QUY TRINH
XAY
DL/NG
HE
THONG
BAI
TAP TINH
HUONG
OE 061 MOI
SEMINAR THEO
PHLfONG
PHAP
TINH HUONG TRONG
D/\Y
HOC
IVICDN
TAM
LY
HOC
CHO
SINH VIEN TRUONG DHNN
-
OHQGHN
TS. D6
THI
CHAU
Bg mdn Tdm
ly
- Gido
due
Trudng DHNN - DHQGHN
1.
Xay dung he thd'ng bai tap tinh hud'ng (BTTH) duge hieu la viee
su dung cac eau chuyen ed thue hay gia dinh, ciing nhu
cac
su kien
di6n
bien hang ngay trong cudc sdng va boat ddng
ciia
eon ngudi -
nhiing
cai
da duge dang tai tren cac phuang tien thdng tin dai ehung
(sach, bao, Internet, truyen hinh, dai phat thanh ) de thiet ke va dua
ra cac dang bai tap
phii
hgp vdi yeu eau ve ndi dung giang day
ciia
mdn hge nham ddi mdi seminar trong day hgc mdn Tam ly hgc cho
sinh vien (SV) trudng DHNN - DHQGHN gdp phan nang cao cha't
lugng
dao tao.
Viee
xay
dung he thd'ng bai tap - bai tap tinh hud'ng de
doi
mdi
seminar trong day hge mdn tam ly hge cho SV khdng chuyen phai
tuan theo mot quy trinh khoa hgc. Quy trinh
xay
dung he thd'ng BTTH
la mot tien trinh bao gdm cac giai doan (GD), cac budc, cac thao tac
duge sap xep theo mot trinh tu
Idgieh
nha't dinh ed mdi lien he chat
che vdi nhau. Quy trinh xay dung he thd'ng BTTH la mot he thd'ng
loan ven, trong dd cac thanh td (giai doan) ciia nd lien ket, gan bd chat
che vdi nhau theo mot trinh tu logic ggi la quy trinh
vi
md. Quy trinh
VI
md nay
lai
duge tao nen bdi cac khau, cac budc, cac thao tac nhd
ban nira cd tinh chat
thii
bae vdi tu each la
nhirng
quy trinh vi md. Mdi
khau, mdi budc thue hien nhiing
ehiie
nang khae nhau nhung deu gdp
262
phan dat tdi muc dich
xay,
dung he thd'ng BTTH de doi mdi seminar
trong day hge mdn tam ly hge cho SV khdng chuyen. Quy trinh
vT
md
xay dung he thdng bai tap gdm ed cac GD nhu sau:
Giai doan chuan bi -> giai doan td
ehiic
thir nghiem -> giai doan
kiem tra - danh gia -> giai doan hoan thien. Va sau day la nhiing va'n
de eu
the
trong tiing giai doan.
2.
Cac giai doan trong quy trinh xay dung he thong bai tap tinh huong
de
do!
mdi
viee
to churc seminar theo
phUdng
phap tinh huong
A.
Giai doan 1: Giai doan
cliuan
bi
Al.
GV
cliudn
bi
Giao vien (GV) xay dung hi
thd'ng
BTTH va he thdng chu di thao
ludn
de hudng din SV chuan bi cho viee td
chiie
seminar theo
chti
de.
GD chuan bi ddi vdi GV gdm 2 budc ea ban:
Budc
I:
Dge, nghe, xem nham tim kiem, thu thap va chgn
Igc
tai
lieu sao cho
phii
hgp vdi tiing ndi dung bai giang de xay dung nen
phan ndi dung bdi tap tinh hudng.
Budc 2: Dat cac eau bdi cho tirng ndi dung (phan
edu
hoi).
* Cdc tiiu
chi
di xay dung
ETTH:
1/
BTTH phai bam sat ndi dung bai hgc ;
2/
BTTH can duge xay dung
tii
nhiing mau chuyen, thdng tin -
nhung cai da duge dang tai tren cac phuang tien thdng tin dai
chiing
;
3/
BTTH phai xay dung theo ea 2 hudng
tich
cue va tieu cue trong
thue
tidn
giao due hien nay tren the gidi va d Viet Nam ;
4/
BTTH phai cd tac dung giao due ca 4 mat:
dire,
tri, the va
mi.
* Nhiing nguyin tac eua viee xdy dung BTTH
1.
BTTH, eau hoi phai cd tinh KH va tinh he thd'ng;
2.
Bai tap, eau hoi phai cd tinh su pham;
3.
Bai tap, eau hoi phai tinh loan dien;
4.
Cau hoi phai ed tac dung budc SV boat ddng;
5.
