Vài nét tương đồng trong truyện cổ Nhật Bản và Việt Nam.PDF

VAI
NET
Tl/ONG
DONG TRONG TRUYEN CO NHAT BAN VA VIET NAM
Nguyen Thi
Ngiiyet
Khua
ticng Viet va Van hoa Viet Nam
Trudng DH KHXH & NV - DHQG Ha Ngi
I. Tuong dong vc tip
truycn
va cac motip
truycn
Tip vi mdtip (type va
motiQ
la nbirng thuit ngfr quan trgng trong khoa
bgc
nghien
etin
tmydn cd din gian, do Antti Aame (nba Folklore bgc Pbin Lan) va Stith Thompon (nha
Folklore hge My) khdi
xirdng
va pbat tridn tir tmitng
phii Ijeb
sir - dja
ly
Pbin Lan. He thdng
bang muc lye tra
cuu
cic Tip truycn cd
diin

gian
eiia
Aameee - Thompson'" va bang mue
luc
tra
eic mdtip tmyen c6 dan gian
eiia
Thompson'"' da
dilt
ndn mdng cho phuong pbip nghien cun
Tip va mdtip tmyen cd din gian tren
Ibd
gidi.
Tip la
nhiJng
cdt kd cd the tdn tai dde lap trong
kho
tmydn tmydn mieng, ed tbd ggi la
kidu tmyen, la "miu dd". Mdtip la yeu td nbd nbit eiia mdt tmyen ed dan gian, cd
kha
nang
luu
tmydn mdt cich bdn viing. Vf du, tip tmyen vd
Cbii
rd (cd diu) la ngudi ddi
Id't
vi mdtip ngudi
mang
Id't
vat; tip truyen ed be

Ig lem
- Tirn Cim va mdtip dira eon rieng, tip tmyen vd ngudi tdt
bung vi nhiing ke xiu bung vdi mdtip
thudng
va pbat v.v
Mac
dii ebua
cd didu kien
khiio
sal va bien
soim
mdt each diy
dii
bang mue
lue
eic Tip
tmyen cd din gian Viet Nam,
nbimg
qua khao sit
100
tip tmyen,
chiing
tdi thdng ke ed khoang
70 tip tuong ddng vdi nhfmg tip Iruydn dan gian Nhat Ban va Chau Au, con
lai
40 tip la nbimg
tip md rdng nim ngoai he thdng Aame - Thompson. Ddng thdi qua pbin nghien
ciru
so sinh
21

tip tmyen din gian Nbit Ban - Viet Nam tuong ddng, chiing tdi da thiy ro nhiing net tuong
ddng vd kidu tmyen va eic mdtip eiu thanh cdt tmyen. Sau khi tham khao, nghien
cuu
1800
mdtip tmyen cd din gian Nbit ban trong bang mue luc cac mdtip truyen ed dan gian Nhat Ban
cua tidn sT HIROKO
IKEDA'"
va 1665 mdtip tmyen ed dan gian Viet Nam trong bang
liet
ke
cac mdtip tmyen ed dan gian Viet Nam
eiia
tie gia Nguydn Tbj
Hidn""",
chiing tdi ude tfnb ed
khoang 900 mdtip tuong ddng, vdi ty
le
tuong ddng khoang 60%.
Sy tuong ddng tip tmyen va mdtip truyen la sy tuong ddng vd ndi dung kidu tmyen vi cac
mdtip eiu thanh cdt tmyen, ndi
len
sy
liKmg
ddng vd kdt eiu, vd ndi dung - cdt tmyen, vd dd tii,
vd mue dfch y
nghia
eiia
Iruyen,
vd cac
yeii

td
tiio thiinh
cdt tmyen.
vSy
tuong ddng vd tip va
mdtip tmyen cung ndi len sy tuong ddng vd eic ydu td van boa
eiia
bai din toe: nbu vd
phong
tuc tip quin, ndp tu duy,
bimb
ddng, nbimg kinb nghiem img xir trong
cude
ddi Nhiing tip
tmyen cd din gian Viet Nam - Nhat Ban tuong ddng
efing
ndi len sy tuong ddng vd
loai
hinh
truyen cd, loai hinh van hoi
eiia
2 din toe. Qua tmyen cd, ngudi dan Nbit Ban va ngudi din
Viet Nam ddu mudn the bien nhung triet ly din gian, eii nhin nbin dao, nbirng quan didm, ly
tudng tham my
ciia minb
va each tbd bien rat gidng nbau. Cic
tiaiyen
ddu ed sy pbin biet rd
rang giira cii thien va cii ae, eii dep va eii xiu. Mae
dii

sy tuong ddng kbdng phii la tuyet ddi,
chi
b mire dd tuong ddi va nhfmg gieii
hiin
nbit djnb, eon cd nbirng chi tidt, tinh tidt, mdtip
tmyfin
khac nbau nhung each
giiii
quyet nhfmg van dd ma tmyen
diit
ra ddu gidng nbau. Qua
nhung
tip tmyen tuong etdng do, nbimg
tri^
I
ly vd
ibien vii
ae, vd tdt va xiu duete kbdng djnb.
99
Cii thien
chidn
thing, long tdt duge ban thudng. Con eii ie bj len in, bj trimg phat.
Trong khudn kbd
ciia
bai vidt nay,
ebung
tdi khdng ed didu kien di sau phan tfeb su gidng
va khic nbau vd ndi dung kidu tmyen va cic mdtip eiu thanh cdt tmyen cua nhung tip tmyen
tuong ddng trong tmyen cd Nhat Ban - Viet Nam, ma
chi

