Influence of the press on public policy making in Vietnam

UPPSAL.v ^ %i V
LRSITV
(SWEDEN)
i&
UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS, VNUH
MASTER PROGRAMME OF PUBLIC MANAGEMENT
Nguyen Huy LOG & Le Ngoc SON
Influence of the press on
public policy making in Vietnam
Supervior:
Prof.
PhD. Lars Torsten Eriksson
Local supervior: PhD. Vu Minh Khuong
ABSTRACT
Title: "Influence of the press on public policy making in
Vietnam"
Level: Final assignment for Master Program in Public Management.
Authors: Mr. Nguyen Huy Loc and Mr. Le Ngoc Son
Instructors:
Prof.
PhD. Lars Torsten Eriksson and PhD. Vu Minh Khuong
Date of thesis presentation:
2011
- May
Research questions: Until now, there have been not any methodical researches
on the influence of press on public policy making in Vietnam. The authors
have the ambition to research on the role and methods of Vietnam Press with
regard to criticizing, amending, improving the quality of public policy. How
the activities and criticizing voice of the press contributes to the enhancement
of national management capability of Government.
Methods: In order to analysing the rank of online newspapers and behavior of

audiences, the authors have employed the statistic and calculating tools of
Alexa
and Google. As for the analysis of researched situations, case studies,
frequency of published news its content, the authors researched in many
libraries, recapitulated the data of published articles on many topics of
newspapers. After that we employ quantitative and qualitative method to
analyze the data. The authors also examined related documents and reviewed
previous literature, for example: the theories of public policy, the theories of
the press etc. After collecting diversified information, data and statistics, the
authors brough out the analysis, evaluation and comments.
Hence,
the authors
employed statistical methods along with deductive methods (bring out an
argument - the press have
inlluence
on public
polic\
- and prove this).
Findings and Conclusions: The authors have proved that in fact, the Press has
inlluence on public policy making in Vietnam. Researching the way how the
press influences on a public policy. This study also show the newspapers which
are operated by the market mechanism
(non-fmancing
by the State), will have
stronger
cflects
towards public policy in comparison
w
ith the newspapers
subsidized

by 100% from
Slate's
budget.
The paper shows the significance of social
criticism and civil society, and the enhancement of State management abilit\,
in order to build
a
public
manrrgement
backgroimd.
Through this
the<;t5,
the
2
authors also pointed out the shortcomings of the press which have detrimental
influence on public policy making, therefore we can control them in
fliture.
Suggestions for future research: Within the scope of the paper, the authors
only surveyed ten newspapers/online newspapers which are prestigious and
popular in Vietnam. On the other hand, because of the limited time and within
40 pages, the authors do not have enough conditions to research deeply on the
negative impacts of the press on policy making, especially the situation in
which press is dominated and cornered.
In future, the authors expect to carry out a more profound research project on
how to bring into play the advantage of the press in order to enhance the
quality of public policy.
The authors highly recommend further study on the influence of social media
on public policies (which is not within the scope of this paper). This is based
on the recent significant influence of social media on social life, including
public policies.

Contribution of the thesis:
- To the policymakers and researchers, this thesis has great meaning when
pointing out the psychology, habit and reading taste of majority of readers in
Vietnam. The surveys in this thesis have showed to the policymakers how the
psychology and hobbies of audiences, accordingly (in future), we ha\e suitable
public policies to their absorptive level. Considering
carefulK
the
absoiptive
psychology will be very helpful to policymakers, managers when they want
to promulgate an effective policy. On the other hand, this thesis also points out
the impacts of communication to a public policy.
- To the
Covernment,
this study has partly contributed to help the authorities
consider
carefufly whether
supplying the budget for newspapers or let them run
under the market mechanism.
(Because
this study demonstrated that, in
comparison with the newspapers which get
100%
of Budget of State, the
newspapers which are
operated
by market mechanism, have greater and more
positively influence on enhancing the quality of public policy). Besides, the
authorities also realize the positive side and the good effect of social criticism
in a newspaper, then building and encouraging a healthy civil

societ\'
and
contribute to enhancing the State management ability. In addition, it helps the
authorities to realize the negative side when the press gives information which
do not rely on scientific principles, untrustworthy information sources; or when
the press is monopolized. From that point, we can find out the way of
minimizing mistakes like that.
(Please looking for detail in Result & Conclusions part)
Key words:
"Press",
"influence",
"public policy", "criticism", "civil society",
"amend policy", "policy reactions", "enhance the quality of policy", etc
Table of contents
1 Introduction
, 6
1.1 The aim of the research and research questions
5
1.2 Extent and unification of concepts 7
L2.1 Extent of research 7
1.2.2 Unification of concepts and common comprehension/Explanations of essential
terminologies g
2
Kack^nmnd
]()
2.1 The particularity of Vietnam press 10
2.2 The fact of research about
press'
influence on public policies planning in Vietnam
11

3
Researching
method/
1 heor> iramework
12
3.1 Theory of public policy 12
3.1.1
Main public policy tools
]4
3.1.2 Process of organizing and promulgating public policy 14
3.1.3 "Achilles heel" of policy making in Vietnam 15
3.2 Theory of the Press 16
3.2.1 The Fourth Power: 16
3.2.2 Theory and classification of journalism 18
3 J
Model and mechanism of mass media 19
3.3.1 Traditional media model 20
3.3.2 New communication model 21
3.3.3 Influence mechanism of the mass media 23
3.3.4 Influence mechanism of the press to public policy. 24
3.3.5 The psychology of
Vietnam's
audiences 24
4
Mana^in^
press
p<>he>
in \
ielnani
27

4.1 Guideline of Vietnam's Communist Party on the Press 27
4.2 Law system of
Vietnam's
government on press activities 28
4.2.1
Press Law system and legal documents: 28
4.2.2
Managing information, press license under legal document system 29
4.2.3 Administer press activities by
la^^f
on other mediums 29
5 Searching situations and analysis 31
5.1 The positive influence of the press on public policy 31
5.1.1 Effect on taking shape the policy
H
5.1.2 The influence on the policy drafting. 35
5.1.3 Influence on adjusting policies / managing policy / assessing results 36
5*2
Negative influences of the press on public
policy,
and the
**herd
mentality"
of the
pre9s37
6
('ftT'
Sivions •*"
42
1 Introduction

