T N
Nht trong nhng bnh ph bi
vong cao c n t cho ng i ng t sau i u gii, t
l nhn m l mc mi/
n vi cao tu
Nh ng xy ra m t ng ng n v u
chng thi lon c. Nn cnh thng
li nhiu di chng v th chng nhin chng
cuc sng cc ci bnh. Trong s nhng ri lon
sau nhm cu hin hay gp. m m
u qu ca tn
c th ti t i lon chu qu ca
phn c mt bnh nng, nhiu di ch i b
b i v i. Trm c xut
hin cp hoc n hi phc. u a
trm cm n nh n ng thc b
che lp bi nhng ri loc trng ca tn thng t
tng vi chn kinh cao c
S. William, nu trm cm sau nhu tr kp
thi s nh ng n c i ng nh cht
lt lng cuc s t vong cho
nhng b
y, vic u t c ng a trm m sau i u
o p y c n n c m c u u a m m, p
u tra quan trng trong
c hi chi
V u nhiu n gii. Cho t
t Nam mi ch t s , suy
gim nhn thc ho sau tai bin m ch
c ri lon trm cm sau nh
cht lu tr c hi chnh
mt s yu t n trm cm b
m
a trm cm b
u mt s yu t n trm cm nhng b
sau nh.
CH
NG QUAN I U
1.1. NH
m:
Nhng m hp hoc b
tc, lng tum trm trng, ch ri
lon. [1] [4]
Trong th ba loi nhng g
Nh u.
Nh khuyt.
Nhy hoc nh
Nhng xy ra mt ngt vi thin
a, tn t ho vong trong 24
gii tr nh do
ch chnh nhn di gian xut hin
u chng, du hiu th u hiu c i
phu[1].
u trn mng nh
nhp nhiu nam h, hay gp tu 50
tui tr nh c xy ra bt k gi t k
ng xy ra trong khong t 1gi n 10 gi
nh nh
thi tii [1] [4].
1.1.2. Cnh sinh ca nh
Nh u qu ca mt s c mch n
huyt kh ng mch trong b v ng
mng mch, bnh hng cu li c oxyd
m lu ho la mt hoc nhiu
ng mch, dn t chc n c chi phng
ng 100g nn 50- ng ca
t n kinh. Khi lm c o thn kinh mt
ch y ra nhc s, dn
n cht t n kinh. Nu thi gian thi n kinh s
b ch tr
nhiu bi ng nht, t u l ng 10 20
ng t hi ph c nu
u tr kp thi. [1] [4].
Lp tha ti thic b
sm, hoi t t u. Mm ti
gii hn nguy hi n kinh thing dn
ch ch
a, cng do thiu oxy a t n kinh dn
s t
thiu oxy, glucoza s chuy
s phn ng bng huyt nht thi. Tt c nhng l
n thc x
p thi [1].
1.1.3. Biu hia i u o.
Bnh kht ngt, tin trin nhanh, din bin nng ngay t u vi
u chng v u hiu thng cm
c v c t
[1] [4] [5].
u chng c:
ng sc khn thy xut hin nhng
triu cht mc khi xt
qu n u ch tin trin theo tng
nc rt hin:
t ngt yu, lit-tay-c bi m.
Mu l
Mt th lc ho mt hoc c hai mt.
ng hot ngt.
t ng
u chng th
u hiu thng gp ca nhnh ct qu
i lit na nga nh li
u hiu th
do lin kinh s
u chng c:
Ri lon cn th
Ri lon th t th lc c
hai.
Ri loc
ng v c ti lon
thc ca bi long loi tai bin
mng hp nhn r ri lo
thc nng d nhm vi ch
Ri lon
Ri lon thng g ri lom, ngt
qun nh d mc mt.
Nhng biu hi
Ri lon thn kinh thc vi lon nhp th, nhp tim, ri
lot, sc m hohiu m
Ri lo: khi tn th
u
t
1.1.4. Tin trin a i u o:
Khc 24 gi: thic b thong qua
Kh: thic b tho
Khi mt phn vi di ch
i phc
T vong.
n trin, b li nhiu thi v
thi n nh, ri lon ci lon
ti lo ng thi i lo t triu
chng trong bnh ct bin chng ca b
m c l cao nht (m 1/3 s bi
nh hng nhiu nht ti tin trii phc
ca bm c xut hin ngay t tu
nhn phc hi (khong
1/3 s b trm cn c m cm
trong vm cm xut hi
ch n git phn ng ct sang ch
u qu ca nhii lo
ch
1.2. RI LON TRM CM
1.2.1. Lch s i trm cm
Su u t ng c
thuyt th dch ca Hippocrat (460 377 tr
mt dng b n v m su ut
(Maniaco hai trng
i loi bnh trong mt bnh cc
gn thn tu n hc Karl
t ng b c chu k
m cn ct b
n h thao cuu u
hai hi lp nhau trong mt bnh cn thn h
trm cm (Psychose- Manico
ra hai th lon thm cng c
c chp nhng s xut s
lom cng bnh
c ri lon trm cng cc). Trm cc
n h m th ha th
k XX vu b c ch [8] [9].
ng i bnh Quc t ln th i (ICD 10:
trm ct hi chng bnh
a ri lon cc trm, m
ging dn mt mi gim hong, ph bit mt ch
sau mt c gng nh, tn ti trong mt khong tht hai tun.
