tài liệu ôn thi tốt nghiệp trung học phổ thông môn anh văn

Trờng THPT Huỳnh Thúc Kháng
Tổ Tiếng Anh – TD
Tài Liệu Ơn Thi Tốt Nghiệp THPT
Lớp 12: năm 2009-2010
Chào các em! Chúc Các em thành cơng trong các kỳ thi sắp tới, Tổ Tiếng Anh trường
THPT Huỳnh Thúc kháng – Vạn Ninh xin ra mắt các em tập tài liệu ơn tập này nhằm
hệ thống các điểm ngữ pháp cơ bản để các em tiện việc ơn tập, đồng các bài tập áp
dụng cả hai hình thúc tự luận và trắc nghiệm để các em thực hành, chúc các em tự tin
và ln ln làm chủ kiến thức và lập trường mạnh mẻ khi quyết định chọn phương án
đúng.
Nội Dung ơn tập
Part I: Tenses
Giới thiệu các em về các thì cần ơn tập – Trình bày tổng qt về cách dùng thì trên
timeline.
1. The Simple Present (Thì hiện tại đơn )
a. Form : ( Công thức )
- Khẳng đònh : I , We , You , They … ( S nhiều ) + V1 He , She , It ( S ít )
+ V- s / es
- Phủ đònh : I , We , You , They + don't Vo He , She , It … +
doesn't Vo
- Nghi vấn : Do + We , You , They + Vo … ? Does + He , She , It …
+ Vo … ?
b. Usage (Cách dùng ) :
- Diển tả một chân lí , một sự thật hiển nhiên .
Ex : The Earth goes round the sun / He is a doctor . / - Tom comes from
England .
- Diển tả 1 thói quen hoặc 1 việc xảy ra thường xuyên ở hiện tại ( always , often
= usually , sometimes = now and then , seldom , rarely , never, every ) dùng để
nhận biết.
Ex : He often goes to class late . / My mother gets up early every morning .
Note : Thêm – es vào sau những động từ tận cùng : o , s , x ,z ,sh , ch.

2 . The Present Continuous (Thì hiện tại tiếp diễn )
a. Form :
- Khẳng đònh : S + am / is / are + V –ing - Phủ đònh : S + am / is / are ( not ) +
V -ing
- Nghi vấn : Are / I s + S + V-ing …. ? Ex: We are studying English
now .
b. Usage ( Cách dùng ) :
- Diển tả một hành động đang tiếp diễn ở thời điểm nói ( ở hiện tại )
* Dấu hiệu nhận biết : now , right now = at once , at ( the / this / present ) time,
at the moment, Ra lệnh ( Look ! Listen ! ) Ex : - She is listening to his teacher now
- Diễn tả 1 hành động sẽ xảy ra ở tương lai ( có kế hoạch từ trước )
Ex : She is getting married next year.
Note :* Be going to +Vo dùng để diển tả 1 hành động sắp xảy ra mà hiện tượng của nó
đã xuất hiện hoặc 1 hành động tương lai có dự đònh trước .
Ex: The grey dark appears. It is going to rain.
3 . The Present Perfect (Thì hiện tại hoàn thành )
a. Form :
- Khẳng đònh : S + has / have + V
3
, ed - Phủ đònh : S + has / have
( not ) V
3
, ed
- Nghi vấn : Has / Have + S + V
3
, ed ?
b. Usage ( Cách dùng ) :
Diển tả một hành động vừa mới xảy ra hoặc xảy ra không rõ thời gian (thường đi kèm
với các từ just , recently = lately, not yet, ever, never, aleady )
Ex : We haven’t finished our homework yet .

Diển tả 1 hành động : Bắt đầu từ quá khứ … kéo dài đến hiện tại …. có khả năng tiếp
tục ở tương lai ( thường đi với các từ since , for ) Ex : - They have lived here for
ten years .
Ngoài ra còn có một số cụm từ chỉ thời gian như : so far = until now = up to now ,how
long ? It is the first / second / third … time, twice / many / three…. times.
Note : For ( many, several, 2, 3 / . + times, years, months or a long time = ages ) # since
( last week )
4. The Simple Past (Thì quá khứ đơn )
a. Form :
- Khẳng đònh : S + V2,ed … ( Tobe : was / were ) - Phủ đònh : S + did
not Vo ….
- Nghi vấn : Did + S + Vo … ?
b. Usage : Diển tả hành động đã xảy ra, chấm dứt trong quá khứ ( đôi khi biết
rõ thời gian ) thường có các từ đi kèm : yesterday ,ago , last ( week /night … ) , in 1990
( thời gian ở quá khứ )
Note : Thói quen ở quá khứ # thói quen ở hiện tại.
- Always, often = usually + V2,ed = used to + Vo hoặc was / were / got used
to + V – ing.
( quá khứ )
Ex: I always came here for my summer holiday =
………………………………………………………………
- Always, often = usually + V1 / s,es = am,is,are / get used to + V – ing.
( hiện tại )
Ex: I always come here for my summer holiday = …
………………………………………………………………
5 . The Past Continuous (Thì quá khứ tiếp diễn )
a. Form : S + was / were + V - ing
Ex: We were studying Maths at this time yesterday .
b. Usage :
- Diển tả một hành động đang xảy ra vào 1 thời điểm xác đònh trong quá khứ .

Ex : - What were you doing at 4 p.m yesterday ?
- Diển tả 1 hành động đang xảy ra vào 1 thời điểm xác đònh ở quá khứ hoặc 1 hành
động đang xảy ( hành động này kéo dài hơn ) thì có hành động khác xen vào .
Ex: What were you doing at 4 p.m yesterday ? We were watching television when he
came
- Diển tả 2 hành động đang xảy ra cùng lúc ở quá khứ .
Ex: Yesterday , while I was reading a book , my sister was watching T.V .
Dấu hiệu nhận biết : at ( the / this / that ) time, at the moment, at 4p.m + thời gian ở quá
khứ ( yesterday, last ) Ex : He was watching film at the moment yesterday.
6 . The Past perfect (Thì quá khứ hoàn thành )
a. Form : S + had V
3
, ed
b. Usage : Diển tả một hành động xảy ra trước 1 hành động khác trong quá khứ
hoặc trước 1 thời điểm ở quá khứ . Ex : When he got up this morning , my mother
had already left .
Dấu hiệu nhận biết : before , after
7 . The simple future : (Thì tương lai đơn )
a. Form : S + shall / will Vo
b. Usage : Diển tả hành động sẽ xảy ra ở tương lai : tomorrow , next ( week /
month ) … , in 2010
8. The Perfect Future : ( Tương lai hoàn thành )
Form S + will have V 3,ed
Dấu hiệu nhận biết : By the end of …. Ex : By the end of this year, I will have had a
new bike.
Note : Sau when , while , before , after , until, by the time, as , as soon as, if ……….)
không dùng thì tương lai mà chỉ dùng thì hiện tại đơn .
Ex : She will phone her parents when she comes here next week.
BÀI TẬP ÁP DỤNG
I. Put the verb in brackets into the past simple or the past perfect.

