Tính toán phát thải và lắng ướt axit áp dụng cho vùng miền Bắc Việt Nam

MUC
LUC
CHl/ONG 1
TONG QUAN CAC
VAN OE
VE
PHAT
THAI
VA
LANG AXIT
1.1.
Khai quat thanh phan
hoa hoc
khong
khi
5
1.2. Tien chat
6
nhiem
gay
axit
nude mud
9
1.2.1.
Nguon phat thai
9
1.2.2.
Quy
Udc Quoctevetien
chat gay axit
nt/dc mi/a

[1] 12
1.2.3.
Chu trinh chuyen hoa nita va
iifu
huynh trong tang
doi luu 12
1.3.
Su
hinh thanh thanh phan
hoa hoc
nude mua
18
1.3.1.
Chuyen hoa hoa hoc tang doi iifu
[11
]
18
1.3.2.
Van chuyen cac chat
6 nhiSm
trong tang doi
Iifu
21
1.3.3.
Ldngudt.
22
1.3.4.
L^ngkho
24
1.3.5.

Thanh
phan
hoahoccCia nude mi/a
[4] 26
1.4.
Ketluan
32
CHUONG
2
PHl/ONG
PHAP TINH TOAN PHAT THAI
VA
LANG
LTCJT
AXIT
2.1.
PhiTdng
phap
tinh
toan phat thai
34
2.1.1.
Tinh
toan
li/ang
phat thai theo
phifOng
phap
tn/c
tiep

34
2.1.2.
Tinh
toan
luang
phat thai theo
phtrang
phap gian tiep
35
2.2.
PhUdng
phap
tinh
toan
ling irdt
39
2.2.1.
Phi/ang
phap phan tich mau
nude mUa
40
2.2.2.
Quan trac va tinh toan thong
/ce
tong
luang
mua thang,
nam
tai
tram quan

trie
42
2.2.3.
Tinh toan tai
iugng
ion
tUiSng udt
43
CHUONG
3
KET
QUA
TINH
PHAT
THAI
VA
LANG AXIT CHO MIEN BAC VIET NAM
NAM 2001
(TLT NINH BINH
TR6
RA)
3.1.
Tinh hinh
so
lieu
49
3.1.1.
Phat
thai
49

3.1.2.
L^ngudtaxit
62
3.2.
Ket qua
tinh toan
nam
2001
73
3.2.1.
Phat
thai
73
3.2.2.
L^ngion
73
CHUONG
4
BAN LUAN
- KET
LUAN
DANH MUC HINH
l-iinh
1.1 Chu trinh chuyen hoa cac hap
chatchUa
Nita 14
l-iinh
1.2 Chu trinh chuyen hoa cac hap chat Luu huynh trong
l<hdng l<hi
16

Hinh 1.3 Sa do he thong cac qua
thnh
tu lam sach
i<hi
quyen bang
nude
mua 24
l-iinh
1.4 Cac
l<ieu f<hae
nhau trong
l§ng l<hd
(cac chat
l<hi
va hat) 26
l-iinh
3.1
Sa do tinh toan luang phat thai khi
SO2
va
NO,
50
Hinh 3. 2 Sa do vi tri tram 64
Hinh 3.3 Sa do tinh toan tai luang
ling
ion trong khu vuc Bic
Bg
72
DANH MUC
BANG

•
Bang 1.1 Nong do cua chat vet trong khong khi kho gan mat dat 5
Bang 1.2 Tac hai cua eac chat vet gay
6
nhiem moi trudng khong khi 6
Bang
1.3
Phan
loai
cac chat thai theo tinh chat vat
ly
va ban chat hoa hoc 7
Bang
1.4
Phan loai cac chat thai theo loai cong nghe eo phat thai khi 8
Bang 1.5
NhUng
chat thai dac trung cua mot so nganh cong nghiep 11
Bang 1.6 Nong do mot so hap chat Nita trong khong khi 12
Bang 1.7 Phat thai
SO2
do hoat dong
eCta
con ngudi tren the gidi 15
Bang 1.8 Nguon
goe
phat thai tao thanh phan hoa hoe khong khi
17
Bang .1.9 Cac chat hoa hoc eo anh hudng den do axit
nude

mua 26
Bang 2.1 Cac phuang phap phan tich (thiet bi va tieu chuan ap dung) 41
Bang 2.2 Tieu chuan cho
^1
45
Bang 2.3 Tieu chuan cho
^2
47
Bang
3.1
Luang than cung cap cho cac nganh cong nghiep mien Bic Viet Nam 51
Bang 3.2 He so phat thai
tCf
cac nganh cong nghiep 52
Bang 3.3 Khoi
luang
hang hoa va khoi luang hanh khach luan chuyen cua
van tai mien Bic 55
Bang
3.4
Dinh
mCfc
tieu hao nhien lieu cho moi km dudng tren dia ban 56
Bang 3.5 He so phat thai
tCfgiao
thong 58
Bang 3.6
Tinh
hinh san
xuatkinh

doanh
cOa TCTthan
Viet Nam 2001 61
Bang
3.7
He so phat thai
tCr
cac Id dot
thd
cong 61
Bang
3.8
Vi tri cac tram quan trac mua axit a Bic bg Viet Nam 63
Bang
3.9
Dac trung mua tai cac tram quan
trie
66
Bang 3.10
MCfc
sal khae
giCfa
luang mua theo vu ke va luang mua thu mau 68
Bang 3.11 Danh gia chat luang thu gom mau 69
Bang 3.12 So luang mau phan tich
dat
tieu chuan 70
Bang 3.13
T^
le

so lieu miu phan tich
dat
tieu chuan (%) 71
Bang 3.14 Luang thai
tU
eac nganh cong nghiep nam 2001 74
Bang 3.15 Luang thai
tUgiao
thong va sinh hoat nam 2001 74
Bang 3.16 Luang thai
tCf
cac nguon thai nam 2001 75
Bang
3.17
Nong do trung binh ion SO/' va NO; trung binh mua tai cac
tram quan trie 76
Bang 3.18 Tong luang mua theo mua
cQa cac
tram quan trie nam 2001 77
Bang 3.19 Tai luang ion SO/' va
NO3
tai cac tram nam 2001 78
Bang 3.20 Tai luang quy ra S va
NtCfiing Udt
trong toan vung nam 2001 79
Bang
4.1
Tai
luang
phat thai va ling udt Luu huynh va Nita nam 2001

mien Bic Viet Nam 83
CHUT VIET
TAT
WHO
US.EPA
nss
KTTV
TOT
OBSH
World Health Organization
U.S Environmental Protection Agency
non -
seasalt
Khi
tuang
Thu^
van
Tong cong ty
Dong bang song Hong
DAI HOC QUOC GIA -
VI$N
Cd
HQC
TRUNG TAM HOP
TAC
DAO
TAO VA
B6|
DUONG CO HOC
MSDAU