xin
neu
ten mdt sd tip tuong ddng tieu
bidu nbu:
- Tmyen vd
loii
vat:
+ Tip 160: Nhung con vat biet on, ngudi vd on.
-I-
Tip 275: Cude ehay thi giira mdt con vat chay nhanh va mdt eon vat
chay
cham.
- Tmyen vd nbirng ddi
thii
sieu nhien:
-I-
Tip 300: Con rdng sieu nhien.
-I-
Tip 300: Con rdng sat nhan
(Tieu diet quii
vru
-
eihi
edng
ehiia).
-I-
Tip
30IB:
NgUeti
dim dug khoe manh

vii
ban be
ciia
anb ta.
- Tmyen vd nhfmg
ngiriti
vg
vii
nbimg nguiti chdng sieu nhien.
+ Tip 400: Ngudi chdng di tim ngudi vg tren trdi da bien mit
ciia
minb.
-I-
Tip 425A:
Cbii
rd (hoae ed diu) la ngudi ddi
Idt.
+ Tip 465A: Ngudi dim dng hi ham bai bdi ngudi vg xinb dep
eiia
minb.
- Tmyen vd ngudi tdi duge thudng hau, ke ie bj trimg pbat:
+ Tjp 480D: Ngudi tdt bung va ke xiu bung
(Con cbim se bi cdt
ludi
va sy
ti'ch
eon khi)
+ Tip 503: Nbirng mein qua
eiia
quy

+ Tip
5
lOA:
Cd be
Ig
lem - Tim Cam
+ Tip 565: Chide cdi xay thin - chide hu thin
+ Tip
613:
Hai ngudi
lu khach
- bai anb em
+ Tip 670: Mdn qua ciia rdn
+ Tip 729: Ngudi ddn
eiii
va chide riu vang
+ Tip 750B: Long bidu khach duge ban thudng
-I-
Tip 843A: Chum vang - chum rdn
- Tmyen van may:
+ Tip
910B:
Nbimg
leti
kbuyen ddt gii
+ Tip 930B: Nguiti chdng
lii ihg
ddt than
- Tmyen vd sy thdng minb va ngu ngd'e:
-I-

Tip 922: Cau eon trai tra
Idi
cac eiu bdi cua nha vua
+ Tip 1920: Thi
neiikhoic
Chung tdi xin dua ra nhung vf du dd lam sang rd
sir
tuong ddng
eiia
mot tip tmyen:
Chdng ban d tip 503A: Nhiing mdn qua cua
qui
(vdi eic tmyen dng gia va cue
birdu"'
cua
Nhat Ban va tmyen hai cd gii va cue budu
'*' ciia
Viet Nam). Cic tmyen thugc kidu tmyen nay
cung kd vd bai nhin vat ddi lap: tdt bung va xiu bung, vui tinh va hay eiu kinb nhung ddu cd
eii budu d tren mat. Nhin vat tdt bung, vui tfnb duge lu
qui liy
di cii budu do bidt miia hit, boa
100
nhip,
lam vira long chiing. Nhan
viil
xiu bung hay cau kinb bi gdn them mot cii bue'tu do khinh
sg
IQ
qui,

khdng biet cich boa nhap -
mini
hat,
liim
mat long
Ifi
qui.
Mgl
each tinh ed, ngudi lot
bung gap may mdn, duge ban thuitng, eon ke xiu bung
Ihi
giip
riii
ro, bi trimg pbat do each iing
xir cua minb.
Nhiing mdtip tuong ddng trong tip truyen nay la nhiing mdtip vd nhan vat tdt bung va xau
bung, vd lu qui, vd chide budu duete lay di hay gdn them
viio
mat.
Chung tdi dua them mdt vf du nira: Tip 565. Cii cdi xay
thin"'
(Nhat Ban) va chide hu
thin'*'
(Viet Nam). Cic truyen
thude
kidu tmyen nay
eiing
kd vd lai
Ijeb
cd duge vat thin va

cich sir dung vat thin tir sy giiip dd va chi bao
eiia
Tien Pbat
cai
trang va ndi vd kha nang ky
dieu
ciia
vat thin, ed tbd cho ta nhfmg gi ta mudn. Cau chuyen xoay quanh 2 nhan vat ddi lap:
ngudi anb tham lam dde ae
vii
nguiti em hidn
liinb
lot bung. Ngueti em ed duge vat thin thi ude
ed thire an, nha cira,
eiia
cai, trd nen
giiui
cd
vii kidn giiip
etd nhfmg ngiriti ngheo. Ngueti anb liy
trdm vat than va len
thuyen
chay
tiein
ra bidn. Nguiti
imh
da ude cd
thfit
nhieu mudi dd ban va
lam giau nbimg lai kbdng biet each sir dung viit than lam cho nd dimg lai.

Qidi
cung ngudi
imb
bj trimg phat bang cai ebdt cbim
dirdi
day bidn cung vat than dang
ludn
chay mai ra mudi. Cau
chuyen xoay quanh mdi quan he hai anb em va vat than - qua tang cho sy tdt bung nhung gdp
pbin giai tbfeb cho bien tugng ty nhien: vi sao
nireife
bidn lai man. Nbirng mdtip tuong ddng
trong kidu tmyen nay la nhung mdtip vd hai anb em, vd vat thin ed kha nang thye bien duge
nbirng didu ude, vd ngudi anb
iin
trdm vat
tbiit,
vd ngueti anb bj trimg pbat cbim xud'ng bidn, vd
vat thin eir tudn chay ra mudi la ly do vi sao nude bidn lai man.
2.
Tuong dong
ve
cdt truycn
Trong tmyen kd truyen mieng dan gian, cdt truyen cd vai trd nit quan trgng.
Cdt tmyen ed
ebire
nang phan anb bien thye deti song xa bdi bang hinh tugng nghe
thuiit
nhung theo dae tnmg rieng
eiia