1. When I …………………… (reach) the station , the train (already, leave)
2. It was not until I (read) your letter that I (understand) the truth.
3. He ( sleep) all night but he (be) still tired in the morning.
4. Tom and John (know )each other because they (meet) the summer
before.
5. I (rush) to the air port , but the plane (leave)
6. I (start) college as soon as I (finish ) the school
7. Everyone (eat) dinner by the time we (get ) to the dinning room
8. somebody (tell) me that I (late) for the train
9. My wife (buy) a new hat after I (ask) her not to do so.
10.A woman (come) in with a baby , who she (say) just (swallow) a
safety pin.
II. Put the verb in brackets into the past simple or the past continuous.
1.she (work) very hard yesterday.
2. They suddenly (realize) that they (travel) in the wrong direction
3. when I (pick) up the teapot . the handle (come) off
While I (swim) , someone (steal) my clothes and I (have) to walk
home in my swim suit
4. While I (wonder) whether to buy the dress or not . someone else
(come) and (buy) it
5.Everyone (read) quietly when suddenly the door (burst) open and
a complete stranger (rush) in
6. when he (come) .I (watch) TV
7. I (water) the flower . it (start) to rain.
8.She (talk) to John when I (arrive)
III. Put the verb in brackets into the present perfect or the simple past
1. she is studying. She (start) to study tem minutes ago. She (study)
for fifteen minutes
2. The taxi (come) ; so we must go
3. I live in this flat , I (move) here in 1995. (live) since 1995

4. Peter: You (see) any good films lately?
Tom: yes, I (go) to Hoa Binh theatre last week and (see) a
Japanese film.
5. We (telephone) your office everyday this week
6. I (never, visit) Australia, but I ( see) a program on T.V about it two
weeks ago.
7. World war II (end) in 1945
8. They (work) at the bookstore, they (take) the same classes, and
they (live) in the same dormitory.
9. where (you, be) all this morning? It’s nearly midday now.
10.Where (you, be) this morning? I rang you up several times before
midday.
A. Barbara Lively, the writer , is married with two children . She …1……( write) over
40 books . She ……2…( start) writing after the death of her first husband. She …3……
(live) in many parts of the world . she ……4…(spend) her childhood in Egypt, but ……5…
(come) to England in 1966. She …6……( write) both prose and poetry, but is best
known for her romantic novels . She………7 (win) many wards , including the booker
prize , which she ……8… (win ) in 1988 for the novel “ Dark Times to come”.
1. a. writes b. wrote c. has written d. written
2. a. starts b. started c. was starting d. had started
3. a. lives b. has lived c. lived d. living
4. a. has spend b. spent c. had spent d. has spent
5. a. has come b. had come c. came d. comes
6. a. writes b. is writing c. wrote d. has written
7. a. wins b. won c. has won d. win
8. a. wins b. won c. has won d. win
I. Give the correct form of the verb :
1. I (walk) down the street when I (see) this man I thought I knew. I probably wouldn’t
have recognized him if he (not smile) at me, but I’d known that smile any where.
Christ! I (not see) him since I left college. We went and had a drink and (talk) about

old times and the people we’d known and the things we (do) together. He (tell) me
he spent the first few years after college working in a hospital in Brazil and then he
(find) a job teaching. He said he (be) married but it hadn’t worked out, and they
(get) divorced. It seemed that he (have) a pretty bad time; but he said that now
things (start) to get better. I said I (often think) about him, and had wondered what
(happen) to him.
2. I met George and Linda someday last week as I (walk) through the park. They (be)
to the Sports Center where they had been playing tennis. They (go) to a café for a
drink and invited me to join them but I (arrange) to meet a friend and (not, have)
time.
Part II: THE SEQUENCE OF TENSES IN ADVERBIAL CLAUSES OF TIME ( Hòa
hợp thì trong menh de trang ngu )
1.When :
- When / by the time + S + V1 / Vs , es , S + V1 / Vs , es ( often, usually,
always )
S + will Vo ( sẽ xảy ra : next, tomorrow
… )
S + will have V
3,ed
( just, already, for +
time )
Ra lệnh : Vo
Ex : When / by the time he comes, he will have taken a break for 15 minutes.
Remind me when I forget.
- When + S + V
2/ ed
, S+ V
2/ ed
( 2 chủ từ giống nhau )
S + was / were + Ving ( 2 chủ từ khác nhau / hành động diển ra lâu hơn )

S + had + V
3,ed
( just, already, for + time / hành động xảy ra trước )
Ex : When we came, they were dancing / When we came, we saw many people there.
When I got home, everybody had gone to bed.
2.While :
- While S + am / is / are + V-ing , S + V1 / Vs, es ( often, usually, always )
- While S + was / were + V-ing , S + was / were + V- ing ( 2 hđộng đồng thời
xảy ra ở quá khứ )
S + V
2
, ed
3. Before + S + V
2/ ed
, S + had + V
3
, ed # After + S + had + V
3,ed
, S + V
2/ ed

4. Since S + V
2/ ed
, S + have / has + V
3,ed
Note : - Before he went to bed, he had brushed his teeth.
- After I finish my homework, I will watch TV. ( Hiện tại )
Bài tập áp dụng
1. By the time you (get ) there, the train (already leave)
2. Before my family (move ) here , we ( live) in Hue for ten years

