Vấn đề tính chất hiện thực và chủ nghĩa hiện thực trong văn học Việt Nam nửa cuối thế kỷ XVIII - Nửa đầu thế kỷ XIX Khảo sát qua Truyện Kiều Luận văn ThS Văn học Việt Nam

DAI HOC QUOC
GI.\
HA
NQI
TRI/CING
DAI HOC KHOA HOC XA HOI &
NHAN
VAN
KHOA VAN HOC
CHU
THIHONG
LOAN
VAN DE
TINH
CHAT
HIEN THlTC
VA CHU
NGHIA
HIEN
THl/C
TRONG
VAN HOC VIET NAM
NLTA
CUOI
THE KY XVIII - NLTA DAU THE KY XIX
(KHAO SAT QUA
TRUYEN
KIEV)
LUAN VAN THAC SI
NGlT
VAN

Chuyen nganh van hoc Viet Nam
Ma so: 5.04.33
Giao vien
hirong
dan:
PGS.TS:
Tran Nho
Thin
DA;
HOC
QuOC
V'L2/
65^/
Hii
Noi
-
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/
emu
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Irn'o'stq dan Uhoa hoe
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20
llidaq
09 adta 2005.

^de
{[id
Ittihi oiiti
(^lut
^lii ^Cwatf Mi) it a
MUC LLC
Lai ma dau.
5
Chirang
1:
Nhan
dang viec nghien
ciiu
Truyen
Kieii
b^ng
phirong 9
phap tiep can Xa hoi hoc - Cong trinh Truyen Kieu vd chu nghia
hieu
(hue ciia
Nguyen Du - Le Dinh Ky.
1.1-
Nhan dang viec nghien
ciiu
Truyen Kieu bang phirong phap tiep can
9
Xa hoi hoc.
1.2-
Truyen Kieu vd chu
nglua

hien
ihifc cua Ni^uyen
Du - Lich sir
ciic
y 14
kien danh gia.
1.3-
Phuxyng
hudng giai quyet cho van de
liep
can mot tac
phAm
van hgc 22
,trung
dai.
Chirang
H:
Nhung
dac
trirng
nghe thuat quan
trong
cua Truyen Kieu. 32
n.l-
Vay
mugn
col truyen. 32
11.2-
He thong nhan vat trong Truyen Kieu. 37
11.2.1-

Ngoai hinh nhan vat. 44
11.2.2-
Ngdn ngfr nhan vat.
52
11.2.3-
Ngi tarn nhan vat.
60
11.3-
Yen
id
tam
linh
trong
Truyen
Kieu.
70
11.4-
Kel
cau Truyen Kieu.
15
11.5-
Nhfrng yeu to edng
ihiic,
irdc
le trong Truyen Kien.
S2
11.6-
Xa hoi trong Truyen Kieu. 88
Chirang III: Truyen Kieu trong boi canh xa hoi, van hgc Viet Nam 95
cuoi

the
kv XVIII - dau
the
kv XIX.
*• * •
III.
1 - Sir tliay ddi
quan niem tham my trong van hoc trung dai
Viel
Nam. 95
III.
1.1
- Quan niem
lliam
my trong van hoc the ky X - XVII. 95
Tieukci
-
- ^^^^
III.
1.2- Quan niem tham my trong van hoc the ky XVIII - XIX 103
Tieuket ^ 109
III.2-
Sir
song dong.
chiln thirc
cua van hoc the ky XVIII - XIX.
11
1
Tieu
ket

^ ^ ' 117
Kc( liiaii 119
Tai lion tham
kluio 122
Van de tinh chat hien
thirc
va chu nghia hien
thirc
LCJi
M6
DAU
Nhieu thap ky qua. cac nha nghien
ciiu
van hgc trung dai Viet Nam da
to'n
khong ft giay
mirc
ban ve
phirang
phap tiep can van hgc
ihdi
ky
na\.
Tu\
vay cung khong phai da hoan loan thong nhat trong each nhin nhan. danh gia
bdi day
la
mot thai ky van hgc ton tai trong khoang thai gian kha dai d nude la
(tir the ky X den the ky XIX). Ngay nay, nhieu
ngirdi

