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DAI HOC
QUOC GIA
HA
NOI
TRUONG
DAI HOC KHOA HOC
Tl/NHIEN
^^Ji^^c^^^^^
rEN DE TAI
Nghien
cuii
vai
tro ciia cac loai
thuc vat
thuy
sinh va
vi khuan
trong trong
he thong dat ngap
nirac
nhan
tao
de xu ly nuac
thai
V
MA SO:
QT-06-39
CHU TRI
DE
T.\I
(IIOAC DLJ

AN:
PCS.TS
Nguyen nii
Loan
CAC CAN BO THAM GIA:
PC}S.rS
lYinh rhi
Thanh
-
I'GS.TS
Trim CAm
Van
-CN
Nguyen
Xuan Lan
V
^
HA NOI
-
2007
DAI HOC
TPUNG
Mr.
DT
1.
Bao cao torn
t^t
a. Ten de tdi
(hoac
duan),

mdso.
Nghien
ciru
vai tro
ciia
cac loai
thi.re
vat thuy sinh va vi
khu^n
trong he
thong dat ngap nuac nhan tao de xu ly nuoe thai
Ma
so: QT
—06-39
b.
Chu tri de tdi. PGS.TS
Nguyen
Thi Loan
c.
Cdc cdn bo tham gia. PGS.TS Trinh Thi Thanh
PGS.TS Tran
Cam
Van
KS.
Nguyen Xuan Lan
d,
Miic
tieu vd noi dung nghien
ciiu.
L Phan

tieh
cac chi tieu ly hoa nhu: BOD, COD,
NH^,
NO,, NO,,
PO^
,
tinh
tong Coliform
ciia
nuac thai
2.
llu'r
nghiem cac loai
thii'c
vat khac nhau
Irong
trong he thong dat ngap
nuac de
lim
ra loai thuc vat eho hieu qua xu ly nuac thai cao nhat
3.
Phan lap cac loai vi khuan c6 boat tinh phan buy chat
hCru
ea cao
4.
Nhan
giong \'i khuain
va dua vao he thong dat ngap nuac nhan tao
e. Cdc ket qua dat duoc.
+ Miic

do
6
nhiem
ciia
nuac song To Lich tai khu vuc nghien cuu la
tuong
doi nang, ham
luong
PO,
:2,52mg/K NI 14:9,85
mg/l,
COD:284
mg/l nuac song mau den, mui hoi thoi.
+
Trong 4 loai
ea>
thi nghiem,
ca}'
say cho ket qua
xir
ly cao nhat
(cac thong so eo the
dirge
xu ly tai
907^^),
sau do den khoai nuac va ngo
dai
cudi citing
la ran muong.
lliai

gian
luii
nuac hop ly nhat cho
viec xir
ly
la 8 ngay.
+ Cling mot thai gian
lu'u
nuac (8
nga})
nhung he thong ket hgp 3
loai cay cho kei qua tot ban ro rang, hieu qua xu ly cao ban
10-15%
so
vai trone cac
loai
thuc vat riene re.
*^
• •
<^
-I-
Hieu qua xu
ly
bang thuc vat the hien ro nhat d cac thong so: SS
(87,9%),
COD(80,8%c),
PO,(84,8%)
thong so
NO,
c6 ket qua

xii"
ly kem
nhat (32,4%).
+
Trong
15
ehung
\i
khuan phan giai chat
hiru
ca dugc ebon
d§
phan lap, cac ehung c6 kha nang phan
lui\
tinh
bgt.
xenllulo.
hemixenllulocao
la
1.
2.
8,
1
1, 15. Trong do phan
hii\
eua ehung 2 la cao
nhk
(tao vong phan
hu\
4.8 cm sau 10 ngay). Toe do phan

hiiy
tang dan
iu
ngay dau den ngay
thir
8.
-f
Trong mau
11
dugc chon dung de xac
djnh
boat tinh phan giai ni
to
hiru CO CO
cac
chiing
1. 4. 6. 7. 8. 9.
10.
11
c6 kha nang phan giai ni to
cao.
ehung so I
1
kha nang tao nhieu
Nll.rnhat (voi
pH
Ion
nhat la 8.5).
-I-
Vi khuan dugc phan lap eo

klia
nang phan hu\' cac chat
hiiu
co
tot. Ham
luone
NHi^
tane
dan
iix
8.7 me/1
len 14.6
me/1
\o*i 15
ml dieh
.^
+
i_
*— *—
khuan.
PO4'"
cung tang tu 0,125 len 0.28 mg/l chiing to vi khuan boat
dong
CO
hieu qua.
+ Sir
ket hgp
giira
be yem khi eo bo sung vi khuan c6 kha nang
phan

hu>
chat huu
co"
\ a ni
to"
\
6i he thong dat ngap nude da tang hieu
suat xu ly cua he thong.
/
Tinh hinh kinh phi
ciia de
tdi
(hocic
dudn):
da
sir dimg
bet so kinh
phi
dugc phan bd
KIIOAQUAN
LY
(K\
\a
<ihi
ro ho ten)
PosAL
UMi^
Ij^C
CHU
TRI

DE
TAI
(Ky va
^hi
ro ho ten
(TVD
rd^UXM>^V ^ hi
CO
QIJAN CHIJ
TRI
DK
TAI
»M0 Hlf u TduOhJG
pesjs^f^^^/^,/;
4
2.
Bao cao torn
tat (tir
1-3 trang)
b^ng
tieng Anh
a.
Project Title. Study role of aquatic macrophytes and Bacteria in a
constructed wetland to treat wastewater
Code: QT
—06
-39
b.
Project Manager (hoac du an): Ass.
Prof.

Nguyen
llii
Loan
c. Key implementers. Ass.
Prof.
Trinh Thi
ITianh
Ass.
Prof.
Ti\4n
Cam Van
Eng. Nguyen Xuan Lan
d.
Objective and research content
1.
Analyse
physical
and chemical parameters of wastewater, such as:
BOD,
COD,
NH,
,
NO,, NO,,
P0,\
calculate total Coliform
2.
Grow different aquatic plants in a constructed wetland to find out the
plant with the highest treatment efficiency.
3.
Indentify

delTerent bacteria species with high activity of decomposing
oreanie matter
4.
Multiply
indcntified
bacteria and put into constructed wetland
e. Main
results
+ Tlie
pollution degree of water
o[
To Lich River is quite severe; water
color is black with bad smell.
I'he
amount of some parameters are: PO,
:2,52mg/l,
NII,:9.85
mg/l,
COD:284
mg/l
+ Among 4 experimental
plants,
the reed plant
proxides
athe highest
treastment
elfieienc)
(the
treatnient
parameters can reach 90%). follows

b\
water-taro.
fnxdra iluetuans
Lour, then water morning
glor\.
The
most suitable
w
ater retention time is 8
da>
s.
+ With the same retention time (8 days) the combination of all plants give
higher treatment efficiency about 15% compared to a system with only
one plant species
^
The treatment
efficienc>
can be seen throgh the following parametes :
SS (87,9%), COD
(80,8%.),
PO,
(84,8%),^NO,
parameter has lowest
treatment
effieiencx'
(32,4%).
+ Among 15 bacterial species with organic matter decomposing activity,
the species I. 2, 8,
II.
15 have higher decompossing activities for starch,

xenlullor and hemixellulo. Species 2 has a highest decomposing activity
(decomposing c\cle was created 4.8 cm after 10 days). The decopsing
acti\'ily
increased gradually from the beginning untill the day 8th.
+
Anrong
1 1
bacterial species selected to test the nitrogen decomposing
acti\ity.
the species
1.
4. 6.
7.
8. 9. 10.
11
have high nitrogen
decompossing
activit\'.
Species
1 1
has the highest efficiency by forming a
biggest amount
oi NIL
(with the highest pH. which is 8.5).
+ The combination between anaerobic tanks supplemented by organic
mater and nitrogen decomposing bacteria with constructed wetland has
increased treatnient efficiency of the treatment system.
/. Financial situation of the
Project:
the total allocated budget has been

spent
B.
PHAN
CHINH
BAO
CAO
MUC
LUC
Trang
1 Md
DAU
^
2
TONG QUAN TAI LIEU
^
2.1.
Gidi
thieu ve cac loai dat ngap
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9
2.2.
Vai tro cua
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vat thuy sinh trong he thong dat ngap
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3.
DO!