Dat van
de
Vice thue hien
cac
muc tieu phat trien
da va
dang
tac
ddng
den
toan
bo
thien nhien
va moi
trucmg
cua
hanh tinh
chiing
ta.
Phat
trie'n v6
mat nao do
con dong
nghia vdi
lam
can kiet
tai
nguyen thien nhien
va
giam

siit
chat luang
moi
truong
song,
de doa
true tiep den sue khoe eon
ngucri
va he
sinh thai.
Ngay nay,
bao ve moi
truong khoi
bi 6
nhi6m
la mot
nhiem
vu eo tam
quan trong
dac
biet
va la m6'i
quan
t^m
hang
dau
khong
chi cua mot dia
phuang,
mot

quoc
gia hay mot khu vuc ma la cua ea
cong dong
the
giai.
Bao
ve moi truong
la
mot van
de
mang
tinh
toan eau.
Do phat trien kinh
t6'
ma
hang ngay
eon
nguod
da
thai
vao bau
khi
quyen mot luang
khi
thai,
bui
thai
v6
cung

Ian
va
eung
ehinh
con
nguai dang
phai
hiing
chiu
hau qua do
6 nhilm
moi
trucmg ngay
mot gia
tang.
O
nhilm
moi truong
da gay ra hau qua het
sire
nang
ne:
hien tuang hang tram nguai
ehet
a
thung
lung
Manse
(Bi) nam
1930, hoae

a Niu -
Yooe
6
nhidm
khong
khi lam
ehet 200
ngucri
nam
1953
va
400 ngucri
nam
1963.
Vu ro ri
khi
MIC
cua Lien hiep
san
xuat
phto
bon Bhopal (An
D6)
da
lam khoang
2
trieu
nguoi
bi nhiem doe, trong
do lam

5000 nguai ehet
va han
50.000
nguod
bi
nhidm
doc nang [1].
O
nuac
ta,
tham hoa do
6
nhiem
moi
truong chua
xay ra,
nhung
thuc
te
hoat dong cong nghiep
tap
trung
da gay 6
nhidm
moi
truong khong
khi,
nude
cac khu vuc xung quanh.
Nhung

nam gan day the
giai dang phai
doi mat vai
nhung
van de moi
truong mang
tinh
toan
eau
nhu.'hien tuang trai
dat
nong
len,
suy
giam
tSng
ozon,
mua
axit.
Mua
axit
da tan pha
riimg,
buy
hoai
eac
cong
trinh
xay
dung

Lu^n
van
Th^c
sy
Tinh
toan phat thai
va
iang Udt axit - Ap
dung ciio
vung
mien
Bic
Viet Nam
DAI HOC QUOC GIA -
VI|N
CO HQC
TRUNG TAM HOP
TAC
DAO
TAO VA B(5l
Dl/ONG
CO HOC
va lam axit hoa cac nguon
nude
mat. Th6ng qua eac hoat dong c6ng, nong
nghiep,
eon
ngucri
thai vao bau khong
khi

ngay eang
nhidu
tien chat gay mua
axit. Cac chat
khi
doe hai nay da
v^n
chuyen trong khong
khi
nha hoan luu
khi
quyen da
Ian truydn tijf
vung nay sang vung khae,
tiT
nude nay sang nude
khac.
Thuc te cho
th^'y,
khdng chi
nhung nude phat
trid'n,
noi
ngay dem thai ra
mot luang
khi
thai rat
Idn
chiu hau qua cua mua axit ma rat
nhidu

nude dang
phat trien cd
lugng
phat thai
thSp nhirng
cung phai chiu tham canh nay.
Di6u
dd cd
nghia vKn
de mua axit khong eon trong khuon kho cua mot quoc gia ma
no da mang
tinh qude
te.
Viet Nam la mot
nude
dang phat trien, cac hoat dong c6ng nong nghiep
va giao thong chua phat trien, nhung ket qua phan
tich
thanh phan hoa hoe
nude
mua cho thay da xuat hien dau hieu cua mua axit. Viec xac dinh nguyen
nhan hmh thanh mua axit d Viet Nam thuc su la van de m6i trudng duac eac
nha nghien euu cung nhu cac nha quan ly moi trudng quan tam. Van
di
dat ra
la: Nguyen nhan nao din den hien tuang mua axit d mien
B^e
Viet Nam? Phat
thai tu: eac hoat dong phat trien kinh te trong khu vuc mien
Bic

dong gdp bao
nhieu trong tong
lugng Idng
axit d khu vuc nay?
*
De gdp phan lam sang to cac eau hoi tren, luan van tap trung vao
nghien euu
tinh
toan luang phat thai d khu vuc
mi6n Bic
Viet Nam tren eo sd
phto tich
cac hoat dong dan sinh kinh te va
tinh
toan luang
Iang
udt axit thong
qua
nhiJng
sd lieu do dac, phan
tich
thanh
phSn
hoa hoc
nude
mua d eac tram
quan trie nude mua trong khu vuc.
Viec
tinh
toan du bao mua axit hien dang la mot bai toan mo phdng kha

phue tap cua cac nha nghien
ciiu
moi trudng bdi viec
tinh
toan luang phat thai
lit cac nguon thai eu the la het
siic
khd khan,
hon niia
pham vi anh hudng
ciia
mua axit kha rong, khong trong pham vi mot vung hay mot qudc gia.
Vi
v£iy,
viec su dung quy
luat
can bang vat chat trong tong the de xac dinh kha nang
i.M<3/i
uan Th^a
sy
Tinii
toan
piiat tiiai
va
iang
ifdt
axit - Ap
dung ciio vung mien
Bac
Viet Nam

DAI HOC QUOC GIA -
VI$N
CO HOC
TRUNG
TAM
HOP
TAC
OAO
TAO VA
B6|
DLfONG CO HOC
va thuc trang eua mua axit trong mot khu vuc nhat dinh la mot phuang phap
con tho nhung cd
th6'
dua ra mot sd ket
lu^n huxi leh
trong nghien euu
v6
mua
axit.
Noi dung
chinh
ciia
lu^n
van la
mdt phin
trong
dl
tai nghien
cuxi

doc
lap cap Nha nude
''Nghien
cihi,
ddnh gia
fiien
trang
dubdo
xu the dien Men
vd de xuat cdc gidi phdp
Iciem
sodt mua axit a mien Bdc Viet Nam - giai
doqn
r.
Tac gia da true tiep thuc hien noi dung nay dudi su hudng
dSn
cua
chu nhiem dd tai -Tien
si Nguydn
Hong Khanh (Dd tai da
dugc
nghiem thu
thang 5 nam 2003 vdi ket qua xuat sic).
PhUdng
phap nghien
curu
De hoan thanh cac noi dung cac luan van cac phuong phap sau da duge
ap dung:
- Lua chon phuang phap
tinh

toan phu hop: tren eo sd xem xet mot sd
cac phuang phap
tinh
toan qua
trinh
phat thai dang ap dung d cac
nude de lua chon phuang phap phu hgp vdi dieu kien Viet Nam,
Lugng phat thai duge
tinh
toan tren ea sd phan
tich
cac sd lieu thong
ke ciia cac nganh kinh te".
- Phuang phap phan
tich
thong ke: phuang phap duge lua chon de
danh gia
tinh
hgp ly cua cac ket qua phan
tich
thanh phan hoa hoc
nude mua lam eo sd cho vide
tinh
toan lugng
Iang
udt axit.
- Su dung quy
lucit
bao toan vat
ch^'t

trong
t6ng
the: phuang phap dugc
su dung de
tinh
toan qua trinh chuyen hoa eac chat trong
khi
quyen
va
tinh
toan tai lugng chat mang den va mang di. NhiJng ket qua thu
duge la eo sd de danh gia
miic
do ddng gdp eua qua trinh phat thai
trong khu vuc va qua trinh ling axit trong khu vuc.
LtA^n van Tix^c
sy
Tinh
toan phat thai
va idng
ifdt axit
- Ap dung cho vung mien Bac
Viet Nam
DAI HOC
QUdc
GIA -
Vlf
N CO HOC
TRUNG TAM HOP
TAC