1.1 The aim of the research and research questions
In early October 2008, Ministry of Health of Vietnam has issued a rule which
surprised public opinion: "ban on riding 55cc motorcycle of flat-chested people"
(the full name of this rule was
"Health
standards for the vehicles driving).
Accordingly, those who have average bust below 72cm are not allowed to be
issued
Al
driving license, which means that they are not supposed to ride
motorcycles of over 50cc - the most popular personal vehicle in Vietnam. As
soon as it is
published,
the policy draft has raised strongly disagreement among
press community. Experts have their own views of different perspective such as:
under medicine viewpoint, doctors believed that it is reasonable; under legal
aspect, lawyers said that this rule violated human rights and policy enactment
process. After the argument, at the end of October 2008
Ministr>
of Health has
withdrawn the rule themselves. (This case studv will be further discussed in
5.1.2).
Some other policies drafts of
Vietnam's
Ministries (event ones have been issued)
had the
same
situations.
What brought the remarkable change in policy like this? It is proven that
Ihcre

have always been great impacts of the press on policy making. The
role
of the
press in terms of
defending,
providing altitudes of society has
developed
the
vitality for a civil society built in Vietnam. Therefore, the authors of the paper
have the ambition to exploring how the Press influence on public policy and
policy makers. The
supplemental
questions were: How the
Press
discovers a
public policy is group
benetlcial
but not common community beneficial? What
are the differences between how
Vietnam's
press influence on and that in
Western countries? How would the policymaking be influenced if the Press is
dominated the public opinion? In solving these
questions,
the authors expect to
find
out the roles of the Press in public policies improving in a developing
country like
Vietnam;
the inevitability of the press freedom and a

uholesome
civil society.
The authors have employed two press groups to measure the real influence of
each group to the
change
of a public
policy,
the first group is 100% state
subsidized
|1|,
and the second group is self-governing according to market
mechanism |2|. The authors aim at proving that the second
group,
which is due
to market mechanism and
regulation
and meet
majorit)
of people
benefit,
have
stronger influence
on public polices
rather Ihan
the first group, which received
subsidies and passively reflects public policy to the readers. As a
result,
the
authors would like to suggest several policy
recommendations consistent

with the
real situation in Vietnam.
«
1.2 Extent and unification of concepts
7.2.7
Extent of research
This research was implemented on Vietnamese newspapers which are printed and
released in Vietnam. The paper does not research on other media fonns (such as:
personal web logs, social network sites) and radio and television broadcasting.
The authors emphasize on two types of newspaper: printed newspapers and
online newspapers, which have had the greatest influence on public opinion in
Vietnam now. The sampled newspapers are selected based on
their
release
number,
readers
number/readers
visit,
prestige,
and practical influences in
Vietnam. Recently, newspapers have had increasingly positive contributions to
Vietnam's
development- therefore the authors pay attention on case studies
(policies
influenced
by press) which are mainly under the term of
Prime
Minister
Nguyen Tan Dzung. Legally, the features of Vietnamese press are State owned,
and there are no existing private

newspapers,
hence, two groups of newspapers
are researched on are:
- Group 1: Newspapers arc run 100% by state budget and have been
considered as official mouthpiece of Communist Party of Vietnam and
the
Vietnamese State: Nhdn Dan Newspaper (the official newspaper of
the Communist Party of Vietnam). Ha Noi Moi Newspaper (the official
newspaper of the Communist Party of
Vietnam.
Hanoi City), Sai Gon Giai Phong
Newspaper
(official newspaper of the Communist Parly of Vielnam. Ho Chi
Minh City), Chinhphu.vn online newspaper (agency direct
under
Vietnam's
government. Dang Cong san Viet Nam online newspaper (under Central
Communist Party of Vietnam).
- Group 2: Self-funded newspapers (even having contribution to the State) are
often owned by organizations: Tuoi
tre
Newspaper
(newspaper
of The Ho Chi
Minh Communist Youth Union Ho Chi Minh city); Thanh Nien newspaper
(newspaper of The Vietnam National Youth Federation); Tien Phong
new
spaper
(newspaper of Center Ho Chi Minh Communist Youth Union); Dan Tri online
newspaper (newspaper

o{
Vielnam Association Promoting Education):
Vnexpress.net
online newspaper (online newspaper of
Ministr>'
of Science and
lechnolouv
of Vietnam).
Wc
will survey two
press
groups. Each group has five newspapers (3 printed
newspapers and 2 online
newspapers).
Total arc 10 newspapers and the detail in
table
helow : •# U
1dm
.71
LT
', : -9
«T
Group 1
Group 2
Printed newspapers
Nhan dan, Ha Noi moi,
Sai Gon Giai Phong
Tuoi Tre, Thanh Nien,
Tien Phong
Online newspapers

Dang
Cpng
san Online newspaper
(),
Chinhphu.vn Online newspaper
()
Dan tri (www.dantri.com.vn),
www.vnexpress.net
Table 1:
The newspaper samples
are
chosen
to
research the
situations.
In particular, as our survey, on Alexa website - an online ranking analyzer, the
online newspapers www.dantri.com.vn,
w^vs^w.vnexpress.net,
www.cpv.org.vn,
www.chinhphu.vn are ranked as follows:
Newspapers name
www.chinhphu.vn
www.cpv.org.vn
wvsw.dantri.com.vn
www.vnexpress.net
Rank among
Vietnam^s
online
newspapers
419

5371
8
3
Rank among online
newspapers by Alexa
65195
571780
688
350
Table
2: Rank of online
newspapers.
(Update
by
the
end of April
2011)
1.2.2
Unification
of concepts and
common comprehemskm/Explanations
of
essenUml terminologies
• In this research, the
tenninotogy
"prcM**
denotes
printed and online
I,
which were chosen

accorxling sadion
1.2.1
tf*
dcMto folicies released
by
Vietoon's Oovonment
which
iMve
the Influence on
nHMt of
people and are applied
iH orer Victnan
terriiory.
"CSvt
Society**: In Vielnam. all
activMn «t ontfer
tfw
leadarahip
of
I
Communist Party of
VIr—n.
and
miwi^iyri
are all
stite-owned,
therefore
m%
fi^
**praM**

aocorUng
to
Westarn
coontriea'
ooaeepis.
Hence,
''civil
In VtMlMl b
still •
new
coSMpt.
Ilirough
examining,
we found that
civil society has been existing in Vietnam for years.
Briefly,
those are social
organizations excluding that work independently from the
Government,
business
activities (or the market) and
household,
to connect the civilians in activities
toward a common
goal.
Therefore, the important civil
elements,
which include
associations and
organizations,