TUONG
VA
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NGHILN
CUU
'^
3.1.
Ddi tugng nghien
ciiii 16
3 9
' . 17
Phuang phap nghien cuu.
4.
KLT QUA VA THAO LUAN
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4.1.
4.2.
4.3
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1^")
Lich
Ket qua xu' ly (mg/l), va hieu suat
xir
ly nude (%) d giai
doan 1 (he thong rieng
bicl).
Ket qua .\u ly va hieu suat

xi'r
ly
nude
d giai doan 2 (He
thong dugc ket
ndi).
4
4-,
. . 25
Ket qua phan lap
vi sinh
vat.
4.5
Nudi
cay va thu do phan buy cac chat
hiru
ca
ciia
vi sinh
26
vat
4.6 Nudi cay va thu do phan giai cua vi khuan ddi vdi
nude
39
thai.
5. KET ELAN -
KIEN
N(iHI
^'
5-1

KET
ELAN
^1
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CHO CAC
NGIIIHN CUlJ TIRP THF.0
TAI
LIFT I
11AM
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^^.
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rira,
thai vao ngudn nude ngay eang tang. Vdi ham lugng va
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the la mau
nude ehuyen sang tdi hoac den, mui khd ehiu, nhieu mam benh xuat hien

nguy hiem eho con
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nhu ta, ly, thuang ban. Dae biet la vao
mi^ia mira
khi ma eac vi sinh vat gap dieu kicn thuan
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trong ca the.
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xii'
ly nude thai sinh boat da dugc
quan tam, cac chi tieu mdi trudng dirge de ra nham
mijc dieh
ban
che mii'c
xa thai, nghien cuu cac cdng nghe khac nhau eho viec xu ly. Cong nghe
xir
ly nude thai bang phuang
phap"
Dat ngap nude nhan
tao''
(dugc tao
bdi
thire

vat thuy sinh va cac
Idp Ige)
da dugc ap dung d nhieu nude tren
the
gidi ke ca d cac nude phat trien: Canada, Uc.Viet Nam cung nen ap
diing nhirng
bien phap don gian, hieu qua. re tien, than thien vdi mdi
trudng nay vi dieu kien
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hau
ciia
Viet Nam rat thuan
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cho
sii*
phat
trien quanh nam cua cac loai
thij'c
vat thuy sinh
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dung trong he thdng
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chinh
la ly do khien chiing tdi ebon de tai:
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vai tro cua cdc loai thuc vat thuy sinh vd vi
khiidn
trong
he thong dat ngap

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xii
ly
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thai.
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tieu
ciia
de tdi:
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gia miic
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Dam- Dai Kim.
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lliu
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phan buy chat
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- Nhan
guing w
khuan \'a du'a \'ao he thdng dat ngap
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nhan tao
2.
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2.1.
Gidi thieu ve cac loai dat ngap
nude.
Cd 3 he thdng dat ngap nude nhan tao la
1.
Cac he thdng
dira
vao thue vat ndi
tir
do;
2.
Cac he thdng dua vao thuc vat
chim;
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Cac he thdng dua vao thuc vat ndi tren mat nude cd re an sau
dirdi
day.
2,1.1.
Cac he thdng dua vao thuc vat ndi

tii
do
a,
Cdc he thong dua vdo cdy beo tdy (beo Nhat Ban).
Cay beo tay la mot trong so cac
thiJ'c
vat cd anh hudng tot tdi
iTidi
trudng. Nd la mot trong sd cac thuc vat sinh san nhieu nhat va ddng
diie
nhat tren the gidi. Nhd dac diem nay ma nd dirge khai thae trong qua trinh
xu ly nude thai.
Cac he thdng cay beo tay cd the dugc thiet
ke de
xij"
ly
nude
thai
ban dau
ehira
qua xu ly, lam sach ban nude da xu ly lan hai hoac de
xiJ
ly
lan ba.
Sir
loai bd chat ran la lung eua cay beo tay xay ra thdng qua ddi re.
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sir
xao trgn
nhiet,

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king se dugc
lang
dgng do trgng
lire
trong vung nude
lang phfa
dudi.
Them vao dd, d re cay cd
sir
tfch dien phan
ling lai
vdi nhung
sir tich
dien
ddi
nguge
lai trong cac phan tu chat ran la lung, lam chiing
dinh
chat vao
re
Cciy,
tij'
dd cluing dugc hap
thii
va ddng boa
tij' tij"
bdi cay beo va cac vi
sinh vat.
b.

Cdc he thdng trong cdy beo
tdm,
Beo tam la loai thuc vat cd mach phd bien
fong
tren the gidi. Chiing
cd mat trong cac vung
nude
nhd nhu ao ca, muang ranh, dam pha. Chiing
bao gdm kboang 35 loai trong 4 nhdm: Lemna, Pirodela, Wolffiella,
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Beo lam la
mdi
trong sd nhung thuc vat sinh trudng nhanh nhat tren
the
gidi. Chiing
ihudiig
tang sinh khdi len gap hai lan d dieu kien tdi uu
trong 2 den 3 ngay, d mot sd loai
sir
tang trudng ban dem
Idn
ban hoac
bang
sir
lang
truong
ban ngay. So vdi cay beo lay thi cay beo tam cd phan
bddia
ly rdng
lion

bdi vi chiing cd the sinh trudng d nhiet do thap
lir 1
den
3^'C.
Beo tam cd nhirng dac diem
lanr
cho chiing cd kha nang xu* ly nude
thai nhu:
1.
Chiing sinh san tdt. Vdi mdi ca the, 1 la
luge
nhd sinh ra 20 la
luge con trong thai gian sdng. Cac la luge eon nay lai lap lai nhu me nd.
Ket qua la
sir
tang trudng ngay eang nhanh, ft nhat cho tdi khi cac cay
Ird
nen bi qua lai hoac thieu chat dinh dudng. Su
ehuyen
ddi tuan hoan lien
tiep
ciia
cac
ca} ihiic
da\
sir sinh
trudng ndi tiep lien
Inc.
2.
Ca\

klione
cd nhieu md ed
de idn
tai
lau.
3.
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ling
lai vdi
sir
giau chat dinh dudng, bien ddi vat chat
vao md te bao.
So vdi
ea\
beo tay, cay beo tam ddng mot vai trd kem true tiep han
trong qua trinh xu ly, bdi vi chiing thieu mot he thdng
rd
sau va rdng, va
bdi the cung cap mot dien
tich
h6 mat nhd ban cho vi
khualn.
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sir diing
cay beo tam
cbii
yen trong viec thu bdi chat
dinh
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thai da dugc

xir
ly bac 2. Beo tam bao
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day dac tren
ht
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vao
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\i
thieu anh sang. Nude trd nen thieu
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nen quay trd lai
sir
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hap
thii
anh sang
ciia
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ban che
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liai
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ke
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qua ddi hdi, tdc do thu hoach va
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hau,
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dien hinh la 30 ngay vao
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he va vai
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trone mua ddng.
Kich
thudc tdi uu cho cac ao beo la
dai:
rone
=

15: 1 de tao dieu kien eho ddne
chay.
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hoac vach ngan khac la can
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de ngan su"
n^ii
di cac thuc vat ndi nhd.
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thi
nghiem cho
ihay
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trong nude
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do dd
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ly nude
thai ed ndng do chai
hiru
ca
cao.bdi
vi phan buy
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se tao ra dieu kien
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due eiia nude
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cao de anh sang

di
qua thuan Igi cho
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tiem nang
sii
dung cac thuc vat nay la cho
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ly
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liia
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ciia
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O,
cao Cling tao
dieu
kien
Ihfch

