Một số điểm giáo viên cần lưu ý khi sửa lỗi bài viết cho sinh viên

MOT
SO
DIEM
GIAO
VIEN
CAN
LUU
Y
KHI
SQA
L6|
BAI
VIET
CHO
SINH
VIEN
THS.
PHAM
THI
THANH THUY (A)
Khoa Anh,
Trudng
DHNN
I. DAT VAN DE
Trong
qui
trinh day
bgc
ndi chung, ngoai ngfl ndi rieng, ngudi
gilo
vien la mot nhan to quan trgng, gifl nhflng vai trd

khic
nhau:
ngudi td chfle
elc
boat ddng
gilng
day va bgc tap, ngudi
quin
ly,
gilm
sit,
ngudi giup do, ngudi kiem tra,
dinh gil
ket
qui
bgc tap cua sinh
vien Vi the' hg ed nhieu nhiem vu
khIc
nhau trong tflng budi
len
Idp.
Dae biet, trong
qui
trinh day viet cho sinh vien
bing
tieng
nude
ngoai, gilo vien ed nhiem vu rat quan trgng la dgc
vl neu
nhan xet ve

ndi dung
bli
viet cua sinh vien eung nhu sfla nhflng
Idi
ve giao tiep, ve
van
hoi,
ve ngdn ngfl ma sinh vien
mic
phai.
Bli viet nay se khdng di
sau vio
vai trd dgc va
pbin
bdi cua gilo
vien ve ndi dung bli viet cua sinh vien, ml
chi neu
ra mot so diem ml
gilo vien can luu y khi sfla nhflng
Idi
ve ngdn ngfl trong bli viet cua hg.
II.
NO!
DUNG
1.
Co
sd
cua viec sua
Idi
1.1

Thenao laloi?
Theo
cic
nba ngdn ngtt (Corder, 1967, Bartholomae, 1980, Homing,
1987,
Bates et
al,
1993, Brown 1994, etc.) ed su
khIc
nhau gifla hai
khai niem mistake vl error.
• Mistake (tam ggi la
Idi
nhdm
Idn)
la su su dung sai he thd'ng
342
ngdn ngfl da bie't, thudng do
Id
Idi,
nham
lln,
hoac do trang thai co the
met mdi,
xfle
ddng Vi the,
Idi nham
lln khdng he thd'ng, rdi
rac,
la

dieu tat ye'u trong giao tiep. Ngay d ngudi ban ngfl eung cd the
mIc
kieu
Idi
nay khi sfl dung tieng me de.
• Cdn error (tam ggi la
Idi
hi
thd'ng)
thi la deb ngudi bgc ngoai
ngfl su dung sai he thd'ng ngdn ngfl dich, la
Idi
mang tinh he thd'ng,
phan anh trinh do tiep thu ngdn ngfl dich cua ngudi bgc. Ngudi ta
khdng bi
mIc Idi
kieu nay khi dung tieng me de. VI du: mot sinh vien
cd the
mie Idi
ve su boa hgp gifla
chu
vi ngfl (he study) mot hay hai
lln trong mot bli viet thi
duge
coi la
Idi nhim
lln - mistake. Nhung cd
sinh vien
khIc lai mIe Idi
nhu vay nhieu lln trong cflng mot bli viet

hoac de bli
khIc
nhau, mang tinh he thd'ng. Trudng hgp nay sinh vien
da mac
Idi
he thd'ng - error.
Nhu vay, tfl su
khae
nhau gifla hai kieu
Idi
nay ta cd the
thay
ngudi bgc trinh do
kbic
nhau thi
mIc
phai
Idi khIc
nhau, va
Idi
he
thd'ng (error) cd the chi cdn la
Idi
nham lln (mistake) sau mot thdi
gian b'gc tap. Hon nfla, ngudi bgc cd the
tir
sfla
Idi nbim
lln chfl khd
cd the'

tir
sfla
Idi
he thd'ng duge neu khdng ed su nhan xet
phin
hdi tfl
phia ngudi day.
Ve phia ngudi day, giao vien
eung
dn cd
thii
do thuc te ban khi
sinh vien
mIc
Idi,
bdi
le Idi
khdng cdn don thuan
II
su
phIn
anh phuong
phip
day bgc cua gilo vien, ma la dau bieu cho thay
qui
trinh bgc dang
dien ra. Ndi mot
elch
khIc,
viec ngudi bgc