DAO
TAO VA
B6|
DUONG CO HOC
Cau
true
cua luan van
Noi dung cua luan van duge trinh bay trong 4 chuang:
Chuomg
1: Tong quan vd cac van de ve phat thai va ling udt axit.
Chuang nay trinh bay khai quat ve thanh phan hoa hoc cua khong
khi,
cac tien
chat 6 nhidm gay axit hoa nude mua, cac eo che' van chuyen va chu trinh
ehuyd'n
hoa hoa hoc cac chat
g^y
axit hoa nude mua trong
ting
doi luu va
thanh phan hoa hoe eua
nude
mua.
Chuomg 2: Cac phuang phap
tinh
toan phat thai va ling udt axit.
Chuang nay
trinh
bay cac phuang phap gian tiep va true tiep duge ap dung
rong rai tren

the"
gidi hien nay. Dd la cac phuang phap cua WHO, USEPA,
Nga.
Chuang 3: Ket qua
tinh
toan phat thai va ling axit cho khu vuc midn
Bic Viet Nam (nam 2001).
Chuomg 4: Ket luan.
l-u^t^
vay\
Tfi^c
sy
Tinh
toan phat thai
va
iang Udt axit - Ap
dung
cho
vung mien
Bac
Viet Nam
DAI HOC QUdc GIA -
VI$N
CO HOC
TRUNG TAM HOP
TAC
OAO
TAO VA
B(3l Dt/ONG
CO HOC

^
CHl/ONG
1
TONG QUAN CAC VAN DE VE PHAT THAI
VA LANG AXIT
1.1.
KHAI
QUAT THANH PHAN HOA HOC KHONG KHI
Khong
khi khi
quyen la mot
hdn
hgp gdm nhieu
eh£t khi
khae nhau.
Khong
khi
kho d khoang
each mdt
vai km
each
mat dat
chiia
eac thanh phin
chinh
sau: Nito: 78,080%, Oxy: 20,950%, Argon: 0,934%, Cacbon dioxyt:
0,035%,
va mot sd chat khae
chid'm
ty

le
rat nhd (eon ggi la thanh phan vet
eiia khi quydn)
[13]. Khong
khi khi
quyen con cd the
chiia
tu 0,1 den 5%
(tinh
theo the
tich)
hai nude. Cac thanh phan vet eua
khi
quyen la hgp chat
chua 5 nguyen to eo ban cua tu nhidn bao gdm: C, S, N, H va oxy. Cac hgp
chat vet nay cd thdi gian ton luu
tijr mdt
vai nam, mot vai ngay hoae mot vai
gid. Nong do eua
chiing
phu thuoc rat
Idn
vao qua trinh chuyen hoa cua
chiing
trong khong
khi.
Bang 1.1 trinh bay ndng do mot sd chat vet trong khong khi
kho gan mat dat.
Bang 1.1 Nong do cua chat vet trong khong
khi

kho gan mat dat
Chat
khi
CH4
CO
N.O
„_
_
% thd
tich
1,4.
10-'
1,2. 10-5
3.
10-'
Nguon phat thai
Sinh hoc
Hoat dong ciia con ngudi
Sinh hoc
Qua trinh lam sach
khoi khong
khi
Quang hoa
nt
nt
J^upi^
van
"Vixftc
sy
Tinh

toan phat thai
va
iing Udt axit - Ap
dung
cho
vung mien
Bac
Viet Nam
DAI HOC
QUOC
GIA -
VI^N
CO HQC
TRUNG TAM HOP
TAC
OAO
TAO VA
B(5l
DUONG CO HOC
Cha't khi
NO,
HNO3
NH3
CS2
ocs
so.
% the
tich
10'°-
10"^

10-^- 10'
10-'
-
10-'
10-^-
lo-^
10-^
2.10'
Ngudn
phat thai
Do
s^'m
set, hoae cac hoat
ddng eua con ngudi
Quang hoa
Sinh hoc
Hoat dgng cua eon ngudi
nt
Hoat dgng cua con ngudi,
quang hoa,
niii liia
Qua trinh lam sach
khdi khong
khi
nt
Rua troi theo mua
nt
Quang hoa
nt
nt

Nguon:
Stanley E.
Manahan,
Fundamental of Environmental Chemistry, Lewis
Puhlisheers,1993
Gia tang nong do cac
eha't
vet se gay
5
nhiem mo trudng khong
khi,
tac
hai eua
sir
tang ndng do cac
ch£t vd't
da dugc tong ket nhu d bang
1.2.
Bang 1.2 Tac hai cua cac chat vet gay 6 nhiSm moi trudng khong khi
l^u^n
van
ZTipc
sy
Tinh
toan phat thai
va
iang udt axit - Ap
dung
cho
vung mien

Bac
Viet Nam
AHSK
Cdc
chat khi
SO2
NO,
NjO
CO
CO2
CFCs
O3
HC
T,G
T,G
T
T
G
HHVC
T,G
T,G
T
G
AHST
T
T,G
T
G
AXNM
T,G

