Phương pháp giảng dạy ngoại ngữ và Sinh viên thế hệ mới

PHUONG
PHAP
GIANG
DAY
NGOAI
NGQ
VA
"SINH VIEN THE
HE
MOi"
Vu Thi Ninh
NCS
TrUdng
DHNN,
DHQGHN
The gidi ngay nay da thay doi qua nhieu.
Nhiing
thay
ddi
nay
khdng chi lien quan den ve ngoai eua eude song ma edn lam thay
ddi
ea muc dich song,
thudc
do gia tri va
nhiJng
thdi quen cua eon ngUdi.
The
he tre bao gid ciing
khae
vdi the he

trUde nhung chua
bao gid trong
lich sii lau
dai eua
loai
ngUdi
nhi3ng
thay ddi
lai
dien ra nhanh
nhU
hien nay. Dudi con mat eua cae nha tam
ly,
sU pham thi sU thay ddi
ve
Id'i tu
duy, each
tfng
xii givia eon ngUdi vdi nhau khdng the khdng
tac dgng den giao due, den
phUdng
phap giang day, dac biet la giang
day ngoai ngii.
Nhiing
gi la dang tin cay, la hiiu hieu mUdi mudi lam
nam trUde day bay gid cd the khdng edn
phii
hdp niia. NhUng nhU the
khdng cd
ngbia

la chung ta phai
vuEt
bd di tat ca
nhufng
gi da
dudc
nghien
ciiu
va dUdc chinh chung ta kiem nghiem de roi lam lai
txi
dau.
Song eung se la vd traeh nhiem neu
chiing
ta
nh4m
m^t
lam ngd
trUdc
nbiJng
thay ddi da va dang dien ra quanh chiing ta de rdi chd'i txi tim
kiem nhiing phUdng phap giang day mdi
phii
hdp hdn vdi tinh hinh
mdi,
dap
ling
muc dich hgc ngoai ngii cua sinh vien chung ta.
Chiing tdi viet bai nay vdi mong mud'n trao ddi
nbijfng
suy tU cua

minh ve edng viee giang day ngoai ngii ndi chung va tieng Nga ndi
rieng trong giai doan hien nay.
I.
NHtJNG
DAC
miu
CUA "SINH
VlfiN THjg Hfi
MOI"
Khi ndi tdi
the
he tre ngay nay nhieu ngudi thien ve
chi
trich hdn
la khen ngdi. That ra nhU
the
la khdng edng
bing.
The he tre ngay nay
535
sinh ra va
Idn len
trong
nhi2ng
dieu kien khae vdi the he cha anh ngay
xUa. Phai thira nhan rang d Viet nam gid day eung nhU nhieu
nUde
khae
cugc song cua thanh nien cd nhieu thuan
Idi

hdn nhieu so vdi cae
the he
trUdc:
vat chat
d^y
du,
dieu kien hgc hanh tuyet vdi Khdng
chi gia dinh dau tu ma toan xa hoi cham
lo,
tao mgi dieu kien de bg cd
the'
phat trien tri tue cua minh. Song chung ta ciing phai thay ring
thanh men ngay nay ehiu
siic
ep
Idn
hdn
tOf
nhieu phia. Va nhieu
ngUdi trong so' hg da thUc sU dap
ling
dUde niem tin va mong ddi cua
gia
dinh, nha
trudng
va xa hoi. Trong thdi dai giao
lUu
hoi nhap vdi
nhiing tien bg khoa hgc ky thuat vUdt bae va sU phat trien nhanh nhU
ngay nay thi

nbiSng
yeu eau, ddi hoi dd'i vdi mot ngUdi lam viee ciing
khae xa so vdi trUdc kia. Dieu nay bat budc hg phai hgc tap nghiem
tiic,
tim hieu nhieu
linh
vUc va
ludn
cd y
thiie
vUdn len, neu khdng se
de dang tut hau va se gap nhieu khd khan, trd ngai trong khi lam viee.
Chung tdi dung cum
tu"
"sinh vien the he mdi" de nhan
manh ring
sinh vien thdi nay, dac biet la nhiing sinh vien nghien
ciiu
ngoai
ngii,
cd
nhijtng
muc dich hgc khae, boan toan khdng gid'ng sinh vien
the he trUdc.
TrUde khi trinh bay nhiing gi chiing tdi thay txi
thUe
trang giang
day ngoai
ngii hien
nay va theo chung tdi can lam gi de dap