3. After she ( finish) work , she (go) out for coffee
4. As soon as the police (come) , the theft (run ) away
5. My sister ( work) for that company for 6 years before she (move) to Paris
6. …
1. Her eyes were red because she____________
A- had been crying B- has been crying C- has been cried
D- has cried
2. He saw a bear while he_____________ in the forest
A- am walking B- walked C- were walking
D- was walking
3. “Would you like to go to the pop concert?” -Thanks, but I___________ it already
A- had seen B- have been seeing C- have seen D- did see
4. My brother ________for a job since he graduated from college
A- has been looking B- was looking C- looked D- is looking
5. How are you feeling? -Ive been feeling better since_________
A- the doctor has came B- the doctor will come C- the doctor had come D-
the doctor came
6. His mother_________ English in a junior high school
A- teach B- teaches C- teaching D- have taught
7. Jane is 18 years old, but she sometimes acts as a child. She seems to be___________
for her age
A- inattentive B- informal C- dishonest D- immature
8. My father asked me____ of the film.
A. what do you think B. what I think C. what did you think D.
what I thought
9. Mr. Gibbon usually drinks mineral water, but in this party he ____ champagne.
A. drinks B. will drink C. has drunk D. is drinking
10. Mary to work everyday, but today she .for the bus
a. is driving / waits b. drives/ is waiting
c. has driven / is going to wait d. is going to drive / has waited

11. She seemed some trouble with her computer
a. to have b. having c. has d. had
12. The problemwe could not find the way to get out of the forests before it
got darker and darker.
a. was to b. was which c. was that d. that was
13. Please close the windows. The rain.
a. came b. is coming c. would come d.had come
14. Are you free this afternoon? - No, I am not Ia lecture given by
Professor Jones.
a. am attending b. attend c attended d. have attended
15 What will you do with this room ? I it repainted
a. have had b. had c. is going to have d. would
have
15.There is an international football match on T.V tonight . Liverpool .
against Manchester.
a. are playing b. has played c. was playing d. has been
playing
16. These boys in the garden for three hours
a. are working b. have been working c. will be working d.
were working
A. TRANSFORMATION OF VERBS ( Bieỏn ủoồi ủoọng tửứ )
1. S + have / has not V
3,ed
+ ( O ) for / since + time. Ex : I have not met him
for 3 years.
The last time + S + V
2/ ed
was time ago
.
S last + V

2/ ed
+ time ago
.
It is time since S + V
2/ ed
……………………………………………………………………………….
2. S + started / began / came + V –ing / to – Vo / N + time ago.
S + has / have V
3,ed
+ since / for + time
S + has / have +been + Ving + since / for + time
Ex : I started working here 2 months ago ……………………………………………………………………………………
1.The last time I saw him was in 1998 n
2.It’s ten years since we met each other
3.I have never seen such a good film before
4.Mai began playing the piano in 1998
5. I bought that book yesterday
Rewrite the sentence without changing their meaning
1. She started working as a secretary five years ago.
> She has
2. I had a swim in the sea for the first time.
This
3. This is the first science fiction film I have seen.
I have never
4. She has not been to the hairdresser for three months.
It is
5. Laurence last saw his sister when she left for Japan.
Laurence has not
1. The last time it rained was a fortnight ago.
It hasn't

B : Subject and Verb Agreement ( Sự hòa hợp chủ ngữ – động từ )
* Trường hợp 1 : Động từ chia ở số ít
1. Chủ từ là từ chỉ thời gian ( year / month / week / day ), tiền bạc ( dollar, pound ),
khoảng cách(…metres ,mile) , trọng lượng ( ton )
Ex : Ten tons of rice was distributed to the poor.
2. Chủ từ là V-ing hoặc To – Vo
Ex : Swimming is good for your health.
3. Chủ từ là các đại từ không xác đònh : no -, each - , every - , …… body, ……. one,
….thing
Ex : No students is absent. Everything comes to you.
4. Chủ từ là một mệnh đề
Ex : That books are best friends has been proved.
5. Chủ từ là các từ chỉ môn học ( tận cùng bằng ICS như physics …. ), bệnh tật
( mumps , meascles, rickets ), tên riêng ( Miss White ), danh từ không đếm
được ( news, goods, water, sugar …… ), danh từ số ít ( thường không có s, es )
Ex : Physics is difficult to study.
* Trường hợp 2 : Động từ chia ở số nhiều
1. Chủ từ là danh từ số nhiều ( thường tận cùng –s, es hoặc people, children, men,
women )
Ex : My jeans are torn.
2. Chủ từ là The + adj ( the poor, the rich, the blind … )
3. Both …………… and ……. ( Both Peter and Mary are at the party )
* Các trường hợp khác :
- One of N ( Số nhiều ) ………… + V-số ít ……………………
Ex : One of the most important things to succeed is hard – working.
- A number of ……………………… + V- số nhiều
The number of ……………………. + V – số ít
- S1 + 0R + S2 …
Either + S1 + or + S2 …… Động từ hòa hợp với S2
Neither + S1 + nor + S2 ……

Not ( only ) + S1 + but ( also ) + S2
Ex : Either Tom or his parents are absent.
- S1 + as well as + S2
along / together with Động từ hòa hợp với S1
giới từ ( in, with …. )
Ex : She as well as her friends has just come.
- There be ……… Động từ be ( is, are, was, were ) hòa hợp với danh từ
đứng sau.
Note : + A lot of = lots of = plenty of ( = much / many : nhiều ) + Dtừ
đếm được số nhiều / dtừ không đếm được.
+ A few ( = some : một vài ) , few ( rất ít ) + Danh từ đếm được số
nhiều
+ A little ( = some : một vài ), little ( rất ít ) + Danh từ không đếm được
Bài Tập áp dụng
Exercise 1 Choose the best option
1. Despite she was in her middle age, she looked very graceful and charming.
A B C D
2. It was so a difficult mathematic puzzle that we could not do it.
A B C D
3. _ Let's go out for a drink. _ I suggest staying at home and watch television.
A B C D
4.The last time my father played tennis were in 1999.
A B C D
5 Peter, along with his brothers, go swimming every morning.
A B C D
6. There have been little snow in this area for a long time.
A B C D
7. A). It is boring when we had nothing to do yesterday.
A B C D
8. The picture of the soldiers bring us back many memories

A B C D
9. John's father as well as his brothers……………here yesterday.
A). have been B). was C). had been D). were
10). The number of the students in this class…………… 30.
A). has B). is C). have D). are
1. No news good news.
A. is B. are C. were
D. have been
2. Here some accounts that you must check.
A. is B. are C. were D. was
3. A lot of homework me tired.
A. make B. makes C. have made D. are
making
4. Not only Mr. Pike but also his sons tea.
A. likes B. like C. has liked D.
liking
5. Mathematics us with many aspects.
A. helps B. help C. have helped D.
helping
6. The United States of about 160 nations.
A. consists B. consist C. Consisting D. have
consisted
7. Coffee contains caffeine, and
A. tea does so B. so tea does C. so does tea D. does tea
so
8. Both Tom Mary are students.
A. and B. nor C. or D. with
9. Plenty of milk consumed everyday.
A. are B. is C. was D. were
10.Neither you nor I responsible for the bad result.