Fetlklore.
Ve'ti diie
trimg tmydn mieng, mang tfnb ty sy va la
nhiing sing tic
eiia
nhan dan nen cac cdt truyen thuemg dd ke, de nbd, dd km
liiydn.
Tmyen ed
Nbit Ban - Viet Nam tuin theo nguyen lie nghe thuat dd. Cac cdt truyen thudng duge kd theo
mdt true thdi gian, cai gi ed
trirde
kd trude, cii gi cd sau kd sau, trong mdt kbdng gian kbep
kin
ed gidi ban, theo mot
mach
tinh tidt, hinh ddng, sy kien
eii
tbd. Vi vay ma chiing ta thiy trong
nhidu cdt tmyen din gian
eiia
hai dan toe, ed sy lap lai
eiia
cac kidu md diu, kdt
tbiic,
vdi hang
loat
eic mdtip eiu thanh, vdi nhfmg chi tidt tinh
hui'^'ng
tmyen gidng
nhaii

vdi nhiing ydu td gdp
pbin
eiu
thanh cdt tmyen gidng nbau: nbu
yen id tirimg
tugng, sieu nhien, thin thinh. Didu dd
tao
nen
sy tuong ddng vd cdi iruyen.
Qua nghien
ciJii,
kbiio
sal cac type Iruyen cd dan gian Nhat Ban - Viet Nam tuong ddng
chiing ta thiy rd nbirng cdi truyen
dile
trung tuong ddng:
nhir
cdt tmyen vd
chang
trai khoe, vd
chang
dung sT ehien diu ve'ti mimg xa, veti rdn thin (quii vat) dd cim nguai dep, cdt Iruyen vd
bdn nbin cua ning lien tren trdi vdi ngudi dim dng thin the,
eeit truySn
vd ngudi em bidn
lanb
tdt bung, vd dira eon rieng bj nguge dai, vd chang trai cd vg dep nhung bi bgn ngudi giau cd
eudp mit va phii diu
tranh
dd gianh

gial
liii,
cdt truyen vd nhfmg nhan vat xiu xi, dj dang -
ngudi ddi lot ma cd nhfmg phim
ebiii
lot dep v.v Nhung cdt truyen
ciia
Nbit Ban va Viet Nam
nhidu khi rit gidng nbau, eir nbu la
eiing
mot truyen vay. Chdng htm cac cot truyen vd eu gia va
thing qui (Viet Nam) -
linh
bdn trong cai chai
(Nhal
Biin),
nguiti me
dueifi
md (Vict Nam) -
ngudi ebdt de
cetn
(Nhat
Biin),
sy
ti'cb
con tim (Nhat
Biin
- Viet Nam), chide
nliin
thin (Nbit

101
Ban) - vien ngge thin (Viet Nam), chide cdi xay thin (Nhat Ban) - ehiee
hfi
thin (Viet Nam),
hai dng gia va cue budu (Nhat Ban) - hai ed gii va cue budu (Viet Nam)
Tuy nhien do hoan canh Ijeb sir ra diti khac nbau, d cac qude gia, dan tdc khac nhau ndn
nhidu cdt tmyen mac du ed nhung didm
tintng
ddng nbimg chi b mire dd tuong ddi. Sy khic
nhau d nhfmg thay ddi vd khdng gian, thdi gian, hoae them bdt mdt vii chi tiet, tinh tidt, sy
kien, mdtip. Chdng ban nbu eic cdt tmyen cua cac tmyen
Ngim
Lang va
ChiJe
NO,
Ngudi
vg
trong tranh va Ai mua bimb tdi hay Le) nude thin, Dia dd dia tbd va Tim Cim, Con chim se bj
cdt ludi va sy tfeb eon khi
Trong eic tmyen ed dan
giim
Viet Nam - Nbit Ban tuong ddng, eic cdt
tmyfn
thudng
gidng nhau d cac ket
thue,
d each giai quydt vin dd ma tmyen dat ra. Cii kdt
thiic
tmyen thudng
la ed hau, ludn tbd bien rd quan niem tham my

eiia
nhan dan vd eii dep va eii xau, vd thien va
ae
d
tmyen ed din gian,
biin
than cdt truyen tao thiinh ndi dung tie phim. Sy tuong ddng va
cdt tmyen cung la sy
luimg
etdng vd ngi dung truyen ke. Thdng qua nhfmg
ce'il
truyen
tircmg
ddng tren, chiing ta ed thd hinh dung dirge
hinh
anb eon ngudi va xa bdi Nbit Ban-Viet Nam b
thdi ky dd, mac
dii
nhfmg cdi truyen kd thudng khi don gian, mang tfnb ube le va tugng trung
eao.
3.
Tuong ddng vc tinh
each
nhan vat
Qua nhfmg cdt truycn kd tuong ddng Nhat Ban - Viet Nam, ehimg ta thi'y rd cd sy tuong
ddng vd tfnb each cac loai nhan vat duge thd bien trong cdt tmyen.
Cic nhan vat trong truyen cd dan gian
xuiii
bien rat da dang va mdi loai nhan vat ed
nhung tfnb cich dae tnmg

eiia
no, ndi len rd net hi d hai tuydn: giau va ngheo,
te'it
va xiu, thien
va ic, chfnh dien va phan dien. Tfnb
each nhiin
vat phu hetp vdi ngi dung kidu tmyen, vdi cic
mdtip eiu thanh cdt truycn
vii
cdt truyen. Do tfnb chai
phiin
anb xa bdi theo phUOng thire khii
quit hoi, tmyen ed
diin
gian thuemg
xily dimg
cac
nhiln
vat
eiia
minb cd tfnb
khai
quit boa eao,
tieu bidu cho timg loai ngudi khac nhau trong xa bdi. Vf du cac nbin vat:
DiJa
eon rieng trong
kidu truyen Tim Cam, anh ndng dim ngheo trong tmyen "nguiti vg trong tranh", ngudi em iit
trong nhung tmyen vd hai anh em la dai dien cho nhung ngudi
lao
ddng ngheo khd, bj hoc