T,G
G
AHOZ
T
G
G
G
AHKH
G
G
T
G
T
T
T
G
£>AI
HOC
QUOC
GIA -
VIEN
CO HOC
TRUNG
TAM HOP
TAC
DAO
TAO VA
B(5l
DLTONG
CO

HOC
7
AHSK
Cdc
chd't
hat
Hat aerosol
HatN03vaS04
Bo hong /muoi
Kim loai nang
T
T
T
Chat phdng
xq
Nuclit phong xa T
HHVC
T
AHST
G
G
AXNM
T
AHOZ AHKH
T
Nguon: World Health Organization. Tropospheric Chemistry and air pollution. Geneva,
1982.
Ghi chu.
T-
true

tiep; G- gian tiep
AHSK : anh
hicdng
den
sUc
khoe;
AHST
:
anh huong den sinh thdi;
AHOZ : anh
huong
den tang
3
zon,
HHVC : huy hoai vat chat;
AXNM
:
gay axit hoa nuac mUa;
AHKH : anh hudng den
khi
hau;
Cd hai loai ngudn gay
6
nhidm khong
khi ehinh
la ngudn
6
nhidm thien
nhien va ngudn
6

nhiem do eon ngUdi. Ngudn do eon ngudi ngay eang trd nen
tac nhan ehinh gay
6
nhidm moi trudng khong
khi.
Cac chat
6
nhidm khong
khi
chu yeu la
nhutig
hgp chat cua C, S, N, H,
O,
dd la
SO.,
NO,,
O3,
C,H^,
cac chat hat
v.v.
Tuy
thuge
vao ban chat
ciia tirng
cong nghe dugc su dung,
chat lugng
thid't
bi, nguydn nhien lieu su dung ma eac
chft
thai dugc san sinh

va that thoat bay vao khong
khi
nhieu hay
it.
De phue vu cac mue
dich
nghidn
ciJu
ma cac nha nghien
cuxi
moi
trudng thudng phan loai cac
cha't
thai theo cac quan diem de phu hgp vdi cac
nghidn euu hoae eac cong nghe phat thai. Bang 1.3 dudi day trinh bay
ph^
loai cac chat thai theo quan diem
vat
ly va hoa hoc.
l.u^n
vdn
Th^c:
sy
Tinh
toan phat thai
va
iing
ifdt
axit
-

Ap
dung
cho
vung mien
Bac
Viet Nam
DAI HOC QUOC GIA -
VI$N
CO HQC
TRUNG TAM
HOP
TAC
DAO
TAO VA
B6|
DUONG
CO
HOC
8
Bang 1.3 Phan loai cac chat thai theo tinh chat vat ly va ban chat hoa hoc
Cac
cha't
hat
Bui
Tro
Khdi
Bd hdng
Hat suong
Mu, hoi kim loai
Cac hat aeroson (son

khi)
Cac gigt
Cac chat
khi
Cac chat
khi
Cac chat hoi
Nguon: World Health Organization. Tropospheric Chemistry and air pollution. Geneva,
1982.
Bang 1.4 dudi day trinh bay phan loai cac chat thai theo cac cong nghe
san xuat cd phat thai
khi.
Bang 1A Phan loai cac chat thai theo loai cong nghe cd phat thai khi
Loai ngudn
Cong
nghiep sinh
bui
Phan hang
Nghien, dap sang
Cong Dot nhidn lieu,
khi
nghiep dot
chay
Cdng
nghiep san
xuat
Hoat ddng
ndng
nghiep
Dung moi

thai giao thong van
tai,
dot
phe'thai
Luydn kim
Hoa
ch&
Phun nong dugc
Dot nuong ray
Phun son, muc,
dung moi lam sach
Vidu
San xuat da xay
dung, xay dung, sua
chua nha
ctra
v.v.
Nha may nhidt dien
A,
Oto cac loai, xe may
Luydn kim den,
mau.
hoa dau giay, phan
bdn, xi mang
Thudc nong dugc
Che tao 6t6, noi
that.
cac tac nhan lam sach
Cac chat thai
Cac hgp chat huu co

va v6 CO
SO.,
NO,,
CO, khdi,
tro,
hoi
hiixi
co, hat
oxy kim loai
Hoi kim loai (Pb,
As,Zn),
F,
SO,,
H.S,
hod huu
CO,
bui
Phot phat huu
co.
Hgp chat huu co co
clo,
As, Pb,
khdi.
tro,
bd hdng
Hydrocacbon va hoi
hiiu
CO
Nguon: World Health Organization. Tropospheric Chemistry and air pollution. Geneva,
1982.

J^u^n
van
TTip^
sy
Tinh
toan phat thai
va
iing
ifdt
axit - Ap
dung cho vung mien Bac
Viet Nam
DAI HOC QUOC GIA -
VI$N
CO HOC
TRUNG TAM HOP
TAC
OAO
TAO VA
B6|
DUONG CO HOC
1.2. TIEN CHAT
6
NHIEM GAY AXIT
NlTdC
Ml/A
1,2,1, NGUON PHATTHAI
1.2.1.1.
Nguon thai
tir

nhien
Su
tao
thanh
cac
chat
6
nhidm trong
tu
nhidn
rat
phiic
tap va da
dang.
Chiing
cd
the dugc tao thanh do qua trinh phong hoa
dat
da, phan huy cac chat
huu CO,
cac
chat
da cd san
trong
tu
nhidn (bui),
cac san
pham
do
hoat dgng

ciia
niii
lua hoae cac chat phdng
xa tu
nhidn.
Cd nhieu
eo
che' dgng
lire
dd'
dua cac
chat
6
nhidm
vao moi
trudng
khong
khi
nhu cac qua
trinh khuydch
tan va doi luu. Cac
ch^'t
hat
dugc
dua
vao moi trudng khong
khi
do
chuyen dgng
gid

hoae
trong
qua
trinh phun trao
eiia niii
lua.
Phan
Idn
cac
chat
d
nhidm
cd
ngudn
gdc tu
nhidn
deu anh
hudng
den
moi trudng xung quanh,
tuy
nhidn pham
vi anh
hudng
cua
chiing thudng
khong
Idn
vi do
cao phat thai cua chiing thudng thap, ngoai trii hoat dgng

cua
niii
lua. Cac
san
phim
cua
niii
lua
van chuyen kha
xa,
trong nhieu trudng
hgp
chiing
cd the
vugt
xa
hang ngan km.
1.2.1.2. Nguon thai nhan
tao
Trong
qua
trinh
hoat dgng
va
phat trien,
con
ngudi
da
thai
vao moi

trudng
ndi
chung
va bau
khi
quyen
ndi
rieng hang tram loai chat thai khac
nhau
vdi sd
lugng
rat
Idn.
Tdc do
phat thai
cac
chat
6
nhidm
nay
ngay eang
tang. Cung
vdi su gia
tang
dan sd va
hoat dgng cong, ndng nghiep,
tdc do dd
dugc
quy
dinh

bdi su
phat trien
dan sd va nhu cau
trung binh
cho mot ea
the'.
Theo
tinh
toan ciia cac
nha
mdi trudng hang nam
khi
quyen tiep nhan khoang
200.10^
tan luu
huynh
tu
cac ngudn thai, trong
dd hon
90%
do dot
nhien lieu
hoa thach (than, dau).
[2]
J-u^n
van
TTiiftc:
sy
Tinh
toan phat thai

va
iang
Uift
axit - Ap
dung cho vung mien Bac
Viet Nam
DAI HOC
QUdC
GIA -
VlfN
CO HOC
i
Q
TRUNG
TAM
HOP
TAC
DAO
TAO VA
B(5l
Dl/ONG CO HOC
- Cac nguon phat thai
g^y
6
nhidm
mdi
trudng
khdng khi
dugc chia thanh
bdn nhdm chinh ngudn thai sinh hoat, ngudn thai nong nghiep, ngudn thai