A. are B. is C. am D. be
11.Ten thousand dollars a large sum of money.
A. are B. is C. were D.
being
12. I can not speak Spanish. –
A. So can I B. Neither can I C. Either can I D. Neither
can’t I
13.Both Jane and Mary, as well as John, ready for the exam.
A. is B. was C. are D. has been
14.Working for 12 hours a day her very tired.
A. make B. makes C. making D. have
made
15.The number of the days in a week seven.
A. is B. was C. are D. were
16.What he told you to be of no importance.
A. seems B. seem C. is seeming D. has
seemed
17.The army eliminated this section of the training test.
A. has B. have C. are D. is
18.The quality of these recordings not very good.
A. is B. are C. have D. were
19. Julia her sister are going to the party.
A. Both /and B. Neither / nor C. Either /or D. Not only /
but also
20. My wife had never been to Hue, and I.
A. never hav B. neither have C. neither had D. neither did
Exercise 2
1. The longest fish in the contest was eighteen inches long".
"It_____ by Thelma Rivers".
a. was catching b. is caught c. was caught d. catch

2. "I heard you decided to take up tennis".
"Yes, I have_____ every day".
a. been played b. been playing c. playing d. been play
3. "Are we about to have dinner?".
"Yes, it _____ in the dinning room".
a. is serving b. serves c. is being served d. was served
4. "Why is Stanley in jail?" "He_____ of robbery".
a. has been convicted b. has been being convicting
c. has convicted d. was convicted
5. "Where are Jack and Jan?" "They____ the boxes you asked for into the house".
a. have been bringing b. bringing c. have been broughtd. is brought
6. "Where's the old chicken coop?"
"It_____ by a windstorm last year".
a. is being destroy b. is destroyed c. was destroyed d. will be destroyed
7. "We're still looking for Thomas".
"Hasn't he_____ yet?".
a. been found b. to find c. was found d. being found
8. "Whatever happened t that fortune - teller?"
"I don't know. She _____ around her in a long time".
a. hasn't seen b. was not seen c. hasn't been seeing d. hasn't been seen
9. "Diana is a wonderful ballet dancer".
"She_____ since she was four".
a. has been dancing b. has been danced c. is danced d. was danced
10. "What a beautiful dress you're wearing!"
"Thank you. It_____ especially for me by a French tailor".
a. is made b. has made c. had been made d. was made
Passive in reported form
1- People say that he has lived here for 10 years
2- They believed that an apple a day kept doctors away
3- People said that jobs are important to the youth

4- They thought that Nam was killed in the jungle by one of his colleagues
5- It is reported that a little girl was found in the park by the police
Part 5 : The comparisons of Adj / Adv Các hình thức so sánh của tính từ và trạng từ )
1. So sánh bằng :
- Khẳng đònh : as + adj / adv + as
- Phủ đònh : not as / so + adj / adv + as
2. So sánh hơn :
a. Tính từ ngắn : adj + ER than
b. Tính từ dài : more + adj + than
3. So sánh nhất :
a. Tính từ ngắn : the adj + EST + ( NOUN )
b. Tính từ dài : the most adj + ( NOUN )
4. So sánh kép :
- So sánh hơn and so sánh hơn ( more and more crowded,safer and more careful )
- the so sánh hơn , the so sánh hơn ( the younger , the easier )
@ Hình thức so sánh phổ biến :
Note : * Các hình thức so sánh phổ biến :
So sánh hơn so sánh bằng ( phủ đònh ) hoặc so sánh hơn ( tính từ trái nghóa )
Ex : He drives more carefully than his brother.
His brother does not drive as carefully as him.
His brother drives more carelessly than him.
Chủ ngữ phủ đònh + so sánh hơn
Ex : No students in his class is clever than Tam
Tam is the cleverest in his class
* Tính or trạng từ đặc biệt :
good / well - better than – the best bad - worse than - the worst
1. Sarah is better at chemistry than Susan > Susan isn’t
2. Apples is usually cheaper than oranges >Apples are not
3. She is a better cook than her sister > Her sister doesn’t
4. She drove more carefully than John > She is

5. She knew much more about it than I did > I didn’t
6. You didn’t speak English as fluently as I did > I
7. I ran faster than Tom > Tom didn’t
8. My salary is high but yours is higher > I can’t
9. They are ……… they used to be
a. more careful than b. as careful than
c. careful more than d. more than careful
10. Gas is ……….coal
a. more cheap then b. more cheaper as
c. much cheaper than d. so cheaper than
1. My house is (big)
bigger
than yours.
2. This flower is (beautiful) than that one.
3. This is the (interesting) book I have ever read.
4. Non-smokers usually live (long) than smokers.
5. Which is the (dangerous) animal in the world?
6. A holiday by the sea is (good) than a holiday in the mountains.
7. It is strange but often a coke is (expensive) than a beer.
8. Who is the (rich) woman on earth?
9. The weather this summer is even (bad) than last summer.
10. He was the (clever) thief of all
Choose the best option
1.Toommy has ( good / better ) qua;ifications than the other applicants
II. CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWER. ONLY ONE IS CORRECT.
1. to our surprise, the so-called cheap shop was we expected.
a. as twice as expensive b. expensive as twice as
c. twice as expensive as d. as expensive as twice
2. mr. johnson's company has expanded rapidly. it's grown :
a. the biggest b. bigger c. as big as d. bigger and bigger

3. our old flat was near the
.
shops. our new place is , for shopping.
a. less convenient b. better and better
c. the least expensive ' d. the most dangerous
4. the more expensive the car is, the …………….
a. less buyers b. less economical
c. more comfortable d. more quickly
5. the larger the surface area is, the ……………
a. faster b. more slowly c. worst d. quicker
6. the smaller the room is, the………… it retains heat.
a. slowly b. better c. worse d. more
7. the more you work, the…………………… you can earn.
a. more promotion b. more tired
c. more money d. more experience
8. the warmer and damper the weather is, the better it is for insects and bacteria……
a. growing b. to breed c. to be bred d. breeding
9. the…the hotel is, the more comfortable its rooms are and the better service it supplies
to its guests.
a. cheaper b. larger c. more expensive d. more storey
10. the more i live with her, the……………… i understand her.
a. more b. most c. best d. deeper
11. the more i look into this problem, the more complicated it seems …………
a. being b. to be c. be d. getting
12. the more………….you eat, the fatter you become
a. vegetables b. fish c. meat d. fruit
13. he cannot express what he means clearly. therefore, the more he speaks,… i
understand.
a. the more b. the most c. the least d. the less
14. the book is interesting. the more i read it, the more i am………… in it.