Bai tap, cau hoi phai cd tinh hap dan;
263
6. Bai tap, eau hoi phai ed tinh da dang ve hinh
thiic
phong
phii
ve
ndi dung.
* Ca sd ly ludn di soan thao cac eau hdi cho BTTH la theo quan
diem
ciia
B.J.Bloom va eu the ed 8
loai
eau hdi sau: Cau hdi nhdn bii't;
cau
hdi gidi thich; Cau hdi van dung; Cau
hbiphdn
tich; Cau hdi tdng
hgp;
cau
hdi ddnh gid; Cau hdi ed tinh khdi qudt hod; Cau hdi cd tinh
tuludn
sdng tgo.
* Mdi bdi tap tinh hudng cd 3 phan
chinh:
Cac phan ciia BTTH
1.
Ten
tinh
hud'ng
Noi dung cua cac phan
La ten (tit) nguyen van
ciia
cau
chuyen, mau tin hay la ten do GV tu
dat theo yeu
cSu ciia
bai hoc.
2.
Ngi
dung tinh
hud'ng
(TH)
La ndi dung
ciia
cau chuyen, mau
tin - nhung cai
duge
trich nguyen
van hay do GV
luge
trich roi bien tap
lai theo ngi dung
ciia tiTng
van de (sau
mdi ngi dung tinh hudng deu cd
nguon gdc va dia chi trich
din
ciia
cau chuyen,
m^u
tin de dam bao do
tin cay khach quan cua cau chuyen,
mau tin dd).
3.
Cdu hdi
(CH)
La he thdng CH hudng din SV hgc
bai do GV tu dat ra theo tiing ngi
dung
ciia
mdi TH va yeu cau
ciia
bai
hoc.
A2.
Sinh viin chuan bi (SV
chudn
bi
ehinh
la budc 1, 2 va 3
ciia
GD 2 ma
ehiing
tdi se
trinh
bay
ki
d GD 2).
6. Giai doan 2: Giai doan
td chide ttiurnghiiem
GV to
ehiic
seminar theo hudng thue nghiem bang PP
tinh
hud'ng
(ed
sir
dung he thd'ng BTTH do GV bien soan ket hgp vdi su chuan bi
tai lieu thao
luan
cua SV theo
chii
de).
* Cdc budc
tdehde
thdo ludn theo chu di
264
Cac budc
l.SV
ddng ki chu de
2.
SV chuan bi tdi lieu
3.
SV thdo ludn
trin Idp
4. GV tdng ki't
Noi dung
turng
budc
SV bdc tham
chii
de do GV bien soan theo
tiing hoc trinh (budc nay duge thue hien
trudc 1-2 tuan thao luan d
Idp).
Tiing nhdm (5-6 SV) dudi su td ehiic, dieu
khien ciia nhdm trudng ve nha tim kiem tai
lieu de xay dung nen cac BTTH theo chu de
da dang ki.
Dudi su td
chiic,
dieu khien
ciia
GV, dai
dien
timg
nhdm SV
len
trinh bay cac BTTH
theo
chii
de
ciia
nhdm minh trudc
Idp
de tat
ca SV Cling thao luan, tranh luan va di den
ket luan van de
(riit
ra cac bai hgc kinh
nghiem, ket luan su pham).
- GV nhan xet, danh gia uu, nhugc diem
va tdng ket de chdt lai nhung van de
co
ban
nha't cua
turng
ndi dung da thao luan.
- GV ve nha cham diem tren ca sd
timg
nhdm SV tu danh gia va cha'm diem
lln
cho
nhau.
* Nhin ehung cdc budc chuan bi cua SV la nhu sau:
- Budc
1:
Dge lai
phSn ly
luan ed lien quan den
chii
dd da dang
ki;
- Budc 2: Giai cac bai tap tinh hud'ng do GV giao (theo
chii
de cua
nhdm).
Hai budc lam nay rat can thiet va quan trgng, vi chiing nhu la
budc dinh hudng de SV cd the thue hien tiep cac budc chuan bi tiep
theo.
- Budc 3: Dge, tra
ciiu
de thu thap thdng tin, su kien theo
chii
de;
- Budc 4: Xay dung tinh hud'ng
(tii
cac su kien, thdng tin da thu
thap duge) theo chu de gdm cd: dat ten cho
tinh
hud'ng va xay dung
cac cau hdi cho mdi tinh hud'ngda duge lap.
- Budc 5: Giai cac tinh hud'ng theo cac eau hdi da
xay
dung.