cong nghiep
va
ngudn thai giao thong. Loai chat thai, cudng
do
thai
va
tinh
chat thai ciia cac nhdm ngudn tren
r^'t
khac nhau.
Nguon
tftdi sinit fioqt
Chat
d
nhidm duge
tao ra
tir
nguon thai sinh hoat
chu yd'u do qua
trinh
phan
huy cac
chat thai sinh hoat
nhu
phan,
rac.
Ngoai
ra, mot
lugng
Idn khi

thai
con
dugc sinh
ra
trong
qua
trinh
su
dung than,
cui de nau an.
Khi
thai
tu
ngudn thai sinh hoat thudng
la
cac chat khf: CH4, NH3,
SO2,
NO,
Nguon tftdi nong nghiep
Nong nghiep
dua
chat thai vao khong
khi
dudi
hai
hinh
thiic
khac nhau:
thai
khi

thai
do cac san
pham ndng nghiep
nhu
CO2,
CH4
va do su
dung phan
bdn, thudc
tru
sau.
Khf thai
do
nong nghiep duge phat thai tren
mot
vung rong
Idn,
trong
mot
muc do
nhat dinh, tuong
tu nhu
phat thai
tu
nhien.
Su
khac nhau
co ban
giua phat thai
tu

nhidn
va
phat thai
do
ndng nghiep
la d
ch6 phat thai
tu
nhien
khdng
the
hien
tinh
chu ky ro ret, eon
phat thai ndng nghiep
chi tap
trung
vao
cac thdi
ky
nhat dinh trong nam (cac thdi
vu
chinh).
Nguon
tfidi
cong
ng/iiep
Ngay riay,
vdi su
phat trien

san
xuat,
cac
nganh cong nghiep
da dua vao
moi trudng hang nghin loai
ch^'t
doc
hai
khac nhau
vdi mot tdc do
ngay eang
tang. So
vdi cac
dang ngudn thai khae
thi
ngudn phat thai cong nghiep
la
loai
ngudn thai quan trong
nh^'t
vi day la
loai ngudn phat thai
tap
trung
cd
cudng
do
Idn
hon rat

nhieu
Idn
eac
loai ngudn khac.
Bdn
canh
dd,
thanh phan chat
thai trong cong nghiep cung
rat da
dang,
mdi
loai nganh cong nghiep
lai
thai
L-u^n
van
TTiiftc
sy
Tinh
toan phat thai
va
Iang ifdt
axit - Ap
dung
cho
vung mien
Bdc
Viet Nam
DAI HQC QUOC GIA

- VI$N
CO HQC
TRUNG
TAM
HOP
TAC
OAO
TAO VA
B6|
DUONG
CO HOC
11
ra
nhung
loai
ch^'t
thai
r^'t
khac nhau. Cac
ch^'t
thai dac trung ciia mot sd
nganh cong nghiep dugc trinh bay bang 1.5 dudi day.
Bang 1.5
Nhutig
chat thai dac
truhg
cua mot so nganh cong nghiep
Nganh
edng
nghiep

Hoa dau
Nhidt didn
Dung than
Dung dau
Luydn kim
Luydn kim den
Luydn kim mau
Hoa chat
San xuat axit
Sulfiiric
San xuat Superphosphat
San
xudt xiit
San
xua't
ph^
dam
San xuat cao su
Vat lieu xay dung
San xuat ximang
San xuat vdi gach
San
xu^t
sanh
sii
thuy tinh
Thanh phan
ch^'t
thai
C,Hy,

SO.,
NO,
Bui,
SO2,
CO, NO,,
CO2
Muoi,
SO2,
CO, NO,,
CO2,
C,Hy
Bui,
SO2,
CO, NO,, Pb
Bui,
SO2,
CO, NO,, cac kim loai nang
SOx
Bui,
H2SiF6,
SO3.
CI2
NH3
Bui,
SO2,
CO, NO,,
CO2
Bui,
SO2,
CO, NO,,

CO2
Bui,
SO2,
CO, NO,,
CO2
Bui,
SO2,
CO, NO,,
CO2
Nguon : Vien KTTV -
Tong.cue
KTTV.
Giam sat moi
tru&ng
khdng khi vd nuac. Ha Noi-
1995.
Tir
bang tren cho thay eac hoat ddng cong nghiep da thai vao khdng khf
nhieu
cha't
khac nhau, nhung chii yd'u la bui,
SO2,
CO, NO,,
CO2.
Cudng do
Lt4^n
van
Z7i<3c
sy
Tinh

toan phat thai
va
iing udt axit - Ap
dung
cho
vung mien
Bic Viet Nam
DAI HOC QUOC GIA - VIEN CO HQC
i 2
TRUNG
TAM
HOP
TAC
OAO
TAO VA
B(5l
Dl/ONG
CO
HOC
thai
phu
thudc vao
quy
trinh edng nghd
san
xu^'t,
nguydn nhidn
v^t
lidu,
trang

thie't
bi va
hieu
qua xu ly cua he
thong
xu ly khf
thai.
1,2.2, QUY
l/dC
QUOC TE VE TIEN CHAT GAY AXIT
Nl/6C
Ml/A
[1]
Theo thong
Id
Qudc te', phan hang cac
ch^'t
d
nhidm khdng
khf
nhu sau;
-
Cac
tidn
ch^'t
tao
axit: dioxyt
luu
huynh
(SO2),

Cac
oxyt nito
(NO,).
- Cac chat tfch
tu
khdng suy giam; Bui,
cac
hgp chat trong
bui.
-
Cac
ch^'t
cd doe
tfnh
cao; cac hgp
cha't
trong
bui, eac hgp
chat
huu
CO
bay hoi.
-
Cac
tien chat
dSn
den
chat
oxi hoa; cac
oxyt nito,

cac hgp
chat
hiJu
CO
bay hoi.
-
Cac
chat
lam
bid'n doi
khf
hau; dioxyt cacbon (CO-,),
cac
hgp chat
hiru
CO
bay hoi.
Trong
cac khf
thai
thi
SO2,
va
NO,
la
nhirng
tac
nhan chfnh
gay
axit

hoa
nude mua,
do dd
luan
van nay chi tap
trung
vao cac van de
lien quan
de'n
qua
trinh phat thai vao khong
khf va
Mng
udt
hai yd'u
to
nito va
luu
huynh.
1,2,3. CHU TRINH CHUYEN HOA NITO
VA
Ll/U
HUYNH TRONG TANG
DOI
Ll/U
1.2.3.1.
Chu trinh chuyen
hoa cac
chat
khi

[10]
Cdc
hap
chat
chica
Nita
Hgp chat Nito trong
khf
quyen dudi dang
khf
(N2,
N2O,
NO,,
HNO3,
NH3),
long
(N03',
NH4'').
Bang
1,6
trinh
bay
dang
ton tai va
ndng
do mot sd
hgp
eha't
chiia nito trong
khi

quyen.
J^u^n
van
Xh^c:
sy
Tinh
toan phat thai
va
iing
utft
axit - Ap
dung
cho
vung mien
Bic
Viet Nam
DAI HOC QUdc
G»A
-
VI^N
CO HOC
TRUNG
TAM HOP
TAC
DAO
TAO
VA
B6|
DI/ONG
CO HOC