a. keen b. fond c. engrossed d. concerned
15. we could enjoy the fresh air when we came…………… to the sea.
a. shorter b. closer c. next d. further
16. nowadays everything is getting…………
a. more expensive b. more expensive and more expensive
c. more and more expensive d. the most expensive
17. it is…………………….embarrassing experience i have ever met.
a. the more b. the less c. the most d. more
18. it is getting……… find a good job in hanoi if you don't have qualifications.
a. more and more b. less and less c. the most d. the least -
19. two hundred years ago people thought it to travel to the moon.
a. impossible b. more impossible
c. less impossible d. the most impossible
20. the more money you have, the more easily you can profits.
a. do b. bring c. make d. collect
21. the fatter i become, the……………i run
a. quicker b. more slowly c. slower d. more fast
22. the more i learn, the more i realize that my……………….is still poor.
a. knowing b. knowledgeable c. knowledge d. knew
23. he is unreliable. the more he promises,………….i believe him.
a. the more b. the least c. the better d. the less
24. the longer you stay at the hotel, the more money you have…………
a. to pay b. to be paid c. paid d. paying
25. the more cigarettes you smoke, the………… you will die.
a. quicker b. faster c. sooner d. easier
Part 6 : Sentence Patterns ( Mẫu câu )
1. S + V + so adj / adv that + S +V ( can / will Vo )
2. S + V + such ( a / an ) adj Noun that + S + V
Ex1 : The lesson is very difficult. Nobody can understand it.
The lesson is so ……………………………………………………….

It is such ………………………………………………………………………….
Ex2 : The film is so interesting that I have seen it twice,
It is such ………………………………………………………………………………………………
3. S + V( khẳng đònh ) + too adj / adv ( for O ) + to - Vo ( quá …… nên không thể )
4. S + V + adj / adv enough ( for O ) + to - Vo
Ex3 : The box is so heavy that she can’t carry it.
The box is too ……………………………………………………………
Ex4 : This shirt is too expensive for me to buy.
This shirt isn’t ………………………………………………………………
5. It + is / was + adj + ( for O ) + to -V
0

……
V
-ing

+ is / was + adj + to – Vo ….
Ex 5 : It is dangerous to go alone at midnight.
Going
6. S + be + of + ( adj ) + N.
Ex : Fresh air is of great use to our health.
Note : So adj / adv that ( cho đến nỗi mà ) # so that ( để / để mà )
Too / so much + Dtừ không đếm được # too / so many + Dtừ số nhiều đếm ;
1. The lesson was very difficult. Students can’t do it at all
 It was such
2. The book was so interesting that I read it twice
It was such …………………………
3.The car is so old that he cannot drive it.
The car is not
4.The car was so rusty that it couldn't be repaired.

The car was too
5.The weather was so fine. Consequently the children spent the whole day in the garden.
 It was such
Part 7 : Conditional sentences
Types
1
If
S + V
o
/ V
-s,es
( Tobe : am, is,
are )
S + do / does not + V
o
Hoac S + has / have
V3,ed
S + will / can ( not ) V
o
2
S + V
2, ed
( Tobe : were )
S + did not + V
o
S + would/ could ( not ) V
o
3
S + had ( not ) V
3, ed

S + would / could/might ( not )
have V3,ed
4
(mixed
)

S+ V2 ( present time)
S+ had + V3 ( past time)
S would/could have + V3 ( past
time )
S + would/ could + V ( present
time)
EX: (mixed)
1. I didn’t have dinner last night so I am hungry now
 If I had had dinner, I wouldn’t be hungry now
2. I didn’t study hard so I can do this exercise easily now
-  If I had studied hard , I could do this exercise easily now
Notes: when we want to OMIT IF , we must use inversion
- Should you meet him , please give him my book
- were I rich , I would help you
- were it not his help, I would die
- Had I not studied hard , I would have failed the exam
I/ Give the correct verb forms.
1. They would do it if they (can).
2. If I (be) you, I (tell) her the truth.
3. If she were older, she (have) more sense.
4. We all (not,go) to school if tomorrow (be) Sunday.
5. Peter would answer the phone if he (be) in.
IV/ Make conditional sentences, using the words provided.
1. If/today/be/Sunday/We/not go/to school.

2. If/she/be/5 years younger/I/marry/her.
3. What/you/buy/if/you/have/one million dollars now?
4. If/pig/have/wings/they/fly.
I. Give the correct tense of the verbs in parentheses. (5ms)
1. If you (continue) . . . . . . . . . . .to talk so loudly, I’m sure you (ask) . . . . . . . . . . . to
leave.
2. A huge tree crashed through the roof and broke his bed. If he (be) . . . . . . . . . . in bed
at the time, he (kill) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3. Without oxygen, human beings (not / exist) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4. If the woman (have) . . . more money, she (buy) . . . . .some warm clothes for the
coming winter, but poor her, she doesn’t have enough money.
5. If I (not / stay up) . . . . . . . . . . late last night, I (not / be . . . .) so tired now.
6. I (phone) . . . . . . . . . you some days ago, but I didn’t know your phone number.
II. Rewrite the following sentences, using the words given. (5ms)
1. Hurry up or we’ll be late.
 If . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
 Unless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2. We can’t go out in such terrible weather.
 If the weather . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3. Tom wasn’t invited; that’s why he wasn’t present at the party.
 If . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4. The mother says:”Lucy, doing that again means that you’ll have to go to bed right
away.”
 The mother says:”Lucy, if you . . . . . . . . . . . . .
NOTES :
1. Bài tập trắc nghiệm : Dựa vào công thức Ex : If he ( come ), please tell
me.
2. Bài tập sửa lỗi : Kiểm tra công thức của 02 mệnh đề và If / Unless.
3. If # Unless = If not : Unless + S + V ( khẳng đònh )
Ex : These plants will die unless he waters them.