cd thdi quen dem nhung
khai niem hien dai de xem xet nen van hgc qua
khir
vdn cd nhfrng dac trirng
loai
hinh rieng biet khac vdi thdi dai chung la. Va bat ky mot
sir
lap
luan chira
chuan
xac,
diing
d^n
nao nao cung se lam cho
each
nhin nhan. danh
giii
van
de nghien
ciiu
trd nen phien dien. thieu khach quan va khong chfnh xac.
Trong cac van de van hgc can dirge nghien
ciiu ciia
thdi ky trung dai,
van de cd hay khong cd
chii
nghTa hien
thge
trong van hgc Viet Nam nira
cudi

the ky XVIII - nira dau the ky XIX la van de da
dirge
dem ra ban
cai
nhieu
song van
chira thire sir
cd mot
hirdng
giai quyet than dao. Tren thuc le van de
nay
dirge
de cap den
chii
yeu thong qua Truyen Kieu
eiia NguycMi
Du, b(Vi day
la icie
pham
Idn ciia
thdi dai, cd le
la
tac
phiim
duy nhat da phan anh dirge sau
sdc
va vdi mot nghe thuat
cao
hoan canh xa hoi
nirdc

la trong mot giai doan
lich sir nhat dinh.
Tir
lau,
cd le tir
Hoiii
Thanh vdi
Qnyen
song
ciia
con
ngii'o'i
trong Trnyen
Kien
ciia
Nguyen Dn (1949) va nhat la tir Le Dinh Ky vdi Trnyen Kien
vd chii
nghia hien
ihifc ciia
Nguyen Du
(1970)
la
bdt
gap nhu'ng nhan dinh
\'e
chu
nghia hien thuc trong van hgc Viet Nam trung dai ndi chung cung nhu
irong
Trnyen Kieu ndi
riCMie.

Tir 1945 den
naw
irons gidi
nehien
cfru
a nude
ta.
phan anh
Inan
da chi phdi sau
siic 6cn
phirang phap nghien
ciru
cung nhu he
ihdniz
\'an de
nghien
ei'ru.
Tromz
linh hinh dd
thi
dat \'an de xem
uia iri
phan
anh hien
llurc
la gia
iri
cao nhat
eiia

\'an hgc
tro'
thanh de hieu.
Tu\
nhien.
\
lec
nghien
ci'ru
I ruyen Kien
nhir mgl
san pham cua
phuxmg
phap sang
Uic hien
thuc chu
imhia
tren
thire
le dem
lai
nhieu nhfrng kien
giai
hat cap \a gap
Van de tinh chat hien thuc va chu nghia hien thuc
khong
It
nhirng ban khoan phan doi. Khoang tir thap nien 80, 90
ciia
the ky

XX, rai rac da xuat hien nhirng y kien mang tfnh chat trao ddi dieu
chinh
ve
each tiep can nay, cac nha nghien
ciiu
Tran Dinh
Hugu,
Dang Thanh Le. Tran
Dinh Sir, Tran Nggc
Vuang,
Tran Nho Thin, Dao Xuan Quy,
Nguyen
Hfru
San khi ndi ve cac van de khac nhau
ciia
van hgc Viet Nam trung dai da de
xuat mot
each
liep can khac, dd
la ''tiep
can he thong - van hgc - lich sir ddi
tugng
nghien
ciru''
(42),
nghia la xem xet cac hien
tirgng
van hgc bang
thirde
do gia tri

ciia
chfnh thdi dai ma no ra ddi
chii
khong phai tir each giai ma cua
chung ta ngay hdm nay.
Trdn
Nho Thin cho
rang
"viec
dira
nhfrng tieu ehf
hien thuc - mot trao
lu'u
van hgc
phuang
Tay d
giua
the ky XIX vdn cd nhfrng
dac trirng loai hinh rat khac so vdi van hgc trung dai Vict Nam d cudi nira the
ky XVIII - nira dau the ky XIX de md la Truyen Kieu la mot viec kha mao
hiem va thire te da bgc
Id
nhieu bat cap" (55,tr48).
Tuy vay, cho tdi nay
van
thieu mgl
cdng
trinh nghien
ciiu
mang tfnh

chat long kel va de xuat hirdng giai quyet mot each he thong, loan dien ve van
dd nay. Thirc hien
luan
van Cao hgc
chiing
tdi mong mudn gdp mot phan nh(')
bo xung cho
sir
thieu hut dd.
6
day, vdi muc dfch
dira
ra mot
each
nhin long quat ve qua
Irinh
tiep
can van hgc trung dai tren ca sd phirang phap sang
uic
hien thirc
chii
nghia,
V
chi ra nhfrng ddng gdp cung nhu nhfrng han
che ciia
phirang phap tiep can xa
hoi hgc va de ra mot hirdng giai quyet
cii
the" ap dung cho Truyen Kieu chiing
tdi lien hanh thirc hien de tai:

"Van
de tfnh chat hien thire va chu nghTa hien
thire trong van hgc Vict Nam nira cudi the ky XVIII - nira dau the ky XIX
(khao sat qua Truyen
Kieuy\
Thirc ra. van de
ehii
nghia hien thire (cd hay khong ed)
ciia
Truyen Kieu
khong phai la van de cd y nghia
lir
than ma no cd lien quan
6cn phu'(^ng
phap
doe,
phirang phap liep can mgl tac pham
\'an
hoc
Irung
dai ndi chung. Mdi
'each doe
deii
cd gia
iri
liep can rieng." song
\eu
can
dai
ra la phai phan anh

Van de tinh chat hien thuc va chu nghia hien thuc
trung thanh dac
trimg ciia
ddi tugng. Hien nay. dang ton lai bdn
each
dgc
Truyen Kieu khac nhau.
Cach doc xa hoi hgc.
Cach dgc phong
each
hgc.
Cach dgc thi phap hgc.
Cach dgc van hoa hgc.
Dgc Truyen Kieu bang phuang phap tiep can xa hoi hgc lieu bieu la Le
Dinh Ky, vai chuyen luan Truyen Kieu va
ehii
nghTa hien
thii'e ciia
Nguyen
Du. Vdi
each
dgc xa hoi hgc dng da nhin thay trong uic pham nhfrng gia tri
chong phong kien, phan phong, phai bay mat trai
eiia
xa hoi
dirang
thdi do
vay ngay eang bgc
Id
nhieu ban khoan. thac mac. Thirc ra, van de khong phai

la han che
ciia
ban than each dgc, cung nhu phuang phap nghien
ciiu
xa hdi
hgc ma do
sir
van dung may mdc
ciia
ngirdi sir dung nd.
Thuc hien
dC
lai
lien
chiing tdi mudn gdp phan chi ra nhfrng bat cap cua
vice
van dung khai niem
chii
nghia hien thuc cho van hgc
nude
ta
niia
cudi the
ky XVIII - nira dau the ky XIX, vach ra tinh trang dan gian hoa cac van de cua
van hgc giai doan nay. Bdi thuc chat hien nay khong ft ngirdi ddng nhat phan
anh hien thire
(id
khd, mat trai
ciia
che do phong kien) vdi chu nghia hien

thuc.
Dong thdi, cung gdp phan chi ra viec hieu biet khong day
dii
ddi tirgng
nghien
eiiii
trung dai (eu the d day la rngt tac pham van hgc trung dai) se dan
den nhfrng lam lac, khien cudng, cd tfnh chat
chii
quan trong nghien
ciiu
khoa
hoc.
Ban luan van dirge lien hanh
chii
yeu dua tren cac phuang phap phan
ifch,
so sanh,
thdn"
ke,
de
thay
dirae
dac trims
riens
biet
ciia
ddi
tuaniz nshien
cfai

van hgc trung dai. Ddi khi
dC^
lam rd them
yixn
de quan niem
ha\
lam rd
nhfrng dac
irirng
mang tfnh quy
luat
cua
sir phai iricMi
chiing
idi
so sanh
\di
Ciic lac pham eimg thdi, hoac so sanh \di cac tac pham cua chu nghia
hicMi
ihuc eiia \'an
hgc phuang Tay the ky XIX
\an
hoe Viel Nam giai doan
1930-
1945 de
lam rd
\im
de neu ra.
•
7