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dinh
du'dne du'oc
ddne hoa hdi cac
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du\
tii
10
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dinh.
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tan la do
sir
gia yen
ciia
eac md dugc tieu
thii
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2.1.3.
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the
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ehung eac he thdng nay ed
the
dugc phan thanh 3 nhdm
ehinh
theo md
hinh dang ddng chay nhu:
a. Cac he thdng chay tren be mat.
b.
Cac he thdng vdi ddng chay ngang dudi mat dai.
c. Cac he thdng vdi ddng chay dudi be mat thdng diing.
a,
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FWS)
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Idp Idt
ben dudi
de
ngan su rd ri nude, dat hoac eac
Idp Ige Ihieh
bap khac hd trg eho thue vat ndi. Ldp nude ndng,
idc
do
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va cgng
sir,
1998).
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vising
dai ngap nude
xir
ly be mat tu do cd chue nang nhu la cac
he thdng
xii'
ly sinh hoc tap trung. Nude thai chay vao
ehiia
cac chai la
lii'ng
va cac chai d nhiem boa tan trai rdng khap mot vung rdng
ciia
vung
nude ndne.
C^ac
chai ran la

liine
ed xu hudng on dinh \'a duoc eiu lai do
tdc do ddng
eha\
eham dugc che ehan gid. Cac chai nay
chiia
N, P. cac
kim loai va chai huu ca. Nhirng chai d nhiem khdng hoa tan nay cudi
cung di vao chu trinh sinh boa ca ban trong khdi nude va dai hi mat
ciia
dat ngap nude. Ddng thdi, mot phan chai huu ea, N. P boa tan va cac
nguyen to vet
dirge
hap thu bdi dai, vi
khua!n
boat ddng va mot sd thuc vat
thdng qua mdi
trii'diig
dai ngap nude. Nhirng nguyen to boa tan nay cung
di vao toan bd chu trinh kboang hoa cua he sinh thai dai ngap nude.
Cac chat hu'u co' dugc loai bd nhanh ehdng trong cac he thdng
l^'WS
bdi cac dieu
kien
tinh lang. su phan buy va qua trinh
loe.
BOD boa tan
dugc loai bd
bai
cac vi sinh vat

lo"
lung va bam
dinh.
Ngudn dxy ehinh
eho eac phan
ling
nay la cac phan
ling
tren mat nude. Cac he thdng EWS
loai bd mot
each
cd hieu qua cac chat ran la
liing.
Trong eac he thdng d
dd thi. hau bet cac chai ran dugc
Ige
va lang lai trong vai met nude dau
tien cua ddng vao phia tren.
Nita duoc loai bd cd hieu qua nhai trone eac he thdne FWS nhd su
nitrat va phan
ml
rat boa.
NH^
dugc dxy hoa trong cac ddi hieu
khf
va NO.
dugc bien ddi
liuinb
N\
tu do hoac

N^O
trong cac ddi hieu khi bo'i \'i
khualn phan nitrat.
(Yic
he thdng FWS cd
the
loai P mot
each
lau dai
nhune tuang ddi
chani.
Sir
loai bd P trone eac he thdne
bWS
xav ra nhd
sir
hap thu, hap
phii,
tao
phiJc
va kei
tiia.
Tuy nhien qua trinh ehinh trong
sir
loai bd P
(sij'
kei
tiia
vdi ion
Al,

Fe, Ca) la bi gidi han bdi
sir
tiep
xiie
giiia
tang
nude
va dat.
b,
Cdc he thdng vdi ddng chay ngang dudi mat ddt (Horizontal
subsurface
JJow
- HSF)
He thdng dugc ggi la ddng chay ngang vi nude thai dugc dua vao va
chay eham qua tang
Ige
xdp dudi be
eiia
nen tren mot dudng ngang eho
tdi khi nd tdi dugc nai ddng chay ra. Trong sudt thdi gian nay, nude thai
se tiep
xiic
vdi mot mang
ludi
boat ddng
eiia
cac ddi hieu
kJii,
hiem khf va
ki khf. Cac ddi hieu khf d xung quanh re va bau re, nai

Igc
O,
vao trong
be mat. Trong sudt thdi gian nude thai chay qua ddi
r^,
nd dugc lam sach
bdi
siJ'
phan buy sinh hoc cua vi sinh vat bdi cac qua
trinh
boa, ly.
Cac hgp chat huu co dugc phan huy hieu khf cung tdi nhu ki khf bdi
cac vi
khusin
bam dfnh xung quanh vung dudi
eiia
thuc vat
(r6,
bau vi) va
hi mat Idp Ige.
O,
can thiei cho phan buy hieu khf dugc cung cap
triic tiep
bdi
sii"
khueeh tan
ti^r
khdng khf vao hoac tham
O,
til

ri thuc vat. Kha nang
van
ehuyen
O,
ciia
cay say la khdng tuang ung di dam bao
sir
phan buy
hieu khf trong ddi re va su phan buy ki khf ddng mot vai trd quan trgng
trong cac he thdne
HSP\
Cac chat ran chim va la lung khdng dugc loai bd trong he thdng
xii"
ly dau tien thi dugc loai bd cd hieu qua bdi su*
loc
va lang dgng. Su lang
dong se xay ra trong nhung vung dn dinh
eiia
bai ki he thdng
IISI'
nao.
N-,
dugc loai bd trong cac vung dai ngap nude
HSF^
bdi
sir
nitrat va
phan nitrat,
sir
bay hoi, hap thu. Co"

che
loai bd ehfnh
ciia
N,
la nitrat va
phan nitrat.
Nil.
dugc dxy boa thanh
NO^
bdi vi khuan nitrat trong ddi
hieu khf va NO. dugc ehuyen thanh
N^
bdi vi khualn phan nitrat trong ddi
ki khf.
Cac nghien euu da chi ra la qua trinh dxy hoa eua ddi re d cac he
thdng
HSF^
hi
khong
day du. bdi the
sir
nitrat khdng hoan thanh la nguyen
nhan ehfnh eua
sir
loai bo N bi han che. Su bay hai, thuc vat hap thu, su
hap
phii
ed vai trd quan trong ban nhieu trong su loai bd nita.
P dugc
loai

bd khdi nude thai dau tien d eac he thdng HSF bdi eac
phan
li'ng
trao ddi phdi tu, noi ma
P0,("
chiem ehd nude hoac cac nhdm
OH'
ti^r
be mat
ciia
Fe (OH), hay
AKOII)^.
Tuy nhien, ldp
Igc
sii"
dung
trone cac be thdng
IISF^
thudne khdne chiia krone Idn Fe. Al, Ca va bdi
vay su* loai bd P ndi
ehung chauT
c.
Cdc he thong vdi ddng chay thdng diing (Vertical subsurface flow -
VF)
Su khac nhau quan trgng
giira
cac he thdng VF va HSF la tu cac md
hinh khac nhau
eiia
he thdng. Them vao dd, he thdng VF thudng ed mot

he thdng phan phdi bao
phii
khap toan bd be mat. He thdng VF cd sdm
nhai d chau Au \a
dirac
eoi la "cac eanh ddne
kJidne
tham".
12
He thdng dien hinh gdm 1 muong
Idng
dgng hoac phan bd so bd, 4
ngan
Ige
vdi dai hoac cat. Mot he thdng thao nude va mot ranh di ra.
Nhirng ao
Ige
thi dugc trong cay say va ed mot he thdng thao nude sau
0,55m ben dudi
miie
be mat. Nude thai sinh boat dugc chay vao
mircyng
lang
sa bg va phan phdi. Sau khi lang dgng, nude thai dugc trgn lan vdi
nude be mat
tii'
4 ngay. Ba ngan khac dugc giu' khd kboang
10
den
11