ling
dUdc
muc dich hgc ngoai
ngut
cua the he sinh vien ngay nay, ehung ta hay
eung
nhau quan sat
nhijEng
ddi thay ciing la nhiing dac diem chinh eua
xa hoi ngay nay ma san pham dUdc sinh ra tir do la
the
he thanh nien
mdi,
sinh vien ma chiing ta dang diu
dit.
Dieu
dkxi
tien khdng the khdng
nhic
tdi la thanh nien bay gid doc
sach it hdn nhUng lai xem TV nhieu hdn. The gidi am thanh thUdng
kern theo hinh anh va mau sic.
Nhfing
cud'n sach giao khoa phd thdng
eung nhU dai hgc trUdc day dUde soan ra gom
nhUng
bai khoa da dai
lai khd khan thi
gid
day, nhat la sach ngoai ngii hien dai, da cd rat

nhieu nhiing tranh anh du mau. Trinh bay cae tac pham in an, dac
biet
la sach hgc, da trd thanh mot nganh
mi
thuat. Dieu nay
khing
dinh ring neu nhU trUdc day
ngUdi
ta tiep nhan thdng tin chu yeu
bing each doc thi gid day xu the tiep nhan thdng tin qua hinh anh
chiem Uu the hdn. Dieu nay khdng cd ngbia la hgc sinh, sinh vien thdi
nay da hoan toan mat
di thii
dgc sach nhung phai ndi ring gid day
536
nhiing cud'n sach kieu "nhieu
ehii"
nhU xUa da phan nao phai nhudng chd
eho nhiing cud'n cd
161
trinh bay gay hap dan ngUdi hgc bing thi giae.
Dd'i vdi "sinh vien the he mdi" nhiing txi nhU "internet", "compu-
ter" va "mobile phone" da trd nen qua
quen
thudc. Nhieu ngUdi trong
the he tre ngay nay khdng the tudng tUdng mot cugc sd'ng khdng ed
may
tinh,
dien thoai di dgng va internet. Nhiing thanh tUu cua khoa
hgc ky thuat hien dai nay da trd thanh tien nghi sinh boat dUdng

nhien hang ngay ma thanh nien rat me
sii
dung. Nhd edng nghe thdng
tin ma phUdng
thutc
day hgc mdi - hgc txi xa - da ra ddi va phat trien.
Ngudi ta thUdng chia edng dong the gidi ngay nay thanh 2 nhdm.
Nhdm
tbii
nhat gdm eac nUde thudc nen van hoa a Dong, con nhdm
thii
bai
—
van hoa Bae My. Cae nUde edn lai dUdc xep vao vi tri giiia bai
nhdm nay. Dac diem ciia nhdm
thii
nhat la tinh tap the
cao,
trong khi
do nhdm
thii
hai la boat dgng ca the. Tuy nhien
cae
nha xa hoi hgc da
nghien
eiiu
va thay rang mot
so'
nen van boa dang ed xu hudng trdi dan
ve nhdm

thii
hai. Neu trUdc day d nhiing nen van boa nay ngUdi ta hau
nhU khdng
chii
y den cae nhu eau ca nhan
ciia
eon ngUdi thi gid day
nhiing nhu
c^u
do lai rat
dUde
quan tam. Do la hieu hien cua
Id'i
tU duy
mdi theo kieu My (nhan xet ciia A.Mu-xtai-d-ki,
Ph^n
Ian).
Con ngUdi
ma trong giang day eua chiing ta la sinh vien ngoai ngii vdi
nhOng
tham so', nhu eau va muc dich hgc khae nhau can dUdc chiing ta ton
trgng trong khi
thi§'t
ke chUdng trinh,
lUa
chgn ngii lieu giang day.
Hdn
liic
nao bet phUdng phap ca the boa trong day hgc ngoai ngvi can
dUde

ehii
y va phat buy.
Tren the gidi dang dien ra qua trinh toan eau hoa van boa va tU
duy. Nhd nhiing thanh tUu khoa hgc ky thuat ma ngay nay ngUdi ta
ed the di lai tii nude nay sang nude khae hoan toan khdng mat nhieu
thdi gian hoac
dl
dang lien he vdi nhau bang dien thoai, truy cap
thdng tin qua mang internet. Trai dat nhU thu hep lai. Bdi vay cd hdi
de hieu biet ve van hoa, dat nude ngoai ngay cang tang. Sinh vien ngay
nay biet ve the gidi nhieu hdn chiing ta ngay xUa khi chiing ta d tudi
hg.
Dieu nay cd tac dgng qua lai rat
Idn
dd'i vdi viee hgc ngoai ngii.
Cach day khdng lau ngUdi ta
edn
ndi tdi sU ton tai cua hai phe dd'i
537
lap nhau,
diing
d^u
la Nga va My. Khi ay eac
tif
nhU "eac nUde xa bdi
ehu ngbia" hoac "cae
nUde
tU ban chu ngbia"
dUde
diing d khap mgi ndi.