Van de tinh chat hien thuc va chu nghia hien thuc
Van ban ma luan van se dua vao la cudn Truyen Kieu - Ngu\en Du do
Nguydn
Quang Tuan (khao dfnh va
chii
giai), in
Ian thii
tu, Nha xuat ban khoa
hgc
xa
hoi
1997.
Chung tdi xin chan thanh cam an PGS. TS Tran Nho
Tliin
da tan tinh
giup dd chung tdi hoan thanh luan van nay. Tren ca sd tiep thu y kien cua
nhirng ngudi di trudc, lien hanh tim hieu nhfrng dac trung nghe thuat quan
trong
ciia
Truyen Kieu dudi gdc do
loai
hinh van hoa de tim ra gia
iri
ma
Nguyen
Du
de
lai cho chiing ta qua kiet tac Truyen
Kieu.
chiing tdi

h\'
vgng se
ddng gdp dugc mot phan nho cho viec nghien ciru tac
phalm
tam ed nay
eiia
van hgc trung dai.
Luan van,
chile
chan khd tranh khdi nhirng sai
sdt,
mong dugc y kien
gdp y
eiia
cac thay cd va
sir
ddng gdp chan thanh
ciia
cac ban ddng nghiep.
Ban luan van dugc trinh bay theo bd cue sau:
Phiin
ma
dau
Chuang
I: Nhan dang viec nghien
ciiu
Truyen Kieu bang
phucrng
phap
tiep can xa hoi hoc - cdng trinh Truyen Kieu

vd chii
nghia
hien
ihifc cua
Nguyen
Du
-
Le Dinh Ky.
Chirang II: Nhfrng dac trung nghe thuat quan trgng
ciia
Truyen Kieu.
Chirang III: Truyen Kieu trong bdi canh xa hdi, van hgc Viet Nam nira
cudi the ky XVIII - nira dau the ky XIX.
Phan ket luan.
8
Van de tinh chat hien thuc va chu nghia hien thuc.
Chuong
I
NHAN DANG VIEC NGHIEN
CLfU TRUYEN
KIEU
BANG
PHL/ONG
PHAP TIEP CAN XA HOI HOC - CONG TRINH
TRUYEN KIEU
VA
CHU NGHIA HIEN THUC CUA NGUYEN DU -
LE DINH
Ky.
LI-

Nhan dang viec nghien
ciiu
Truyen Kieu
b^ng
phuong
phap tiep can xa hoi hoc.
Phuang phap tiep can xa hdi hgc bat nguon
chii
yeu tir my hgc
Maexft.
mot
thii ly
luan nghe thuat. "dac biet la
ly
luan xa hdi hgc nghe ihual"
(2(),lr29).
PhU(mg
phap nay dat ra van de tiep nhan mot tac pham
xan
hgc dua
tren hoan canh lich sir xa hdi tac pham ay ra ddi
de
tir dd cat nghia cac tang
giii tri
ciia
nd, hay ndi each khac gia tri
ciia
mot tac pha'm van hgc dugc dinh
gia,
lap

luan tren ca sd moi quan he
ciia
nd vdi xa hdi ma nd xuat hien. Mac
•va Angghen
ciing
da xem xet cac hien tugng \'an hgc trong quan he cua no
\a\
nhfrng dieu kien xa hdi ma lac pham phan anh.
xan
dung quan
dieni
dau
Iranh
giai cap, phan
ifch
lap trudng quan diem cua ngirdi viel. de tim ra nhfrng uic
dung true tiep va gian tiep, nhfrng anh hirdng nhieu rnat
eiia
dieu kien xa hdi
den cac hien tugng van hgc. Do vay. hien tugng \'an hgc thudng dugc Mac -
Angghen dan
66
chung minh cho cac quan diem chfnh tri. khi ndi ve vai
lid
ciia
dong lien trong xa hdi tu ban Mac ca nggi nhfrng doan van cua
Gcrt
\a
Sechxpia viel
xe xan

de nay. khi nhae den tinh trang mat
tir
do trong sang lac
Mac nhac den Beranggie
Xiiai
phat tir quan niem xem
xan
hgc la mot hinh thai y
thiie
xa hdi.
phan anh va gdp phan
ciu
tao hien thire.' Mac da
lirng
nhan xet ve eae lac pham
eiia
Dicken.
Thaeetyray,
Brdnli "Trudng phai hien dai \o\ lac nhfrng nha lieu
thuvel Anh ma nhfrng trang tieu hieu \a himg hdn da
phai hien
cho
ihe guVi
thav nhieu
sir
that chfnh
iri
va xa hdi hon la
uii
ca nhfrng nha chinh