play an as the community connection
function,
important part in the society. Everytime the press publishes the opinions of
experts, scientists, association leaders about the Government's
policies,
the
activities of civil society in Vietnam are manifested.
- "Policy criticism": is the publication of opinions by
civilians,
scientists,
association leaders, etc on the defects in the certain public policy (or the a
public policy draft). This criticism tends to develope and contributes to a beUer
and higher quality public policy. Criticism does not mean a denial.
- "Policy
amendment'':
After receiving the comments from the press, the
governmental
agencies recognize
them,
and adjust the public policy to complete
it.
Thus,
through this
amendment,
the quality of the
polic\'
is
improxcd.
- "Policy reaction" is
understood

as the reaction in which the Government
promulgates a new policy (it
expresses
a response of the Government) after
receiving the comment and criticism from the press. This new policy can be the
withdraw of
the formerh
promulgated policy, or the improvement of the old one
(according to the
comments
of the press).
V
H ••!» 4»
f
»/
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ill f iffr ^»^tm
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t
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2 Background
2.1 The particularity of Vietnam press
By the end of 2009, Vietnam has 706 printed press
agencies,
including 178

newspapers (76 central newspapers and
102
local newspapers)
and^
528
magazines (414 central magazines and
114
local/provincial magazines). In the
field of radio and television. Vietnam has 67 radio - television broadcasting
stations, including 03 broadcasting stations at the central level (VTV. VTC,
VOV) and 64 of local/provincial level, particularly Ho Chi Minh
Cit\
has Ho Chi
Minh City Television station and People's voice of Ho Chi Minh City. In terms
of electronic
information,
there have been 21 online newspapers.
160
websites of
printed press agencies and thousands of websites embedding infonnation of the
Party, State and
Government,
unions, associations and enterprises. Also by the
end of 2009. Vietnam has more than
16.000
journalists who had press card'.
Every year, the number of newspapers published in the
countr\'
is about 600
million copies. The average copy for each person is 7.5

per
\ear.
Most people in
major cities are
able
to read daily newspaper
^.
In Western
countries,
people highly appreciated the role and inlluence of the
press on all aspects of social life, and the press has "the fourth power" after the
legislature, executive and judicial. In
Vietnam,
the concept is being
ebullicnily
debated.
Some theorists of Vietnamese Communist Party rejects this
notion,
arguing that the press is a tool, a "tongue of the Parly" -
Assoc.Prof
PhD
Dinh
Huong,
head
of the Journalism Department at the University of Science Social
and Humanities (Hanoi National Uni\ersity) agreed and stressed this point.
However, regardless how the concept of press is
understood,
it still has its own
power. It is proven that there are facts to be exposed on the

papers,
and then there
are policies must change. People often think about this invisible power.
The role of the press is particularly important in the fonning and promulgating of
policies in
Vietnam,
aiming to develop a transparent society. Many leaders of the
Vietnam's
Communist Party and Government. Congress
conceded
that most of
the corruption cases were discovered and to be adjusted by the press. At press
conference in early 2010. Prime Minister Nguyen Tan Dzung has highly
appreciated
the role of the press in the development of the country. He confirmed
that (he press are
mi>re
and more
prompt,
proper and strong in
temis
of
profession,
and "has tremendous and positi\e social
impaet"
in terms of
politics^
'
Data
ut ihc Minibtn o( Information

and Communications announced at conference on the the work of the
press.
April,
20"\20'l0
•
F:)uong
Xuan Son:
The role
o\
printing
pros
in
X'ietnain
in
the rcno\ation
period,
the exchange
process,
receiving and integrating international
cuhure.
*
Prime Minister
Nuu\on
Tan Dung:
The press
has contributed greatly to the general
achievement
(available at
http;
'suckhoedoisong.vn^2t)l()OI08074574S6p61c67ttui-tuong-diinh-phu-nguyen-tan-dung-bao-chi-co-dong-

gop-to-lon-cho-su-nghiep-chung.hlin,
cited on 26
4/2011)
10
Within a Sweden project supported 1.2 $ million to establish journalistic skills
training center in Vietnam, Mr. Staffan Herrstrom
-
the Swedish Ambassador in
Vietnam - has emphasized
''the
professional and qualified press is crucial to
develop a democratic society, as well as enhance the economy. The openness and
transparency of information are key elements to fight against the corruption and
mismanagement. We believe that it improves the quality of press and contributes
to the freedom of
speech''.
As a former journalist, a politician and a civil
serx^ant.
J
fully believe that the right of freedom on information and a professional and
high qualified press are key elements to expose the corruption and
mismanagement. In my opinion, this combination is a most effective
tool'\ ^
2.2 The fact of research about press' influence on public policies planning
in Vietnam
As far as we know, in Vietnam, most of the studies only shared the social role of
press in general. There has not been an exhaustive study referring to the inlluence
of the press on public policy.
In China, where the ideology resembles Vietnam's, when wc search some
documents

at a university and use some searching tools (in English and
Chinese),
we could not find any documents
related
to
the
stud\
of eonnection or impact of
press towards the public policy making. Some of our colleagues believe that this
is a fair sensitive topic in China. In
Western
countries,
there are quite many
documents related to the searching. However, comparing to the
realit\
in
Vietnam, these studies still have been inappropriate and abstract to the colorful
reality in Vietnam, at least under their viewpoint. Many studies or articles
shared
that Vietnam press is just one tool of Vietnamese Communist
Party,
hence their
main function is to protect the benefit
o\^
Communist Party.
However,
the
argument
is inaccurate because the reality of Vietnam press is quite diversified.
More or less, under this side or the

other,
the press will continue its contribution
to amend
the
shortcoming of public policy. It is the press community which have
been an important channel to help
Goxemment
grasp the real
situation,
promulgate and adjust the public
policies,
contributing to build a good
governance.
The above analyses have shown that studying on the
infiuence
of the press on
public policies making in Vietnam is
quite
new and there are still not any
methodical research.
^
The Swedish Ambassador in Vietnam: transparency of information help against
corruption
(available at
/> vielnam-incdia-swcdcn-108442709.html,
cited on
15
4
2011)
11