Gid day nhiing ngUdi ehiia ban in da khdng con thay chiing xuat hien
trong nhieu cud'n sach
niia.
Ca hai phe deu
thto
nhan nen kinh
te'thi
trUdng. Va mac du khi ndi tdi cae van de lien quan den tdn giao, bao
ve mdi trUdng, binh dang xa hdi, an ninh, giao due tre em ngUdi ta
van edn cd nhiing bat ddng vdi nhau, nhUng tat ca deu hieu rang day
la cae van
de
cap bach toan
e^u
cin dUde ca edng ddng quan tam giai
quyet.
Mot dieu de nhan thay la nhieu thanh nien ngay nay khdng mud'n
hudng tdi tUdng lai xa. Dgng cd hgc eua hg
ehi
nham vao nhiing gi
trUdc mat. Hg
khao
khat lam the nao de nhanh chdng dat dUde muc
tieu da dat ra nhUng lai khdng mud'n
lao
ddng vat va. Ma de hgc dUde
cai mdi, nhat la hgc ngoai ngii thi phai khd edng ren
luyen.
Neu de y mot
ehiit

chung ta se thay ngay ring tU tudng giai tri,
nghi ngdi da tham nhap vao mgi linh vUc boat dgng cua eon ngUdi.
NgUdi ta khdng con lao dgng ngay dem nhU trUdc day, ma ddi lai hg di
du lich,
nghi
cud'i
tu^n,
hat ka-ra-d-ke, tan
g^u
tren mang
Cae
phUdng tien thdng tin dai chiing gid day eung cd them mot nhiem vu
la
giiip
eon ngudi giai tri.
Cae
chUdng trinh phim, vui chdi, the thao
dUdc ngudi ta xem nhieu hdn thdi sU. Trong mot xa hdi nhU vay thi
viee trong
gid
hgc sinh vien ludn chd ddi nhiing yeu to' giai tri la dieu
de hieu.
Tat ca nhiing dac
diem
ed ban tren cua xa hdi ngay nay da tao ra
mot
Idp
sinh vien mdi, mang mot tU duy mdi, mot
Id'i
sd'ng mdi, khae

so vdi eac the he sinh vien
trude
kia. Hg lam chiing ta, nhiing ngUdi
lam nghe giang day, phai suy nghi. De qua trinh day hgc dat dUdc ket
qua cao, ma day ludn ludn la muc tieu hang dau cua cae nha sU pham,
thi viee tim hieu dd'i tUdng day hgc, nghien
ciiu
cae dac diem, dac biet
la muc dich hgc ciia ngUdi hgc can dUde
ehii
y
diing
miic bdi mgi
v^'n
de khae trong qua trinh day hgc nhU thiet ke chUdng trinh, len ngi
dung,
lUa
chgn phUdng phap giang day deu phai bit diu
tit
viee lam
quan trgng nay. Ndi mot
each
khae,
se cd hieu qua neu chinh ngUdi
hgc.
cu the la muc dich hgc cua ngUdi hgc quyet dinh ngi dung, chUdng
538
trinh va phUdng phap giang day. Thiet nghi khi ndi tdi sU
e^n
thiet

thay ddi ndi dung va phUdng phap giang day ma khdng
ehii
y phan
tich
eac tham sd'
ciia
ngudi hgc thi that la chua du.
II.
VI$C
GIANG DAY
TifiNG
NGA NGAY NAY
Tren the gidi ed rat nhieu ngoai ngii. Mdi ngoai ngii deu ed dac thu
rieng nhUng viee day va hgc eac ngoai ngii khae nhau lai cd nhieu diem
ehung. Vi the da
tii
lau ngUdi ta nghien
ciiu
phUdng phap day
ngoai ngii, nhUng ciing da cd giao hgc phap dai cUdng va giao hgc
phap bg mdn.
Ai eung biet ring giao hgc phap bg mdn dUdc xay dUng tren ed sd
dac thu eua
tufng
ngdn ngii va nhiing dac
thCi
nay lam cho nd khae biet
vdi cae ngdn ngii khae. Dd'i vdi cae nha sU pham, dac biet nhiing ngUdi
nghien
ciiu

