794
Charles Vincent, Phyllis Weintraub,
and Guy Hallman
Phytophagous Insects 798
Elizabeth A. Bernays
Phytotoxicity 800
Alexander H. Purcell
Plant Diseases and Insects 802
Alexander H. Purcell
Plant – Insect Interactions 806
J. Mark Scriber
Plecoptera 810
Kenneth W. Stewart
Pollination and Pollinators 813
Gordon W. Frankie and Robbin W. Thorp
Pollution, Insect Response to 819
David M. Rosenberg and Vincent H. Resh
Polyembryony 821
Michael R. Strand
Population Ecology 826
Joseph S. Elkinton
Praying Mantid 837
see Mantodea

Predation/Predatory Insects 837
Ronald M. Weseloh and
J. Daniel Hare
Prosorrhyncha 839
Carl W. Schaefer
Protura 855
Markus Koch
Psocoptera 858
Edward L. Mockford
Pterygota 860
Ring T. Card é
Puddling Behavior 860
Scott R. Smedley

Pupa and Puparium 862
Frederick
W
. Stehr
Q
Queen 863
see Caste
R
Raphidioptera 864
Ulrike Asp ö ck and Horst Asp ö ck
Rearing of Insects 866
Norman C. Leppla
Recruitment Communication 869
James F. A. Traniello
Regulatory Entomology 877
Robert V. Dowell

Reproduction, Female 880
Diana E. Wheeler
Contents
xiv
Reproduction, Female:
Hormonal Control of 882
Diana E. Wheeler
Reproduction, Male 885
Marc J. Klowden
Reproduction, Male:
Hormonal Control of 887
Marc J. Klowden
Research Tools, Insects as 888
Kipling W. Will
Respiratory System 889
Jon F. Harrison
River Blindness 895

Vincent H. Resh
S
Salivary Glands 897
Gregory P. Walker
Scale Insect 901
see Sternorrhyncha
Scales and Setae 901
Shaun L. Winterton
Scorpions 904
Stanley C. Williams
Segmentation 909
Paul Z. Liu and Nipam H. Patel

Sericulture 912
Satoshi Takeda
Sex Determination 914
Michael F. Antolin and Adam D. Henk
Sexual Selection 917
Kenneth Y. Kaneshiro
Silk Moth 921
see Bombyx mori
Silk Production 921
František Sehnal and Catherine Craig
Silverfi sh 924
see Zygentoma
Siphonaptera 924
Michael W. Hastriter and
Michael F. Whiting
Snakefl y 928
see Raphidioptera
Sociality 928
James E. Zablotny
Soil Habitats 935
Patricia J. Vittum
Sound Production 939
see Hearing
Spermatheca 939
Marc J. Klowden
Spermatophore 940
Marc J. Klowden
Spiders 941
Rosemary G. Gillespie and
Joseph C. Spagna

Springtail 951
see Collembola
Stamps, Insects and 951
Charles V. Covell Jr.

Sterile Insect Technique 953


Jorge Hendrichs and Alan Robinson
Sternorrhyncha 957
Penny J. Gullan and Jon H. Martin
Stonefl y 967
see Plecoptera
Stored Products as Habitats 967
Rudy Plarre and Wendell E. Burkholder
Strepsiptera 971
Michael F. Whiting
Contents
xv
Swimming, Lake Insects 972
Werner Nachtigall
Swimming and Other
Movements, Stream Insects 975
Bernhard Statzner
Symbionts Aiding Digestion 978
Andreas Brune
Symbionts, Bacterial 983
Michael E. N. Majerus
Systematics 987
see Nomenclature and Classifi cation