Nhng triu chng ph bit s t
t tr m
hy hoi hoc t i lon gic ng
ngon miu chng lon thm cm
p c sau: [10]
+ F06.32: Trm cm thc tn.
n trm cm trong ri lon cng cc.
n trm cm
+ F33: Trm cn
+ F41.2: Ri lon hn hu - trm cm
m cm trong ri lon s ng
+ F20.4: Trm ct
1.2.2. Ba trm cm
m cm.
1.2.2.1. Trm c
Brice Pitte cho rng trm c ng c
thng cc nhng mn, tuyt vc nhng
mi nguy him cnh l nng ca
trm cm hoc s u hin ca trm cng v
Nhng ngi nh i cao tu u
t li sc cuc sng, c
i thng ci, v v hu, mi quan h
hi, kinh tng
m
u t ng bin c trong cuc sng n
y l i v ng v b tn th
m cm [12].
+ Gi thuyt v nhn thi lon chn th
ca trm ci v c th, ca trm
cu qu ca ri lon nhn thc [13].
a ra b ba triu chng v nhn thc ca trm cm.
- S t u
thi
- Khuynh h gii xung quanh vc trm c
t th gi i mt s n s xy ra, mt s
trng ph
- S cam chu, s sng mt cuc sng vt cng
mi thua thit, b tt bi [14].
1.2.2.2. Trm cc ti lon
n hoc do s dc c ch n
Bc tc tha nh
bin hc.
t qu u
hin trm c l trm cm b-
40% [15].
cho rng tuy chi lon thc tc hi
n trm cm kh n, song s c hiu h
thu ki di lon trm cm i
cao tui [15].
n ti vi trm
cm i cao tunh lmi lon ni tit s
b mm cm th nh l ng
chim mt t l t ng hp trm c
[16].
Nhiu loi thu m cm nh i cao tui:
t c ch h th
c h huy c
corticosteroid, thuc chng co git, thuc chng lao [17].
1.2.2.3. Trm cm ni sinh
m cm ni sinh vn d thuyu t.
A. Di truyn
ng ca gen di truyn trong ri lon cc th hin
u v u v n t.
* Nhu v
Nguy c nht thng cp 1 (quan h rut tht), gim
nh h chung.
y kh c trm cm nhng ng
huyt thng c c trm cm nhng
t thng cp 1 cao gp ba ln so vi nh
c bnh ri lon c
u v tr
u tn sut b si
s c yu t di truyn. Nga ngi b ri lon trm
cm n l ri lon trm cm cao h chung. T l bnh tr
75%, trong khi tr c trng ch -
19% [18].
Theo Mendlewicz, t l ri lon cng cc tr ng
chim 51% - 28% [19].
u v
Nh s tin b ca sinh h nh
nh ri lon cng cc, nhng c ch chuyn gin
c cho tt c ng hp (mt hay nhi
cn ca nhim sc th XI.
Tuy vn nay v di truyi vi ri lon c
nhiu tranh lun.
B. Bt thng trong cht dn truyn thn kinh
n trm cm bao g t
cathecholamin (Noradrenalin, Adrenalin, Dopamin). Nh
ng bi v cm c
n s suy gim s lng hoc ho
S dn truyn thn kinh qua khp thn kinh (Synap)
a h thng serotonin trong trm cm
Nhu ting vt m cho thy
nhi ch ca h th dn
n nhu chng c th thng gp trong trm cm nh s ngon ming,
gic ng, chc, c c th
thu ca serotonin ng ca gii
u chng gp trong trm cm:
S u ca h serotonin t
serotonin gim
trm cm.
S u ca h serotonin t n
thn triu ch
hing trong ri lon trm c u chng lo
S u ca h u hs
ngon miu chng ri
long bm cm.