hien soan giao trinh hoac
trUe
tiep tham gia giang day mot
ngoai ngii nao dd thi ngoai viee thdng thao ngoai ngii dd, biet ro muc
dich hgc ngoai ngii cua ngUdi hgc nhu da ndi tren, hg edn phai nim
dUde cae yeu to' tam ly ciia ngudi hgc de biet ngUdi hgc
ling xii
the nao
vdi ngoai ngii dd va dat nUde ndi ngUdi ta ndi
thii
tieng dd. Neu khdng
ed the se khd khan eho ngUdi day khi len
Idp
va can trd qua trinh tiep
nhan ngoai ngii do
ciia
ngudi hgc. Dd'i vdi tieng Nga, theo chiing tdi, dd
la nhiing yeu td' sau:
Thii
nhat, khi chgn ngoai ngii de hgc ngUdi hgc thudng hay bi anh
hudng ciia tam ly do
miic
do khd de ciia ngoai ngii gay ra. Nhiing
Idi
don dai ve ngoai ngii nao dd deu cd the tac dgng rat nhieu tdi tam ly
ngUdi bit dau hgc ngoai ngii. Tieng Nga dUdc nhieu the he sinh vien
Viet nam xep vao loai khd. Dd la cae
tii
da am tiet ma ngay
tii nhOng

gid hgc dau tien ngUdi hgc da cd the gap phai, ma neu dem so sanb vdi
tieng Anh thi qua that chiing dai den
miic
khd nhd, vi du nhU cae tii
npeno;iaBaTejib(HHua),
AOCTonpHMenaTejibHOCTb,
BbicoK0KBajiH4)HUHpoBaHHocTb
Cdn ve
ngfl
phap tieng Nga thi cd nhieu y kien khae nhau. Nhieu
ngUdi ndi ring nhin ehung ngii phap tieng Nga
phiic
tap hdn nhieu so
vdi
ngii
phap cae ngdn ngii
§.'n-Au,
vi
the
hgc tieng Nga khd hdn. Mot
539
so'
ngudi
khae
lai
cho rang dieu nay diing neu dem so sanh vdi tieng
Anh, nhung chua bin da diing neu so sanh vdi tieng Phap hay tieng
DUc.
Theo chiing tdi khdng the ndi ngoai ngii nay hay ngoai ngii kia
khd hdn ma cd the ndi mdi ngoai ngii khd theo kieu rieng cua nd. Phai

thufa
nhan ring he thdng each
(na;ie>KH),
cae pham tru nhU the eua
dgng
tii(BH;i rjiarojia)
cae hien tUdng ngii phap dac trUng nhU eau
triic
phii
dinh hai
Ian
(^iBOHHoe
OTpHuaHHc)
v.v. eua tieng Nga qua la rat
khd dd'i vdi sinh vien mot sd' nUde, trong dd cd Viet nam. NhUng neu
khi day chiing ta
eii
xoay vao cai khd ma khdng nhan manh y
nghia
tien
Idi
khi
sii
dung de dien dat y bing nhiing hien tUdng dUdc coi la
khd nay eho sinh vien luyen tap thi
chac chan
chiing ta se gay tam ly
hoang mang, nan hgc cho sinh vien.
Thii hai, viee nam bat tam ly va ddng vien ngUdi hgc eang cd y
nghia

hdn dd'i vdi sinh vien tieng Nga khi ngay nay do nhiing bien
dgng xa hdi ma niem say me ngoai ngii nay cua ngUdi hgc da giam
siit
dang ke khdng rieng d Viet nam ma d nhieu nUde
khae
ciing vay. Tat
nhien khdng the phu nhan
nhOng
gi ma nen khoa hgc ky thuat va van
hgc Nga-Xd viet da mang lai cho the gidi loai ngUdi. NgUdi ta van danh
gia cao nhiing thanh tUu van boa Nga va vi vay tieng Nga vin ein
thiet trong hgc tap va nghien
ciiu.
NhUng nhiing gi dang
didn
ra tai
dat nUdc Nga dUdc
dua
tren phUdng tien thdng tin dai chiing khdng
the khdng anh hudng tdi tam ly va dgng cd ngUdi hgc khi
lUa
chgn eung
nhu khi hgc tieng Nga.
Theo chung tdi, rat cd the nhiing yeu td tren dang lam cho
edng
viee giang day tieng Nga trd nen khd khan hdn so vdi eac
thii
tieng
khae,
ddi hdi cae nha Nga