3 Researching method/
Theoir
framework
3.1 Theory of public policy
In order to analyze the connection between press and public
policy,
as well as the
influence of press on public policy, we need to have comprehension of
tenns.
Namely, what is a public policy?
In Vietnam, this term has appeared for recent ten
years,
it may be because of
Vietnam's deeper integration to the
world,
and because the government needs to
have some tools in order to adjust. One of the most regularly used and effective
tools is the policies. In some developed countries and international economic
organizations, "Public Policy" is a popular
tenn.
We can refer to some concepts
as follows:
Public policy consists of some actual operation carried out by government (Peter
Aucoin, 1971).
A Public Policy is a set of interrelated decisions taken by a political actor or
group of actors concerning the selection of goals ami the means of achieving
them within
a
specified situation where those decisions
should,

in
principle,
he
within the power of those actors to achieve
(WiHiiim Jen
kin,
1978).
Public policy is whatever governments choose to do or not do (Thomas R. Dye,
1984).
Public policy is all activities of the state that affect directly or indirectly all
citizens'
lives (Peter B. Guy, 1990).
Public policy is a complex combination of the interrelated
choices,
including
decisions not to act. set by state agencies or state officials
(yViUiam \.
Dunn,
1992).
Public policy consists of political decision for implementing programs to achieve
social goals (Charles L. Cochran and Eloise F.
Midone,
1995).
In
plain
words,
public policy is a combination of activities of the
government
/
authorities,

directly or through agents because it affects the lives of citizens (B.
Guy Peters, 1999).
The term public policy is always just the actions
of
the government / authorities
and the intention to decide this action, or public policy is the
resuh of
a struggle
in the
government
to make
a
decision who achieves something (E. Clarke
Cochran,
et al, 1999).
Policy is a course of purposeful action that an individual or a group consistently
pursued in solving the problem (James Anderson, 2003).
Public policy is
a
course of action or inaction
of
the government in response to
a
public problem.
It
is associated
with
methods and policy objectives that have
12
been formally approved, as well as the rules and practices of the authorities

implementing the program (Kraft and Furlong, 2004).
As analyzed by
Assoc.ProfPhD.
Le Chi
Mai\
public policy can be
acknowledged:
Firstly,
the initial subject to promulgate public policy is government. If the
subject promulgates "private
policies",
such as some private organization, socio-
political unions, as well as some governmental agencies which adjust the
operation in scope of organization, union or a special
agency,
the subject
promulgating public policy just can be the agencies of govemmental
machiner\.
The thing is that agencies in govemmental
machiner>'
is the subject promulgating
both public policy and
"private
policy". The
difference
is that "private
policies'
promulgated by the agencies of State just solve the their internal
issues,
but not

have the validity out of
their
scope.
Public policy is promulgated by the State so it is possible to consider public
policy as the State policy. The
term
"State*" is the jurisdictional authorities in
governmental
machincr}\
included Parliament. Ministries and all levels of local
government.
In
Vietnam, some
newspapers
often
mention
a phrase "policy of Communist
Party and
State",
so there is an opinion showing that Communist Party is so-
called the subject that promulgates public policy. This can be explained by the
particular reality of
Vietnam.
Ihe
Communist Party of Vietnam is
the
only
political force leading the State and
society.
The Communist Parly leads the State

through mapping out the political
programs,
strategies, orientation of policy
-
directional base of State to promulgate public
polic>.
Secondly, these decisions are action decisions; it means that
they
consist of
practical actions. A public policy not only demonstrates the plan of
policymaker
on particular
issues
but also consists of the executing behaviors of the above-
mentioned plan.
A public policy firstly
expresses the
plan of policymakers in order to change or
maintain a certain actual
situation,
lioweven if it is just the plan on
paper,
it is
still not a policy. Public policy must consist of some executing behaviors of the
plans above and bring in
the
actual
effectiveness.
If considering a public policy simply as the guidelines by the State, it is right but
not sufficient. If there are not actual

implementation
to achieve some particular
results, these guidelines is just the slogan.
Thirdly, a public policy focuses on solving a socio-economic issue aiming a
specific goal. Public
polic\
is an action process in order to solve a certain
problem. Unlike other management tools such as
strategies,
plan of State is the
general action programs including one or some socio-economic fields. The
'
Social
Insurance
Magazine,
issue
4,
200S
13
feature of
a
public policy is that it is defined and carried out in order to solve one
or some mutual related issues in social life. A public policy is
only
generated
when there is the existence or risk of a problem requiring the solution. Policy
matter is considered as the contradiction or requirement of changing the actual
state which appears in socio-economic life. It requires State to use public power
and its influence to solve the issue. It can be said that policy matter is the nucleus
of the whole policy process (include the stages of defining, enforcing and

assessing the policy). Solving above-mentioned problems aims at targets which
State want to get.
Fourthly, public policy consists of some interrelating decisions. First of all,
we should not identify the concept of
"decision'
here with administrative
decisions, and also it is impossible to consider it just as lawful acts of State. The
concept
of'decision'
here have larger
semantics,
it can be considered as a choice
of action of State.
Ihese
choices may consist of law,
under-law
decisions, even
thoughts of leaders showed in their statements or acts.
However,
policy is not
synonymous with a particular law or any certain document. Policy is a chain or
series of decisions aim together at solving an issue, promulgated and enforced in
a long time by one or more different levels in
governmental
machinery. A policy
can be institutionalized to law normative acts to create legal basis to
enforcement. However, it consists of
voluntar\'.
directional and simulati\e act
projects.

From the analyses above, we can reach a conclusion of how to understand the
term
^"public
policy": Public policy is the term denoting a series of decisions of
State to put into action in
order
to solve a common existing
issue
in socio-
economic life and following a
defined
goal.
3. /. / Main public policy tools
hi
Vietnam, policy tools include: |1| Strategy of socio-economic development for
ten year term and five year term; |2|
Law
normative acts such as Laws, Decree-
law, Resolution of State,
decree
and Resolution of Go\
eniment;
resolutions by
the Prime Minister and Circular of
Departments;
13|
Administrative resolutions
as strategies or planning of each branches or regions in particular that are
approved
by Prime Minister or Ministers through administrative decisions or

official correspondence.
3.1.2
Process of organizing and promulgating public policy
According to the "Vietnam's
Competitiveness
Report
2010"''.
while there were
clear
guidelines
on the procedure for promulgating law
nonnatixe
acts following
Law
of,Promulgating,
procedure
for promulgating adminislrati\e regulations is
not fixed clearly and
slill arbitrary
" Th;it
R-portis
lla-
researching achic\emcnls
and
coo|u ition between
Central Institute of
EconomK
ManaucmcTit
fOFM).
I