mIc Idi
trong
qui
trinh hgc
ngoai ngfl la khdng the trinh
duge.
Van de dat ra cho gilo vien
II
phai
hie'u rd ve
Idi
va su
cin
thiet phai sua
Idi,
phan tich
Idi
de' biet
duge
tai
sao sinh vien
mIc
Idi,
Idi
nao sinh vien tu sua duge, tfl do gilo vien biet
Idi
nao hg
ndn
sfla va sfla
vIo luc

nao
II
thich hgp nbat.
1.
2. Tai sao chung ta can sua
loi
trong bai viet cua sinh vien?
Sinh vien hgc ngoai ngfl can
duge
gilo vien phan hdi ve
Idi
vi:
- Day la mot phan quan trgng trong qua trinh hgc mot ngdn ngtt
thfl hai.
Nhu
vfla
ndi d
trdn,
trong qua trinh hgc ngoai ngfl, ngudi hgc cd
the mac
Idi
trudc khi dat
duge
mflc do hoan thien ve ngdn ngfl. Ngudi
hgc hoac tu nhan ra
Idi,
hoac duge ngudi khac chi cho
Idi,
tfl do ho
343

phan tich
Idi,
xlc
dinh mflc do nghiem trgng cua
Idi
de de ra muc tieu
sua
Idi,
ddng thdi tu dieu chinh de' gilm bdt
Idi
vl trinh
mlc
Idi.
Day
eung la muc tieu cua viec sinh vien phan tich
Idi
va viec giao vien
phan bdi ve
Idi.
So dd sau day cho thay dudng budng phan tich
Idi:
(Bates,
1993:13)
Feedback
Errors
determined
Errors
prioritized
Goals set
Study

errors
Error
of
and
correction
Independent
self-
monitoring
- Viec sfla Idi khdng nhflng giflp sinh
vidn
ban
che
mlc
Idi
hay
mlc It
Idi
ban trong de bli viet sau, ml cdn giup hg hgc
duge
vl tuan
thfl theo nhflng chuan viet cua van phong khoa hgc va chuyen mdn.
- Qua nhieu nghien cflu (Leki 1986, Ancker 2000) nhieu sinh
vien hgc ngoai ngfl mong mudn bli viet cua minh duge giao vien sfla
Idi
vi hg thay van phong viet
khIc
xa so vdi vaa
ndi,
va viet
chuin

xlc
la rat
cIn
thiet trong giao tiep.
1.3. Loi nao can sua? Khi nao can sua?
Gilo vien
cIn
nhd
ring
neu sfla tat de
Idi
trong bai viet cua sinh
vien thi ddi khi lai
llm
cho sinh vien hoang mang, mat bflng thfl hgc
tap.
Nhflng tieu chi sau cd the giflp gilo vien chgn
Idi
de chi ra bay
sfla cho sinh vien:
- Uu tien cho nhflng
Idi
nghiem trgng lam ngudi dgc bieu llm
hay khdng bieu bai viet. Day thudng la nhflng
Idi
tdng the (global
error),
lam sai lech
nghia
cua d cau hay doan, vi du nhu

Idi
ve trat tu
tfl:
my father's friend - my friend's father, a race horse - a horse race ;
Idi
sfl dung tfl ndi sai / shouted at her beeausel sol so that she stopped
talking to me ; hay
Idi
du true
cau
When we lost our way in the forest
and it got quyte dark were very scary
Mac du gilo vien thudng tap trung chfl y ban den ndi dung bai
viet cua sinh vien d nhflng
Ian diu
de em viet
nhip
(early drafts),
344
giao vien ed the chi ra va siia nhflng
Idi
tdng the nhu vi du trdn d ngay
nhflng bai viet nhap nay.
- Gilo vien
nen
sua nhflng
Idi
sinh vien thudng sai lap di lap lai
nhieu lln trong bai viet ke d nhflng
Idi