ngay. Kei qua chi ra la ed
sir
loai bd hoan toan cac chai d nhiem trong
tang loe. Chat lugng ddng ra ndi ehung la tdt.
Trong cac he thdng ddng
thang
diing, Idp
Igc
dugc
sii
dung d tai ea eac
nen
be
la
sdi,
tren eiing la cat vun
de
dat mot su phan phdi ed hieu qua
eiia
nude thai ngang qua nen day. Nhung tang sdi thd thap hon dugc giu" hieu
khf bdi eac dng thoat khdng khf. Tai cac nen ddng chay
thang
diing da
dugc dd day nude thai
xii*
ly Lin 1 trong 1 den 2 ngay, va dugc
de
khd 4
den 8 ngay. Trong sudt thdi ky nghi ngai thi mot ldp
ciing

mdng
Ccac
chai
ran do kboang boa cat dugc tao thanh.
Hieu qua xu ly: Vdi
xir
ly bac hai: Tai ca cac he thdng dai ngap
nude VF dugc md ta khac nhau deu loai bd tdi cac chai d nhiem, tru nita
(bao gdm
sir
nitrat va nitrat). Nguyen nhan la do trong cac he thdng viec
tao dieu kien
hieu
khf cung nhu yem khf cho su nitrat va phan nitrat la
khd khan.
Vdi
xii
ly bac ba: He thdng VF ap dung cho
xii"
ly lan 3 dat dugc
ket qua tdt,
tiie
la thanh phan eac chai d nhiem d ddng ra rat thap.
2.2.
Vai trd cua
thiic
vat thuy sinh trong he thdng dat ngap
nude
de
xiJ ly nude

thai.
Cac loai
ihire
vat trong he thdng dai ngap
nude
bao gdm cac loai
beo (beo tay, beo tam), cay say. mot sd loai cd
Sii'
ed mat bay vang mat
ciia
eac sinh vat
thiiy
sinh la mot trong sd
cac dac diem
de
dinh ra mue dfch cac loai dai ngap nude, va bdi the thue
vat thuy sinh la mot thanh phan khdng the thieu dugc
ciia
cac be sinh thai
nay. Mac
di^i
ngap nude la cac qua trinh vat ly va vi sinh nhung mot sd dac
diem
ciia
thuc \ al thuy sinh cd lien quan tdi
sir xii
ly
nude.
a. Trao
do\

khf.
liurc \'al irong
he thdng dai ngap nude
ihfch
nghi
\'c
hinh thai vdi
sii*
phat
Iricii
trong
nude,
dac biet hi chiing cd cac
Id
khf
giiip
cho
sir
van
ehuyen dxy vao vi va bau vi. Su van ehuyen dxy vao than cay giup eho su
hd hap cua cac md ddng thdi cung cap cho ddi vi
sii'
thoat khf
O,.
Chfnh
nhd su thoat
khi
O.
lu
vi lam tang

diau
kien dxy boa trong Idp nen ki khf,
kfch thfch su* phan huy hieu khf cac vat chai huu ca va su tang trudng cua
vi
khiuin
nitrat hoa.
Su' \'an
clui>en
khf trong thuc
\'al
dai ngap nude cd the xay ra bdi su"
khueeh tan do
su
chenh lech none do
ha\
ap
suai
trong cac Id khf.
(Yic
khf
se duae van
chu>
en
tir
noi ed ndng do cao hoac ap suat cao cd ndng do
13
thap hoac ap suat thap ban. Toe do khueeh tan phu thudc xao dac diem
ldp
Igc,
phu thudc vao trgng lugng phan

tir
khf va nhiet do. Cd su chenh
lech dao nguge
giOa
ndng do O, vdi ndng do
CO
Cbj.
Trong cay say.
nong do
O,
giam
til
20,7% trong than
cay
tiep
xiic
vdi khdng khf xudng
eon
3,6%6
trong cac
Id
khf d Idp vi sau nhat. Ciing thdi diem dd, ndng do
CO,
tang tii'
0,07%
trong than
cay
tiep xuc vdi khdng khf len tdi 7,3%
trong tang
r^

sau nhat.
Ngoai CO che van ehuyen khf bdi
sir
khueeh tan cdn ed ca che van
ehuyen
kbi
bdi
sU
truyen nhiet. Su thoat nhiet la qua trinh van
ehuyen
khf
qua mot vach ngan xdp khi ed
sir
chenh lech nhiet do d hai ben vach ngan.
Sir
thoat nhiet dan den mot
sir
chenh lech ap suat d hai ben vach ngan. d
mat am ban thi ap suat cao ban. Ket qua la khdng khf se dugc van ehuyen
theo ddng nhiet
lir
nai ed nhiet do cao
deii
noi ed nhiet do thap ban.
b.
Ccie
hieu qua vat ly.
Hieu qua quan trgng nhai cua thuc vat thuy sinh trong qua trinh
xiV
ly nude thai la cac hieu qua vat ly: dieu ehinh xdi mdn, hieu qua Igc, cung

cap
vising
be mat cho vi khuan bam dfnh.
Sir
trao ddi chai
ciia
thuc vat
thuy sinh (hap thu, thai
O, )
cd anh
hudiig
tdi cac qua trinh xu" ly tuy
thudc vao md hinh thiei ke
kliae
nhau.
Trong dai ngap nude, chiing phan bd lai va giam tdc do eac
ludng
khdng khf tren mat
nude.
Dieu nay tao ra cac d'\iu kien tdt cho
sir
lang
dgng cac chai
i\in
la king, giam xdi mdn, tang thdi gian tiep
xiic
giua
nude va cac
\Tuie
be mat

ciia
cay. Ngoai ra. khi he re
ciia
thuc
xat
thuy
sinh
phcit
trien chiing se ngan chan
sir
tac nghen cua ldp loe. anh sang bi
suy giam khi
ehieu
qua Idp
phii
thuc vat, dieu nay can trd
sir
sinh san
ciia
tao.
Vao
mi^ia
dong. ldp
phii
thuc vat eon ed vai trd each nhiet giua khf
quyeii
vdi vung dai ben dudi, giu' eho dat khdng bi suong gia. Thuc vat
thuy sinh phat trien anh hudng tdi
tinh
dan nude

ciia
dat. Re cay xao trgn
lam xdp dat, dan dan se lam dn dinh tfnh dan nude cua dai.
c. Noi eu
iiTJ
eho \'i khuan.
Ngoai ra.
ihuc
\'al thuy sinh cdn cd cac
chiic
nang khac
nhir
cung
cap noi sdng cho sinh vat hoang da. Thuc vat thuy sinh cung cap vung be
mat
Idn
cho eac vi sinh vat bam dfnh phat trien. Phan than va la cua thuc
vat thuy sinh chim trong
nude
tao mot
vising
be mat
Idn
cho eac sinh vat.
Cac nhdm tao quang hgp day dac
eOng
nhu vi kbuain va dgng vat dan bao
xam
chiem eac md thue vat. Tuo'ng tu nhu vay, re cay chim dudi dai cung
cap bd mat cho \ i khuiin bam dfnh. Do vay, cac sinh vat xuat hien d eac

md tren va cho \
i
khuan bam dfnh. Do va)', cac sinh vat xuat hien d ca eac
md tren \a md dudi cua thuc \al thuy sinh. Nhung \i sinh
\'at
na\
cung
\'d'i cac \'i sinh \at bam dinh tren eac vat ran chim dudi nu'dc ehiu trach
nhiem
ehii
yen cho cac qua trinh vi sinh
xa)'
ra trong he thdng dai ngap
nude.
d. Hap thu chai dinh du'dn.e.
Ccic
thuc \at trong he thdng dai ngap
nude
ddi hdi cac chai dinh
dudng cho
sir sinh trirdng
va sinh san. Cluing hap thu chat dinh dudng
14
thdng qua re va
ddi
khi thdng qua phan than va la chim dudi nude. Chai
dinh dudng dugc loai bd khdi he thdng nhd thu hoach sinh khdi. Neu
khdng thu hoach sinh khdi, lugng chu yeu chai
dinh dudng
trong md thue