ngii
phai mot mat nhanh chdng tim giai
phap,
va mat khae can nhin nhan van de theo hudng lac quan.
Mot trong nhiing viee can lam ngay la ddi mdi phUdng phap giang
day, trong dd cd dieu chinh ehUdng trinh, ddi mdi giao trinh sao eho
phii
hdp vdi tinh hinh mdi, dan dan dap
ling
nhu eau day ngoai ngii
ehuyen nganh d khoi cae trUdng khdng chuyen ngii. Cai tien eac
phUdng tien day hgc
khae
nhu bang, dia, phim (ve mat nay chiing ta
di sau cae
thii
tieng khae nhu tieng Anh, tieng Phap). Ngoai ra, dd'i vdi
khdi cae
trUdng chuyen ngii, mong mud'n lam sao khdi phuc lai viee td
540
chiic
giang day ed sU tham gia
ciia
chuyen gia
nUde
ngoai. Gin day
viee hang nam cd mot so' sinh vien dUdc sang
thUe
tap tai Vien tieng
Nga qud'c gia mang ten A.S.Puskin tai Mat-xed-va da lam cho khdng

khi hgc tieng Nga thUe sU trd nen sdi ndi hdn, hap din hdn va ed ket
qua hdn.
Tat ca nhiing viee lam tren, theo chiing tdi, deu gdp phan lam eho
sU
hiing
thii
hgc tieng Nga quay trd lai. Dd la yeu to' tam ly can thiet
mang lai hieu qua cho gid hgc ngoai ngii, dap ling yeu ciu dao tao
tieng Nga khi xa hdi vin dang cd nhu eau.
III.
"SINH
VI£N
THE
H$
MCfr
VA
PHtrONG
PHAP DAY HOC,
DAY
NGOAI
NG0N6I
CHUNG
vA
TIENG NGA
N6I
RIENG
Cin kbing dinh ring giao hgc phap ngay nay da dat dUde nhiing
thanh tUu dang ke. Mot trong nhiing tU tudng mdi trong giang day
dUde
ddng dao ddi ngii giao vien ung hg,

thita
nhan va ap dung dd la
tu tudng lay ngudi hgc lam trung tam. Da cd nhieu bai viet ve phUdng
phap day hgc nay.
Lay ngUdi hgc lam trung tam khdng cd nghia la khdng cdn cho cho
thay, ma ngUde lai, phUdng
thiic
day hgc nay ddi hdi ngUdi thay cd
trinh do cao hdn. Chinh vi the gid day ngUdi ta nhin nhan vai trd va
danh gia nang
lUc
ciia ngUdi thay khae xUa. Ngoai kien
thiic
chuyen
mdn viing, ed phUdng phap truyen thu de hieu, ngUdi thay cdn phai
biet each hudng dan ngUdi hgc,
giiip
hg van dung dUdc kha nang cua
minh, tU dieu hanh dUde ed
che
tiep thu de luyen tap mot each cd hieu
qua nhat. Cd nhU
the
kien thiie ma ngUdi thiy day mdi trd thanh
ki&
thiic rieng ciia ngUdi hgc. NhU vay day hgc ludn la boat dgng chung
cua ca thay va trd. Bang kinh nghiem ban than va quan sat chiing tdi
thay day eho ngudi hgc hieu la edng viee ciia ngUdi thiy, edn edng doan
tiep theo la lam the nao de dUa vao rdi
luu

kien thiic trong dau ngUdi
hgc,
sau dd bien kien thiic thanh
ki
nang la lao ddng ciia chinh ngUdi
hgc,
khdng bao gid ngUdi thay cd the lam viee nay thay ngUdi hoc. Vai
trd
ciia
thay la d sU hudng din, va nang
lUc
ciia thay dUde the hien
541
trong khi
thUe
hien vai trd nay. NhU vay, vdi phUdng phap lay ngUdi
hgc lam trung tam thi de day hgc dau phai chi can kien thiic viing
vang.
R6
rang kha nang din dit ngUdi hgc tren
Idp
la pham chat nghi-
ep vu quan trgng nhat dd'i vdi ngUdi thay. Ndi mot each khae, ngUdi
day gidi la ngUdi biet each din dit ngUdi hgc di tii chd tiep thu thu
ddng den chd nim viing
dUde
kien thiic de rdi ehii ddng van dung
dUde
kien thiic dd khi
thuc

te yeu eau.
Cd the la ddn gian va chUa that chinh xac nhUng chiing tdi hinh
dung nghe day ngoai ngii theo hUdng lay ngUdi hgc lam trung tam
gid'ng nhu mot kieu chuyen giao edng nghe trong dao tao nghe tii ngUdi
ky sU sang ngUdi edng nhan de ngudi edng nhan biet each van hanh
mot loai may nao dd nhU ngUdi ky sU. Qua trinh nay
didn
ra nhanh
hay cham, ket qua ra sao thi
chi
ngUdi ky sU gidi thdi
ehua
dii ma edn
tuy thudc vao dieu kien hgc va chii yeu la ngUdi edng nhan. Neu ngUdi
edng nhan
chi
nghe ngUdi ky sU giai thich ve
eau
tao may, cae tinh
nang va each
svL
dung nd thdi ma khdng true tiep md tay vao may tap
v^n
hanh, phai tap nhieu
lin,
tap eho den khi thanh thao mdi thdi, thi
chang
bao gid anh ta biet lam viee vdi loai may nay. Ciing tUdng
tU
nhu vay dd'i vdi trUdng hdp ciia chiing ta, nhUng d day la thiy chuyen