cue bd (local eror) (tflc la
Idi
chi lam sai lech thdng tin cua tflng tfl don le ma khdng
Inh
budng
nhieu den
nghIa
chung cua cau, doan. VI du:
Idi
ve thdi cua ddng tfl,
trg ddng tfl,
quIn
tfl, v.v).
Ldi
cue
bd cd the de sfla d nhflng lln viet sau (later drafts).
- Gilo vien khi sfla ldi
eung
nen xem xet den trinh do tieng,
tbii
do,
muc dich cua tflng el nhan sinh vien. Vdi mot sinh
vidn
mdi hgc,
dfl bai viet cua anh ta cdn nhieu ldi
kbIc
nhau thi anh ta
eung
chi cd
the tap trung vao ehfla mot hay hai

loai
ldi trong mot
Ian
ma thdi.
Sinh vien tu tin cd the ddn nhan bli viet bi sua nhieu ldi ma khdng
mac cam.
Nguge
lai, sinh vien ye'u ban cd the hoang sg hoac
nin
long,
va khdng mudn viet nfla.
- Neu trong bai gilng ma giao vien da de cap den mot loai ldi vai
lln nhung sinh
vidn vin
mlc ldi dd thi gilo vien cd the chi ra trong bai
viet cua sinh vien, du
ring
ldi dd khdng
phli
la
ngbidm
trgng nbat
hoac thudng xuyen nbat.
Ndi tdm lai, gilo vien, du mudn hay khdng,
eung nen
chi cho sinh
vien thay nhflng ldi tdng the de hg cd the sfla,
tranh
lam sai lech
nghia

cua bai viet.
Cd the tdm
tit
so dd ldi nhu sau:
Ldi tdng thi:
Lam anh budng de'n
nghIa
toan cau/ doan.
VD:
trat tu tfl, cau true cau,
tfl ndi
1
Ket qua:
Anh budng den ket qua giao
tiep
t<-
Chgn ldi nao?
<-\Ju
tien
Ldi cue bd:
Lam anh budng de'n
ngbia
cua tiing
thinh
td don le.
VD:
trg ddng tfl,
quIn
tfl
i

Ket qua:
khdng anh budng nhieu den
ket qua giao tiep
345
1.4. Sua loi
nhu the
nao?
Trong
qui
trinh dgc va sfla ldi cho sinh vien, nhieu gilo vien dung
nhflng deb
khIc
nhau, vi du:
- Sua true tiep: sfla va ghi tat d phan ehfla vao bai vie't cua sinh
vien.
Cleh
nay cdn duge de nba ngdn ngfl ggi la over-correction (sfla
qui
nhieu).
- Sfla
giln
tiep: Cleh sfla ldi nay
II
gilo vien dung mot he thd'ng
ki bieu de sua ldi: gilo vien cd the' dflng chfl viet
tit,
ki bieu, mui ten,
hay khoanh trdn, gach chan, dflng da'u ngoac de'
chi
ra Idi. (Xin xem

bIng
phu luc A -mot so ki bieu thdng thudng dflng trong sfla ldi).
Gilo vien cflng cd the viet nhan xet ben le trang gia'y.
- Gilo vien cflng ed the ke't hgp de cleh nay.
Gilo vien nao eung bieu
ring
dfl cd dung cleh ehfla nao di nfla thi
muc dich cudi cflng cua chung ta la sinh vien phai bdt mlc ldi hoac
khdng mlc ldi nfla. Tuy nhien khdng phli ai eung biet
ring
sinh vien
se that khd ghi nhd nhflng dieu ma gilo vien eung cap
sin
mot elch
qui
nhanh, khi ml hg khdng cd co hdi de tim bieu, hgc hdi, kiem
nghiem, ghi nhd, va van dung chung. Vay thi neu gilo vien eung dp
cho sinh vien mgi
phIn
ehfla
II
ta da vd tinh hay hflu y tude mat co bdi
dd cua sinh vien. CIn phli cho sinh vien co hdi de hg tu bieu, tu ehfla
ldi,
hgc qua ldi (tat nhien dieu nay ddi hdi d thdi gian vl nd luc - thfl
ma chung ta khdng bao gid cd du). Dieu nay cflng duge Norman
(2003) ddng tinh:
"By
telling students information, we are effectively
robbing them of it: understanding something is not the same as

