Bước đầu giảng dạy giáo trình Cơ sở văn hóa Việt Nam cho sinh viên hiện nay.PDF

Bl/dC
DAU
GIANG
DAY
GIAO TRJNH
"CO
sd
VAN
HOA
VIET
NAM"^
CHO
SINH VIEN HIEN
NAY
U
Thi Tuyet Hgnh
Bg
mon
Ngdn ngfr va Van hoa Vict Nam
Truimg
DHNN -
DHQG
Ha Ngi
I. Phan
md
dau
Xuit phit tir nban
Ihirc
vd vai
Ird eiia
van boa d nude ta nbiing nam gin day dirge ning

len
dung vdi gii trj dfch thuc
ciia
no, dap img nhu cau
cip bich
trong viee giio due
cho
thanh
nien hgc sinh vd gia trj
eiia
van hoi dan toe va di san van hoi Viet Nam, ning
cao
long
tir
bio
din tdc va y
tbii'c
bao ve van hoi, giio trinh eo sd van hoi Viet
Nirni
-
NXBGD-1997
do giio su
Trin Qude Vugng
ehii
bien
ciing
nhdm bien soan gdm eac tie gia thude bg mdn Van boa - Dai
hgc Qude gia Ha Ngi - ra ddi nhim phue vu ddi hoi trude mat vd mot giio trinh dai hgc
ehi'nb
quy cho viee hgc tap

ciia
sinh vien, hgc sinh.
Song eung
chinb
vi la
sir
dap img nhu cau tmdc mil, nhim phue vu tufe
Ihdi
va kjp thdi
nhiem vu hgc tap va giang day bg mdn bien nay, va eung la
lin
diu lien bien soan, giio trinh
khdng trinh khdi nhung dieu khiem khuyei va bit
eiip.
Viee
thilm
nhap va
Ihfeb
img giio trinh
trong
tinh
hinh bien nay vao vice giang day cho sinh vien d ttmg tnrimg
eii
thd la mdt nhiem vu
dat ra cho
cie
giio vien
giiing
day bg mdn van boa d eac trudng dai hge, cao dang, ddi hoi
sir

gia cdng, sang tao, nang dgng
vii
tfch cue
ciia
nhfmg
ngirdi
vira him
edng
tie giang day true tidp,
vira phai eo trinh do nghien cim chuycn sau.
II.
Phan ngi dung
1.
PliKong
phdp
I
hung
1.1.
Hudng
diin
sinh vien tidp can giio trinh va tai lieu tham khao
Diy la mdt giao trinh eo tfnh chat dai eutmg va chua that
sir
mang tfnb giio kboa vdi he
thdng kidn
thu'c
ehuin
mire
xac dinh. Do tap
hi.tp,

chinh
ly
tir nhieu bai viei
eiia
cie tie gia kie
nhau, vd timg van dd
eii
the
khiie
nhau, nen giio trinh eung chua ed mdt phong each nbat quin
chung.
d
phin khai niem chung,
lai
chua cd nhfmg djnh nghia khai niem chinb xac ma
thirdng
dimg lai d
sir
ddi sinh giira
eac
y kicn khac nhau (VD: khiii niem van boa
''', hoilc direic neu
ra
chen
lin trong
sir
bien minh, giai thfch (khai niem dan xen van boa
"',
dan xcn
cirdng

hire va
tir
nguyen)**'
tham ehf ed khai niem dugc dua ra trong de
miie
nhung khdng cd trong
neii
dung eu
the
eiia
giio trinh (khai niem van boa
hex'"'').
Mat khac, trong nhfmg van dd ed tfnb chit
eii
thd
(khdng gian, thdi gian van boa Viet Nam"") lai dugc vidt
Iheo
phong each nghe thuat,
veiri
rit
nhidu nhung tir ngfr giiu hinh iinh eu the nhung thieu
sir
chinb xie,
kbe:>a htie
nhu "duimg nhu",
"cam
thiy",
"ed cam giae", "phai chang", "cd the", "hay la", ddng
theti cfing
rit tbidu su qua

quydt, xie tfn, tfnh khing djnh
eiia
nhfmg kidn
tbire
giio kboa.
Vi
vay, nhfmg kidn thire nay
chi
dugc eoi nhu nhfmg
Ihiun
khiio,
ge;i
y, mdt phuong an gia thidt cho
sir
tim
Idi ciia
ngirdi dgc ma
chua phai la phuong an duy nbat; each cat nghia, djnh hudng chuan muc
deli
vdi hge sinh, sinh
vien nhu nhfmg giio trinh
khiic.
Dd eung chinh la ehd can
Ihiet
phai cd
sir
tham gia vdi tu each "may
Igc"
eiia
ngudi giang