Idt.
Tfnb each
eiia
nhung nhin vat nay bao gid cung hidn lanb, tdt bung, nhan hau, cin
eii,
tmng
thye.
Con nhfmg nhan
vilt
nbu mu di ghe, lao dja
ehii,
lao nha giau, dng vua, ngudi anh la dai
dien cho nhfmg ke bde lot
the't'ng
trj, ed the lye bao gid cung mang
ti'nh
cich xiu xa, dde ie, ddi
tri,
tham hun. Nhung nhan
vi)l
nbu chiing
irai
khoe, dung sT diet yeu quii, ngueti ddi Id't, em
b6
thdng minb trong cic kieu iruyen eiing ten la etui dien cho sire manh, cho nang lye tri
tiie eiia
eon ngudi, thuemg mang tfnb each manh, cho nang lye tri tue
eiia
eon ngueti, thuemg mang tfnb
cich manh me quyet doan, vdi nhfmg phim chat

etiio
dire eao ea.
Nhiln
din qua nhfmg nhin
vit
nay dd
giii
gdm nhfmg y tudng
eiia
minb. Viec pbin djnb raeh rdi gifra eii thien vi cai ie, eii
tdt va eii xiu, chfnh nghia va phi nghTa la nhfmg net ebung trong nhin thire tu tudng, trong y
thire
eiia
ngueti phuemg Ddng, xuat phat
lir
mdt ndn
liing
tu tudng giao ly
eiia
eic tdn giio Nho -
Dao - Phil.
Do cdt tmyen cua Iruyen kd dan gian eon qua don gian nen tmyen ed ehua di siu khde
boa rd net tfnb cich nhan vat ma mdi chi khde boa nhfmg net co ban, don gian. Tfnb each nbin
v.1t
duge xiy
dimg
ddi khi con ngheo nim, mit nhat, phien dien.
102
Truyen ed tfeb
ihirimg sir eliing li'nh lirimg phiin vii Ifnh

lap lai etc
nhiim
cd y so sanh, ddi
ebicu tarn
ly
nhan
vCil iniy
vdi
liim
ly nhan
val
kia etc khdng etinh Ifnh each
nhiin
val.
Chiing la
thiy ludn ed nhfmg hinh
lUimg
nhiin vat ddi lap: ngudi anh etgc ae - ngueti em hidn limb, ten dia
cbii
xiu bung - ed gii ngheo
Idi
bung,
ngiriti vg
iham
lam - ngiriti chdng nhan hau, ngudi ngheo
giiip dd ngudi khac luc hoan nan -
ngirdi siiim
thi
xiiii
diidi.

Nghe
Ihual tuitng
phiin d day dugc
diing
lam phuong lien de
ihd bien
Ifnh
ciich
nhim
v(il.
Chiing la
cimg gi;ip
nhidu
chuyen
cd sy
nbdc lai, lap lai
eiia hoiui
ciinh,
ciia
linh
hiidng lirimg
lir:
nhir
khi nhan
viil Idi
bung (dng
giii vii
ed gii trong truyen 2 dng
giii vii cue
birdu,

hai cd
giii vii
cue
hirdu,
dng
giii
trong Iruyen Con
cbim se bi cdt lue~ti
ciia
Nhal
Biin vii
cd
giii
ngheo
Irong
Iruyen Sy
li'ch
con khi (Viet Nam),
ngudi em trong truyen hai ngiriti
Ifr khiich
(Nhat
Biin) vii
truyen
Hii liim hii
nic,
cay khe
(Viiil
Ncun) )
gap may mdn, dirge ban
Ihirimg,

lid
nen
giim
cd
ihi
nhan val etdi lap
liim Iheo nhir
the
dd mong duge giau sang
nhimg Ihuimg
khdng thanh edng mil con bi
irimg
phiil.
4.
Ly giai nhfrng net
tuimg
ddng tnmg truyen cd Nhat Ban - Vict Nam
Hien
tUitng tuemg
ddng trong
ciic
cdi
iriiycn ciia
nhidu Iruyen kd dan gian,
lUimg
ddng ve
Tip truyen va cac mdli|)
Iruyen ciia cite diin Igc
hi
elo

nhidu
nguyen
nhiin. Do
ciing
hi mgl
viin
etc
khoa hge, la mdi quan
lain nghien
cim
ciui ciic nhii Foikhcic
hgc
Ircn Ihc
gidi.
Cac
nbii
nghien
cim
thudng chi
in
mgl sd
nguyen
nhan
liritny
etdng Iruyen cd tren the
gie'ti: Do cac
dim Igc
cd cluing cgi
ngiidn,
do cung

liiii
qua mgl hinh
Ihiii phiu Irien ciia lich
sir
xa bdi, do giao km van
hi)a
giira
ciic
dim
Igc,
do qui
luiil
di chuydn, lan truyen van
hoii vii
do
ciii
bien, ddng boa, bien dang
sirim
truyen Irong qua
Irinh
di chuyen
vii
sang lac nghe thuat, hay do
chfnh dile diem loai hinh Iruyen cd
iheo
each nhin et('), chiing Idi mudn ly
giiii
nhfmg
nel luitng
etdng Iruyen cd Nhal Bim -