Tiic
la van dung ly thuyet (da
chu^n
bi d budc 1) de: nhdn dien (xac dinh)
265
su kien da hge (nhae lai ndi dung: khai niem, dac diem, phan loai ),
gidi thich, phdn tich, tdng hgp, van dung ddnh gid tinh hudng;
- Budc 6: Photo tai lieu chuan bi
ciia
nhdm thanh 2 ban (1 ban de
nop cho GV);
- Budc 7: Phan cdng ngudi chiu
trach
nhiem trinh bay
chii
de
trudc tap the
Idp;
Giai doan chuan bi
(ciia
GV va SV) la rat quan trgng, chuan bi
cang
td't thi hieu qua seminar cang eao va nguge lai, nha't la ddi vdi SV. Vi
trong gid seminar, GV da ehuan bi td't ve he thd'ng BT, he thd'ng de tai
va tren ea sd dd GV td
chiie,
hudng dan chi dao SV thue hanh,
tiic
la SV
phai true tiep lam viee. Hg chi lam td't khi da ed su chuan bi chu dao d
nha, edn khdng thi chi la thu ddng, khdng cd hieu qua.
Nhin ehung, SV dudi su hudng din
ciia
GV da ehuan bi eae tinh
hud'ng theo
tirng chii
de la td't.
* Mudn gidi quyi't duge BTTH da dua ra mot
each
cd kit qud, SV
phdi thue Men quy trinh vdi cdc budc sau:
- Budc mot, Nghien
ciiu
ca nhan (dge
ki
ly luan ed lien quan den
BTTH ehuan bi lam, nghien
ciiu
BTTH mot
each
can than va so luge
de dua ra each giai quyet van de). Neu can thi thao luan theo nhdm vdi
su
giiip
dd cua GV hoac
ciia
cac ban trong nhdm de dua ra each giai
phii
hgp.
- Budc hai, Ket qua giai quyet va'n di (tim ra eau tra
Idi
cho CH
ciia BTTH) can phai ghi lai tdm tat de lam ca sd cho viee thao luan
tren
Idp
vdi cac nhdm khae;
- Budc ba, SV thao luan ehung d lap (bao cao ket qua nghien
ciiu,
tranh luan ) dudi su td
chiic,
dieu khien
eiia
GV rdi
lang
nghe phan
tdng hgp y kien, nhan xet, danh gia va dua ra ket luan
ciia
GV de bo
sung cho kien
thiic
eua ban than
cQng
nhu cua ca nhdm.
C. Giai doan 3: Giai doan kiem tra - danh gia
* Giai dogn nay duge tii'n hanh song song va ddng thdi vdi cdc
giai dogn chuan bi vd giai dogn td ehde trin ca sd cua khdu kiem tra
thudng
xuyin.
Chang ban:
- Sau 1 thdi gian giao
chii
de cho SV (sau 1 tuan) GV nen kiem tra
266
sa bd xem SV
chudn
bi den dau, cd gi khd khan,
thae
mac
gi
khdng de
giai quyet kip thdi trudc khi buoi seminar
di6n
ra.
- Trudc khi vao thao luan, GV thu tai lieu
chu^n
bi
ctia Syva
kiem tra - danh gia so bd de ed the dieu khien,
didu
chinh buoi thao
luan sao cho cd hieu qua (de tranh tinh trang ed nhdm
ehudn
bi chua
td't ma GV khdng biet
vSn de
nghi nhdm SV dd len trinh bay chu de
eua nhdm minh trudc tien thi buoi thao luan se rat ma't thdi gian, SV
ma't
hiing
thii ).
- Sau phan trinh bay
eda titng
"bao cao vien" (dai dien cua nhdm)
GV cd the nhan xet, danh gia de SV tha'y duge uu
di^m
va nhiing ton
tai trong khau ehuan bi va trinh bay
ciia
mdi nhdm nham
riit
kinh
nghiem cho cac thanh vien trong nhdm dd ndi rieng va cho toan the
SV ndi ehung.
- Ket thiic buoi thao luan cung can phai danh gia khai quat de
riit
kinh nghiem cho nhirng
Ian
thao luan sau.
* Cdn viee kiem tra ddnh gid ki't qud xdy dung hi thd'ng BTTH
eua GV
seld
nhu sau:
GV kiem tra - danh gia ke't qua xay dung he thd'ng BTTH ciia
minh (thdng qua phieu dieu tra sinh vien va cac san
ph^m
eua boat
ddng hge cua SV - cac bai tap
ehudn
bi thao luan va ket qua lam bai
thi d
phSn
BTTH) de cd ca sd cho viee chuyen sang GD 4.
D. Giai doan 4: Giai doan hoan thien
GV chinh
sira,
bo sung, hoan thien he thd'ng BTTH va he thd'ng
chii
de thao luan tren ket qua thir nghiem va
dilu
tra khao sat ve tinh
kha thi cua viee thir nghiem.
3.