T
Taste 988
see Chemoreception
Taxonomy 988
see Nomenclature and Classifi cation
Teaching Resources 988
John H. Acorn and Felix A. H. Sperling
Temperature, Effects on
Development and Growth 990
Oldr
ˇ
ich Nedve
ˇ
d
Termite 993
see Isoptera
Terrestrial Insects 993
see Soil Habitats
Thermoregulation 993
Bernd Heinrich
Thrips 999
see Thysanoptera
Thysanoptera 999
Laurence A. Mound
Thysanura 1003
see Archaeognatha; Zygentoma
Ticks 1003
Daniel E. Sonenshine
Touch 1011
see Mechanoreception

Tracheal System 1011
Jon F. Harrison
Trichoptera (Caddisfl ies) 1015
John C. Morse
Tsetse Fly 1020
Stephen G. A. Leak
U
Urban Habitats 1025
Michael K. Rust
V
Venom 1028
Justin O. Schmidt
Veterinary Entomology 1031
Bradley A. Mullens
Vibrational Communication 1034
Andrej C
ˇ
okl and Meta Virant-Doberlet
Vinegaroons 1038
Justin O. Schmidt
Vision 1041
see Eyes and Vision
Vitellogenesis 1041
William H. Telfer
W
Walking and Jumping 1044
Roy E. Ritzmann and Sasha N. Zill
Wasps 1049
Justin O. Schmidt
Contents

xvi
Water and Ion Balance,
Hormonal Control of 1052
Thomas M. Clark
Wings 1055
Robin J. Wootton
Wolbachia 1061
Richard Stouthamer
Worker 1063
see Caste
Y
Yellow Fever 1064
Thomas P. Monath
Yellowjacket 1065
see Wasps
Z
Zoonotic Agents, Arthropod-Borne 1065
Robert S. Lane
Zoraptera 1069
Michael S. Engel
Zygentoma 1070
Helmut Sturm
GLOSSARY 1073
SUBJECT INDEX 1093
Anatomy
Anatomy: Head, Thorax, Abdomen, and Genitalia
Antennae
Brain and Optic Lobes
Chitin
Coloration

Cuticle
Digestive System
Exoskeleton
Eyes and Vision
Integument
Legs
Mouthparts
Ocelli and Stemmata
Pupa and Puparium
Salivary Glands
Scales and Setae
Segmentation
Tracheal System
Wings
Physiology
Aestivation
Autohemorrhage
Autotomy
Biogenic Amines
Bioluminescence
Biotechnology and Insects
Body Size
Brain and Optic Lobes
Cell Culture
Chemical Defense
Chemoreception
Chitin
Chromosomes
Circadian Rhythms
Circulatory System

Cold/Heat Protection
Cuticle
DDT
Development, Hormonal Control of
Diapause
Digestion
Digestive System
Dormancy
Ecdysteroids
Excretion
Eyes and Vision
Fat Body
Flight
Genetic Engineering
Genomics
Hearing
Hemolymph
Hibernation
Homeostasis, Behavioral
Honeydew
Imaginal Discs
Immunology
Insecticides
Juvenile Hormones
Magnetic Sense
Mechanoreception
Metabolism
Molting
Muscle System
Neuropeptides

Nutrition
Reproduction, Female
Reproduction, Female: Hormonal Control of
Reproduction, Male
Reproduction, Male: Hormonal Control of
Respiratory System
Salivary Glands
Segmentation
Sex Determination
Silk Production in Insects
Symbionts Aiding Digestion
Thermoregulation
Tracheal System
Vitellogenesis
Walking and Jumping
Water and Ion Balance, Hormonal Control of
Behavior
Aposematic Coloration
Autohemorrhage
Autotomy
Bioluminescence
Blood Sucking
Borers
Caste
CONTENTS BY
SUBJECT AREA
xviii
Chemical Defense
Chemoreception
Circadian Rhythms

Colonies
Crypsis
Dance Language
Defensive Behavior
Division of Labor in Insect Societies
Eyes and Vision
Feeding Behavior
Flight
Hearing
Hibernation
Host Seeking, by Parasitoids
Host Seeking, for Plants
Learning
Magnetic Sense
Mating Behaviors
Mechanoreception
Migration
Mimicry
Nest Building
Orientation
Oviposition Behavior
Parental Care
Pheromones
Phoresy
Predation/Predatory Insects
Puddling Behavior
Recruitment Communication
Sex Determination
Sexual Selection
Sociality