vat se bi phan buy va quay trd lai he thdng.
e. Diet vi khuan.
Re
eiia
thue vat ngap nude cd
the
sinh ra mot sd chai, dac biet la cd
su thai ra
O,
vao trong tang re ed tac ddng tdi cac chu trinh sinh hoa
ciia
sir
tram
tieh.
Ngirdi ta dinh tfnh dieu nay nhd vao viec nhan biei dugc mau
hai dd lien quan
deii
dang
dxyt
sat tren be mat re. Tdc do tao O,
iix
re phu
thudc vao ndng do O, ben trong te bao, nhu
ciiu
O.
ciia
tang Igc va tfnh
thaim than
ciia
mang re. Vdi nhung loai thue vat ed he thdng

v'an
ehuyen
khf bang su* tru\en nhiet. kha nang sinh O, tu re cao ban so \'di cac loai
thuc vat van ehu) en khf bang su khueeh tan. Mot sd loai thue vat dai ngap
nude ed
the
sinh ra chai khang sinh
ti^r
re cua nd. Do dd. cac vi khuan
trong nude d nhiem bi bien mai sau khi eho di qua he thdng trong loai
tbii'c
vat nay. Ngoai ra, mot luong Idn eac chai hu'u ea cung dugc tao ra tii"
ri
eiia
thue vat trong dai ngap nude. Day la mot ngudn C
bCai
ca cung cap
cho qua trinh phan nitrat va do dd lam tang
sir
loai bd
NO:;
trong
mdi
sd
loai dai ngap nude. Cac vai trd chfnh
ciia ihii'c
vat thuy sinh dugc tdm tat
trone Bane
2.1
Bang 2.1 Cac

xai
trd chfnh cua
ihuc
vat thuy sinh trong he thdng dai ngap
nude.
Bg phan thuc
vat
Md thue
\at
tiep
xiic
vdi khdne
khf
Md thue vat tiep
xuc
Re
va
ddi re
trong ldp tram
tfch
Vai trd trong cac qua trmh
xii ly
• Su suy giam anh sang dan den giam
sir
sinh trirdng
ciia
thuc vat phu du.
• Vi
kJii
hau bi anh

hirong,
each nhiet trong mua ddng.
• Giam tdc do gid.
• Tfch trii' chai dinh dudng.
• Cd eac hieu qua
Ige
(loe qua cac md xdp)
•
Gicim
tdc do ddng cha). tang ty
le
tram tfch
• Cung cap dien tfch he mat cho VSV bam dfnh
•
Su"
tao
0.
boi quang hgp. tang
sir
phan hu)' hieu khf
• Hap thu chai
dinh
dudng.
•
Giiip
dn dinh be mat lang dgng, giam xdi mdn.
• Nean chan su
uie
nehen ldp loc trone he thdne ddng
thang diing.

• Sinh
0.
lam tang su" phan buy hieu khf va su" nitrat boa.
• Hap thu chai dmh
dirdng.
• Sinh ra cac chai khang
sinh.
15 .
3.
DOI
TUON(i
VA
PHUONG
PHAP NGHIEN
CUXJ
3.1.
Ddi tugng nghien
ciili.
3.7.7. Ngudn
nude
sdng To Lich:
Sdng To Lich dugc bat ngudn
tii*
Hd Tay chay doc qua thanh phd theo Bac
- Nam. Trudc
khi
dd vao sdng Nhue d Km
14 (llianb
Liet) luu vuc Sdng
To Lich ed dien tfch kboang 7750 ha, luu lugng trung binh 5m7s, theo

thdng ke hien nay nude thai sinh boat tai Ha Ndi khoang 300 - 400 ngan
mVngay. Tong khdi lugng rac thai sinh boat vao khoang
1800 -
2000inVngay,
\a thu gom
ehi
dugc khoang
850mVngay
phan cdn lai dugc
dd tuy tien ven
^ong.
cac chai thai sinh boat va cdng nghicp da dugc dd
xudng ddng sdng ma khdng dirge qua cac he thdng
xir
ly nen da
gay
ra d
nhiem mdi trudng tram trgng. Bdi vay ma Sdng To Lich dugc xem nhu la
cdng thoat
nude
thai chfnh cua thanh phd. Doan sdng To Lich thudc
kJiu
vuc Linh Dam - Dai Kim
chii
yeu la nude thai sinh boat cua dan eu* xung
quanh vdi
miic
do d nhiem Idn.
3.1.2. Cdc
lodi

thuc vat thi nghiem.
- Cdy
tail
niuofii^
nird'c
(Ipomoea aquatica) : La loai sdng trdi ndi
dudi nude, thfch hgp nhai d nhiet do
25-30'^'C.
Re mge
ti^r
cac ddt dugc tiep
xiic
vdi dai
am
hoac vdi nude. La rau hinh ludi mac dai khoang 10-15 em,
cay
cd the trone tu hat hoac tu mot doan cua than, ra neon nhanh
klioang
2 thang cd the lane eap ddi sinh
kJidi.
Rau mudne ed
siic
sdne manh liet
trong mdi trudng d nhiem nang, kha nang hap thu cac chat tii* mdi trudng
rat manh, ke ca cac chai kim loai nang. Rau mudng phat trien manh nhai
d he vi
chi^im,
qua trinh hap thu cac chai cung dien ra d day nhd ban than
thuc vat va
\i sinli

vat bam dfnh.
- Cctx
n;^(')
(Fnydra
fhictuans
Lour) :
Ca)
thao sdng ndi ha)' ngap
nude, phan
eanh
nhieu. cd ddt.
^fhan
hinh tru cd ranh. la mgc ddi. khdng
cudne. edc hai
idne
\a dm la\'
than,
mep cd rane
eu'a.
Hoa cai
\-a
hoa
ludng tfnh deu sinh san. Rau ngd cd the
sii
dung lam ran an. thanh phan
dinh
dirdne(
tfnh theo %
)
:

nude
92,2-93.8. protid 1.5-2.1. glucid 1.2, lipid
0,3,
vitamin
B2
0,29mg% va vitamin C llmg%. Cay ngo ra hoa ket qua
hau nhu quanh nam nen kha nang tai sinh san nhanh, lugng sinh khd
Idn.Pho
bien d
b^c
bo va trung bo
nude
ta. Ngo cd the phat trien manh
trong
nude
ban,
ehiu
dugc
khi
hau da dang, nhiet do cao. Kha nang lam
sach
nude
rat tdt dac biet la
khii
miii hdi. Kinh nghiem dan gian cho thay
d dau cd ngo la d dd
nude
trong va khdng cd
miii
hdi thdi.

- Cdy say (Phragmites communis): Cd the sdng
a
khap noi dac
biet la
khi
hau ndng am, nhiet do moi trudng tdi uu la
12-30''C.
Ndng do
mudi tdi da cd the
ehiu dimg
dugc la 45 %o. Say cd the sdng trong muc
nude
tu*
30 cm den 150 cm va trong khoang pH: 2-8. He vi
ciia
say phat
trien
ra't
nhanh, bam
chac
vao dat. Khdng nhu cac cay khac tiep nhan oxy
khdng
khi
qua khe hd
ciia
dat va
rS,
cay say cd ca cau van
ehuyen
oxy d

ben trong
tiJ
tren nggn cho tdi tan vi do vay say cd the
chju
dugc dieu kien
khac nghiet, tdc do van
ehuyen
oxy
tii*
khdng khf xudng he ri va vung
r^
rat nhanh
5-12g/m".ngay
(Brit,
1990;
Amstrong
1990)
tao mdi trudng hieu
khf cho
viing
rd, dugc vi sinh vat
sir
dung cho qua trinh phan buy boa hoc.
udc
tinh
sd lugng vi khuan trong dat quanh rd cay say cd the
nhi6u
nhu sd
vi khuan trong be hieu
khi

ky thuat ddng thdi phong
phii
ve chiing loai tii'
10-100 lan. Chfnh vi vay
eanh
ddng lau say cd the xu ly dugc
nhidu
loai
nude
thai cd chat doc hai khac nhau va ndng do d
nhilm
Idn.
3.2.
Phuotig
phap nghien
ciru.
Day la nhirng phuang phap thu thap
nhiJng
sd lieu,
dii
lieu cd
sSn
lien quan den noi dung de tai nham muc
dich
giam bdt thdi gian thuc
hien, tang them logic
ciia
de tai. De hoan thanh de tai nay chiing tdi da
sir
dung ngudn tai lieu

sSn
cd nhu sau:
- Mot sd tai lieu ve cac
dir
an nghien cuu trudc day va hien nay.
-
Tim
tai lieu
tii*
mang internet.
3.2,1 Cdc phuang phap phan
tich
chi tieu
hod,
ly.
Cac
chi
tieu chiing tdi tien hanh phan
lich
danh gia tai phdng thf
nghiem
ciia
khoa mdi trudng, trudng Dai Hoc Khoa Hoc Tu Nhien vdi su
OAI
HOC
O'J
TPUNGTAf^:
in
^__DT
7^45