4. Viết lại câu đã cho, sử dụng câu điều kiện :
Bước 1 : Xác đònh loại điều kiện ( thường là ĐK 2,3 )
Tương lai ( thì , trạng từ : …………………………………………………… ) ĐK 1
Hiện tại ( thì, trạng từ : ………………………………………………………… ) ĐK 2
Quá khứ ( thì, trạng từ : ……………………………………………………… ) ĐK 3
Bước 2 : Xác đònh mệnh đề If ( sau because ), mệnh đề chính.
Bước 3 : Dùng công thức để viết lại ( ngược thể với câu đã cho : khẳng đònh
Phủ đònh )
Ex 1 : Mary didn’t come, so we cancelled the meeting
……………
Part 8 : Wishes ( Câu ao ước )
Tương lai S + could / would + Vo ) Hiện tại : S + were / V2, ed ……
Quá khứ : S + had V3,ed Note : cách xác đònh giống câu ĐK.
Note : S + regret ( not ) V –ing thi su dung DK3 va ao uoc o qua khu.
Ex : She regretted not working hard ………. She wishes she had worked hard.
I didn’t invite her to my party > I wish
She didn’t concentrate on her study much so she failed the exm  She wish
Nam isn’t here with us – We wish
Part 9 : Mệnh đề, cụm từ chỉ lý do, tương phản, kết quả va mục đích.
1. Mệnh đề, cụm từ chỉ lý do ( vì, bởi vì, do ) :
Because + S + V # because of ( vì, bời vì ) + V – ing / Noun
Note : Due to / owing to được dùng như because of
2. Mệnh đề, cụm từ chỉ sự tương phản ( dù, mặc dù )
Although / even though / even if + S +V # in spite of / despite + V – ing / Noun
Ex : Although he didn’t study, he succeeded. ( có although thì không có
but )
He didn’t study, but / yet he succeeded.
He didn’t study.However / nevertheless / on the other hand, he
succeeded.
3. Mệnh đề, cụm từ chỉ kết quả ( vì thế, cho nên, kết quả là ) : so, therefore,

consequently, as a result.
Ex : He felt hungry, so / consequently he ate two cakes.
He felt hungry.Therefore / As a result, he ate two cakes.
4. Mệnh đề chỉ mục đích ( để, để mà ): Câu đã cho có từ want, need, intend
S + V + in order ( not ) to S + V + so that + S + can / will ( not ) Vo ( hiện tại )
so as ( not ) to + Vo # S + V + so that + S + could / would ( not )
Vo ( quá khứ )
(not ) to
not ) To
In order (not) to +V( bare – inf)  … so that S + V
So as (not)to … in order that
Complete the following sentences
a. He is in a hurry ….
b. Alice prepared the lesson carefully so that …
c. despite his serious illness…
d. Because of his bad cold …
e. Although he hasn’t eaten for 24 hours …
f. He hurried to the station so as not to …
g. Her spoke in a low voice so that …
h. I studied hard so that
I. please turn down the radio so that …
J . We tried to study English well in order to
Clause /phrases of purposes
II Combine 2 sentences into one by using phrase or clause of purpose
1. He studies very hard. He doesn’t want to fail the final examination
2. She practices English everyday. she wanted to speak to foreigners
3. She bought a new car. She wanted to make a trip to Canada
4. I got up early. I didn’t want to be late for school
5. We lower the volume of the radio. We don’t want to bother our neighbors
6. We wore warm clothes so that we wouldn’t get cold

7. I gave them my address so that they could contact me.
8. We are having a party so that we can celebrate Ann’s birthday
9. I try to be on time so that the teacher wouldn’t punish me.
10.The man spoke loudly. he wanted that everyone could hear him clearly
I. Fill in although, in spite of/despite
1. ___________ the weather was bad, we enjoyed our trip.
2. The children slept well ____________ the noise.
3. ________________ earning a low salary, Linda gave money to her parents.
4. John rarely sees Paul ___________ they live in the same town.
5. Julie failed the exam ____________ of working very hard.
6. ____________ it was cold, she didn't put on her coat.
7. Tom went to work ___________ not feeling very well.
8. Anna never learned the language ___________ she lived there for two years.
9. ____________ of the difficulty, they managed to climb to the top of the mountain.
10. I couldn't eat _____________ I was very hungry.
II.Rewrite the following sentences with the same meaning, using the word
provided
1) Although Tom was a poor student, he studied very well.
=> In spite of ……………………………………………………………………………………….
2) Mary could not go to school because she was sick.
=> Because of ………………………………………………………………………………………
3) Although the weather was bad, she went to school on time.
=> Despite ……………………………………………………………………………………………
4) My mother told me to go to school although I was sick.
=> In spite of …………………………………………………………………………………………
5) Because there was a big storm, I stayed at home.
=> Because of ……………………………………………………………………………………….
6) Tom was admitted to the university although his grades were bad.
=> Despite ………………………………………………………………………………………….
7) Although she has a physical handicap, she has become a successful woman.

=> Despite ………………………………………………………………………………………….
8) In spite of his god salary, Tom gave up his job.
=> Although…………………………………………………………………………………………
9) Though he had not finished the paper, he went to sleep.
=> In spite of ………………………………………………………………………………………
10) In spite of the high prices, my daughter insists on going to the movies.
=> Even though ………………………………………………………………………………………
Part 10 : Relative pronouns
1. Who : N ( người ) + who + V
2. Whom : N ( người ) + whom + S + V
3. Which : N ( vật ) + which
4. Where = in which : N ( nơi chốn ) + where + S + V
1. Whose : N 1 whose + N 2 ( N2 của N1 , whose thay thế tính từ sở hữu : his,her,
my, your )
2. When : N ( thời gian ) + when ……
3. Why = for which : đứng sau the reason
4. That :
+ That thay thế cho who, whom, which trong mđề không có dấu phẩy.
+ Không được dùng that sau dấu phẩy và sau giới từ ( sau giới từ dùng whom
hoặc which )
+ Bắt buộc dùng that :
• Sau so sánh nhất
• Sau đại từ không xác đònh : no - , some - , every - , any - + one / thing /
body
• Sau chủ ngữ hổn hợp ( người và vật ) Ex : The man and his dog that ……
• Trong cấu trúc : It is / was noun / pronoun who / that . ( It is Mary
that I admire )
• Sau only / the first / the last + N Ex : The first thing that I do is ….
A. Combine into one, using relative pronounce
Alice is my friend. Her mother died last year