Swimming, Lake Insects
Swimming and Other Movements, Stream Insects
Thermoregulation
Vibrational Communication
Walking and Jumping
Evolution
Amber
Aposematic Coloration
Biogeographical Patterns
Coevolution
Fossil Record
Genetic Variation
Industrial Melanism
Insecticide and Acaricide Resistance
Island Biogeography
Mimicry
Nomenclature and Classifi cation, Principles of
Phylogeny of Insects
Sexual Selection
Sociality
Wolbachia
Reproduction
Accessory Glands
Egg Coverings
Eggs
Embryogenesis
Mating Behaviors
Ovarioles
Oviposition Behavior
Parthenogenesis in Insects and Mites

Polyembryony
Reproduction, Female
Reproduction, Female: Hormonal Control of
Reproduction, Male
Reproduction, Male: Hormonal Control of
Spermatheca
Spermatophore
Vitellogenesis
Development And Metamorphosis
Body Size
Caterpillars
Chrysalis
Cocoon
Development, Hormonal Control of
Ecdysteroids
Egg Coverings
Growth, Individual
Hypermetamorphosis
Imaginal Discs
Juvenile Hormones
Larva
Metamorphosis
Molting
Neosomy
Temperature, Effects on Development and Growth
Major Groups And Notable Forms
Ants
Aphids
Apis Species
Apterygota

Archaeognatha
Arthropoda and Related Groups
Auchenorrhyncha
Bedbugs
Blattodea
Boll Weevil
Bombyx mori
Cat Fleas
Cicadas
Codling Moth
Coleoptera
Collembola
Colorado Potato Beetle
Crickets
Daddy-Long-Legs
Dermaptera
Diplura
Diptera
Drosophila melanogaster
Dung Beetles
Embiidina
Endopterygota
Ephemeroptera
Exopterygota
Contents by Subject Area
xix
Fire Ants
Grylloblattodea
Gypsy Moth
House Fly

Hymenoptera
Insecta, Overview
Isoptera
Japanese Beetle
June Beetles
Ladybugs
Lepidoptera
Lice, Human
Locusts
Mantodea
Mantophasmatodea
Mecoptera
Megaloptera
Mites
Monarchs
Mosquitoes
Neotropical African Bees
Neuroptera
Odonata
Orthoptera
Phasmida
Phthiraptera
Plecoptera
Prosorrhyncha
Protura
Psocoptera
Pterygota
Raphidioptera
Scorpions
Siphonaptera

Spiders
Sternorrhyncha
Strepsiptera
Thysanoptera
Ticks
Trichoptera
Vinegaroons
Wasps
Zoraptera
Zygentoma
Interactions With Other Organisms
Aposematic Coloration
Blood Sucking
Cat Fleas
Chiggers and Other Disease-Causing Mites
Defensive Behavior
Dog Heartworm
Feeding Behavior
Host Seeking, by Parasitoids
Host Seeking, for Plants
Hyperparasitism
Mimicry
Parasitoids
Pathogens of Insects
Phoresy
Phytophagous Insects
Predation/Predatory Insects
Symbionts Aiding Digestion
Symbionts, Bacterial
Venom

Veterinary Entomology
Wolbachia
Interactions With Humans
Apis Species
Bedbugs
Bee Products
Beekeeping
Blood Sucking
Bombyx mori
Bubonic Plague
Chiggers and Other Disease-Causing Mites
Commercialization of Insects and Their Products
Cultural Entomology
DDT
Dengue
Ekbom Syndrome
Extension Entomology
Folk Beliefs and Superstitions
Food, Insects as
Forensic Entomology
Honey
Human History, Insects Effect on
Insecticides
Integrated Pest Management
Lice, Human
Malaria
Medical Entomology
Medicine, Insects in
Mosquitoes
Museums and Display Collections