13
Bang 1.6 Nong dp mot
sohafp
chat
Nitaf
trong khong khi
Cdng thiic
N2
N2O
NO,
HNO3-
N03-
NH3
NH4^
Dang
Khf
Khf
Khf
Khf
Hat
Long
Khf
Hat,
Long
TSng
khf quyen
Doi luu
Ddi luu
Khdng khf ndn
Ddi luu

Khdng khf nen
Khdng khf vung d nhidm
Nude mua 0 vung ndng thdn xa
Nude
mua d vung d nhidm
Khdng khf nen
Khdng khf
n6n
Nude
mua
Ndng dd
78,1%
0,3
ppmv
<
Ippbv
< Ippbv
<
l|ig/m^
<
4)ag/m^
5^mol/l
lO-lOO^imol/l
<
lOppbv
<
3|Lig/m^
<
10(imol/l
Nguon: World Health Organization. Tropospheric Chemistry and air pollution. Geneva,

J
982.
Ghi
cfiii:
pp^'^'phan
trieu tinh theo the tich;
ppbv: phan ty tinh theo the tich.
Qua trinh
phin
huy cac hgp chat Nito trong dat
axit,
vi sinh vat da
chuyen hoa Nito dudi dang hgp chat thanh
N2O,
khf
N2O
khi phat tan vao
khdng khf phan
iing
vdi d xi tao thanh
NO2.
Day la qua trinh chfnh sinh ra
NO,
cd ngudn gdc thidn nhien. Mat khac, qua trinh dot chay nguydn nhidn
hdu
do hoat dgng cua con ngudi cung la mdt ngudn phat sinh ra khf NO,. Khf
NO,
trong khf quyen la mot trong
nhiing
ngudn sinh ra son khf khf quyen

dang hat NH4NO3. Phan
Idn
cac hgp chat chiia NO, va ion NO3 dugc loai bd
Lu4n
van
Thfi^
sy
Tinh toan phat
thai
va
idng
Udt axit-Ap dung cho vung mien Bac Viet
Nam
DAI HOC
QUOC
GIA -
VI^N
CO HQC
TRUNG
TAM
HOP
TAC
DAO
TAO
VA
B6I
DUONG
CO
HOC
14

khdi
t&g
ddi luu
thdng qua qua trinh
Iang
udt.
Chu
trinh chuyen
hoa cac hgp
chat Nito dugc trinh
bay
trong hinh
1.1.
Dinh tang ddi
luu
Be mat Trai
dat
va sinh quyen ke ca cac hoat dong cua con
nguoi
Hinh 1.1 Chu trinh chuyen hoa cac
hcfp
chat
chufa Nitcf
(Nguon:
E.
Meszaros.
Atmospheric Chemistry.
1981.)
Ghi
chu:

•
Phat thdi
vd
tieu
huy
thien nhien
^
Phat thdi
vd
tieu
huy
nhan
tao
• Chuyen
hod hod hoc
I
I Luu tri/ khi
quyen
}
bieu
thi
bang
10^
tan/nam
bieu
thi
bang
10^
tan
Nguon NHj tit

gia
siic dugc
xem nhu
nguon sinh
hoc,
khong tinh
do con
ngu&i
Cdc hap chat luu huynh
Trong khdng
khf
tang
ddi
liru
va
tang binh
luu cac
chat
hat (son khf)
deu
c&n
tao
tir
hat
sunfat
amoni hoae axft Sunfuric. Trong
khf
quyen,
khi eac
hat son

khf
sunfat
gia
tang
se
lam
anh
hudng dd'n
can can
buc
xa he
thdng Trai
dat
- Khf
quyen,
de'n
tfnh
cha't
quang
hoc va kha
nang
tao
giang thuy
cua
khdng
khf.
Lu^n
van
TTi^a^
sy

Tinh
toan phat
thai va iang ifdt axit
- Ap
dung cho vung mien
Bic Viet Nam
DAI HQC QUdC GIA - VI$N CO HQC
TRUNG TAM HOP
TAC
OAO
TAO VA
B6|
DUONG CO HOC
15
Nguon
gdc
luu
huynh trong khong
khi
Luu huynh
cd mat
trong khdng
khf khf
quy^n
do su
ph^n
huy cac hgp
cha't
huu
CO,

dot
chay
cac
nhien lidu
hda
thach,
do
phat
tan cac hat
mudi bien
va
su
hoat ddng
cua nui
lua. Nhu
v^y,
ea
sinh quyen
ISn
con
ngudi
ddu
thai
ra
cac
hgp
chat
luu
huynh. Bang
1.7

dudi
d^y
trinh
bay kd't qua
tfnh toan lugng
va
ty
Id
phat thai
SO2
do
cac hoat ddng ciia con ngudi trdn toan thd' gidi.
Bang 1.7 Phat thai
SO2
do
hoat dgng
ciia
con
nguofi
tren
the
gidi
Nguon phat thai
SO2
- S
D6't than
Dot
dSu
Cong nghiep
(luyen

va dau mo)
Giao thong van
tai
T6ng
cong
Luang phat thai
10^
ta'n/nam
45,5
5,5
13,6
0,4
64,9
Ty
le
(%)
70,0
8,4
21,0
0,6
100
Nguon:
E.
Meszaros. Atmospheric Chemistry.
1981.
Ngoai
khf
SO2,
trong
khf

quyen con
cd cac
dang hgp chat khac chiia
luu
huynh
nhu
H2S
(hydrosunfua), DMS (dimethinsunfua),
CS2
(disunfua cacbon),
DMDS
(dimethindisunfua),
Ca che chuyen
hod luu
huynh trong
khi
quyen
Trong khdng
khf
sach,
luu
huynh dugc
tim
thay dudi dang
hat
sunfat.
Chuyen
hoa luu
huynh trong
khf

quyen
la su
chuyen
hoa cac hgp
chat
luu
huynh
cd hda tri
thap sang
luu
huynh
cd hoa tri cao (
SO4
luu
huynh
cd hoa
tri
6).
Lu4»^
van
TTipc
sy
Tinh
toan phat thai
va
iang Udt axit - Ap
dung
cho
vung mien
Bic

Viet Nam
DAI HQC QUd'c
GIA -
VI^N
CO HQC
TRUNG
TAM HOP
TAC
DAO
TAO VA
B(5l Dl/CfNG
CO HOC
16
Ngoai
trijf
DMDS, chuyen
hoa cac hgp
chat
luu
huynh
da
dugc Kellogg
(1972) tong
kd't
bang
so dd
dudi
day:
(O,
O2,