The boy will be punished. He threw that stone
My sister wants to speak to you. You met my sister yesterday
The flowers were roses. I bought the flowers for my sister
Do you know the boy? He sat next to me at the dinner party.
Swimming makes people strong. It is a good sport
The woman is a nurse. We saw her daughter last week
I will take you to Dalat. You can enjoy pure air there
The car is very modern. Mr. Green was driving the car
10. The paint on the chair is still wet. You are sitting on that chair
11. The man is a secretary. You saw the man at the desk
12. The house was built twenty years ago. We are living in the house
13. The girl is very beautiful. Her dress is red
14. The road is narrow. It leads to my village
15. Jane is a woman. Jane is going to china next year
C. Choose the best option
1. No body knows the school ……………my uncle taught 10 years ago
a. who b. whom c. which d. that
2. This morning I met the girl ……………you were talking about.
a. who b. whom c. which d. that
3. The boy …………mother is an English teacher is very helpful
a. who b. whom c. whose d. that
4. The man ………….answered the phone said you were out
a. who b. whom c. whose d. that
5. Please tell me the reason …………you didn’t come to the party last night
a. where b. when c. why d. whose
6 The cat ………….leg was broken was found in an expensive restaurant
a. where b. when c. why d. whose
7. I never forget the place ………… we first met each other
a. where b. when c. why d. whose
8. The news ……… she moved to live in Laos, wasn’t surprised me

a. where b. when c. why d. that
II. Rewrite trhe sentence without changing their meaning
1. The people who were at the meeting will say nothing to the press.
 Nobody who ………………………………………………………………………………………
2. The house prices have risen dramatically this year
 There has ……………………………………………………………………………
3. It’s thought that the accident was caused by human error
 The accident …………………………………………………………………………………………………
Part 11 : Reduced forms ( Hình thức rút gọn )
1. Câu có các đại từ quan hệ :
- Câu chủ động : Bỏ đại từ quan hệ, động từ chính trong câu đưa về nguyên mẫu
(to-V) và thêm V– Ing
Ex : The man who is standing overthere is my father.
The man standing overthere is my father.
- Câu bò động : Bỏ đại từ quan hệ, động từ chính trong câu đưa về V3,ed
Ex : The chair which is made in Japan is expensive.
The chair made in Japan is expensive.
Như vậy trong câu chỉ có 01 động từ chính được chia, dộng từ còn lại ở dạng V –
ing ( chủ động hoặc V3,ed ( Bò động )
2.Hai câu có cùng chủ từ : Tương tự như trên
Ex : He met his old friends. He felt very happy.
Meeting his old friends, he felt very happy.
3. Từ chỉ thời gian : While / when / after / before …
Ex : When I met him, I told him that story. ………. Meeting him, I told him that
story.
Choose the word or phrase - a, b, c or d that best completes the sentence.
1. Nellie Ross of Wyoming was the first woman…….governor in the United States.
a. who elected b. to be elected c. was elected d. her election as
2.Pioneers, in isolated areas of the United States, were almost totally self-
sufficient.

a. who living b. living c. lived d. that lived
3.Completed in 1756, Nassau Hall is the oldest building now……… on the campus of
Princeton University.
a. standing b. it stands c. has stood d. stood
4.Jerome Kern's most famous work is Showboat,………… , most enduring musical
comedies.
a. it is one of the finest b. of the finest one c. the finest one d. one of the finest
5.………………. in large quantities in the Middle East, oil became known as
black gold because of the large profit it brought.
a. Discovering b. which was discoveredc. Discovered d. That when discovered
6.Neil Armstrong,……person to set foot on the moon, reported that the surface was fine
and powdery.
a. the first b. to be the first c. was the first d. as the first
7.The Massachusetts State House, …… in 1798, was the most distinguished building in
the United States
at that time. a. completing b. which was completed c. was completed d. to be
completed
8.Lady Astor was the first woman her seat in Parliament.
a. take b. to take c. taking d. who takes
9.Norman Weiner, mathematician and logician, had an important role in the
development of the completer.
a. who as a b. was a c. whom a d. a
10.War and Peace, ………… , was published in 1869.
a. Leo Tolstoy's most celebrated novel c.which most celebrated novel of Leo
Tolstoy
b. is a Leo Tolstoy's most celebrated novel d.that is Leo Tolstoy's most celebrated
novel
Part 12 : Reported Speech / Indirect Speech ( Lời nói tường thuật / gián tiếp )
1. Statement : ( Câu nói bình thường )
S + said to + O / told + O ( that ) + S would / could … + V0 ( Tương lai )

S V2,ed ( Hiện tại )
S had V3,ed ( Quá khứ )
• Tương lai : after, next, following.
• Hiện tại : then, that day, this ( week, year …. )
• Quá khứ : before, previous
2. Command : ( Mệnh lệnh )
a. Khẳng đònh : S + asked / told / ordered / … + O + To – Vo …
b. Phủ đònh : S + asked / told / ordered / … + O + Not To – Vo
…
3. Câu hỏi :
a. Yes / No :
S + asked O + if / whether + S + V ( lùi về 1 thì so với câu đã cho )
wondered
b. Wh – questions :
S + asked O + what / where / why …. + S + V ( lùi về 1 thì so với câu đã
cho )
wondered
Lưu ý :
- said to + O # told O # talked about
- whether …… or not
- what / where / why … + To – Vo ….
MỘT SỐ CÁCH BIẾN ĐỔI TƯƠNG ĐƯƠNG :
1. Would you like ………………. thì sử dụng S invite O + to - Vo
Ex : Mary said to Peter : “ Would you like to go for walk ? “
Mary invited Peter to go for walk.
2. If I were you …. hoặc had better / should / ought to + Vo thì sử dụng S +
advise + O + not to – Vo
Ex : I said “ You should not smoke, Tam “
I advised Tam not to smoke.
3. Shall we …. ? / why don’t you …. ? / Let’s … / How about / what about … ? thì sử

dụng
S + suggest ( that ) S + should ( not ) Vo
Ex : Miss White said to her husband : “ Why don’t you give up drinking
alcohol ? “
Miss White suggested that her husband should give up drinking alcohol.
4.Will ( not ) Vo được biến thành promise / offer ( not ) to – Vo
Ex : She said, “ I will take you to town “ She offered to take me to town.
5.Remember / don’t forget + V –ing or to Vo Vo được biến thành remind + O + to
Vo
Ex : He said to me : “ Don’t forget to learn your lessons “ He reminded me to
learn my lessons.
6. Sorry for ………………… S + apologize ( to somebody ) for V – ing.
Ex : “ Sorry for keeping you waiting “ He apologized ( to me ) for keeping
me waiting.
7. S + insist ……. S + insist on + Ving
11. S + want / hope + to – Vo …… …… S + have a dream of + V – ing ….
PHRASES/ EXPRESSIONS TO REMEMBER
Advise someone to do something
Mark said to us, “You really ought to get some help.”
Mark advised us to get some help.
Wish to do something
“I hope that I can leave this house to my children,” the old man said.
The old man wished to leave the house to his children.
Threaten to do something
“If you do that again, I’ll leave,” the worker said angrily.
The worker threatened to leave if I did it again.
Tell somebody to do something
“Carry this bag into the kitchen,” my mother said.
My mother told me to carry the bag into the kitchen.
Refuse to do something