day, la khoang trong mil
ngiriri buc'tng
dan sinh vien phai lap diy, eld
giiip
hgc sinh ed thd phit
buy vai trd
chii
thd tidp
nhiln ciia
minh.
140
Dd hudng din sinh vien tham
nhiip
giao
Irtnh,
giao vien khdng chi yeu cau sinh vien dgc
tnrde,
ma
edn
phai dinh
hin'mg
cho bg bing he thdng can hoi phit van
cii
thd hudng vao nhung
vin dd then ehd't
ciia
bid giang. Ddng theti ban than giao vien
phiii
ed
sir

ehuin bi tdng ket giao
trtnh tren eo sd udn nin lai nhfmg nban tbire
chii
quan, tan man cua sinh vien, dua ra nhfmg
khii niem chfnh xac ed tfnb qui dinh cho hgc sinh,
giiip
hg cd mdt chuan
mire
chung vd kidn
thiJc
ly thuydt. Mat khac
liii
phai ehuin bj nhung vf du sinh ddng, eu thd trong thuc td cudc sdng
hoac eac tai lieu ed lien quan dd dem gian boa nhung vin dd ly thuydt khd khan, trim
tirgng,
giiip hge sinh dd hidu, dd tidp thu.
He thdng ciu
bed
phit vin thd bien trinh do nban thire, tu duy khai quit, tdng hgp va
nang
lue
sing tao, nbay ben
ciia
giao vien trude giao trinh mdt each rd rang nbit va eung la
phuong tien giio vien thuc bien bai giang mdt each cd hieu qua nbit.
2.1.
Hudng din hgc sinh, sinh vien
thiio
luiin:
Phit buy vai

lid chii Ihd ciia
sinh vien hgc sinh khdng thd khdng thdng qua viee giip cho
hg ed didu kien
bde
Id chfnh kidn, nban tbire
eiia
minh. Dd la lac td giiip cho hg ed nidm say
me,
himg thii trong nhan tbire, trong
sir
lam giau tri thu'c
eiia
minh. Dd eung la eo sd dd giio
vien phit bien, udn
niin
kjp thdi nhfmg nban thire sai lac; bidu
ducmg,
khuydn
khicb,
ciing
cd
them nhirng nban tbire dung din, nhung phit bien tinh td va sing tao
eiia
hge sinh. Va dd ciing
la ngudn tu lieu sdng khdng
voi
am giiip giio vien lam giau them kidn thire
ciia
chinh minh.
Di hudng din viee

thao luan
cua sinh vien cd hieu qua, giao vien cin ehuin bj td't bai
khiu:
neu
trude he thdng cau hoi
phai
van ed djnh hudng
ciia
minh va he thdng kidn thu'c ehuin
dd
tmng
boa, tdng ket eac y kidn tan man
eiia
hgc sinh. Phai ed each din ehuong trinh,
knb
boat,
ly
thii, ddng vien
te'ii
da su tham gia
ciia
tat cii eac sinh
vien
- ca vd so
lugng
lin chit I;
lugng
- vao viee tidp nban van dd trong bai giang.
2.
Phuong phap cu the gin

viri eac chuimg
muc ngi dung
ciia
giao trinh
2.1.
Giang day
chifoiig "NliUng
khdi
idem
cohdn"
Giao trtnh khdng dua ra mot dinh nghTa chfnh xie, cd trtnh giao kboa nen ehfnb giao vien
phai phin
tich
su
gidng
va khac nhau giira cie djnh nghTa dugc din ra va hudng cho hgc sinh di
ddn mdt cicb hidu chung, mdt djnh nghTa thei'ng nbit. Ngay ca djnh nghTa theo UNESCO eung
chi la mdt
chi
din, mdt
hire5ng
tham
khiio.
Giao vien can nit ra tu
tirdng
chinh, cot
Idi
dd dung
nen
mdt ndi dung djnh nghia gian di,

id
rimg, sang
siia
cd tfnh chit kim
chi
n;un
cho sinh vien
sir dung nhit quin trong ca qua trtnh hgc tap bg mdn, soi sang cho eac ngi dung khac trong
ehuong trtnh hgc. Neu ngay tir khai niem sd
ingi niiy dii
ed
sir
nhap nhing, lin
Idn
thi sinh vien
tidp tuc mil md, lin
Idn
ddi veti tat ca eac van dd khac vii khdng
Ihd
the)at ra khdi
sir
rie rdi, u
minh dd dd chidm
ITnh
kidn thire
mgl
each tu tinh,
diing
elan; khdng sai lac.
Oing