Regulatory Entomology
River Blindness
Silk Production in Insects
Tsetse Fly
Yellow Fever
Zoonotic Agents, Arthropod-Borne
Habitats
Aquatic Habitats
Cave Insects
Forest Habitats
Grassland Habitats
Marine Insects
Soil Habitats
Stored Products as Habitats
Urban Habitats
Ecology
Agricultural Entomology
Aposematic Coloration
Biodiversity
Biogeographical Patterns
Biological Control of Insect Pests
Borers
Contents by Subject Area
xx
Coevolution
Conservation
Crypsis
DDT
Endangered Insects
Gallmaking and Insects

Genetic Variation
Genetically Modifi ed Plants
Greenhouse Gases, Global Warming, and Insects
Honeydew
Hyperparasitism
Insecticides
Insectivorous Plants
Insectivorous Vertebrates
Integrated Pest Management
Introduced Insects
Migration
Mimicry
Parasitoids
Pathogens of Insects
Phoresy
Physical Control of Insect Pests
Phytophagous Insects
Phytotoxicity
Plant Diseases and Insects
Plant – Insect Interactions
Pollination and Pollinators
Pollution, Insect Response to
Population Ecology
Predation/Predatory Insects
Swimming, Lake Insects
Swimming and Other Movements, Stream Insects
History And Methodology
Amber
Biotechnology and Insects
Cell Culture

Collection and Preservation
Cultural Entomology
Entomological Societies
Folk Beliefs and Superstitions
Forensic Entomology
Genetically Modifi ed Plants
Genetic Engineering
Genomics
History of Entomology
Human History, Insects Effect on
Insect Zoos
Medical Entomology
Movies, Insects in
Museums and Display Collections
Nomenclature and Classifi cation, Principles of
Photography of Insects
Rearing of Insects
Research Tools, Insects as
Sericulture
Stamps, Insects and
Sterile Insect Technique
Teaching Resources
Veterinary Entomology

Contents by Subject Area
CONTRIBUTORS
Horst Asp ö ck
Medical University of Vienna
Raphidioptera
Ulrike Asp ö ck

Naturhistorisches Museum Wien
Raphidioptera
Peter W. Atkinson
University of California, Riverside
Genetic Engineering
Genomics
Arnd Baumann
Forschungszentrum J ü lich, Germany
Biogenic Amines
Nancy E. Beckage
University of California, Riverside
Immunology
Peter Bellinger *
California State University, Northridge
Collembola
May R. Berenbaum
University of Illinois
Movies, Insects in
Martin B. Berg
Loyola University Chicago
Growth, Individual
Elizabeth A. Bernays
University of Arizona
Host Seeking, for Plants
Phytophagous Insects
Christer Bj ö rkman
Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and
Stockholm University
Body Size
Scott Hoffman Black

The Xerces Society
Endangered Insects
Seth S. Blair
University of Wisconsin, Madison
Imaginal Discs
Wolfgang Blenau
Universit ä t Potsdam, Germany
Biogenic Amines
*Deceased November 20, 2000.
John H. Acorn
University of Alberta, Canada
Teaching Resources
Michael E. Adams
University of California, Riverside
Development, Hormonal Control of
Ecdysteroids
Juvenile Hormones
Peter H. Adler
Clemson University
Legs
Gilberto S. Albuquerque
Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Brazil
Neuroptera
Richard D. Alexander
University of Michigan
Crickets
Miriam Altstein
Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Israel
Neuropeptides
Svend O. Andersen

The Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters
Cuticle
Exoskeleton
Integument
Norman H. Anderson
Oregon State University
Megaloptera
David A. Andow
University of Minnesota, St. Paul
Genetically Modifi ed Plants
Michael F. Antolin
Colorado State University
Sex Determination
Peter Arensburger
University of California, Riverside
Genomics
Larry G. Arlian
Wright State University
Chiggers and Other Disease-Causing Mites
xxii
Murray S. Blum
University of Georgia
Chemical Defense
Bryony C. Bonning
Iowa State University
Biotechnology and Insects
Timothy J. Bradley
University of California, Irvine
Excretion
Paul M. Brakefi eld

Leiden University, The Netherlands
Crypsis
John E. Brittain
Natural History Museum, University of Oslo
Ephemeroptera
Lincoln P. Brower
Sweet Briar College
Monarchs
Andreas Brune
Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology,
Marburg, Germany
Symbionts Aiding Digestion
Wendell E. Burkholder
University of Wisconsin, Madison
Stored Products as Habitats
George W. Byers
University of Kansas
Mecoptera
Ring T. Card é
University of California, Riverside
Apterygota
Autotomy
Endopterygota
Exopterygota
Insecta, Overview
Orientation
Pheromones
Pterygota
R. F. Chapman *
University of Arizona

Feeding Behavior
Locusts
Mouthparts
Lanna Cheng
Scripps
Institution
of Oceanography
Marine Insects

Kenneth A. Christiansen
Grinnell College, Grinnell, IA
Collembola
Thomas M. Clark
Indiana University, South Bend
Water and Ion Balance, Hormonal Control of
Donald G. Cochran
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
Blattodea
Ephraim Cohen
The Hebrew University of Jerusalem
Chitin
Fat Body
Andrej C
´
okl
National Institute of Biology, Slovenia
Vibrational Communication
Gregory W. Courtney
Iowa State University
Diptera

Charles V. Covell, Jr.
University of Louisville
Collection and Preservation
Stamps, Insects and
Catherine Craig
Harvard University/Tufts University
Silk Production in Insects
Eva Crane
†

International Bee Research Association
Apis Species
Beekeeping
Bee Products
Honey
Peter S. Cranston
University of California, Davis
Phylogeny of Insects
Charles R. Crumly
University of California Press, Berkeley
Insectivorous Vertebrates
Gregory A. Dahlem
Northern Kentucky University
House Fly
Donald L. Dahlsten
‡

University of California, Berkeley
Gallmaking and Insects
Gene R. DeFoliart

University of Wisconsin, Madison
Food, Insects as
Ian Denholm
Rothamsted Research
Insecticide and Acaricide Resistance
David L. Denlinger
Ohio State University
Cold/Heat Protection
Diapause
Gregor J. Devine
Rothamsted Research
Insecticide and Acaricide Resistance
*Deceased May 2, 2003.
Contributors
†
Deceased September 6, 2007.
‡
Deceased September 3, 2003.
xxiii
Michael Dickinson
California Institute of Technology
Flight
Christopher H. Dietrich
Illinois Natural History Survey
Auchenorrhyncha
Hugh Dingle
University of California, Davis
Migration
Angela E. Douglas
Cornell University, USA

Honeydew
Robert V. Dowell
California Department of Food and Agriculture
Regulatory Entomology
Robert Dudley
University of California, Berkeley
Flight
John D. Edman
University of California, Davis
Medical Entomology
Bruce F. Eldridge
University of California, Davis
Mosquitoes
Joseph S. Elkinton
University of Massachusetts
Gypsy Moth
Population Ecology
Michael S. Engel
University of Kansas
Zoraptera
Joachim Erber
Technische Universit ä t Berlin, Germany
Biogenic Amines
Brian A. Federici
University of California, Riverside
Pathogens of Insects
Lewis J. Feldman
University of California, Berkeley
Insectivorous Plants
Cl é lia Ferreira

University of S ã o Paulo, Brazil
Digestive System
R. Nelson Foster
U.S. Department of Agriculture
Boll Weevil
Gordon W
. Frankie