Viel
Nam vdi nhfmg nguyen nhan do
nhir
sau:
a.
Thir
nhal, hai dan
Igc
Nhal Ban - Vict Nam
ciing Inii
qua
Ihiti
ky Trung Cd day song
gid nbimg bdt sire vc vang
ciia
minh.
Cic nha Ddng
Phirong
hgc
lien ihc
gidi
lir liiii
dii ndi ve
viing
van
hoii
Ddng A
vii eldii
nbit trf xdp 4
nirde:

Truii!'
Qiidc,
Vici
Nam,
Nhiii
H;in.
Dni
Iliui (huge
viing van boa
niiy.
Do
vay, ed the ndi mdi
Inriiiii:
klidng giiiii ciiii rolklorc
Nhal
Bitn
-
VicI
Nam hi mdi
tririmg Ihien
nhien khu
virc
Ddng A. Nhal Bim -
Vici
Nam
luy lii
nhimg
nude bici
lap,
ete')c

lap
nhimg
cung cd
ebung nhfmg ydu td dia ly - van
hoii.
Ngiriti Nhal
vii
ngudi Viel
eteu Ihugc
chiing
Igc
Mongdldil
Chau A, eu trii tir
lau lien itia biin
khu
virc
Ddng A.
Viio
Ihiti ky van boa Ddng
.Sim (luemg
duong v6i thdi dai
de'mg Ihaii vii
sdt
si'mi) ciia
Vict Nam
vii viio
Ihiti ky van boa Ya Yoi
ciia Nbiil
Biin
tir the ky thir 3

Irirdc
edng nguyen
eteii ihe
ky
ihir
3 sau edng nguyen, nhimg
cir
dan Ddng A
da
ci")
mgt cude song on etinh
ciia
mgl nen ndng nghiep kia
nude.
Van boa
eanli
ndng etdi
biii sir
hetp lac,
vii
edng ddng
phiii dirge id
chirc chat che. Nhimg
liuycn Ihdng
irong ehinh
phiic
ty
nhien, trong phong luc sinh
hoiil,
irong

ifn ngirdng Idn
giiio
vii
irong
ihdi
quen lao etdng da
duge djnb hinh tir
ibeti k>
iiii\.
Vd vj tri' etia ly.
xcl b goc
dg
viin hoii
khu
viiv,
Viel
Nam
iiiini lien
ban
etiio
Trung An:
phfa Ddng giip vdi bidn Ddng, phfa Tay
giiij)
Liio,
phi'a
Bdc giiip Trung Hoa, phfa N;un giap cac
nude Ddng Nam A
vii hiii
diio.
Cim Nhal Rim d gdc Ddng Bdc

ciia Thiii Biiih Dintng vii
thugc
midn eye Ddng
eiia lire
din Chau A. Ndm
lien
quan
diio
Nippon,
Nhiil Biin
gifr mdi lien lac vdi
hie
dja Chiu A qua ha con
dirimg:
dirimg
phfa Bdc
lir
Ddng
Xibiii
eten Hockkaidd qua Sakhalin,
duimg phfa Ddng
Ifr
ban
diio Trieii
Tien den Hon Shu va phfa Nam
tir diii
Trung Hoa eten
diu)
Kyushu, qua Dili Loan
vii

quan
diio
Ryukyu. Tir vi
Irf
dia ly dd, Nhat Ban
vii
Viet Nam cd mdi
giao luu van boa, kinb le lir
liiu
vdi the gidi.
103
vd kbf ban: cung nbu nhidu mien Chau A, Nhat Ban va Viet Nam ndm trong
viing
gid
miia
Cling thugc viing ndng nghiep rdng
U'tn
trdng kia nude
ciia
midn Nam Tmng Hoa, cac nude
Ddng Duong,
hidonesia.
Thai Lan, Myama va quin dao Pbilipins. Net dae trung
eiia
viing nay
la nhfmg dgt gid
miia
ddu dan trong nam. Vd mua he, gid thdi tir phuong Nam qua eic bien
nbiet ddi, mang theo mua to den cac midn dat im. Vd
miia

ddng, gid thdi tir cac midn Bac A
xudng phuong Nam, mang theo gia ret va khf hau hanh khd. Tfnb chit khf hau gid
miia
da anh
hudng ddn tfnb cich eu dan vimg
niiy,
lac etdng den ddi sdng kinb
id eiia
bg. Cude sdng
eiia
eu
din cac nude phuong Ddng
lir
lau
vii
mai mai vdn la nhfmg thien anh hung ea trong cude diu
tranh vdi thien
nliien
tren mgl qui md rdng
Ion.
Nbu vay, Nhat Ban
vii
Viet Nam la nhfmg nude ed cimg he sinh
Ihii.
Xa bdi thude
phiim
trii
van minb kia nude. Diu in
eiia
nen van minh kia nude in dam trong ban sde van hoi

eiia
2
dan toe. Vice bien td cho than bien, vice
lira
ehgn nhfmg bidu tugng la nhiing eon vat thude loii
bo sat sdng d
dm'ti
nude: ech, de, sen, rdn, riia ed ngudn gdc tir tin ngudng Tdtem d nhfmg
viing sdng bien, lien quan ddn
ti'n ngUeTng
thd than nubc.
Din tdc Nhat Ban va Vict Nam ddu
phiii triii
qua mdt qui trtnh diu tranh sinh tdn, ehinh
phue
thien nhien nghiet nga de canh lac
Irdng
kia, etd
etn
djnb dja ban eu trii. Trong qua trinh
diu tranh sinh tdn ay, ngiriti Viel
cfing nhir
ngiriti Nhat dii xay
dimg
mot nha
nu(7e
so khai diu
tien
eiia
minb d