phai xuit phit tir khii niem eo ban then ehd't nay dd giai thfch va phan tfch
cie
khai
niem khac trong ehuong trtnh, chi ra mdi quan he mat thidt va ly do ton tai
eiia
ehiing.
Ndu
khdng, hge sinh se khdng hidu lai sao trong nhfmg khai niem ca ban
ciia
van hoi hge lai ndi
ddn vin dd mdi trudng tu nhien va mdi
titrimg
xa hdi, tidp
xiic vii
giao
luu
van boa va khdng
cd dugc mdt cii nhin he thc'mg ddi vdi giao trtnh
cQng
nhu kidn tbii'c vd mdn hge.
COng cin phai
liim
rd
sir
khac bict gifra bai thuat ngfr "tidp
xiie"
va "giao km" va giao
trtnh chi dung
chir
khdng

phiin
bict, dinh nghia.
141
2.2.
Chuang
"Cac thdnh to
ciia
van hod"
Su trtnh bay
ciia
giio trinh eon tbidu mach lac, tach bach giCra khai niem eo sd va ndi
dung eu thd. Do dd, sinh vien se thudng
iSm
lin hinh thai - md hinh van hoi, thidt ehd van hoi
cQng
thude "cie thanh to van boa" ddng thdi lai
ngd
ngang khdng bidt tai sao no khdng dugc
trtnh bay eu thd trong van hoa Viet Nam. Thuc ra dd chfnh la cie khai niem eo sd dd tim hidu
cie thanh td van boa.
Vi
vay, cd the cd hai
phiremg
an dd lam rd van de.
- Hoac day eac khai niem nay
Ifin
ehuemg I: Cie khai niem eo ban
- Hoac chia cau tnic ehuong trinh 2 phin: "Khai niem eo sd" va "Cie thanh td cua van
hoi Viet Nam" bdi thuc chit day
chi

la so luge vd eac thanh td
ciia
mdt ndn van hoi eu thd: van
hoi din tdc Viet Nam chir khdng phai la "Cac thanh td van hoi" ndi chung. Didu nay se giiip
cho giio trinh trd nen hgp ly, nbit quan, dam bam tfnh he thdng, kboa hge hon trong tuong
quan vdi cie ehuong sau: "Didn trinh
lich
sir
ciia
van hoi Viet Nam" va "Khdng gian van boa
Viet Nam".
2.3.
Chuang "Dien trinh lich
sifciia
van hod Viet Nam"
Do tfnh chit bien
Ihien ciia
lich
sir eung
nhu
biin ihan di;ie trimg
van boa cua timg giai
doan, nen
sir
trtnh bay eu thd
ciia
cac phan ky van hoa cd thd khac nhau. Song cau tnic cua
timg
phin phai duge xie djnh theo eac ticu chf
gic'mg

nhau dd dam bao tfnh he thdng. Didu nay chua
dugc thuc bien mot each nghiem
ngfit
trong giao trinh.
Vi
vay, trong qua trtnh truydn dat, giao
vien phai tu chinh ly, sip xep lai va
trinlj biiy
sao cho hgc sinh cd thd tidp nban dugc tinh than
kboa hge
eiia
tn
thUiC.
d
muc I: van boa Viet Nam thdi tidn sir va eo sir, do tfnh sir chua rd
rimg,
nen khd tich
bach giira 2 phin: bdi canh lich sir
vii
dac
trimg
van hoi, cho
nSn
cd thd trinh bay chung nhu
each giio trinh da lam. Song
ci'in
nhan manh va lam rd dac tnmg
eiia
van boa
diin

tdc d hai giai
doan tidn sir va so sir, dac
hiel
hi nhfmg
Ihimh tiai
phit
Iridn vuoi
bac, phong
phii,
da dang
ciia
ba bg phan van
hoii ihdi sa
sir so vdi
lien
sir,
nhiii lii
van hoa Ddng
Scm vii
vai trd
ciia
ndn van
hoa nay trong viee hinh
thiinh
co tang van hoa Viet Nam
ve'ti
ban sac rieng
ciia
nd: van hoi ndng
nghiep

liia
nude. Do vay,
diie
trimg van hoa
Hoii
Binh trong Ihdi sa sir ed mot y nghTa dac biet.
Mdt chi tidt nhd vd viee tim ra va thuan duCmg cay liia d day eung cin cd su td dam va "quay
ehim"
lai trude sinh vien dd eac em thiy dugc y nghTa nay.
Muc
in
-
van
hoi Viet Nam Ihdi
tir
chii,
la mot giai doan van boa phit tridn nre rd cua
nude
nha, nen dac trimg van boa cd nhidu ngi dung phong
phii,
da dang. Vi the, cac tie
giii
da
sir dung nhung khai niem thidt ehd van hoa
viio
viee xac djnh dac trimg van hoa giai doan. Song
ngay d ehd nay, lai tbidu
sir
lien ket gifra 2 phan: a) Van boa vat
chat,