O3) (hv,
O,
O2,
O3,
aldphin)
X
X(thudng
la
NH3)
H,S
+
>
SO2 + > SO3
+
H2O
—>
H2SO4
+ X —>
XSO4
Gid Gid
hoae
ngay
(*)
giay
(*):
nhanh
hon ne'u xay ra
tren
bd mat
chat

hat
hoae trong dung dich
7 .
S
(Imi
huynh
khu)
=
0.1
i
Be mat
Tr^
20
23
r-
ii
dat va sin
?
\
0.05
SO2-S
0.045
i
Nui
lua
i
r
42(39)
^
Dinh

|\
tang
doiluu
SO,-S
0.8
i
0
h quyen ke ca cac hoat dgng
^
Mat
bien;
Uot
kho
•
cua con ngudi
Hinh
1.2
Chu trinh chuyen hoa
cac
hdp
chat Luu huynh trong khong
khi
(Nguon:
E.
Meszaros. Atmospheric Chemistry.
1981.)
1.2.3.2. Phat thai chat hat - thanh phan hoa hoc chat hat [1]
Cac
son
khi

la mot
phiJc
hgp gdm cac hat
r^n
hoae long
lo
lung trong
khdng
khf. Cac son
khi
rat
khac nhau
ve
tinh ch^'t
vat ly
ciing
nhu hoa hoc, do
vay
ma qua
trinh chuyen
hoa,
loai
bd va
thdi gian
ton luu cua
chiing cung
r^'t
khac nhau.
LtA^n
van

Tiy^a
sy
Tinh
toan phat thai
va
iing Udt axit - Ap
dung
cho
vung mien
Bic
Viet Nam
DAI HOC QUOC
GIA -
VI$N
CO HQC
TRUNG
TAM
HOP
TAC
OAO
TAO VA
B6\
DL/ONG
CO
HOC
17
Cac ngudn sinh
ra son
khi
bao gdm cac

chuyen
hoa khf
sang
hat (hat
min),
cac hat cd
ngudn
gdc
bien
va cac
loai
bui
sinh
ra do gid
eudn
mat dat
(hat thd).
Hat cd
ngudn
gdc
tijf
chuyen
hoa khf
sang
hat la cac hat
kieii
ddng
tu
(thudng
la hat

sunfat, nitrat, amoni)
va cac hat
tif
hgp
chat
cac bon huu co. Hat
bui
da't
chiia
cac
khoang chat chfnh
nhu Si, Fe,
Al,
Ca,
Do
ngudn phat thai
khac nhau
ndn
tfnh chat
ly hoa hoc
ciia
hat
cung khac nhau. Ngudi
ta
phan
biet chiing thanh
2
loai:
hat min va hat thd.
Hat

min cd
kfch thudc
tir
0,1
- 2
|im,
thanh
ph&
hoa hgc cua
chiing
la
sunfat
va
nitrat. Trudc
day,
ngudn phat thai
cac hat nay chu yd'u la tu
thien
nhidn, ngay
nay,
phat thai
do
hoat ddng ciia
con
ngudi
gia
tang
rat
nhanh,
va

dieu
nay lam anh
hudng
rd ret
dd'n tfnh chat
son khf cua
khdng
khf.
Hat
thd cd
kfch thudc
tijr
2 - 20
|J.m
va
ngudn
gdc
phat thai
chu yd'u la tu
thidn nhidn.
Thdi gian
ton
liru
ciia
cac hat
trong
khf
quyen
phu
thuge nhieu

vao cac
yd'u
to khf
tugng,
dac
biet
la
mua. Bang
1.8
dudi
day
trinh
bay
ngudn
gdc
phat
thai
tao
thanh thanh phan
hoa hgc
khdng
khf
.
Bang 1,8 Ngudn
gdc
phat thai
tao
thanh phan
hda hgc
!<hdng l<hi

Ngudn son khf
Nguon son
khi tir
nhien
Nguon sa cap
Bui gid eudn
Chay rtmg
Mudi
bien
Niii
lua
Chat
hifu
co
Tong phat thai
(hat cd
d<25|im)
1.363
- 3.550
1.000-3.000
3-150
1.000-10.000
4 - 10.000
26-50
Tong phat thai
(hat cd
d<l^m)
397
-1390
265

2-75
20 - 100
0.4 - 100
-
Lu^n
van
T^h^c:
sy
Tinh
toan phat thai
va
ling udt axit - Ap
dung cho vung mien
Bic
Viet Nam
\!'Ulur
DAI HOC QUOC GIA - VIEN CO HQC
TRUNG
TAM
HOP
TAC
DAO
TAO vA
B6\
DUONG CO HOC
18
Nguon
Hoa khi
quyen va hien
doi khi

hau,
1999,
Oxford University Press.
1.3.
Sir
HINH THANH THANH PHAN HOA HOC
Nl/OC
Ml/A
Nguon
son
khf
Tong phat thai
(hat
CO d<25)Lim)
Nguon
thu
cap: chuyen
hod
khi-hqt
DMS,
H.S
SOT
nui
lua
NO^
sinh
hoc
VOCs sinh
hoc
Nguon

son khf
nhan
tao
Nguon
sa
cap
Bui cong nghiep
Muoi
Dot sinh khoi
Bui
gio
cuon
60-110
10-30
10-40
40
- 200
1.065
-1.325
40-
130
10-30
50
- 190
820
Nguon
thi(
cap: chuyen
hod
khi-hqt

cua
SO-,:
luyen
Idm/nhiet
dien
NOx: oto/nhiet dien
VOCs
120-
180
20-50
5-25
Tdng
phat thai
(hat
CO d<l|j,m)
60
-
110
10-30
10-40
40
- 200
565
- 640
20
- 65
10-30
50
- 190
140

120-
180
5-10
5-25
1,3.1.
CHUYEN HOA HOA HOC TANG DOI Ll/U
[11]
Chuyen
hoa hoa hoc cd mot vai trd
quyet dinh trong
qua
trinh
loai
bd
cac chat
vet
trong khong
khi.
Sir
tao thanh
hat
hoae giu
nguyen dang
khf,
tiep
den qua trinh loai
bd
hoan toan hay
tung
phan deu phu thuoc vao ban chat cua

cac qua trinh hoa hoc xay
ra
trong khong khf. Cac chat
d
nhiem so cap (bac
1)
dugc
giai phdng
tCr
mat dat va bay
vao khdng
khf -
thdng thudng
la cac
hgp
J^u^n
van
Tiift^
sy
Tinh
toan phat thai
va
iing udt axit - Ap
dung cho vung mien
Bic
Viet Nam
DAI HOC QUOC GIA -
Vlf
N CO HOC
i

Q
TRUNG TAM
HOP
TAC
OAO
TAO
VA
B6I
DUONG
CO
HOC
chat chiia S, N, C - qua cac phan
iing
hoa hgc tao thanh cac hgp chat
thii
cap
(bac 2) - thudng la cac hgp
ch^'t
nitrat, sunfat, cac hat huu co, cac
chat
oxi
hoa, v.v Hon
nOa,
cac chat oxy quang hoa (qui ve
O3)
tuy la san pham bac 2
nhung lai cd vai trd chfnh trong cac phan
ung
hoa hgc pha khf trong khdng
khf.