viin.s
Ddng A.
Do
lit
nhii nude
Van Lang
eiia
ngueti Viet (etdng dd e't Phong
Chau - Phil Thg) va sau dd
lii nhii nirdc
Au Lac - mgl qude gia dfch
Ihuc
ra ddi eudi tbd ky thir 3
trirde edng nguyen (ddng dd d Cd Hoa -
Hii
Ngi
ngiiy
nay). Con vuemg qude Yamato
eiia
ngudi
Nhat xuat bien vao khoang
cu(")i
the ky thir 4 d midn Tay Nam dao Honshu vdi ndn
viin
hoa
Asuka
(593-710).
Den the ky thir 5, nude Yamalo da
the'mg
nhal dugc ea Nhat Bim.

Vdi 2 nha nude, 2 qude gia d viing Ddng A dd, nhfmg
Id
thdi, nhung tap tue sinh boat,
nhung hinh thire tin ngudng, ton giao duge hinh thanh, him cdi
Idi
cho tmydn thdng van boa
din tdc Nhal Ban
vii
Viet Nam Irong sud't ea qua trinh lich sir sau
niiy.
Ngudn gdc tin ngudng
cua ngudi Nhat vii Than Dao. Thd than - etd hi niem tin
ciia
ngiriti Nhat. Than Dao nbin cude
ddi lac quan va nhin
igi Idi
nbu mgl
Ihir
gi nho biin.
Vi ihe
vdi ngiriti
Nbiit,
giu sy trong saeh
eiia
tam bdn la didu kien dau tien
ciia diio
dire.
Trong such, chan thiinh
vii
ty nhien, dd la dae

diem cua van boa Nhal, chiu
linh hiritng ciia
Than Dao. Ngiriti Nhat cimg coi trgng thit eiing td
tien trong tin nguetng
ciia
minh. Con ngiriti Viet,
Irirdc
khi cd sy giao
ihoa cireTng
hire vdi van
hoi Han, ngudi Viet da cd Ifn ngirdng ban dja, Ihd
cfing
than linh va td tien, vdi nidm tin ludn
hudng vd cdi ngudn.
van hoi truyen thdng
ciia
Nhal Ban dirge hinh thanh tir trude, bit diu duge djnb hinh va
phit tridn tir thdi dni Nara
(710-794)
va thdi Hay An
(794-1185).
Hai eudn sir diu tien vd Nhat
Ban, trong dd ghi lai nhfmg Iruydn thuydl, thin thoai, tmyen truydn mieng
eiia
Nhat Ban do
ehi'nh
ngudi Nhat bien
soiin
da ra deti d
Ihiti

ky
niiy.
Dd
lii
eudn KgJiKi (ed sy ky - ghi gbdp
chuyen xua) vidt bdng
lieng Nhiit
qua dang ehfr Han nam
712
va eudn NiHonShoki (Nhat Ban
Ihu
ky) vidt bdng ehfr Han nam 720.
Tir the ky 1 ddn the ky 10, Viel Nam d irong thiti ky eten
idi nbiTl ciia
lich sir Tmng Cd,
cbju sy dd ho
ciia nhii
Han - phong kien Trung Qude.
Trong theti ky
niiy,
Nhat Ban
vii
Viet Nam da ticp nhan sy tie ddng,
linb
hudng cua 2 ndn
van minb
Idn
la van minh An Do
vii
van minb Trung Hoa, dae biet la van minb Tmng Hoa.

Nhat Bin va Viet Nam eiing cbju anb
hiretng
sau sde
eiia
van hoi Tmng Hoa
(vim
ty
ehCr
vidt
phong tue tap quan, tdn giao ) nhimg theo hai each khac nbau. Ngiriti Viet, van hoi Viet da
104
phii cbju mdt sy tidp
xiic
gin nhu
eirdng hire
vdi van hoi Han trong sud't thdi ky phong kien
phuong Bdc dd hd, ma gidi
viin
boa hgc ggi la sy giao Ihoa van hoi
cirdng
hire. Cdn Nbit Ban
tir
ehgn mdi quan he giao luu vdi van hoi Tmng Qude trong sy giao
thoa
van boa ty nguyen.
Cd thd ndi, tie ddng anh hudng lem nbit
eiia
van hoi Trung Qude den van hoi Nhat Ban
va Viet Nam la sy thim nhip
ciia

Phat Giao va Nho Giio. Nhung tdn giao nay kbi du nhip vao
Nbit Ban thi dung boa vdi Than Dao va tin ngirdng din tdc, khi du nhap vao Viet Nam thi dung
hoa vdi
tin
ngudng ban dia va pbat tridn ben nbau, gap nbau d long vj tha, d long tmng thanh.
Ngudi Phat cung nbu ngueti Viet vira tidp Ihu cd
ehein
Igc,
vira sang tao dd tbfch nghi vdi mdi
twdng
mdi. Cic tdn giio nay
tntng
qua trtnh
liai
tmydn mang mau sde din da dai chiing va cd
tbd ndi la duge "Nhat boa"
vii
dugc "Viet Nam hoa" sau sde.
Nbtlt
Ban va Viet Nam vin duy tri
va gjii gin duge ban sde van hoi rieng
ciia
minb. Ngueti Nbit va ngudi Viet tidp thu Phit giio d
nhiing giio ly hop vdi
Idng
ngudi: tu nhan tfeb dire, d bidn gap linh vdi nhiing bai hgc vd nhin
qua bao hung, cdn tidp thu Nho giao d each dd eao phim hanh, dd eao dao dire cua eon ngudi.
Du sao Phit giio cfing nhu mat nggn gid thin ky mang den cho Nhat Ban va Viet Nam nhung
dao ly mdi, nhiing tri thii'e mdi, chi phdi van hge nghe thuat. Va
nhOng