17
hudng dan nhiet tinh eua can bd phdng thf nghiem. Do vay kei qua chiing
tdi phan tfch dugc hoan toan dang tin cay.
Cac chi
lieu
va phuang phap phan tfch
tijng chi
tieu dugc trinh bay
tdm tat trong bang 3.1.
SIT
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Cac chi lieu phan
tich
Mau nuac
Mui
iiu'ac
Pll
COD
NO,
NO,
Nil,/
PO,'
Dan vi

-
_
-
mg/l
mg/1-
mg/1-
mg/1-
mg/l-
Phuong phap phan tfch
Diing
thi giae
Diing
khiiu
giae
Dung may do nhanh
Phuang phap bieromat
Phuang phap so mau
Phuang phap so mau vdi thudc thu
4 - aminoben/en
sufonamid
Phuang phap Nessler (so mau)
Phuang phap Molipdat (so mau)
3.2.2. Cdc phuong phdp phdn lap vi sinh vat.
- Phu/] lap vi
klindti.
De phan lap vi khuan chiing tdi
sir
dung mdi trudng cd thanh phan:
- Peplon 10(g/l)
-

NaCI
5(g/l)
-Thach
20(g/l)
-Nude cai 2
lanlOOO(ml)
Sau khi dun, mdi trudng dugc dua vao binh ndn
khii
trung d
120'^C,
ap
suai
latm
trong 30
phiit.
Mdi trudng sau khi hap dugc dua ra dTa
petri.
Can
lOg
vi cay rdi pha
loang
nhu tren thu dugc cac dng nghiem cd do pha
loang
10M0\1()M0'
Dicing
pipet 1ml nhd 1
gigl
dung dieh cay len
dia
thach. Dung que gap gat

diu
mau tren thach. Cay dung dieh tren 10
dla
petri. Bao gdi, nudi cay
trong
tii
ain d
3()"C.
Sau 48h, lien hanh dein sd lugng
khufin
lac vi khuan va tfnh sd lugng vi
khufin
cd trong
Ig
mau(CPTI"
') theo cdng thiic.
X=a.n.20
CFL-'
':
Colony Forming Unit.
18
X: Sd lugng CPU trong
Ig
mau.
a: Sd lugng CPU tren
dia
thach.
n: Nghieh dao eua ndng do pha loang.
20:
Sdgigt/lml.

- Phdn lap xa
khuan.
De
phan lap xa khuan chiing tdi
sir
dung mdi trudng Gauze.
Thanh phan:
-
Tinh
bdt tan 10(g/l)
-
K.HPO,
0,5(g/l)
-
MgSO,.7H.O
0,5(e/l)
-
KNO,
Kg/l)
-
FeSO,0,l(g/h
Nude cat 2 lanlOOO(ml)
Cac budc lam tuang tu nhu ddi vdi phan lap vi khuan.
- Phdn lap nam
moc.
Chiing tdi
sir diing
mdi trudng Czapeck — Doc.
Thcinb
phan:

-
NaNO,
3(g/l)
-
KdlPO,
l(g/l)
-
MgS04.71L() (),5(g/l)
-
KCI
0,5(g/l)
-
FeSO,
0.1
(g/l)
-
Dudng
kfnh 20(g/l)
- Thach 20(g/l)
-
Nude
eat 2 lan lOOO(ml)
Cac budc lam tuang tu nhu ddi vdi phan lap vi khuan.
2.2.3.
Thiet ke md hinh thi nghiem.
Md hinh
ihf
nghiem trong thuc vat dugc thiei
ke
tuang

tu*
nhu* mang
dan nude. Kfch thudc mdi
ihune
la 0,7m x
0.7m
x 1,5m.
Cac loai thuc vat dugc trong trong 3 thiing.
+
Thiine
1 tha rau mudne, muc nude cao khoang
O.dm.
Mat dd
trong cay phu hgp \di tu nhien.
+ 1
hung 2 trong ngd dai va khoai nude, phfa dudi day ed Idp eat
day 15 em nham
ed
dinh he re va la noi cu
trii
cua vi sinh vat.
-I-
Tilling 3 trong say, mat do cay khoang 20
cay/ni".
Day thung ed
Idp sdi nham cd dinh he re. tang dien tfch tiep
xiic
vdi vi sinh vat.
3.2.4. Thiet ke thi nghiem.
Qua trinh thf nghiem dugc phan ehia lam 2 giai doan:

9
Giai doan 1: Cac thiing dugc phan each nhu cac he thdng rieng
biet. Nude sdng dugc dd true tiep vao cac thung ehiia thuc vat.
D^tu
tien
cac loai thue vat dugc trdng trong 1 tuan eho quen vdi
diiu
kien sdng mdi.
Kei qua true quan eho thay sau 3 ngay eac loai thuc vat da bat dau thfch
nghi vdi
di6u kien
mdi: than, la tuai. Sau 7 ngay da bat dau ra nggn hay
dam chdi mdi. Tien hanh thay nude sdng mdi vao, bat dau qua trinh
xii
ly.
Bat dau
tij
ngay luu nude thu 2, each 2 ngay lai lay
mlu
nude trong cac
thiing khac nhau phan tfch 1 lan, tien hanh lay
man 6
lan (tdng cdng thdi
gian luu nude la
12
ngay).
Giai doan 2: Cac thung duoc ndi vdi nhau thanh 1 he thdng dan
nude theo
so"
do: (Rau mudng)—- (Ngd

-\-
Khoai
nude)—-
(Say). Cac
thi^ing
dugc ndi vdi nhau nhd he thdng dng ndi, dicin dat dng each day
20em.
Cach
2 ngay luu nude lay
mau nude
phan tfch I lan, tien hanh lay
mau
6
lan (Xem Bang 3.2)
Bang 3.2 Thdi gian lay
miu
nude trong hai giai doan
Giai doan 1
(He thdng
rieng re)
Giai doan 2
(He thdng
kei hgp)
Lan 1
"
2 ngay
2 ngay
Lan 2
4 ngay
4 ngay

Lan 3
6 ngay
6 ngay
Lan 4
8 ngay
8 ngay
Lan 5
10
ngay
10
ngay
Lan 6
12 ngay
12
ngay
4.
KET QUA
Vy\
IHAO
ELAN
4.1.
Ket qua thi nghiem chat lugng nude song 16 Ejch
Trudc khi cho nude vao he thdng
xii
ly, chiing tdi lay 3
mau
nude tu vi trf
lay
man
de phan tfch.