remembering it, but (it is not so well known that) understanding
something too quyekly can make it more difficult to remember.
Therefore, teachers should ask students questions rather than give
them too many answers."
Ndi nhu vay cd
nghia II
gilo vien
nen
dung cleh sfla ldi gian tiep.
Tuy theo trinh do cua sinh vien ma gilo vien cd the don
thuin
chi ra
ldi hay gilo
vidn
vfla chi ra ldi va vi tri cua nd, ddng thdi xlc dinh loai
ldi cho sinh vien.
Vi du: Ddi vdi sinh vien da dat tdi trinh do trung ca'p thi giao
vidn
cd the sua ldi
bIng
elch
dinh
da'u X ngoai le ddng cd ldi hay
neu
ra
346
bai viet cua sinh vien cd may ldi ). Chang ban: Gilo vien cho sinh
vien biet cau sau cd 4 ldi:
XX
You want to become good teacher means that you

need to have some neccesary quality.
Cau dflng phai la: Becoming
g_
good teacher means that you need
to have some necessary
qualities_.
Or: That you want to become a good
teacher means that you need to have some necessary qualities.
Ddi vdi sinh vien trinh do so dp hoac thap hon, gilo vien cd the
ehfla
nhu sau: chi ra 4 ldi va xlc dinh loai ldi cho sinh vien bie't de hg
cd the' tu sfla.
ss art
[You want to become a good teacher means that] you need to
have some
sp num
neccesary quality.
WW
Only when you love
tiie
children, can you find the real mean of
the teaching
job.
(Only when you love children, can you find the real meaning of
the teaching job.)
Neu sinh vien khdng tu sfla ldi
duge
thi ta lai tiep tuc giup hg sua
ldi khd: trong vi du trdn la ldi thfl nha't ve cau true (ky hieu la ss).
Ddi vdi sinh

vidn nam
thfl
nhlt,
ta
nen
giup de em ehfla mot so
ldi khd, ldi tdng the va chi ra cho dc em nhflng ldi dd, ldi cue bd khae
de'
dc em tu sfla.
2.
Mot vai
goi
y cho giao vien day viet ve viec chura ldi
2.1.
Day cho sinh vien he thdng
kihieu
giao vien dung
deehua
loi
Khi giao vien dflng
ki
hieu de sfla ldi, ta da giup sinh vien tich cue
tham gia vao qua trinh
phln
tich ldi cua
chinh
hg, kham
phi
ra nhflng
ldi hg hay mlc de tfl dd han

chd'
bdt ldi.
347
Ban than gilo vien va ddng nghiep cua minh
nen
thd'ng nhlt mot he
thdng ky hieu de sfla ldi vl hg nen nhlt
quIn
trong viec dung dc ky
hieu dd de sfla ldi, bdi vi sinh vien phai lam quen vdi chung va sfl dung
chung trong sudt
chuong
trinh bgc viet cua minh. (Xem phu luc A)
2.2. Giao vien can
linh
boat trong viec sua ldi
Nhu da ndi d tren gilo vien theo ddi
sit
trinh do va su tien bd cua
mdi
Idp,
nhdm, bay d nhan sinh vien de xlc dinh Idi nao dn sfla, sfla
luc nao, ddng thdi dua ra cleh
tbfle
sfla ldi phfl hgp nbat, trinh sfla
qui
nhieu hay
qui
it, tao dieu kien cho sinh vien tien bd nhanh nbat. Mot
trong nhflng

edng
cu
bun
hieu nbat cho d giao vien vl sinh vien la
bang theo ddi vl thd'ng ke ldi.
2.3.
Bang theo ddi va thdng ke loi
Bang theo ddi va thd'ng ke ldi gdm ba cot chinh de ghi lai nhflng
thdng tin sau: Loai ldi, tdng so ldi mlc trong mot bli viet, nhflng ldi
dn uu tien sfla trudc. (xem phu luc B)
Bang theo ddi va thd'ng ke ldi
nhIm
hai muc dich: Thfl nbat, nd
giup sinh vien
thiy
duge hg mlc ldi nao thudng xuyen nhlt, nghiem
trgng nbat trong dc bai viet cua hg. Thfl hai, nd giflp hg gianh quyen
uu tien cho ldi
nio
dn sua nhlt, tu trinh mlc lai ldi dd trong nhflng
bai viet sau, hoac neu mlc ldi lai thi hg tu biet de sua ngay.
Sinh vien eung thay su tien bd cua minh thdng qua bang theo ddi
vl thd'ng ke ldi, tfl dd phln khich ml hgc tap.
2.4. Yeu cau sinh vien sua ldi cho nhau theo tdng cap hay nhdm
Day la elch td't giflp gilo vien gilm thdi gian ehfla bai cho tflng d
nhan sinh vien, ddng thdi ddng vien
duge
vai trd chu ddng cua ngudi
hgc theo dudng budng day hgc
lly