cc
Kunn Yow Scho.^l otPiihlic
l'oIic>
C^ingarorc)
and
Profc^^or
Mithac!
P
(Harvard
BU.SUKSS
School).
14
Procedure for building and promulgating law normative acts (following
Law
of
Promulgating) is summarized: Depends on a specific policy, a Department in
charge of a particular field (related to a specific policy) will put forward the
construction and promulgation of a law normative art. In order to carry out this
task, the Department will establish a section of drafting and examine current
policy concerned, conduct Regulatory Impact Assessment
(RJA)\
develop a policy
draft or regulations and it submit to other departments of Government and related
Department to examine and collect suggestions. After finishing
consultation,
the
responsible Department will submit the draft to Department of Justice in order to
assess the necessity, suitability, legality and compatibility of the Draft. When
approved, this draft will be submitted to the Government.
It

depends on the
legality of the policy document, the draft will be reported to Prime Minister or
Parliament to discuss and approve.
Administrative decisions are not necessarily to observe any specific process, so
the promulgation of the similar drafts is still
discretionar>'
nature. Theoretically,
promulgation of administrative regulations comply the general process of
promulgating
law
normative act, but it is not
necessary
to send to Department of
Justice for assessment or submit to
Pariiament
for suggestion and approval.
Depending on form of administrative regulation that the document will be
promulgated by drafting agency (such as: Departments, Sectors or
People's
Committee) or Prime Minister.
Following a study by Professor
Kenichi
Ohno (2008), the current process of
policy drafting in Vietnam can be demonstrated in
below
map:
Prime
Minister
- Excellent technocracy group under Policy of
the guidance of

Prime
Minister. guidance
- Selection of qualified
specialist,
young
and supcrvisic
civil servant.
- Simplifying administrative procedure
Policy of
guidanctt
t
Carry out and
Report honestly
Technocrat Group
(Policymaker)
Carry out and
Report honestly
Dcrcc^D
'vcing
Pol<cy)
3:
Proeam ^^aihnjt policy
in
Vietmm (by hvfmaar Ktnichi Ohno)
XIJ "Ackmts ketr «(fpoik} imUHg in
y^etMm
to the
"Viemam't CompetUhtneu
Report
2010".

the development
of public
polic> hi VidMni
i^
still
weik.
Poiicy-auiking is
on
v«y
Halt (or
even
not feMii on)
information.
im
15
evidence. While the quality of policy at higher authorities level (e.g. legal
documents and policies by Congress or the Government issued) have remarkably
improved, especially after accessing into WTO, the quality and the applicability
of regulations and policies at lower levels (by ministries or local administration)
still have not been consistent. The consultation with experts and other individuals
and organizations outside government have not been properly focused. In fact.
Vietnam is not lacking in planning, policy
planning,
but these projects or plans
were built separately, lack of
connections,
leading to the confiiction. The lack of
connection between the international aid organizations in Vietnam with the
priority areas or different interests also cause the limitations in the policy
consultation. The long-term plans exist separately from the specific action

programs in the short term. The monitoring, assessment whether the policy has
been accurately implemented is often not done a systematic way.
3.2 Theory of the Press
3.2.1 The Fourth Power:
The press is considered as
'The
Fourth Power". This conception appeared during
the latter half of the 20th century, especially after a political scandal (called
fhe
Watergate) led to the President of
the
United Slates. Richard
Nixon's
resign in
1974.
So far, he was still the only President of the
United Stales
who had to leave
his incumbent position
because
of the articles by
tw^o
journalists Bob Woodward
and Cari
Bernstein
of Washington Post.
Turning back to the late
I8lh
century and eariy 19th
centur>'

to learn about the
'^Ihrec
Powers" (and then the
^Tourth
Power"), we can see isn the
United
Kingdom (the UK), Three Powers were disposed in the Senate, including the
InstUute
of Clergy (Lord Spiritual), the House of Lords (Lords Temporal) and the
House of Commoners
(Commoners);
in France, power was also divided in the
same classes but under different names and forms (The Church, Lords and
Citizens).
Later,
the
concept
of Three
Powers referred
to three sections of law:
legislation, executive and judicature. However, people are always aware that this
decentralization could
onl\
be
effective
to ensure the freedom and
democracy
if
it had the fourth Power: the right of accessing and providing
infomiation

and
freedom of speech, which were expressed through the press":
''Mass
Democracy
cannot work without a mass
media'''
. Since
then
the
"Fourth
Power" term
emerged.
fhc
World Association of
Newspapers
and News Publishers.
(WAN-IFRA)
affirmed
that the Press-Publishing could
be
compared to "nervous system" ot the
know ledge economy, pro\ iding to
entire
"body"
a huge amount of
information,
from stock index to financial scandal of
a
company or an
upcoming'mergence.

In
short,
the press serves
the economic development.
2005
' Media
and
Dcmou.icy,
The
K
\F
De.nocru
v
Report
2005.
Konrdd Adenauer
r.und.t n.
H^MiVKT.
16f
The role of the Press has become remarkably more important when the
Worid
Bank (WB) emphasized the importance of institution and pointed out that no
social institution can do better than independent press in monitoring Government
and fighting corruption. "Most countries have difficulties in development due to
the Governments and the Institutions created breeding ground for corruption. If
the mass media played a role as "the honest broker of
information",
thev could
not be a cheerleader for the Government. This could lead to uncomfortable
situations for Government, but these situations must be solved openly,

satisfactorily, or it would ruin the foundation of economic development.
When the Press is
"'the
honest broker of infonnation", it becomes an effective
weapon to eliminate the corruption. Such as in
2003,
in China, the mass media
coordinated with the state auditor, brought to light the violations of
Ministr\
of
Finance, Ministry of Education. Ministry of Communications and a series other
governmental
agencies.
According to Dr. Le Dang Doanh (Former President of Central Institute for
Economic Management of
Vietnam),
in Korea, "All
people ^s
and businesses'
papers and documents arc officially publicized in terms of who processes,
expected rate of progress and other processing information. People also get
access to seek the information from their mobile phones. Information
technology^
and regulations is no longer encouraging
stajfs
to directly contact with the
clients,
and that reduces
harassment^
Vietnam

for the last few years also
ha\'e
many
questionable
cases that were
reficcted strongly by the press, from the violations in
PMU18''
to the PCI
**
scandal, and recently audit results on the income of a number of the State Capital
and Investment Corporation
(SCIC)
.
8 Cheerleader means
person who generates acti\ities to support
something
(good or bad
purpose)
9
PMDIS:
its
abbre\ialion
is
Project Management
Unit,
uhich
means the Management Board of Project
18.
The
PMIII8

was a
scand.il
related to corruption and began to be
knovn-n
sine
Januar>
2006 when the General Director
PMl
I.
Mr. Tien Dung
Bui
was accused of betting on football for $1.8 million.
Alkr
that, the case got
veo
complex
changes, such as two Vielnamese journalists Ngu>en Vict
Chien (llianh
Nien Newspaper) and Nguyen Van Hai
(lu(M
Tre Newspaper)
were arrested
(Ma\
12.
2008).
i« The
PCI:
I'C
1 IS
an