NhCimg
yeu cau doi v6l GV va SV trong quy trinh xay
dimg
he
thong BTTH de doi mdi
viee
to ehure seminar mon tam ly hoe eho
sinh vien theo
phirdng
phap tinh huong
3.1.D6iv6iGV
De cd the
sir
dung BTTH mot each cd hieu qua trong vide to chiic
seminar theo phuang phap tinh hud'ng, thi:
- Giao
vidn
phai la ngudi
din
dat SV di theo ndi dung, chuang
trinh da vach;
267
- Giao vien phai hanh ddng nhu ngudi
lam mSu
(trong qua trinh
day hgc phan ly thuyet), la ngudi trgng tai (trong qua trinh td chiic eho
SV thao luan theo chii de);
- Trong mot sd trudng hgp GV phai hanh ddng nhu mot ngudi
kiem tra bang PP phan bien;
- GV phai rat nhay cam vdi cac tinh hud'ng do GV bien soan, nhat
la cac tinh hud'ng do SV xay dung nen, vi khdng phai
liic
nao SV cung
cd ddng quan diem, trinh do nhu GV.
Tdm lai, giao vien phai vira la ngudi
din
dat
Idp
hge nhung ddng
thdi lai cung phai la ngudi tham gia vao
Idp
hge,
viTa
la ngudi hdi SV
nhung cung ddng thdi la ngudi tra
Idi nhiing
cau hdi eua SV. Vi vay,
GV phai ludn ludn ed thai do cdi md ddi vdi su tham gia ddng gdp eua
SV, ddng thdi phai biet khi nao thi
nen
md rdng pham vi
chii
de thao
luan nhung ddng thdi can phai biet each quay trd ve vdi van de dang
thao luan va biet
dirng diing
liie
theo
diing yeu
cau cua chuang trinh.
3.2. Ddi vdi SV
Mdi mot PP DH mudn thanh cdng thi deu phai ed
sir
tham gia tich
cue tir ca hai phia: GV va SV. Vi vay, viee xay dung he thd'ng BTTH
mudn ed hieu qua cao thi,
- SV phai chu ddng trong viee tiep thu bai hge;
- SV phai
tich
cue tham gia vao boat ddng tap the, dac biet la tham
gia thue hien cac nhiem vu GV giao de ehuan bi cho cac buoi thao
luan tren
Idp.
Tich cue va chu ddng trinh bay y kien
ciia
minh ciing
nhu
ciia
ca nhdm de tranh luan, trao ddi vdi cac nhdm khae. Nhu vay,
trong cac gid thue hanh, seminar, SV la chii the eua cac boat ddng dd;
4.
Phuang phap tinh hud'ng la mot trong nhirng phuang phap DH
gdp phan phat buy tinh tich cue eua ngudi hge,
nen
da va dang
duge
nhieu GV sir dung, nhat la vao
linh
vue day thue hanh
(thue
hanh su
pham, thue hanh quan
li,
thue hanh kinh doanh ).
Trong qua trinh DH du d cap hge nao thi viee thue hanh thao luan
deu can thiet, dac biet la d cac trudng day nghe.
Viee ddi mdi seminar mdn TLH theo hudng van dung PP "tinh
hudng" la nham muc dich gan chat kie'n thiic TLH vdi thue tien XH
268
trudc he't la vdi thue
tidn
giao due de
giiip
ngudi hgc hieu sau,
hie'u
rdng va'n de va
bi^n van
dung nhiing kie'n thiic da hgc vao
viee
giai
quye't nhiing van de cua thue tien giao due.
Tai lieu tham khao
1.
Le Thi Thanh Chung. Xdy dung hi thdng tinh hud'ng cd van di
deDH mdn GDH. Luan van thae sT, HN 1999.
2.
Nguyen Thuy Hong - Nguyin Thi Ban. Nhiing yiu cdu cdn
thii't khi xdy dung hi thd'ng cdu hdi, bdi tap mdn van - tiing
Viet dTHCS vd
THPT.
T/c GD, sd 4 (5/2001), tr. 34-36.
3.
Trin
Thi Huang. Quy trinh xdy dung bdi tap thue hdnh gido
due hgc nhdm ren
luyin
ki ndng hogt ddng GD eho sinh viin
sU
phgm.
T/c GD, sd 109, 3/2005.
4.
Nghiem Thi Lan. Nghien cdn xdy dung tinh hudng hge tap vd
dinh hudng HD nhdn thde tu chu, tich cue eua HS theo tii'n
trinh gidi quyi't van di, xdy dung tri thde trong DH chuang
"Cdm
dng dien td"
PTTH.
Luan van thae sT, 2000.
5.
Bui Ba Luy. Xdy dung hi thdng bdi tap "Dge hieu tiing Nga"
cho SV cdc trudng DH khdi ngdnh kinh te. T/c Giao due, so 96
(9/2004).
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