giao edng nghe cho trd.
Nhu vay, trong viee hgc ngoai
nguf
y thiic va lao ddng
ciia
ngUdi
hgc ddng vai trd quyet dinh. ThUe te da chiing minh trong ciing mot
Idp
hgc ngoai ngii, ciing mot thay day va dieu kien hgc nhU nhau
nhUng sau khi td't nghiep ed nhiing sinh vien dat trinh do gidi, ed the
day ngUdi khae
dUde,
nhung lai cd sinh vien hoan toan khdng dat yeu
eau. Cd ngUdi ndi ring 70% thanh edng trong viee hgc ngoai ngii la do
sU kien tri, ein min, day edng luyen tap cua ngUdi hgc. Neu nhan xet
nay la diing thi viee xac dinh chute nang va thUe hien diing
edng
viee
eua ngudi thay la vd
eung
quan trgng. Quan sat chiing tdi thay nhieu
giao vien ngoai ngii, nhat la eac giao vien tre, tren
Idp
lam viee nhieu
hdn sinh vien. Hg ra tinh hud'ng rdi lai tU giai quyet chii khdng de sinh
vien tham gia. Theo chiing tdi, hoac la hg da nhiet tinh khdng diing
each ma ban than khdng hay biet, hoac la hg mie sai lam khi khdng
kien tri chd ddi sinh vien tU duy mdi khi can ndi hay lam bai tap.
NgUdc lai, neu
eii

de mac
ngUdi
hgc, khdng nghe, khdng trao
ddi,
542
khdng din dit nhU kieu dgc bai giang ma cho den nay mot
so'
giao vien
cae mdn vin ap dung tren
Idp
thi ciing khdng phai each day ngoai ngii.
Ca hai trUdng hdp tren deu vi pham nguyen tic lay ngUdi hgc lam
trung tam. Hay danh thiic tU duy va kha nang ciia ngUdi hgc, danh eho
sinh vien nhieu thdi gian hdn, tao dieu kien de hg luyen tap, hudng
din de hg tU
thUe
hanh ndi, nghe, dgc, viet Cd nhU the gid hgc ngoai
ngii mdi ed hieu qua, sinh vien mdi cam thay hiing
thii
vi mdi ngay hg
lai trd nen tU tin hdn,
tb^'y
minh lam chii dUde ngoai
ngii
dang nghien
ciiu
hdn. Viee nen ra tinh hud'ng, tao dieu kien va danh quyen chii
ddng
thUe
hanh eho sinh vien trong gid hgc ngoai ngii la dieu ai ciing

hieu, nhUng khdng phai ai ciing thue hien va
thUe
hien td't.
Viee
lUa
chgn tai lieu giang day ed
ehii
y tdi dac diem ciia ngUdi
hgc,
nhat la muc dich hgc cua ngUdi hgc nhU da ndi d tren, dang la van
de ma cae nha bien soan giao trinh bet siic quan tam. Can eii vao
nhiing dac diem xa hdi va
Idp
sinh vien the he mdi ngay nay nhU da
trinh bay d muc 1., xin
dUde
dUa
ra
5 nguyen tie ma theo chiing tdi
can
chii
y khi
lUa
chgn tai lieu giang day ciing nhU khi tien hanh gid
hgc.
Dd la:
1.
Khong
CO dong
ccf

khong c6 ket qua
Da
tii
lau ngUdi ta thiia
nh§n
vai trd dac biet ciia dgng cd trong
qua trinh hgc. Hgc ma khdng ed dgng ed
chi
la phi thdi gian.
NgUde
lai,
ddng cd hgc ro rang se dan den ket qua nhanh va td't. Mae
dxx
khdng ai
phii nhan nguyen tac nay nhUng khdng phai ai ciing
chii
y diing
miic.
2.
Chu
y
ca the hoa
PhUdng phap day hgc
1^'y
ngUdi hgc lam trung tam cd
chii
y den
dac diem ciia ngUdi hgc ddi hdi da dang boa tai lieu va phUdng phap
giang day. Ludn nhd ring ngUdi hgc khae nhau khdng phai
ebi