abbrev laiion
ot the
Pacillc
Consultants International (Japan).
In
June 2008.
Japanese
media
reported that some
otlleials
of this
con.pany
had bribed hundreds of thousands of
I'
S dollars to
Vietnamese
partner
to win
the
contmet.
Character
received
this
grart
who was named was Mr. Ngoe Si
Uuynh.
the Deputy Director of
Public
VNorks
and Transport

m llo
Ch.
Minh
Cit>
and Director of Project Management Unit
l-asl
-
West Uighway.
n
SCK-
stand,
for
S.ate
C'apital
and
hnc.iment
Corporation. This is a
large-scalc stalennvncd enterprise
has
f\incti<.n
in managing and investing state
capital,
a.
the
Goxemment
of
V'ictnam
representative.
December 2009.
17

3.2.2 Theory and classification of journalism
An American political scientist, Mr. Robert M. Entman divided journalism into
four sections: Traditional
media.
Tabloid. Advocacy media and entertainment.
Criteria for this classification is based on whether the section
obserxed
five
principles of journalism or not. Five principles are:
fl]
accuracy, [2]
faimess.
[3]
government
monitoring, [4] Distinguishing reporting and
commentar\.
reporting
and advertising. [5] do not set the profit maximization as a highest purpose.
Traditional media is the section which observes all five journalism principles.
Accordingly, an exemplary journalist primarily is one who reported accurately,
truthfully, such as using reliable sources, citing comments and documents of
responsible agencies. Secondly, journalists must be fair as follows
Entman's
definition
"Having
equal treatment to all parties" and keep personal opinions
independent and
objective,
fhirdly,
journalists must be courageous to

perform
the monitoring function to government, and forces
goNcmment
accounting.
Moreover,
the Press not only aims at government but also all others power
agencies, others sections (e.g. communities of the business and doctor ) who
are able to take the opportunity of
their
social advantages to profit illegally.
''Distinguishing
reporting and
commentary"
means an article should
pcrlbmi
its
functions without personal commentary, or
subjective
assessment. Similarly, the
reporting must be clearly independent from advertising acti\ ities.
These
characteristics lead to the fifth principle of traditional media: profit is not
the highest purpose.
Tabloid may
tend lo make
accurate and fair
reporting,
but it does not aUaeh the
function of monitoring government. It has an notable feature: maximizing profits.
In

this regard, tabloid is similar to entertainment
media,
of which the first priority
is profits, and the second is to make fun. to help readers
relax,
and regardless
the
accuracy, fairness and truth
(except
those run for the profit purpose).
Advocacy media is a quite new concept. According to Robert M. Entman. this
section considers the monitoring society is as the top priority. It does not focus
on profits (even in many cases, it accepts losses), but it tends to
how
to expand
its social
infiuence,
which is reflected by its infiuence on state policies and
aUiludes of public opinion. Of course, these editorial offices have all own point
ol^
\ iew. Ihc reporting and commentary of
ad\ocacy remarkabh
depend on
standpoint of these newspapers. Although news is truthful, it will be rejected
once
il conllicts
Ihe views of editorial board. In this
case,
factor of accuracy
max

still exist, but objective and fair factors are not guaranteed. With these
characteristics, the
term "advocac>
media" can be understood as "propaganda
press".
However, they do not
propaeandi/e
for the policies of
government,
on the
contrarv. tor the critical standpoints against
goxcrnment
(true or false).
people
panicked when the state auditor
released the salary
of
SCIC
leaderships over 78 million Vietnam Jong per
month (about S4.500).
18
According to Robert M.
Entman"s
classification,
we have tried to collate with
Vietnam's market and found that Vietnam has some traditional
newspaper,
such
as:
Tuoi Tre, Thanh Nien, Tien Phong, etc and some entertaining magazines.

such as: Dep (belonging to Vietnam News
Agency),
online newspaper
www.ngoisao.net (belonging to
Vnexpress,
FPT Corporation). An obvious
example of an advocacy media is VietnamNet.
Today, some press and media principles by Mr. Entman may not be something
new with Vietnam journalists. We believe that if consulting some of Vietnam
journalists, majority of them will say cleariy that the true media have to execute
the function of refiecting the news and supervising government, social criticism,
along with the requirement of
exactitude,
fairness and objcctification.
That is the backbone features which the Western press has leaned on for a long
time.
Nevertheless, for about two last
centuries,
the development
of Intemet
and
many forms of entertainment has led to the instability of traditional press* throne.
In
"Losing
the News - fhe Future of the News That Feeds
Democracy''.
Alex
Jones wrote:
"When
the news of

government
supervising becoming so boring
and we have to choose what to report based on which
draw
readers" interest
most, instead of the importance of news, that is when some standards of tabloid
is used. Some traditional newspapers
extremely
prompt
I \
become tabloid.
Current trend is
tabloidi/alion
the foundation of a journalism of which profit is
top priority but not public benefit associating
w
ith
profit."
rhal
trend is the threat of American journalism and it is familiar with Vietnam,
although Vielnam journalism is on the way of professionalizing process -
separating from propaganda and satisfying the above-mentioned standards.
Vietnam's journalism at the same time has to professionalize and turns into
tabloids
As remarked by Ms. Doan
frang
(reporter of Phap
luat
Thanh pho Ho Chi Minh
newspaper): as the present journalist

generation,
maybe some of them will feel at
once lucky and
unluckx.
It
is lucky because we are working in a transferring
country, of which the society has
man\
things unknown, requires to
know
and
need to be known, here the needs of infonnation among readers is especially
high. Manv newspapers always have market blanks to fill up. Journalists have
manv topic to write. However, it is also unlucky because we are under the
pressure of following the momentum of professionalization and tabloidization of
the press.
While Western
countries have
gradual!)
experienced in many
\ears,
in
our country, we must have experienced in a short
period,
fhe trend
ol
tabloidization came exceedingly soon while Vietnam journalism has
no\
been
mature to

stiftlcientlx
play
"the
Fourth
Power''
role
3.3 Model and mechanism of mass media
lo
evaluate,
measuic liow the
press atTects a public
policx.
we need to know
about the mechanism of mass media.
19
3.3.1
Traditional media model
Claude Shannon's studies have simulated activities of communication as follows:
N^^#Channel
^ , ^ .^
Encoder
^ xT
Decoder
k-KT
Receiver^
w
Message
Feedback
i
Picture 1: The Shannon - Weaver Model