ngudi hgc llm trung tam. Sinh
vidn
cd the giflp nhau sfla ldi, qua dd hgc hdi nhau, nang cao ky nang tu
sua ldi (proof-reading). Ddi khi hg cd the coi day la mot bai tap vui
nhu viec
choi
mot d chfl, thi dua xem nhdm nao xong trudc, tim va
ehfla nhieu ldi nbat va chinh xlc nbat.
Tuy vay, gilo vien cflng dn
nhle
nhd dc em ehd qua tap trung
vao viec sua ldi ngdn ngfl d
Ian
vidt dau tien ma quen phan ndi dung
bai viet. Td't nbat
II
gilo vien cho dc em sfla bai cua nhau theo hai
348
budc:
dIu tidn
sinh vien cho nhan xet ve ndi dung bai viet, sau dd mdi
ehfla
ldi. Gilo vien eung cd the
yeu
du sinh vien tim va sua tflng loai
ldi khae nhau cho mot lln.
Sau khi sinh vien sfla cho nhau xong, gilo vien
nen yeu
du dc
em xem vl viet lai bai trudc khi nop cho gilo vien.

Bing
each nay bai
viet cua sinh vien
chic chin
se it ldi ban. Ddng thdi khi sinh vien
tranh
luan
xem lieu ehd
nly
trong bai viet cd ldi bay khdng, dc em
cflng dn
luyen duge ludn
nhflng kien
thfle
da bgc.
III.
KET LUAN
Trong
qui
trinh day vl hgc ngoai ngfl, viec ngudi hgc mlc ldi,
nha't la trong giai doan
dIu,
la khdng the' tranh duge. Vi the, mot trong
nhflng nhiem vu cua ngudi giao vien, dae biet gilo vien nam thfl nbat,
la phai sfla ldi cho sinh vien.
De
qui
trinh nly
didn
ra sudn se, gilo vien dn luu y den mot sd

nhflng nguyen
tic
chung khi sua ldi. Dae biet, chung ta ludn phai
nhd la chung ta ehfla ldi cho sinh vien
nhIm
bd trg tich
cue
cho viec
bgc tap cua dc em, chfl khdng phai lam cho hg
nIn
Idng.
Viec gilo
vien dung he thd'ng ki hieu thd'ng nbat de sfla ldi vfla tiet kiem duge
thdi gian va edng
sfle
cho ban than hg, vfla cd
Igi
cho sinh vien. Mot
khi dc em quen
duge
vdi be thd'ng ki bieu sua ldi (neu thd'ng nhlt
trong sudt qua trinh hgc thi
cing
td't), cflng vdi bang theo ddi va
thd'ng ke ldi, dc em cd the tich
cue
tham gia
vIo
boat ddng tu sfla ldi
cho minh va cho lln nhau.

Tit
nhien, dc em
eung
cd the dieu chinh
va
Ip
dung chung de sfla ldi cho dc mdn
khIc
nfla, dac biet la ldi
trong khi ndi.
Bli viet nay mdi dua ra mot sd nhflng ggi y nhd ve
cleh
sua ldi
ma ngudi viet da ap dung trong viec gilng day cua minh. Mong
ring
nd
eung
it nhieu cd ich cho dc gilo vien
khie
trong
qui
trinh sua ldi
bai vie't cho sinh
vidn.
Tic
gia
eung
mong nhan duge
sir
ddng gdp y

kien cho bai viet
duge
hoan chinh hon.
Mot dieu nfla ma ngudi viet mudn chia se la du the' nao di ntta thi
viec dflng he thd'ng
ki
hieu ehfla ldi cho sinh
vidn
cflng khdng
thi"
thay
thi'duac
viec giao vien dua ra
nhUng
ldi nhan xet ve not dung cua
349
bdi
vie't
cua dc em (vi
chic
ngudi dgc/ nghe eung chang bflng thu gi
khi dgc/ nghe mot bai khdng cd ldi nhung lac chu de hay ndi dung
ngheo nan). De cd duge nhflng nhan xet bay, mang tinh
chit
xay dung
thi eung la d mot nghe thuat. Vi the, ngudi viet se de cap den
vln
de
dd trong mot dip
khIc.