O3
cd the ket hgp vdi nhieu chat khac nhu vdi cac oxit de tao thanh cac
gdc tu do, cac peroxit, cac hydrocacbon cac chat cd hoat tfnh
r^'t
cao .
1.3.1.1.
Phan
ufng
pha
khi
Cac
cha't
0 nhidm khi dugc phat tan vao khdng khf se xay ra cac tuong
tac vdi cac chat cd san trong khdng khf. Thdng thudng cac phan
dng
xay ra
theo cac
b^c
khac nhau ma trong cac phan
iing
nay mdt sd chat cd nhung tac
dung dac biet vdi anh sang, dd
^m
khdng khf v.v.
TCr
cac hgp chat
b^c
1, kha nang xay ra cac phan
iing
nhu sau:

A +
B^C
+
DvaA
+ B +
M^AB
+ M
Trong dd:
A, B la cac
cha't
tham gia phan
iing .
B,
C la cac chat tao thanh sau phan
iing,
M la chat trung tfnh.
Nhung khi cd mat cac tia UV va VIS (tia
cue
tfm va nhin thay)
thi
kha
nang xay ra la AB
+
hv
->
A+B, trong dd hv la
biic
xa
tir
ngoai. Isaken (1978)

da tdng
ke't
t^m
quan trong cua ozon trong cac phan
iing
pha khf de tao thanh
cac gdc tu do. Cac gdc tu do sinh ra trong qua trinh quang hoa la
nhirng
tac
nhan quan trong cho cac phan
iing
pha khf. Trong khdng khi sach, nong do
cac chat
b^c
1
(NO^
va
H^C^^)
la thap, cac phan
iing
pha khf bat dau tit phan
ling sau:
0
+H2O -^
OH
+
OH
(*)
LiA^n
van

77i<3^
sy
Tinh
toan phat thai
va
iing
ifdt
axit - Ap
dung cho vung mien
Bic Viet Nam
DAI HOC QUOC GIA
- VI$N
CO HOC
20
TRUNG TAM HOP
TAC
OAO
TAO VA
B(5l
DUONG CO HOC
HC
+OH ->
cac peroxit
(3
(HO.,
CH3O2)
NO.
+OH
+ M
^

HNO3 + M
SO2 +OH
+ M
->
HSO3 + M
Trong cac phan
iing
nay thi HC la
b^c
1,
cdn
NO2
dugc tao ra tu phan
ling sau:
NO +
O3 -> NO2
va ngudn tao ra gdc OH trong tang ddi luu la phan
iing (*).
1.3.1.2.
Phan
umg
pha long
A.
Si/tao
thanh nitrat
Phan ling OH
-h NO2 ^
HNO3 trong pha khf la phan
iing
chfnh de

chuydn
hoa NO3 thanh HNO3. Do vay,
tIm
quan trong cua pha long
chi
la
chuyen pha HNO3 khf thanh cac gigt va kem theo su phan ly trong dung dich
theo cac phan
iing
sau:
HNO3 (khf)
^
HNO3 (long) va HNO3 (long)
^
H^
-f
NO
3-
Tai pH
=
4-^5,
HNO3 bi phan ly hoan toan thanh cac ion. Do vay, su cd
mat
ciia
HNO3 chi la
tac
nhan cho gia tri pH trong su oxi hoa
SO2.
S.
Sir

tao thanh sunphat
Su oxi hoa dioxit luu huynh
(SO2)
thanh sunphat trong pha long la qua
trinh chfnh cua chuyen hoa
SO2 ~^
H2SO4.
Cac phan
iing
nay xay ra cd
sir
tham gia cua cac
xiic
tac la cac ion kim loai (Fe, Mn) chu yeu tai vung cd 0
nhilm khong khf. Cac tac nhan oxi hoa quan trgng nhat la
H2O2
va
O3
(Penkett, 1979).
SO2
bi
O3
oxi hoa phu thuoc rat
nhilu
vao pH cua dung dich
(d day la pH ciia cac gigt
nude).
SO2
trong khdng khf am ton tai d nhung dang
sau:

J^u^n
van
Z/ipc
sy
Tinh
toan phat thai
va
iing Udt axit -
Apdyng
cho
vung mien
Bac
Viet Nam
DAI HOC QUOC GIA -
VI^N
CO HQC
21
TRUNG TAM HOP
TAC
DAO
TAO VA
B(5t
Dl/ONG CO HOC
SO2.H2O ^ HSO3+
H^
va
HS03^
^
SO3-'
+

H^
He sd
eta btag
phan
iing
khdng phu thudc vao ndng dd cac
ch^'t
khf,
ma chiing phu thudc chu yeu vao ndng do ion
H"^
cd mat cd nghia la phu thudc
vao pH va
nhi6t
do. Tai pH
thtfp
(ndng dd
H^
cao) ta cd chu yeu la HSO3' va
SO3"'
(Taylor, 1982).
Hi6u
qua cua chuyen hoa tu
SO2 "^
S04^'
thuc su la
chuyen hoa ciia tat ca loai
SO2.H2O,
HS03"va
S03^'.
Thuc nghiem chiing minh

rtag
pH dudi 4,2
-^
4,5
thi
hieu qua cua qua
trinh
nay kem, cd nghia la cac ion
sunphat ft dugc tao thanh. Do trong khdng khf cd mat thudng xuyen NH3, dieu
dd cd nghia la pH cac gigt khdng khf dugc NH3 kiem soat theo phan
iing
sau:
NH3.H2O ->
NH4'^
+
OH"
va phan
iing
nay cd chieu hudng
v6
phfa phai nhieu
hon. Hon nua trong khdng khf cac hoi
nude
cd su phan ly sau:
H2O -^
H"^
+0H'.
Cac nghien
ciiu
thay

rtag
neu ndng dd
NH3
trong khdng khf du
Idn
nd
se
dSn
den phan
iing
phan ly va ion OH" dugc tao thanh. Dieu nay se lam tang
pH va tdc do oxi hoa tang va ket qua la ndng do sunphat tang.
1.3,2. VAN CHUYEN CAC CHAT 6 NHlilVI TRONG TANG DOI Ll/U
Miic
do nguy hai
ciia
cac chat d nhidm phu thudc vao ndng do cac chat
dd trong khdng khf. Ndng do cac chat d
nhidm
trong khdng khf lai phu thudc
vao su khuech tan va ban
ch£t
hoa hgc cua chiing.
1.3.2.1.
Khuech tan theo
phiTdng
thang
dufng
[14]
Su thay doi nhiet do ciing vdi su thay ddi ap suat theo do cao la mot yeu

to anh hudng rat
Idn
den qua trinh van
chuy6n
theo phuong thing
diing
va qua
trinh pha
loang
cac chat d nhidm. Trong khdng khf
^m,
bao hoa hoi nude, tdc
dd suy giam doan nhiet
(F)
khoang 0,6
°C/100m
cao dd va dugc bieu thi bdi
cdng thiic sau:
Li4^n
van
ZTi^i^
sy
Tinh toan phat thai va iing Udt axit-Ap dung
cho
vung mien
Bic
Viet
Nam