iri
chu\en
nghiep. nhfrng nha chfnh luan va nhfrng nha
Uuin
ly hoc gop
lai"
(5.ir362).
Sau
Van de tinh chat hien thuc va chu nghia hien thuc
nay khi nhan xet
v6
Bandac va lac phalm Tan trd
c////.
Angghen cung cho rang
vdi hinh
ihiirc
mieu ta cd tfnh chat bien nien
sir
lir nhirng nam
1816
den 1848.
Bandac da cung cap cho ngudi dgc hien thuc
diein
hinh
ciia
xa hdi Phap:
"Xung quanh cai
bii'c
tranh trung tam nay, Bandac tap trung tat ca lich su cua
xa hdi Phap, d day tdi da biet dugc, ngay ca theo y nghia kinh te hoc. nhieu

chi tict (chang han vd su phan phdi lai ddng san va bat ddng san sau cude each
mang) han d cac quyen sach
ciia
tat
c^
cac nha chuyen mdn: cac su gia. cac
nha kinh te hgc, cac nha thong ke
ciia
thdi ky nay gdp lai" (5,tr385).
Nhu
the,
ca Mac va Angghen deu danh gia cao khfa canh phan anh xa hoi,
id
cao xa hdi
va coi nd nhu mot thudc do quan trgng gia tri
eiia
tac pham van hgc.
Ly Traeh Hau trong Bon hdi gidng my
hoc.
cho rang
"Ly
luan nghe
thuat
ciia
my hgc
Maexft
cd mgl dac sac ca ban nhat quan la lay tac dung xa
hdi
eiia
nghe thuat lam hat nhan va

chii
de. Tac dung xa hdi nay lai
ihuimg
xuyen lien he vdi
sir
nghiep each mang
ciia
giai cap vd san ma chu nghia Mae
de xudng vdi tinh than phe phan ma suy xet, do
lirdng
danh gia
\i\
binh
luan"
(20,tr
30). Rd rang, dng mudn khang dinh
chii
nghia Mae
ludn
dat ra yeu can
.cho
mot uic pham nghe thuat
ciia giai .cap
\'d san la nd phai mieu la lai hien
thuc
iheo
tinh than phe phan cai tao lai hien thirc, dap ung duac nhfrng d()i hoi
ciia eugc
dau tranh each mang trong xa hdi.
Chfnh vi coi trgng cao do va tap trung

chii
yeu vao tac dung thuc le cua
mzhe
thuat ddi
\di
cude
sdn*z
hien thuc \'a dau tranh
each
mans ma viec nhan
manh vai trd cua nghe thuat la mieu ta, phan anh. nhan
ihi're
phe phan eugc
song hien
ihire
da trd thanh ly luan my hgc ca ban. Dieu nay anh huang manh
me den nen van hoc. ly luan phe binh van hgc
ciia
nhdm cac nude xa hdi chu
nuhia.
Cho nen la
dt}
dans nhan thav lir Mae, Ansshen den Lenin, Mao Trach
Ddng
\a nga>
ca
\a\
Ho Chi Minh nhan thuc
luan
cua phan anh luan da

\xa
ihanh
ly luan
eo"
han de danh gia
g-ia
tri cua \an hoc nghe ihual.
.Mae.
Angghen da cd mot
sir
gap gd kha ly
ihii khi
n(')i \e uic dung nhan llurc cua
Ciic tieu
lIuiN'et
Anh xa Phap, Angghen eon nhan manh tam quan irons cua
10
Van de tinh chat hien thuc va chu nghia hien thuc.
nhirng
'Hfnh each
dien
hinh"
trong
"nhirng
hoan canh dien
hinh".
Lenin thi cd
hang
loai
bai viet ve Tdnxtdi bgc 16 nhu'ng quan diem ly luan