Tai lieu tham khao
1.
Ancker W. 2000. Errors and corrective feedback: Updated
theory and classroom practice. ET Forum, 38, 4, pp. 20-4.
2.
Bartholomae D.1980. The study of error. College Composition
and Communications, 31: 253-69.
3.
Bates L., J. Lane, and E. Lange.
1993.,
Writing Clearly.
Boston: Heinle and Heinle Publisher.
4. Brown, H. D. 1994. Principles of language learning and
teaching,
3'''
ed. Englewood Cliffs. NJ: prentice Hall Regents.
5.
Corder S. P. 1967. The significance of learners' errors.
International Review of Applied Linguistics, 5: 161-70.
6. Horning A. S. 1987. Teaching writing as a second language.
Carbondale,
111.:
Southern Illinois Press.
7.
Ingram B. and C. King, 1996. From writing to Composing. An
introductory composition course for students of English.
Cambridge University Press.
8. Klassen J. 1995. Using Student Errors for teaching. Creative
Classroom Activities. ET Forum. (Ed.: Thomas
Krai.)

Pp.
134-
41
9. Leki I. 1986. ESL student preferences in written error
correction. Paper presented at the Southeast Regional TESOL
Conference, Atlanta, Ga.
10.
Norman S.,
2003.
The Power of the Para consciousness, Etp
29, October
2003.
(Ed.: Thomas
Krai).
350
Bang phu luc A:
ERROR CORRECTION SYMBOLS
Bang He thdng
ki
hieu ldi
Symbol
General Items:
//
?
A
/
WF
expr
Punctuation:
C/CAP

P
Nouns:
pro agr
art
ger/G
N
num/#
pro/PR
REF
Explanation
New paragraph
Meaning
unclear
Add omitted
word/s
Omit word/s;
not
Right word but
wrong form
Expression
(affected by
LI)
Capitalize
Incorrect
punctuation
Pronoun
agreement
mistake
Article mistake
Use gerund

Use noun
Number;
singular
<->
plural)
Use pronoun
Pronoun
reference
unclear
Symbol
Modifiers:
Adj
Adv
poss
Prepositions
Prep
Syntax:
OF/Frag
()R/R-0
S/V
WO
cob
ss
Connectors
Conj/
Conn
L
R/PR
Explanation
Use adjective

Use adverb
Use possessive
form
Add preposition
Fragment error
Run- on sentence
Subject/ verb
needed
Wrong order
Coherence (one
idea does not lead
to the next)
Sentence
structure
Incorrect
conjunction /
connective
Link/combine
Add relative
pronoun
351
Verbs:
VC
SV agr
vt/VT
vf/VF
mod
aux
inf
cond

(Dua
Voice change
Subject/ verb
agreement
Wrong verb
tense
Incorrect verb
form
Modal problem
Auxiliary verb
Use infinitive
Incorrect
use/formation
of a conditional
sentence.
theo Klassen
1991,
Bates
Lexical items
sp
web/
WW
Style
Informl
PAR
T/S
PARA/UN
TRANS
Incorrect spelling
Word choice/

wrong word
Too informal
Faulty
parallelism
Improve topic
sentence
Lack of
paragraph unity
Transition needed
et al. 1993, Ingram and King 1996)
352
Bang phu
luc
B:
ERROR AWARENESS SHEET
Bang theo doi va thdng ke ldi
Directions: This Error Awareness Sheet will help you to discover what
your errors are and to
leam
to prioritize them. Put a check in the second
column for each error marked on your retumed paper. Then, from the most
frequent errors in the second column, select two or three that you can begin
working on first and check next to them in the third column. Always
remember that you need to work on frequent global errors first.
Name of student: Essay:
Type of Error
Total Number of
Errors
Top-priority Errors
to work on

Global errors (more serious). These errors usually impede understanding.
ss
wo
expr
cond
mod
conn
Local errors (less serious). These errors, while distracting, most often do
not impede understanding.
SVagr
art
num
VF
adj
Other errors These errors are commonly made by native speakers.
CAP/
not CAP.
P
sp
()R/R-0
(Dua theo Klassen 1991, Bates et al. 1993)
353