bdi kha
nang tiep thu ma cdn kha nang ghi nhd, van dung.
Ngay nay so
luong cae
nganh hoc
mcfi
ngay cang tang. Viee bien
soan giao
trinh
ngoai ngir chuyen nganh
(yneGHHK HHOCTpaHHoro H3biKa
m^
cneuHajiLHHx uejieH)cho
sinh vien khong chuyen nhim dap
ling
muc
543
dich hgc cho
timg
doi
tugfng
can dam bao tinh phan boa cao. Theo ket qua
so bp
cae
phieu dieu tra
ciia
chung tdi d mot so
tnxdfng
dai hoc khong
chuyen nganh xa hoi tai Ha ngi gan day thi khoang 60-70% so giao vien

va mot ty
le tucmg duong
sd sinh vien
dugc
chiing toi hdi y kien tra
Idi
la
chua hai long vdi
chuong
trinh ngoai
ngii*
cua
trucmg
minh. Hieu ban ai het
yeu
eau
va nhirng kho khan khi ra
truong
phai lam
viee true
tiep
voi
ngoai
ngir, tren 70% sinh vien de nghi dua them
n6i
dung chuyen nganh vao
chuong trinh va ngi dung giang day ngoai ngir. Ro rang la chung ta da cd
gdng
song
viee

day ngoai
ngir
nhu ngay nay vin chua dap
ihig
dugrc yeu
c^u
cua ngudi hgc.
Viee bien soan giao trinh ngoai ngii chuyen nganh da va dang
dUdc
cae
trUdng quan tam, trien khai va da dat
dUde
mot so' ket qua
nhat dinh. d mot
so'trUdng
sinh vien da bude dau cd "giao trinh chuyen
nganh" va nhd dd ed dieu kien lam quen vdi thuat ngii ehuyen mdn,
tiep
xiic
vdi van ban ehuyen nganh bang ngoai
nguf.
Song nhin mot
each tong the thi viee bien soan hiu bet cae giao trinh nay edn tuy
tien, manh
miin,
mdi trUdng tU soan theo each rieng ciia minh. Do tinh
biic
bach
eiia
van de, chUa cd chUdng trinh thd'ng nhat, it nhat la cho

eac trUdng eung khdi tU nhien hoac xa hdi, lai thieu sU dieu tra, nghien
ciiu, tham khao y kien tii phia cae nha chuyen mdn, ban than
ngUdi
hgc va nhat la thUe te sinh vien gap phai trong
liie
lam viee sau khi ra
trUdng, each
lUa
chgn ngi dung ngoai ngii va ndi dung ehuyen nganh
cdn vo doan, phin nhieu la theo kinh nghiem ciia ngUdi day ngoai ngut.
Bdi vay day dang la van de trung tam, tap trung
chii
y ciia giao vien
ngoai ngii eac trUdng thudc khd'i khdng ehuyen.
3.
Khong phai
liic
nao ap dung eong nghe mdi
eung
la tot
Video, TV, may tinh va nhieu phUdng tien ky thuat khae ed the
mang lai eho viee day ngoai ngii ndi ehung va tieng Nga ndi rieng mot
xung ddng mdi, nhUng chiing ta khdng nen lam dung. Cd nhiing
nguyen tie ddn gian ma ngUdi ta thUdng hay quen. Dd la:
ehi
ed the
chuyen nhiing edng viee cua ngudi thay eho may khi may cd the lam
dUde nhu thay, va edng viee ma may thUe hien phai dUdc ngudi hoc
chap nhan. NhU the cd nghia la trong giang day khdng phai viee gi
may mdc ciing ed the lam thay thiy cd dUdc.

544
4.
Khong
khi
buon
te c6 the
giet chet
gid
hoc
Chiing
ta hgc
tieng
me de d
khip
mgi ndi: d nha,
ngoai dudng,
trong trUdng,
liie
an, khi
nghi
nhUng
vdi
dieu kien
nhU d
nUde
ta
hien
nay thi
ngoai
ngfl

ehi
dUde
hgc chu yeu
tren
Idp.
Viee
giao tiep
giiia nhiing ngUdi eung
hgc
ngoai
ngii
vdi
nhau
vin cd gia tri
rieng ciia
nd.
Dii sao thi day
ciing
la cd hdi va mdi
trUdng,
tuy
khdng phai
mdi
trudng
tid'ng
tU
nhien,
cho
ngUdi
hgc