Through this model, we can research, evaluate each factor, each relation in
communicative process. It is also a condition for press finds effective methods so
that to improve its influence on policies.
According to Dr. Ta Ngoc Tan (President of Ho Chi Minh National Academy of
Politics and Public Administration), in history of public
communication,
there
were two basic models. The first one is imposed one-way model and the second
is flexible two-way model .
Regarding the first model, the imposed one-way communication, in which,
information is transferred on-way from sender to receiver. In this model,
recourses are the most important. Those who hold power of mass media just
focus on what they want, therefore information are provided passively without or
with little contribution from receivers.
This model suit with the condition
tn
which receivers do not have the direct
feedback
chamiels.
Books,
newiptpers,
movies, and even radio, television in the
first generation just
transferred informabon
lo
iccdven
in one-way. The study on
people's
infonnation
r^qwcments

w« indepandent
to rtic information releasing
process. On the other hand, people
formcrty
often
recefved
information in
ft way. The lack of information
fesourcea,
the autocratic social
cultuni aad eonventional
prejudice
hava cmtaed
the complacent of
ptople \n {nfdrmation
receWing.
MT«N«DcT«n(2Ml),
20
Thanks to social development, improvement of common knowledge and the
democratization,
the first was in the risk of collapse to be replaced. Moreover, the
constant development of technology encouraged the formation of two-way
communication between sender and receiver. Under these
conditions,
the flexible
two-way communication was generated.
Flexible two-way public communication - is the model in which
communication process occurs contentiously, directly, both sender and receiver
have the opportunity to select messages.
In this model,

receiver's
role was discovered to be vital. As the infonnation
receivers, their activeness is expressed through the way they select which
message which be receive, show their feeling, have the
requirements
on
information as well as become crucial factor in public communication process.
For example, on the Internet, people almost are not restricted in selecting and
receiving information. During the communication
process,
the subjeetive
imposition of sender has little meaning or, in many cases, no effect to other
elements participating in the process.
This second model
refiects
a high level of human social dcvelopmenl in all
aspects
of
economy,
science,
technology,
culture, social To guarantee about
result, market research plays an important role.
I
hanks to the research findings,
communicators know
people's
requirements and suitable methods to provide
with communication products.
In

fact, the second model is
logicall)
generated
from
the
first model to adjust
new
conditions.
3.3.2 New communication model
As in the development of technology and intemet in
general,
the
emergence
of
social network
websites
(e.g. Facebook and
fwitter)
in particular, the new
communication
\\a\
was established. The press
histor\
has showed that its
development often associated with new technology. In 18'
Centur\.
printed
newspaper
appeared after the invention
ol^

printer
b\
molds; The first radio
broadcast
emerued
in
U)4()s
after the transmission lights. In 1983. Americans
invented the term "internet" after the discovery of this
izlobal
network. Four years
later, with the
ad\ent
of technology, "world wide
web'"",
the real Internet growth
worldwide and intemet media (the press release on the network) was generated.
Online newspapers - the type of press released on the Internet - have gradually
changed
the
former habit of reading
newspapers,
listening to the radio, watching
television and
therefore
affect the information
cojlectimi
and distribution of
traditional
press.

According to a study by
the Pew
Internet Project Network
(^cpnducted
from
Icbruary 2009
to lebruary 2010) m the U.S 92% of readers
are
involved
in the multi-media, and only 7% of
readers
Just read on one fonn of
newspaper.
,:.,,-,
J I iin Ikrners-Lee
is
considered
as
Uie loundcr
of world wide
web.
The trend of integrating different types of media and technology is a feature of
journalism in the Intemet era. Public requirements today for the press: / Want:
what I
want,
when I want
it,
the way I want it. Public/ users of modern journalism
do not just receive content, but also contribute to develop and send content to
press agencies, the general subject of the press works. We are

now
have a new-
media model, media model more democratic. Each individual in this era of
information can satisfies the desired media more and more.
Some people thought that basic
characterisUcs
of online communication is
interactiveness. However, we do not agree with this opinion. In our perspective,
radio,
television and newspapers are also interactive. The ability to customize, is
featured only in the online newspaper.
Obviously, personalization allows the public to receive asynchronous
infonnation and a scries of other possibilities. Localization
ability,
the ability to
change color, interface Renowned online newspapers
suchaswww.bbc.co.uk
(BBC Group) or www.voanews.com (Voice of America) has developed se\eral
versions for different countries with appropriate content in their mother language,
of
course.
VOAncws has 62 online channels in 62 languages while
the number
of
the BBC is
33.
Feature of personalized information of online
newspaper also
allows users to
design the "newspaper" themselves. According to a

research
by
Pew
Internet
Project report
online,
it "appears" model "3P": |1| Personalized: 28% of online
newspapers readers want to customize the home page at their will: |21 Portable:
33%
of users use the portable devices; |3| Participatory: 37% of intemet users
share what they read, and their comment on the popular social networking sites
such as Facebook.
Tw
itter.
etc.
In
theory, the customization (personalization)
allows
users to change the module
of a newspaper by a software which has variety of options. For
example,
users
who prefer to read sports news can rearrange to mo\
e
the sports section to home
page,
or they can redesign an online newspaper until they
satistS'.
such as
changing

fonts,
font
size,
background color
o(
online
pages,
the color of
manchette Media nowadays has developed to the peak that journalism is not
exclusive
an\more,
anyone can participate in this acti\ity. The concept of
^^citizen
journalism'^
is
employed
by American press theorists to refer the
conununication
activities of those who are not professional
journalists,
(icncrallv, citizen journalism is an
acti\itv.
in which non-journalistic people
collect,
analyze and share infonnation on the mass media.
Currently,
the Vietnam's press theory still have not concluded a
elear
summary
or predicted ftdl report on

the
above
characteristic
of online
newspapers
because
the
hitemet
is rapidly and
increasinoly
complete.
However,
under
the perspective
of theoretical analvsis. we can see the ability of information personalization of an
online newspaper depends on
111
the
creativeness
of
Uie
newspaper and [2J
technological capability.
m
According to Phan Van Tu (Journalist, Vice Chairman of Dong Nai Journalists
Association):
"Information
personalization of online communication can be
considered as follows: a special capability of this type of press enables users to
freely select the information they need in time (to receive asynchronous