(Yic sd
lieu phan tfch dugc dugc
sii
dung nhu* la cac
sd
lieu ddi
ehung
(Bang
3.1)
Bang 3.1. Cac thdng sd boa ly
tu*
mau
ddi chiing
Kei qua
Man 1
Mau 2
Mau 3
pH
S.23
8.17
8.25
COD
(mg/l)
284
278
292
SS
(mg/l)
367
369

374
NO,
(mg/l)
7,52
7,47
7,64
NO,
(mg/l)
6,67
6,67
6,71
Nil,'
(mg/l)
9,85
9,53
9,79
po,-
(mg/1)
2,49
2,52
2,54
20
(*)
5-9
70
50
—
30
—
6

f*i
TCVN 6772 cho nuac
thdi
sinh
hogt-
Gidi han 6 nhiem cho phep
mirc
I
Kei qua phan tfch cac thdng sd tren eho thay,
trii*
pH va
NO^,
cac thdng
sdhda
ly cdn lai deu vugt qua tieu
ehualn
Viet Nam (TCVN) nhieu kin
nhu SS vugt qua TCVN khoang 7 lan, COD vugt khoang 4 lan. Dieu nay
ehung minh rang nude sdng Td Lich dang bi d
nhilm
nang
4.2.
Ket qua
xu
ly (mg/l), va hieu suat
xii
ly
nude
(%)
a

giai doan 1
(he thdng rieng biet).
O giai
dt)an
1 chiing tdi
thii*
nghiem
xii
ly nude thai bang cac he
thdng rieng biet nhu* he thdng ed trdng
cay
rau mudng, he thdng ed trdng
cay
rau ngd va khoai nude, he thdng ed trdng
cay
say
de
danh gia kha
nang xu ly
eiia
lung loai cay.
^fdng
cdng cd 6 lan lay
mlu,
mdi lan each
nhau 2 ngay. Kei qua phan tfch cac thdng sd boa ly, va hieu suat xu ly so
vdi
mau
ddi chiing dugc trinh bay d Bang 4.2
Bang 4.2 Cac thdng

sd
hoa ly
ciia
nude thai trong
dgl
1
Thong
sd
pH
SS
COD
NO.
Loai cay
Muong
Ngo
Say
Muong
Ngo
Say
Muong
Ngo
(mg/l)
Say
(mg/l)
Muong
(mg/l)
Ngo
(mg/l)
Ket qua phan tfch (mg/l)
Lan 1

8,11
8,17
8,08
265
29,1
%
238
36,3%
220
41,1%
190
34,4%
173
40,3%
160
44,8%:
7.00
8.3%
6,87
10%
Lan
2
8,09
8,04
7,98
169
54,8%
154
58,8%
136

63,6%
133
54,1%
124
57,2%
100
65,5%
6,56
14,2%
6,41
16%.
Lan 3
8,03
va hieu suat xu ly (%)
Lan 4
8,02
8.06 8,04
8,00 ' 7,87
87
mg/l
,
60
76,7%
1
83,9%
90
!
57
75,9%
'

84,7%
72
80,7%
112
61,3%
89
69,3%
77
73,4%
6,47
15.1%
6,23
18,3%
47
87,4%
95
67,2%
77
73,4%
68
76,5%
6,22
18,27f
Lan 5
8,02
7,98
7,88
57
84,7%
50

86,6%
45
87,9%
90
68,9%
74
74,4%
65
75,8%
6.10
20,%
6,10
1
5,76
20,1%
24,6%
Lan 6
7,97
7,92
7,86
51
86,3%
48
87,1%
43
90,9%
87
70,0%
70
75,8%

63
78,2%.
6,00
21,%
5,64
26,4%
21
N03
NH,
PO,
Say
(mg/l)
Muong
(mg/l)
Ngo
(mg/l)
Say
(mg/l)
Muong
(mg/l)
Ngo
_img/l)
Say
(mg/l)
Muong
(mg/l)
Ngo
(m^/1)
Say
(mg/l)

6,43
15,8%
6,11
8,94%
6,05
9,83%
5,87
12,5%
9,11
7,5%
8,87
9,31
%
8,36
14,6%
2,12
16,5%
2,09
17,7%.
2.01
20,8%
6,29
17,6%
5,61
^
16,3%
6,00
10,5%
5,23
22%

8,34
15,3%
7.68
22,1%
6,83
30,6%
1,60
37%
1,45
42,2%
1,43
43,7%.
6,21 5,78
18,7%
, 24,3%
5,83
13,1%
5,89
12,2%
4,97
25,9%
7.61
22,7%
6.77
31,2%
5,87
40,4%
1,35
46,8%
1,12

55,9%
0,99
61,0%
5,78
13,8%
5,62
16,2%
4,79
28,6%
7,05
28,4%
6.32
35,8%
5,11
48,1%
1,02
59,8%
0,98
61,4%
0,75
70,4%
5,62
26,4%
5,69
15,2%
5,53
17,5%
4,71
29,8%
6.80

30,9%
6.11
37,9%
4,99
49,3%
1,01
60,2%
0,88
65,3%
0,69
72,8%
5.58
26,9%
5,60
16,5%
5,47
14,4%
4,68
30,2%
6.64
32,5%
5,98
39,2%
4,88
50,4%
0,97
61,8%
0,86
66,1%
0,66

74%
Kei qua phan tfch giai doan 1 eho thay cac thdng sd
ciia nude
thai
deu giam theo thdi gian luu nude chiing td cac loai thue vat da
the
hien
vai trd trong viec
xii*
ly nude
thai.
Cd
the
thay rd cac thdng sd giam manh
nhat la: SS
(86-W7f),
COD (70-78%),
PO,^(61-74%)
eac thdng sd
NO/,
NH/giamdang
ke':
NO,
(16-30%),
NH,(32-50%).
Dieu nay
ehung
td la thuc vat thuy sinh cd vai trd quan trgng trong
qua trinh
xii

ly nu'dc thai. He thdng re va than
cay
la nai ed
the
loai bd can
la
lirng
nhd ea che bam dfnh va
lire hiit
vat ly, COD va
NH/
dugc loai bd
nhd mot phan
\'ao sir
loai bd can la
liing
va mot phan nhd
sir
phan huy
hieu va ky khf cua vi khuan bam tren
vi.
than
ciia
thue vat thuy sinh.
POf^'
duoc loai bd nhd qua trinh lang dgng va tao thanh
phiic
kei
tiia
vdi cac

thanh phan hoa hoc khac cd d trong Idp loc. Ngoai ra
POy^
va
NO,
cung
duae thue vat hap thu trong qua trinh dinh dirdng cua minh. Ly do
NO,
giam ft la vi
chira
c6 cac
di6u
kien day du cho qua trinh phan nitrat xay ra
(nhu dieu kien thieu d xy va cd du ngudn cac bon).
Trong tai ca cac thdng sd
xti
ly
cay
say cho kei qua tdt nhai, kei qua
xii
ly deu hon cac loai khac 10-20%. cay rau mudng cho kei qua
xii
ly
thap nhai. Lv do cd
the
bg vi cua rau mudng khdng
Idn
va cay rau moc
22
ndi.
Nhu vay phan

cay
dugc tiep
xiie
vdi nude khdng
nh\iu
kha nang loai
bd eac chat gay d
nbi^m
khdng cao (dac
biet
la vdi can la lung va COD)
4.3 Ket qua
xu
ly va hieu suat
xii
ly
nude
d giai doan 2 (He thdng
dugc ket ndi).
Trong thf nghiem nay chiing tdi cho nu'dc thai chay qua ea 3 he thdng
de
danh gia hieu
iiua xiV
ly kei hgp cua cac loai thuc
\'at
thuy sinh. Kei qua
xii
ly va hieu
qiui
xu ly so vdi

mau
ddi chiing dugc trinh bay d Bang 4.3.
Bang 4.3 Cac thdng sd hoa ly
eiia
dgt 2
So lan
Lan 1
Lan 2
Lan 3
Lan
4
Lan 5
Lan 6
(*)
pH
8,21
8,11
7,82
7,82
7,82
7,81
5-9
COD
(mg/l)
151
47,9%
80
72,4%
61
78,9%

57
80,9%.
55
82,3%
54
82,9%>
70
TSS
(mg/l)
176
52,9%.
89
76.2%
50
86.6%
44
87.9%
40
89,3%
37
89.7%
50
NO,
(mB/1)
6,35
16,8%.
5,65
26%
5.26
31,1%

5.01
32,8%
4,95
33,8%
4,83
33.1%
-
NO,
(mg/l)
5.41
19,3%
4,62
31,1%
4,05
39,6%
3.86
42,4%
3.80
43,3%
^
3,76
44%.
30
NH/
(mg/l)
8,00
18,7
6,02
38,8%
4,78