tie phim tmyen cd
din
gian thain dim nhung tu tudng, nhung tridt ly
eiia
dao Phat.
Ljch sir xa bdi Tmng Qude Cd cfing la
Ijeb
sir
eiia
ehd dd xa bdi phong kidn - qui tdc, vdi
nhi
nude
tmng uong tap quydn va quydn lye tap trung trong tay giai
cip
thdng tri. Sy phit tridn
ciia
chddd
mdng dat lu hfm
liim
cho
sir
phan boa giai cap trong xa
hi)i
ngay
cang
sau sic. Cude
sdng cua ting
Idp
dja
chii,

chiia
dai, qui tdc,
eiia
vua quan thdng tri ngay cang xa hoa vdi nhidu
dae
quydn
dae
Igi, each biet bdn vdi
eue)c
sdng co eye cua nbin dan lao ddng ngheo khd. Hien
thye cude sdng nay da duge phan anh chan thye trong cac tic
phim
tmyen ed din gian Nhat
Ban - Viet Nam. Chiing ta bit gap nhiing hinh
tuetng
nhin vat rat gidng nbau: lao dia
chii,
phii
dng, nhiing dng quan dde ie, nhung my di ghe, nhiing ngudi anh tham lam ddi lip vdi nhung
anh trai cay, ngudi ndng din ngheo, ngueti em iit bidn lanb, ed gii cetn rieng cham chi Nbirng
cdt tmyen tuong ddng vdi nhung nhan vat tuetng ddng sinh ra trong cung mdt giai doan
Ijeb
sir,
phan anh thd gidi quan thdi Trung Cd, phan inh eii nhin thdi dai
eiia
nbin din va nhiing nhin
thiic ciia hg vd thdi dai ma bg dang sdng. The gidi quan Tmng Cd iy pbin biet rit ro giau va
ngheo, thien va ic, ehinh nghia va phi nghTa. Ngiriti Nhat
vii
ngueti Viet da eiing

triii
qua thdi ky
Tmng Cd vdi
ciing
theti gian, pbip
kial,
dao dire, tdn giao chfnh nbirng didu dd din den sy
tuong ddng vd van boa. Bdi vay kbi nghien cum so sanh Iruyen ed Nhat Ban - Viet Nam, chiing
ta thiy ro tuy hai dan toe d rat xa nhau nhung lai cd sy tuong ddng trong truyen ed. Cd le bdi
"con ngudi thdi Tmng Cd tri giac va tu duy nbu mdt the thdng nhat" va ljch sii nhin loai mang
tfnb thdng nhat
ciia
nhfmg qui
luat.
Vi vay, nhfmg giai doan gidng nbau cua sy pbat tridn d
nhiTng
din tdc khic nhau lai qui djnb sy gidng nhau trong sing tao van boa
eiia
hg. Chung ta
khdng liy gi
lim ngac
nhien khi thiy ed nhfmg kidu truyen, nhung mdtip truyen, nhung
thii
phip nghe thuat truyen kd gidng nhau d nhfmg dan
Igc
khac nhau, kbdng ed mdi lien he vdi
nhau. Chdng ban nhu kidu Iruyen
5 lOA
- cd be
Ig

lem hay kidu truyen
425A
-
ehii
rd (ed dau) la
ngueti ddi lot duge kd d
khap ciic iiirdc lien Ihe
gidi.
Bdi vay ed
Ihe
ndi bdi
eiinh
lich sir dia ly xa bdi viing Ddng A thdi Tmng Cd vdi didu
kien cua nude ndng nghiep
Irdng liia vii
lye
linmg
sang lac
lii
nhan dan, dd la mdt nguyen nhin
din ddn nhung net
tinmg
ddng tremg Iruyen cd dan gian
Nhiil
Ban - Viet Nam.
105
b)
Thii
2, tmyen ed cd diti sdng lich sir hei sire phire tap, nd
khetng

phii la "nbit thanh bit
bidn" trong qui trtnh di chuyen - lan
toii.
Cac
nhii
Folklore the
giiiri
da
quim
tam den vin de nay.
Nhidu y kidn cho rdng
imyen
cd hie mdi sinh
ihiinh,
ed tbd xuai phat tir mgl noi nao dd, ed
khi
nd chi la mdt mdtip
ditn giiin
nhimg trong qui trtnh di chuydn, hm Iruydn theo nhidu dudng
khac nhau, den noi
niio
thi dirge dua vao dja phuong dd dd rdi dugc mdc ndi, ddng hoi, bidn
dang cimg cac mdtip khac va cac yen
lei
dia phuong, lam cho dien mao cua nd thay ddi, trd
nen
da dang. Va nhimg cdi tmyen mdi
xuili
hien, lai tidp tue phat tridn, tidp tue bien ddi lam
niiy