Bng php ct ln t
i khe mnh
bm cm m va, nhn thy nhi b
thn ng chuyi serotonin mt s a
n nng chuyn
nc ph m
c a n n t c gim phn ng
chuyp mt bng chng trc ti
n t i ng vi s a
serotonin mt s a bm c
tr cho gi thuyt v s gim dn truyn h thn kinh serotonin trong bnh sinh
ca trm cm [22].
i cc chng tr ng c
thuu qu u tr cm c
ca h thng serotonin trong bnh sinh ca trm cm.
c chng trm c
d u tr g qua vic c ch
norepinephrin, t c ch n chuy
trc khp th ca hai ch khe khp thn
kinh [23].
c chng trm cm c ch p thu chn lc serotonin (Selective
serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors) nhng
chng trm cc c ch chn ln serotonin. S
c ch p thu serotonin a n ng ca
thu th o ra hiu qu u tr nhng
thi cn [23].
t thuc chng trm c c ch
tr
chi khe synap t u tr trm c
ng c serotonin m[23].
a h thng Norepinephrin trong trm cm
Ngay t nh n th a
norepinephrin trong bnh sinh ca trm cm. Nhu gng nhc
li kt qu cu trng gim n ca
norepinephrin m cm [24].
ng si a norepinephrin cng nh i phu thn
kinh ca h thn gic mu ch
bm cm nhng, mau mt mi, gim t
S u c n kinh n h thng vin nh
i h
triu chng cn thc ci v s ngon ming, chc
c, nhy cm vi c bm cm [24].
c chng trm cn truyn thn
kinh ca h norepinephrin bn vi cht vn chuy
n kc vn chuyn tr lc
khp th ca chi khe khp th
ng ca norepinephrin t ng chng trm cm [24]
[25].
c chng trm cm c ch p thu chn lc norepinephrin
(Selective Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors - NRI
s
) nhng
u tr norepinephrin nhng th th
hng thng ph ca thuc cng do hi nhng th
th u ca h
u tr ca thuu
ca h noradrenergic t n th
u tr c
s
th
1
ng
ng ph ca thu
th
1
sau khp thn kinh, th th
2
trp thn kinh, th th
1
sau
khp thn kinh mt s c bit ca
NRI
s
th
1
tiu n hoc h thng thn kinh giao cm ngoi vi s
ng [23] [24].
a dopamin trong trm cm
Nhu g y dopamin c nh
u tr trm cm. N c t cht
chuya dopamin gim trong d-ty m cm.
Nhu v nh thn kinh m cm chc
u tr bng thuc cng cho kt qu ng gi t gn kt
(ligand) vi cht vn chuy n kt dopamin
m (putamen) [23] [24]. Nhng bng ch
i h nh qua nhi ng kt qu
cng h tr cho gi thuy khim khuyt trong dn truyn thn kinh
n trm cm [24] [25].
n kinh h rng khp
v t vi h thng ba cht dn truyn thn kinh 5-
ng v
n ca cholin (tin cht c thy mt s b
trm c bng ca phc hp phospholipid. Nhng chng
vn vi h cholinergic s i vi trm ct
ng vn v m chp vng
i b u chng ca trm cm [23]
[24] [25].
Acid gama a ng c ch nh ng
u ht dn truyc bit
i vi
ca bm cm thng b gim. Nhng ng vt cho thy
nhng sang ch m hoc cn kit n
GABA. Ngc lc chng trm c th GABA [24].
Chnh chng chp ct ln (SPECT:
single photon Emission Computerised Tomography) thn tng gim nng
GABA m cm cm hoc t
Trc tuyn thng thn:
Mm cc ghi nhn t u.
Khong 50% bm cc ghi nhc
t liu Dexamethason [23] [27]
Trc tuy
Ngi ta thi lon tuyu chng cm
ng 1/3 bm cm nng mm v trc tuyn
ng vn th gi
(Thyrotropin releasing hormon: TRH) [23] [27].
C. Gi thuyt v a h thn kinh trung
u g i c
i chuyt mt s t c hia nhng
ngi ri lon trm cm.
nh chp ct l- s bm cm,
Targum S D. (1983) th thui kh
a bnh) [28].
ng chp cng hng t thy bm
cn th thng hc cht
trng lm cn thn. nhng bm cm
n thng) thy xut hin teo nt, teo
c bit nhng u g ra rng th i h gi
gim sinh t n kinh mi hi hi ta cy hin
tng teo v n c
sc, dn git ca t
tr yu trong ba trm cm [30].
n th
B nh
chp cng hng t p ct ln t
i ta n thy m a tn
thm cm.
- Chp ct ln t dng (PET):
i lu l
t hin s
rn sau ca trm cm.
Mayberg H.S., Robinson R.G, Khoa
chnh, tri h
dng k thuc mt
gia s gi th S2 serotonin v nhng
bt qu xut hin trm ct
qu
- nh cng hng t (MRI):
Hi h m th
trm c
Hn trm cm sn hi, sau teo
nh n tin trin m
- u gii phu bnh: b m
cm thy
m m t bo th
m.