51,7%
4,51
54,2%
4,34
55,9%
4,01
56,3%
-
PO4'
(mg/l)
1.84
27,5
1.13
55,5%
0.54
78,7%
0.46
81,8%
0,43
83,0%
0,42
84,1
%
6
Kei qua
xii
ly giai doan 2 tiep tue cho kei qua tdt, cac thdng sd d
nhilm
giam nhanh, cac thdng sd dat hieu suat
xii*

ly cao nhai van la: COD
(80,3%),
SS (89% ), PO,(83% ). Viec kei hgp cac
loai
thuc vat thuy
sinh
de
xu* ly
nude
thai phan anh tinh hinh thiic te cua cac he thdng
xii ly
bang
bien phap sinh hoc.
1\iy
hieu qua
xii
ly
ciia
tung loai cay ed khac nhau,
nhirng mdi loai
cay
lai co kha nang
xii
ly eac chai d
nhidm
khac nhau (thf
du, cay rau muong co kha nang hap thu kim loai nang nhu thuy ngan,
asen cao), nen he thdng ket hgp
vAn
la he thdng tdi

irii.
Hinh 4.1: 4.2; 4.3 so sanh rd hieu qua xu ly cua
tiding
loai thuc vat
thuv sinh ddi
vdi
cac chai gay d
nhiim
tieu bieu nhu COD,
NII4
PO/
23
1
'300
250
200
150
100
50
0
COD
'tN^
i
1 2
1 —•— muong
NJ^IT^ ^
——,—:——^
'
3 4 5
ng^

—*—sa\'
•—
6
—•—
ke
—•
A
7
hap
i
ngay
8
1
linh
4.1.
Bieu do ve su bien ddi COD
eiia
cac ddi tugng nghien cuu theo
thdi gian
Hinh 4.2. Bieu do bieu dien
sir
bien ddi
NII4 eiia
eac ddi tugng nghien
cuu theo thdi
jiian
>—
Muonu
Nuo
Sa\

Kcl
hop
Hinh 4.3. Bieu do ve
sir
bien ddi
PO4 eiia
cac ddi tugng nghien
eiiii
theo
thdi gian
Tii*
bang bieu va bieu dd cho thay hieu qua
xu*
ly nude bang thuc vat
a rai kha quan, rd rang viec ket hgp trdng 3 loai ca)' theo
ihii
tu mudng.
24
ngd, say cho kei qua
xii
ly tdt
hcTn
so vdi viec trdng rieng re eac loai cay
the hien bang vice eac thdng sd xu ly diu ed kei qua thap nhai.
Tren dudng bieu dd, mdi
diem niit
the hien mot lan lay
mau
tuang
ling vdi thdi gian luu nude 2 ngay, 4 ngay,

6
ngay Tii*
bieu dd ed the
thay eac tdc do giam eac thdng sd chain dan vdi tang thdi gian km nude.
Tu ngay
thii*
2 den ngay
thii'
6
cac thdng sd giam nhanh, qua ngay
thii*
8
tdc do giam chain hon rd rang. Dd la do tdi ngay
thii
8 nude thai da dugc
xu ly gan triet de, ndng do cac chai huu ca cung cap cho boat ddng eua
thue vat va vi sinh vat cdn lai trong nude nhd nen tdc do
xii*
ly nude thai
giam.
So sanh vdi
''
TCVN
6772
eho nude thai sinh boat- Gidi ban d
nhiem cho phep
mire 1 ^\
cac thdng sd
xii"
ly d ngay

liai
nude
thii
8 da thap
ban tieu
chuain
xa thai cho phep. Xet ca vi van de kinh te va mdi trudng
eho thay thdi gian luu nude trong 8 ngay la hgp ly nhai.
4 4.
Ket qua phan lap vi sinh vat.
Vi sinh
\
at dugc phan lap tu re
cay
trong he thdng dai ngap
nude.
Qua trinh phan lap dugc tien hanh vao ngay luu nude thu 8 la
thdi gian
lull nude hgp ly nhai. Kei qua
the
hien trong bang 4.4
Bang 4.4 Kei qua phan lap vi khuan
tii*
re cay.
Rau Muong
Ngd,
khoai
nu'oc
Say
Vi

khuain
42.10'
64.10'
160.10'
Xa khuain
14.
10'
12.
10'
34.
10'
Nam tnoc
6.
10-*
8. 10'
20.10'
Kei qua phan
Lip
\i sinh vat cho thay sd lugng vi khuan chiem da
sd, sd Inane xa
khufin
va nam mdc ft ban rat
nhiSu.
Trong ba loai thuc vat
xii'
ly nude
thai,
sd lugng vi sinh vat tren re say
nhiiu
ban so vdi rau ngd

va rau mudng. Ly do la cau tao vi
ciia
cay say la re chum, cd nhieu cac sgi
rd nhd nen ty le dien tfch tren the' tfch la cao ban bd rd cua cac loai
cay
cdn lai. Do dd sd
luc^ng \'i
khuan bam dfnh tren mot don vi trgng lugng (g)
la
nhidu
ho'n.
Dieu
nay
phii
hgp \'di kei qua phan tfch cac thdng sd nude
25
sau khi
xii
ly d 3 loai thue vat, eho thay kha nang xu ly nude thai
eiia
say
la tdt nhat.
4.5 Nudi cay va
thu
do phan
hiiy
cac chat huu ca
ciia
vi sinh vat
a.

Nudi cdy vi khuan phdn gidi tinh
bot,
xenllulo,
lipit
Gidng vi khuan ban dau dirge lay tai phdng Tao va Cdng nghe Mdi
trudng thuge
1
rung tam Cdng nghe Sinh Hoe - Dai hoc Qude Gia Ha
Noi.
Cd
15
mau va dugc danh dau tu 1-15, yeu
eSu
la ebon mot loai vi
khuan tdt nhat. Mdi trudng nudi
e^y
ed cdng thiic sau:
KH2PO4
().5g;
K2HPO4
0,5g:
MgSOa
0-2g:
(NH4)S04
0.2g:
thach 20g; tat ea eho vao 1 lit nude va dun sdi eho thach tan ra Sau khi
dun sdi eho vao eac dng nghiem. sau dd
mana
khu
trinm

mdi
trudns
d
121V
va ap suat la
0,15
Mpa. Cac
\i
khuan sau khi
cky
dirge danh dau tu
1 - 15. De ehiing trong
tii
am
33^*C
sau
3-4
nga)'
kiem tra. Tat ea deu
mge rat manh \a duoc luu
aiir
thu boat tinh tren mdi
trudno
cd thach
\a
khdng ed thach.
De
thii"
boat tinh tren mdi trudng thach thi cung mdi trudng dd dugc
dun sdi va dd \ao 15 hop petri da khu trung. De ngudi eho mdi trudng

dong lai va
kboel
mot
Id
trdn o giira
(0.9em)
de
ea)
mot gigt nuac da khu
triing
va them
\
i khuan vao. lan
lugt
lam \'di nhung \i khuan khac va dgi
sau 4-
10
ngay se xac dinh dirge
\
dng trdn
en/im
manh hay yeu d tung vi
khuan. Ket qua thu* kha nang phan giai tinh bdt. xenllulo,
hemixenllulo
.cua \
i khuan sau
10 nga)
dirge the hien trong bang 4.5
Bang 4.5 Kei qua thu kha nang phan hu) tinh bgt, xenllulo,
hemixenllulo ciia

vi khuan tren dTa Petri
Ccie ehiing
vi khuan
1
2
->
4
Kha nang
phan huy cua
\i
khuan
1
ed
-t
f-
khdng
_ ^—
kieh thudc (dudng kinh- em))
eiia
\
dna
phan huv theo
thii
tu
nea\
n
J
2.5
2.8
6

3.8
4.0
8
4.5
_ -
4.5
10
4.6
4,8
12
4.6
4.8
26