University
of California, Berkeley
Pollination and Pollinators
Nigel R. Franks
University of Bristol
Ants
Andrew S. French
Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia
Mechanoreception
Douglas J. Futuyma
State University of New York, Stony Brook
Coevolution
Erin C. Gentry
University of Florida
Bioluminescence
Alec C. Gerry
University of California, Riverside
Bedbugs
Helen Ghiradella
State University of New York, Albany
Coloration
Rosemary G. Gillespie

University of California, Berkeley
Island Biogeography
Spiders
Gonzalo Giribet
Harvard University
Daddy-Long-Legs
M. Lee Goff
Chaminade University of Honolulu
Forensic Entomology
Gordon Gordh
U.S. Department of Agriculture
Anatomy: Head, Thorax, Abdomen, and Genitalia
Karl Gotthard
Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and
Stockholm University
Body Size
Miodrag Grbic´
University of Western Ontario, Canada
Embryogenesis
Les Greenberg
University of California, Riverside
Fire Ants
David Grimaldi
American Museum of Natural History, New York
Fossil Record

Christin Grossmann
Museum
f ü r
Tierkunde, Dresden

Mantophasmatodea
Penny J. Gullan
University of California, Davis
Phylogeny of Insects
Sternorrhyncha
Darryl T. Gwynne
University of Toronto
Mating Behaviors
Contributors
Contributors
xxiv
Guy Hallman
USDA-ARS, Weslaco, Texas
Physical Control of Insect Pests
J. Daniel Hare
University of California, Riverside
Host Seeking, by Parasitoids
Predation/Predatory Insects
Jon F. Harrison
Arizona State University
Respiratory System
Tracheal System
Michael W. Hastriter
Brigham Young University
Siphonaptera
David H. Headrick
California Polytechnic State University
Anatomy: Head, Thorax, Abdomen, and Genitalia
Bernd Heinrich

University of Vermont
Thermoregulation
David W. Held
Auburn University
Japanese Beetle
June Beetles
Ronald A. Hellenthal
University of Notre Dame
Phthiraptera
Jorge Hendrichs
JFAO/IAE Division, Vienna, Austria
Sterile Insect Technique
Adam D. Henk
Colorado State University
Sex Determination
Nancy C. Hinkle
University of Georgia
Cat Fleas
Ekbom Syndrome
Extension Entomology
M. S. Hoddle
University of California, Riverside
Biological Control of Insect Pests
James N. Hogue
California State University, Northridge
Cultural Entomology
Folk Beliefs and Superstitions
Human History
, Insects Effect on

Marilyn A. Houck

Texas Tech University
Phoresy
Francis G. Howarth
B. P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu, Hawaii
Cave Insects
Ron Hoy
Cornell University
Hearing
Lawrence E. Hurd
Washington and Lee University
Mantodea
Sigfrid Ingrisch
Museum Koenig, Bonn
Grylloblattodea
Orthoptera
Michael E. Irwin
University of Illinois
Commercialization of Insects and Their Products
Rudolf Jander
University of Kansas, Lawrence
Magnetic Sense
Frans Janssens
University of Antwerp, Belgium
Collembola
Robert L. Jeanne
University of Wisconsin
Nest Building
Mathieu Joron

Mus é um National d’Histoire Naturelle, France
Aposematic Coloration
Mimicry
Robert Josephson
University of California, Irvine
Muscle System
Gail E. Kampmeier
Illinois Natural History Survey
Commercialization of Insects and Their Products
Kenneth Y. Kaneshiro
University of Hawaii
Sexual Selection
Michael R. Kanost
Kansas State University
Hemolymph
Alan I. Kaplan
East Bay Regional Park District, Berkeley, CA
Entomological Societies
Joe B. Keiper


The Cleveland Museum of Natural History
Diptera
George G. Kennedy
North Carolina State University
Colorado Potato Beetle
History of Entomology
Lawrence R. Kirkendall
University of Bergen, Norway
Parthenogenesis in Insects and Mites