b) He tu
tui'mg
- Bdi he tu
tudng chi la mdt bd phan
ciia ihiel
chc van hoa tinh
Ihiin.
O
day can vai
lid ciia
giao vien
irong
vice ly
giiii sir
khac
biel,
thien lech trong ciu tnic
ciia
timg giai doan van hoa
niiy
dd giiip hoc sinh cd the tidp thu kidn thire mdt cicb be thdng,
trinh
sir
boang mang, khdng
phi'm
biet dugc
diing,
sai.
2.4. Chuang "Khdng gian van hod Viet Nam"
Giio vien can phat buy nang

lire
tdng hgp, khai quit dd nit ra nhirng luan didm chfnh, cd
vai trd
tremg
viee khic hoa
diic Irimg
rieng
ciia
mdi
viing
van boa di djnh
hire'mg
cho hgc sinh
tidp nhin, trinh
sir
sa da, nhidu loan tnmg
nhimg
mien lii eu thd
vii viin
vat.
142
Qing
can km y ddn mdi quan he gifra
diic
didm
lir
nhien - xa bdi ve'ti dac tnmg van boa d
mdi vung nhu mdt can eir dd
khiic
sau nhfmg dac tnmg rieng biet,

diic
sic
ciia
nd. Chang ban:
Dac didm tu nhien
vi'ji
etja hinh
niii
cao hidm \rb, sdng ngdi nhidu
thae
ghdnh, dfr ddi kbf hau
nghieng vd tfnh chat on
eldi
vai dac tnmg van hoa an - mac - d va van boa cdng
chicng ciia
van
hoa
Tiy
Bde Dae didm xa hdi
ciia
Nam bg (khai phi mugn, tidp
xiic
- giao km
s(5m)
lai cd
nhung anb hvtbng quydt djnh hon den dac
Inmg
van boa
ciia viing
van boa

niiy:
sir
da dang
ciia
eu din, td'e do giao luu van hoi manh, tfnb hdn dung Idn giao,
sir
phat
iridn ciia thuimg
nghiep
v.v
III.
Phan ket luan
Xuit phat
tir
thuc lien giiing day, van dung giao trinh "Co sd van hoa Vict Nam"
eiia
DHQG trong tfnh cap nbat
ciia
nd,
chiing
Idi nil ra mdt
viii
kinh nghiem
birdc
diiu trong viee
thim nhap va truydn dat giao trinh chfnh quy eu thd
niiy
sinh vien. Nhfmg kinh nghiem nay mdi
chi la nbiing ed ging
cii

thd, lir gde do ca nhan, cd
Ihd
chua phai la each lam chung cho
nliidu
ngudi, song ciing xin manh dan trinh
biiy,
metng diretc sir
chia se phin nao d cac ddng nghiep va
giiip feh cho ehfnb minh trong qua trinh giiing day.
Vdi dac
thii
rieng
ciia
bg mdn giao trinh
Irong
thuc
id
bien nay,
Iheo Ihien
y
ciia
chimg
tdi,
cd hai didu dac biel quan
Irgng
ddi vdi
ngireti
giao vien khi sir dung giao
irinb
nay:

1.
Phat buy vai Ird
chii
Ihd hgc sinh
biing vice
huemg dan cd dinh
bue'mg
cho hge sinh dgc
va thao luan bai giang, tiep
ci^in
giao
irtnh.
2.
Cd phuemg
phai) ^y
'he, chinb ly lai can tnic kidn thire d
timg
ehuong eld truydn dat
diing ndi dung tri thire can Ihiet, tinh
giiin,
giiip
heie
sinh di diing dfch va
liep
nhan dugc phuong
phip he thdng, kboa hgc qua giio trinh nhu ddi hdi tit yeu vdi bit eir bg mdn kboa hgc nao; kjp
thdi bd kbuydt nhirng didu bat cap
ciia
cud'n giao trinh ra mil lin diu lien
eiia

mdt bd mdn con
non tre trong ndn giao due Dai hgc
ciia
la bien nay.
Tdi lieu tham khdo
1.
S6 van hoi Viet Nam - GS.
Tri'in Qude Vir<mg chii
bien. NXBGD
1997.
2.
Co sd van boa
Vicl
Nam - GS. Tran Ngge Them
chii
bien. NXBGD 1998.
Chii thich:
(l)-l
(2)-
1 -trang 13, trang 18
(3),
(4)- 1 trang 4, trang 15
(5) - 1 trang 7
(6)-
1 trang 81 -trang 169
143