information), in the way they want. This feature shows the difference of online
communication model as compared to traditional communication.
3.3.3 Influence mechanism of the mass media
As mentioned above, the pragmatic model of mass media activities continuously
develops and suit for the specific historical conditions. In fact, all models have an
interaction of two-way information. The main distinction considered here is
which way have the domination how the two-way information interacts. In any
model, the source of information always has a tendency, which is decided by the
purposes of the information sources on social influence. Understanding of the
influence of media on society is to clarify the aspect and method of operation of
mass media in order to achieve the desired
ctTcctiveness.
Mass media influence on society via information is demonstrated as the
following mechanism:
SUBJECT
4
MF.SSAGK
4
SOCIAL
CONSCIOUS
NESS
SOCIAL
BEHAVIOUR
Picture 2: Influence mechanism of the mass media
As shown on the chart, each subject builds a message containing information
which is conveyed to the society through the media means. The process of
creating the message always has a tendency. In other
words,
purpose and
perspective of the message sender always affect and decide the tendency of

containing information. The tendency of containing information is expressed
through the selection and handling of information, data, level of awareness,
analysis and assessment methods and
dncct
statemcoiA.
Information via the media
nmm infloences
on social consciousness, from that
point to
fbrai
the
knowtodfe,
iMding
to new attitudes or
«kanges
in old attitudes.
The chaMt
In social
conaciflMac*
wM
lead to social behavior and
then
create
aoeitl LfftiUlTinwi UAnMHoa lUiHiiiii m iMvMably tendency
lead to social
tndncy
in
bdwvlor TendMcy
of
Wtiil Mwvlon

are
abo alifMlated
by the
scale,
fanuie as
weU
as the
tsadency
of
InfonMlion
23
On the other
hand,
according to Ph.D Ta Ngoc Tan, social influence bv mass
media also depends on public awareness of the information. Process of public
approachmg information includes: Firstly initial perceptions of public
plav
a
fundamental role for the approach. These are the knowledge standard social
experience, socio-political opinions together with the complex from religious
creed.
Secondly^
the interest of object to the source of information. People focus
on mformation when it is necessary or meant to them.
Thirdly,
public assessment
to the source of information. This assessment is an important entrance
leadins
to
the mformation receiving. Fourthly, implementation of experimental steps

ofthe
object is based on the reality or through
experiment,
imagination. This is a final
challenge to the source before it brings effect in
reality,
meaning that it becomes
social behavior Finally public accepts and adjusts their own social behaviors in
accordance with the scale, feature, and
tendency
of
the
source from mass media.
If we just take a look at general level of the infonnation
access,
each group will
have different approach levels
depending
on their premise of knowledge.
Normally,
group having
medium
perception premise is easy to accept
information from mass media. Both groups having high or limited perception
premise are difficult to access infonnation. It is
because
of the imprudence,
thorough
selection
with the first group, or shortage of

knowledge,
demand limit
with the second one. However, in any case, researching to know clearly essence,
characteristics,
demand of object is one of the first factors guaranteeing the
influence of mass media.
3.3.4 Influence mechanism of the press
to
public policy.
How does the press influence a policy? Is that true when a fresh-printed article
comes directly to the authorities or
policymaker,
and through
them,
can press
interfere
in a policy? Simply, if we imagine that in a lovel\
morning,
a
governmental leader was enjoying his
cotfee
and reading a critic article on his
policy just promulgated the day before, then he would decide to adjust the policy
immediately because the article was right. Howc\er, the reality is much more
complex. In the
authors*
opinion, the press influences to a policy through 3 ways:
|1|
it
influences

directly to the leaders or
polic\makers
and the change is
approved and
adjusted,
then a more effective policy promulgated [2J the press
influences on
relating
benefit groups, since then they act
primaril\
as !obb\ists
(or/and use press lo continue the
influence
on the policymakers). [3] includes
both 2 ways above.
3.3.5
The psychology of Vietnam
\
audiences
In the course of carrying out research on the influence of the Press on public
policN
making,
we are concerned about
what
kind of infonnation
draw
the
audiences'
interest^Tflo^'and
what appeals

tHc
audience to the newspapers. To
answer
these
questions,
wc have carried out surveys by
Google's
means on some
irustworth}-
(inline new spapers in Vielnam.
namelx'
Tuoi Tre new spaper and Tien
i'hong
Online newspaper. Ihe survey
resuhs
can make some
polu;yinakers
disappoinled
and the
intellectuals
who ha\e high expectation of reading
culture
and the taste for reading of the audience unpleased. On Tu6i Tre Online
newspaper, according to our surveys' results during a week (from
17*
April to
23'
April
2011),
the sport news (the scores of sport matches) appeals the

audience most, based on the number of the audience's visits. The next one is
news about digital media the information on Law seems hardly to draw the
audiences' interest.
The detail will be mentioned in table
below
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
It
DNS Name
tuoitre.vn
[sportl
thethao.tuoitre.vn
[technolofiiYl nhiDSormso.tuoiire.vn
[test] tuoitre.vn/trac-nuhiem

ladmissionl tuoitre.vn/tuvensinh
[media services]
media.tuoitre.vn
[real estate]
diaoc.tuoitre.vn
[entertaimnent]
chuventranu.tuoitre.vn/TTC
rbookselfl tusach.tuoitre.vn
ftravellin^] dulich.tuoitre.vn
[special printed matter]
tuoitre.vn luoi-tre-cuoi-tuan
[teenage life
stvie] teen.tuoitre.vn
[job]
chuNentranii.tuoitre
\n vieclam
Survev.tuoitre.vn
ecard
luoiirc
i.om.\n
fret
holiday
stories]
1
[votej tutttL'v

ftawl
nm**n
Visits
3,300,453

308,681
207,907
125,784
95,821
77,401
57,560
56,884
38,596
32,377
28,770
23,702
14,151
11,674
2,103
1,003
317
0
4MkU4
Last
week
3,204,235
231,133
188,356
99,531
86,120
71,953
81,023
55,164
24.721
22.585

37,552
21,685
13,870
3,994
1,994
12,856
362
0
4,lf74J4
Up/down
^6.2 1 S
lv >.M
26.25 ^^
<)
^(H
5.448
-23,463
1.720
13.875
Q
-71)2
-8.782
2.017
.
,0'^'

%
3.00%
33.55"
iiiJtH'/o

26.38%
11
>"
7.57%
-28.96%
3.12%
56.13%
43.36%
-23.39%
9.30^'/o
1
(13"
1^' ^'
y
O,*'
1
«i
UUt4:
afttmpa§t wm tfTwii
Tri
o0tlm
9o2f^AfHI,
2$U.
based on Urn rmm
¥l^
JT^Afhl.
2011
2S