luyen thUc hanh ngoai ngii.
Bdi
vay trong
gid
ngoai ngii
nen
ddng vien
va
ed' ging
td'i da de
sinh vien
lam viee theo nhdm
vdi
nhau. Theo chiing
tdi,
hinh thiic
lam
vi$c
nay
ed
the ap
dung khdng phai
ehi khi hgc ndi, ma ca khi lam bai tap
ngii
phap,
xii
ly
thdng
tin bai dgc
hieu. Trong

khi
luyen
ky
nang giao tiep
giao vien khdng
nen dUa
nhiing tinh hud'ng mang tinh trinh trgng,
khien cUdng,
hay
ed'
ging
tao ra
nhiing tinh hud'ng
tU
nhien
nhU
trong
cugc sd'ng.
NhU vay gid hoc
ngoai ngii
se
sinh ddng
hdn,
sinh vien
dl
ling
xik
hdn, gid hgc
chic chin
se cd ket qua hdn.

5.
Khong nen
coi
nhe
nguf
phap cd ban
Ai ciing biet ring
de ndi,
nghe,
dgc va
viet khdng
the
thieu kien
thiic ngii phap. NhOng kien thiic ngii phap
sd
dang chinh
la
tien
de eho
sU thanh
edng
khi
giao tiep. Song
khi
bien soan sach ciing
nhU khi day
can
ehii
y
dinh

lUdng
cua
nhiing kien thiic
nay sao cho hdp ly dd'i vdi
tiing
dd'i
tUdng, tiing giai doan.
Tren
day la
nhiing
suy
nghi
ciia chung
tdi
trUde thUc trang giang
day ngoai ngii
ndi
chung
va
tieng
Nga ndi
rieng
d
nUdc
ta
hien
nay va
nhiing viee chiing
tdi da lam,
nhiing

gi
chiing
tdi
thay
can lam de
nang
cao hieu
qua
edng viee. Viet nhiing cud'n giao trinh
hay,
phii
hdp vdi
muc dich
va yeu eau cua
ngUdi
hgc, cd
nhiing
gid hgc
ngoai nguf hieu
qua,
bd ich va ly
thii
dd'i vdi
sinh vien
la
nhiem
vu va
ciing
la
mong

mud'n thudng
trUe
cua mdi
ngudi
lam
nghe giang
day,
trong
dd cd
giao
vien ngoai ngii.
Xa hdi
ngay
nay va san
pham dUdc sinh
ra
tit
dd la the
he thanh nien, "sinh vien
the
he
mdi",
cd
nhiing
dac
diem rieng
ddi hdi
chiing
ta nd
lUc

lam
viee,
diic riit
kinh nghiem, nghien ciiu
de tim va
ap dung nhiing phUdng phap
mdi phu hdp hdn. Hdn
liie
nao bet
nguyen
tie lay
ngUdi
hgc lam
trung
tam can
dUdc phat
buy ca
trong
giang
day va
bien soan giao trinh.
545
De ket thiic bai viet nay chiing tdi mud'n ndi ring se khdng ed
phUdng phap tdi Uu eho mgi dd'i tUdng. Theo chiing tdi, phUdng phap
hieu qua nhat la phUdng phap phii hdp vdi tiing dd'i tUdng,
tCfng
giang
dudng. Tinh hieu qua trong giang day ngoai ngii se tang neu chiing ta
biet dieu chinh quan he giiia ndi dung - trd - phUdng phap - thay
trong giang day. Dd la viee can lam thudng xuyen, tham chi cho tiing

bai hgc, tiing gid len
Idp.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1.
KocTOMapoB
B.r,
MHTp0(})aH0Ba
O.fl.
VHedHHK
pyccKoro
asHKa
H
npodjieisia ynera
cneuna;ibH0CTH.
PyccKMH ji3biK
3a
py6e>K0M.
1978.
X2
4.
2.
JlodaHOBa
H.A.,
/JOHHCHKO
F.B.
HeKOTopbie npodjicMbi
npo(J)eccHOHajibHOH KOMnereHUHH npeno;iaBaTeji5i pyccKoro
asbiKa.
B
KH.

"HayHHbie xpa^iHUHH
H
Hosbie HanpaBneHHs
B
npenoiiasaHMH pyccKoro
sisbiKa H
nHTeparypbi".
M.,
PyccKHw
asbiK.
1986.
3.
MyciaHOKH.A.
HoBbie MCxoiiHHecKHe npHCMbi e npenoAaBaHHw pyccKoro
5i3biKa.
B KH.
"OnepKH
no
xeopHH
H
npaKTHKC npeno^iaaaHHSi
pyccKoro
a3biKa KaK
HHOcrpaHHoro".
M.,
2003.
546