+ Gi m to
khp thn kinh mi
+ Mt s to mung t n
kinh hi h
- C o hot thn kinh (NeuroPlasticity) ca
trm cm:
t qu ng nh
c nghi ra trm c n s
u to th
u bnh hc thy s bii
c xy ra hi hi m
y ra nhm
n
Nhc nghim cn ra
nhng bic ng nh bnh
m cm, vic gic hi h chu
trng vt thc nghim
phi chu mng sang chm
cm. Gt long vt
thc nghim cng cho thy nhng biu hin cnh
m n bi i ch h
[33].
Vy c sinh lnh hc ca trm cm dn
n mt tip cn thc tn: bii chuy
c cht t a nhng c ki
c bii h
t qu o hot
thu then cht trong bnh
sinh trm cm. [33]
i lon trm cm
n, trm cc ch t
n th hin qua c u chng sau
[34]:
- C c chc trm, bun ru, r, m
quanh thy m, bi quan v tng lai [10] [34].
- T c ch: suy ngh chm ch cho m
t tin tng hp ni
hay t buc ti, o thanh nghe ti i li ca mc v
nhng ht s xn vt hing hoc
- Vng b c ch: bng hay
ngi hoc n mt t th, trng hp n ng [34].
i lon th 10 ca T chc Y t
Th gii (ICD10), bnh ca mn trm cm biu hin nh sau
[10]:
th u chm hoc mt
kh c nhiu triu chng ca ri lon thn kinh thc vt.
t biu hin thm cm
i lon th 10, trm cm lng
i lon cu hin bng ba triu chc try triu chng
ph biu cht hai tun [10].
u chc trng bao gm:
- c gim
- Mt m
- Ging dt mm hong.
* Nhng triu chng ph bin bao gm:
- Gi t
- Gi tr tin.
- Xut hin nhng b t
- m, bi quan.
- hy ho hoc t
- Ri lon gic ng: bng mt ng i gic.
- ng.
1.2.3.2. Chm cm
n cha i lon
th 10, trm cc ch: nh, v
s lng cu ch biu chc
li mu cht hai
tun [10].
Trm cm m nh
Ch t hai trong s u chng
c trt hai trong s u chng ph biu chng
nhng triu ch m nu chnh
c thn
tip tc. Trong trm cm m nh b
ng triu ch.
Trm cm m va
Khi bt hai trong s ba triu chc trt
ba trong s u chng ph biu ch
k trong vic tip t nghii hot
u chng c.
Trm cm m nng
Khi b ba triu chc trt bn trong s
triu chng ph biu chng trong s i m n
nu nhng hoc chm chn vng r
u chm cm nng vn
c chng h u chng trm cm xut hin
nng n ch di hai tun.
n trm cm nng b tip tc sinh hoc
c.
Trong trm cm m nm cm m
nu chng lon thm cm m nu
chng lon thp vc, ng triu chng lon thn
p vu chng lon th
tn nhng v s i li hoc nhng thm ha
sp xth o thanh vi li l
kt ti, ph c t thi ra.
1.3. M M SAU I U O
1.3.1. Nhu v trm cm sau nh
u t
ncm m u h
bing
ch nh
m u t o c n thng
o. c y, m t m m u h
Hackett Anderson ng quan
y
thng
n bn ln th
m m sau i u o c nhau nh
trung nh ca m m sau i u o
trong t l hin mc a m m sau i u o
u, s ph bin tng th ca trm cm giu dao
ng t n 66,7%, [2] c tr i hc
Auckland Newzealand, tng hp s liu c n
phm t n 2002 thy s b trm ct qu no
kho tin cy 95%, 29% - 36%) [2].
n cu ca Jessica L Johnson, Pamela A Minarik [6] ng y trm
ct qu y ra khong 33% ca nhng ngi s
t nhiu trong s c chu tr.
Kt qu ca nhic thc hin nhng khu v
thu cho thy l
rt cao b trm cm.
u.
u theo i 1/3 s bnh
u hin trm cm [3]. cy
t l trm cm sau mn m 50%.
Theo Hama S, Nht B bt qu i biu hin
i lon cng th m [37]. Trm cm sau nh
l rn trong c chung.
tron t khi b b tui t n 85 tui, thy
trm cm (trm c m cm
u ti Phn Lan 106 b m 46 n, 60
nam, tui i b nh
trm c nh
42% s bu b trm cm [39].
c Tri hc Oulu Phn Lan, nghiu 100
b t qu. Th n, hai
t qu cho thy sau 2
tut qu n trm cnh
trm cm. Ch trm cm l mn
t qu [40].
1.3.2. nh sinh:
u t
n
Ngay
t ch t ng c ng. t t n
t
i
bt sang n t t, t n
lsang ng dao u tr
i nghim mt tr
n h
c u sinh c
. t m, nguy c
n t cao, ng m m c ng nguy c cao m
m sau i u o. p ng u y c xem nh u
nh ng gia nh c i quan a