sinh dj ban khac nhau mang
di'i'u
an
ciia
hien thye ljch sir va nhiing dae didm sang tao nghe thuit
cua cac giai doan khic nhau
ciia
mgl edng ddng gifra truyen cd dan tdc nay
velfi
truyen ed din
tdc khic. Qua nghien cim so sanh nhung type va mdtip tmyen ed
diln
gian Nhat Ban - Viet Nam
chiing ta da thiy rd didu dd.
Nbu tren da ndi, Nhal
Biin vii
Viel Nam cimg chiu
iinh hin'mg
lac ddng cua van hoi An
Dd va Tmng Qude.
Vii
Irong lich sir 2
diln
Igc ciing lien
hiinh
cude khang ehien
ebet'ng
Nguyen
Mdng va eiing cd quan he giao hm veti Tridu Tien. Nhfmg mdi quan he nay gdp pbin
thiic diiy

giao luu van boa, hi nhimg yen l6 tao nen nhfmg net tuong ddng trong tmyen ed Nhat
Biin
-
Viet Nam.
Nhat Ban va Viet Nam da cd meii quan he van hoa - ljch sir tir lau. Ljch sir da ghi lai tir
thdi hau ky dd di mdi - thdi ky van hoi Ya Yoi cua Nhat Ban, mdi lien he van boa giua Nhat
Ban vdi cac nude khac, trong dd ed cac nude Ddng Duong da duge hinh thanh. Ngudi Nhat Ban
da de'n Viet Nam tir thiti xa xua: lich sir da ghi
hii
ed mdt ngudi Nhal
lii
Abenakamard (ten
Tmng Qude la
Trifiu Hiinh) liim qu;m
diti nha Duimg
vii
duge cir sang "An N;un dd hd
phii"
lam
quan nam 767 (9).
Sau nay
tir
the ky XV trd di, quan he Nhal Ban - Viel Nam dugc md
r()ng
va ngudi Nhat
ddn Viet Nam thudng xuyen hon, giao km van boa hai
nude
cung cang ngay cang dugc tang
eudng va thdm thidt hem.
e) Thu ba chiing ta cd the xem xcl, ly giai sy

Urong
ddng truyen ed Nhat Biin - Viet Nam
tir dae didm loai hinh. Truyen cd
li'ch
ra ddi va phat tridn nd rd trong thiti ky xa hoi ed giai cip -
xa hdi phong kidn. Loai truyen nay sinh ra dd dap
ling
nhu cau tham my
ciia
nhin din, dd thd
hien nhung quan didm tham my
ciia nhim
dan vd dau
trimh
giai cap, vd sy ddi
h)p
giau va ngheo,
thien va ie, tdt va xau. Trong the loai Iruyen nay. nhan dan ludn
id
rd thai dd ea
ng(.ti,
bao ve
benb vye cho cai thien, cai Idi, cai dep
ciia
nhfmg pham
ebili't
dao dire
eiia
nhfmg eon ngudi lao
ddng va ludn td rd thii do len an, phe

|)haii
gay
gdl
cai xau,
ciii
ae
ciia
bgn ngueti
Iheing
tri bde
Idt.
Nhung y tudng niiy khong chi thd hien
Iremg Iruyen
cd Nhiil Ban - Viet Nam ma ed tfnb phd
bien tren loan tbd gidi. Sy
lUemg
ddng
eiia
nhfmg hien
tuimg vim
boa
niiy,
eiia
Iruyen ed do tfnb
tuemg ddng cua
nbiln
loai,
ciia loiii
ndi chung.
Nhat Ban va Viet Nam

tir
lau da ed mdi
quim
he khu vye van boa va giao luu van bgc.
van
hoi Nhat Ban
vii
Viet Nam cfing trai qua nbimg thdi ky giao luu, tidp
xiie,
tidp bien van
hoi vdi cic nude khac: nhu vdi Trung Qude va phuong Tay. Trong xu the bdi
nbiip
qude
id
va
xuit phit tir yeu eiu phat tridn ndi tai
ciia
mgl
dii't
nude, giao km van boa va tidp nbin van bgc
trd thanh mdt nhu cau hire thidt
eiia
mdi dan tdc, mdi thiti dai, mdi con ngiriti. Van bete Viet
Nam
diing
tmde vin dd giao km, hgi
nbilp
van hgc loan cau cd nhiem vu ddng gdp gii tri vao
vari hgc tbd gidi, ddng thiti tidp nhan nhung gia tri
ciia

van hge the gie'ti.
(Xi'in tie'/)
trang
111)
106
Chii tbfch
1.
Antti Aame va Stith
Thetmpson
- Cac type truyen ed dan gian - Pbin loai va thu mue.
Tii ban
Iin tbi}
bai,
HeLssinki
1973.
2.
Stith Thompson. Bang mue luc tra ciru cac mdtip van hgc din gian - tip 1-6, NXB
Indiana University
1958.
3.
Hiroko
IKEDA
-
Biing
mue luc tip va mdtip van hge din
giim
Nhat Ban - Helssinki
1971
- F
Feommunieatiem

No-2()9.
4.
Nguydn Tbj Hidn: Nghien
cihi
Tip va mdtip truyen ed dan gian Viet Nam. Tii heu
dinh
may.
Ha Ndi 1995.
5.7. KeGo Seki: Tmyen ed din gian Nbit Ban - Ban djch tidng Anh cua Robert JAdams -
Chicago University
1963,
tr 126,tr 134.
6. Nguydn Ddng Chi. Kho tang tmyen ed tfeb Viet Nam, tip 4, NXB Khoa hgc xa
hdi.
Ha
Ndi 1975,
tr.
159.
8. Bui Bach Nhat - Kho tang truyen
eo
tfeb Viet Nam. NXB Da Ndng 1998, tr.91 tap 1.
9. Nhidu tic gia - Phan Ngge Lien
chii
bien. Lich sir Nhat Ban -NXB Van hoi thdng tin
Ha Ndi 1997, tr.202.
II