She said, “I can’t go to the cinema with you tonight.”
She refused to go to the cinema with me that night.
Promise to do something
He said, “I will come on time.”
He promised to come on time.
Offer to do something
“Let me drive you to the airport,” Alice said.
Alice offered to drive me to the airport.
Invite someone to do something / for something
“Would you like to stay at our house?” said your friends.
Your friends invited me to stay at their house.
“Would you like to have dinner with us?”
Her cousin invited her to have / for dinner.
Beg someone to do something
“Please do not tell my parents about this,” she said to me.
She begged me not to tell her parents about it.
Ask someone to do something
• Warn somebody about / of something
He said, “Be careful. The path is slippery.”
He warned us about the slippery path.
“Driving on this wet street is dangerous,” she said.
She warned us of the danger of driving on the wet street.
• Think of doing something
John said, “The house is very nice! I’ll certainly buy it!”
John thought of buying the house.
• Dream of doing something
“I have always wanted to be a pilot,” Paul said to you.
Paul has always dreamed of being a pilot.
• Look forward to doing something
Mr. Smith said: “I feel like meeting my children soon.”

Mr. Smith looked forward to meeting his children soon.
• Prevent / Stop someone from doing something
The policeman said to the customer: “Stay here! You mustn’t leave the shop!”
The policeman stopped the customer (from) leaving the shop.
• Accuse someone of doing something
“You didn’t do what I said,” the mother said to her son.
The mother accused her son of not doing what she said.
Bài tập áp dụng
“I don’t want to be criticized by non-professionals”, said the film star.
→
The film star objected …….…….……………………………….…….……………
18. “It’s true that I broke your old vase”, she said in tears.
→
She admitted …….…….…………………………………… ……………………
19. “It’s you that have parted my family”, she said angrily to him.
→
She …….…….…………………………………………… … … ……………
20. “Shall we walk round for a change this evening?”, she said.
→
She suggested …….…….…………………………………………… ……………
251 “I don’t think John will come”, said Bill.
→
Bill doubted …….…….………………………………… ………………………
22. “Why don’t you put a better lock on the door, Barry?”, said George.
→
George suggested …….…….……………………………….…….………………
23. “Jack, why don’t we help Old Tom?”, said Jackie.
→
Jackie suggested …….…….………………………………… ……………………
24. She asked me what I had been doing at three the previous afternoon

→
“What …… …………….…….……………………………….…….……………
25. “I wasn’t there at that time”, he said.
→
He denied … ……………….…….…….……………………………….…….……
26. The policeman charged him with stealing that bicycle.
→
“You ……… ………………………….…….……………………………….…….
27. He said, “I wish I knew the answer”.
→
He said that …………………….…….……………………………….…….……
28. “I don’t think John will come”, said Bill.
→
Bill doubted …………………….…….…….……………………………………
29. His English is not good, and he got a bad mark in his test last week
→
If…… … …………….…….……………………………….…….……………
30. “I don’t love you any more”, said Eric to his girlfriend.
→
Eric told… ………………….…….……………………………….…….………
31. “I must see the manager”, she cried.
→
She insisted ………………………………………….…….………………………
32. “You stole my best cassette, Amanda”, said William
→
William….… ……….………………….…….…………………………
33. “You are cheating me”, said Carol to June.
→
Carol…… ……………………….…….…………………………………………
34. “It wasn’t me who took your car”, said Bob.

→
Bob.……… …………….…….……………………………….…….……………
35. “If you don’t take it easy, you’ll have another heart attack”, he said.
→
He advised …….…….……………………………….…….………………………
36. “When it stops snowing, we must start digging ourselves out”, he said.
→
He said…… ……….…….……………………………….…….…………………
37. “You’d better not go out with Peter any more, Elizabeth”, said John.
→
John……… …………….…….……………………………….…….……………
38. “Less noise”, the teacher told the boys.
→
The teacher …………………….…….……………………………….…….……
39. “You caused the accident”, said the other driver.
→
The other driver….…………………….…….………………………………………
40. Helen wanted to know the name of Shirley’s hairdresser’s.
→
Helen said, “Shirley, where do………….…….……………………………………
41. Paul said he was going to China the following year
→
“I………… …………………………….…….…………………………………
42. The porter told us that the train had left five minutes before.
→
“I’m sorry but ………………….…….……………………………………………
43. “I never used bad language”, she said
→
She denied… …….…….……………………………….…….…………………
44. She asked John to repeat what he had said.

→
“Please… ………………………………….…….…………………………
45. “Must you go so soon?”, I said
→
I …….…….……………………………….…….……………………………
Part 13 : MODAL VERBS ( Động từ khiếm khuyết )
A. Form : Modal Verbs ( can /could / may / might will / would ) + Vo
B. Use :
a. Can ( quá khứ là could ) : chỉ một khả năng hoặc cơ hội làm đều gì đó, nghóa là “ có
thể “
Ex : Tom can play three musical intruments.
In the past, people could hardly travel easily.
b. may / might : diễn đạt điều gì đó có thể là thật hoặc điều gì đó có lẽ xảy ra. (less
than 50 % of certainty)
Ex : It may / might be a bomb.
She may / might be at home today.
c. should ( not ) : chỉ lời khuyên ( nên hay không nên )
Ex : You should not smoke so much. It is not good for you.
d. Must: chỉ sự bắt buộc ( phải ), must not chó sự cấm đoán không được phép.
( 95% of certainty )
Ex : You haven’t got much time. You must hurry.
You can tell Tom what I said but he mustn’t tell anybody else.
e. Need ( cần ) # needn’t = don’t need ( không cần )
Ex : You have got plenty of time. You don’t need to hurry ( You needn’t hurry )
Notes :
1. Câu đề nghò : Can you …. ? Could you …. ? hoac May I …. ?
Ex : Could you please open the window ?
May I read your newspaper ?
2. Một số cách biến đổi tương đương :
- be necessary ( for O ) + to – Vo = need ( not )

Ex : It is unnecessary for him to study many subjects.
He needn’t study many subjects / He does not need to study many
subjects.
- be possible / probable + to – Vo hoac maybe + perhaps = can / may + V o
Ex : Maybe your answer is right = Your anwer may be right.
3. Modals + have + V3,ed :
- Could have + P.P: rất có thể đã (diễn tả 1 khả năng đã có trong quá khứ, nhưng