\c
tfnh Dang,
tinh
nhan dan va coi Tdnxtdi nhu la mot tam guang
ciia
each mang Nga
(5,tr204). Mao Trach Ddng thi neu cao "yeu cau" van chirang phai "vi edng
ndng binh, viel
v6
cdng ndng binh". 0 Trung
Qude
dau thap ky 50 den cudi
thap ky 70
(ciia
the ky XX) khau hieu
luu
hanh trong gidi van nghe la
"\'an
nghe
phiic vii
chfnh
tri",
''van
nghe tdng thudc chfnh
tri".
Mai cudi thap ky 70,
xuat phat tir nhirng bai hgc thdi "van
each"
(Cach mang van hoa), dudi
sir

chi
dao
ciia
phuang cham "giai phdng tu
tirdng,
thuc
sir
can thi", de xuat viec tir
nay ve sau khdng nhac den nhirng khau hieu tren nfra ma ddi
ihanh "xan
nghe
phiic VII
nhan dan, van nghe
phiic vii
XHCN"
(45). Tai Viel Nam. Ho Chf
Minh trong dai hdi van hoa van nghe 1948 cung dan dd eae
nhii
sang uic:
"Van hoa nghe thuat la mgl mat
Iran,
anh chi em nghe
si
hi
chicMi si
tren mat
tran
ay".
Chiins
ta khdns

phii
nhan vai trd
ciia
nhan
ihiic.
eiins
nhu nhan
ihi'rc
luan trong cude
song,
nhung
nghicMi ciiu
van hgc coi nhan
ihiic
luan
lii
each
tiep can duy nhat lai la thieu sdt. Nhan
thiic
luan ludn dugc coi la
c(y
sd
iriet
hgc
ciia
hgc thuyet Mac, ma rdng ap dung trong nghien
ciiu
van hgc, trd thanh
xuat phat diem
eiia

ly luan van hgc Macxit.
Vii
nhieu nam qua nd da trd thanh
ca sd
iriet
hgc duy nhat
ciia
ly luan van hgc. hinh thanh van nghe hgc nhan
Ihiic
luan, my hgc nhan
thiie
luan. Nhu vay, trong
sir
phat
tri&n
hudng tdi da
dang hoa
ciia
quan niem van hgc. tat se khien nhan thire luan bi hoai nghi.
Tiep nhan phan anh luan nhu la "hdn da
uing eiia
My hoc
Macxfl"
(2(),tr^3)
irons nshien cfru van hoc xuat hien a nude la
\i\o
khoans nhfrns nam
60
-
70 cua the ky XX, cac nha nhien

eiiu
dong nhat chu nghia hien
ihue
\di
\iee
phe phan hien thire. nham
miie
lieu
lai
dd che do xa hoi ap
bi're
hoe lot
theo chu
irirang ciia each
mang dan tgc dan
chu.Tir
da\
gi(')i nghien
ciiu
\an
hgc trung dai Viel Nam dac biet hi gidi "Kieu
hoc"
da \an clung
pluro'ng
phap
tiep can hien
ihire
chu nghia de danh gia
Truyen
Kien.

Tham
ehi
co nhirng uic
Van de tinh chat hien thuc va chu nghia hien thuc
gia con coi
"chii
nghia hien thuc hay van hgc hien thuc tu nd la mot gia tri"
•(42).
Cd mot thdi
sir
phan chia mgi hien tugng trong sudt lien
irinh \an
hgc
nhan
loai
thanh "hien thuc
chii
nghia" va "phi hien thuc
chii
nghia" da ed
nguy ca trd thanh quan niem
phd
bien. Su phan chia nay bat nguon tir quan
niem cho rang,
chii
nghia hien thuc la dinh cao nhat
ciia
van hgc. vay thi phai
chu'ng
minh rang van hgc truyen thong nude ta cung da cd

chii
nghia hien thuc
rdi.
Do dd mdi cd viec tim tdi
ehii'ng
minh Truyen Kieu
eiing
cd chu nghia
hien thuc. Mdi
loat
cac bai viet, cac cdng trinh nghien
cii'u nii
rac trong nhfrng
nam 60 - 70, tham chf sang ca nhung nam 80
ciia
the ky XX, da di vao tim
hieu, van dung cac thao Uic khac nhau
de
di den ket luan cd
chii
nghia hien
thuc trong van hgc Viet Nam nira cudi the ky XVIII - nira dau the ky
XIX
va
'trong
1
ruyen Kieu.
Nghien ciru Truyen Kieu theo lieu chf phan anh hien
Ihirc
dien ra lir sau

each
mang
ihang
Tam
1945.
Md dau la Hoai Thanh dat van de ve Quyen song
ciia
con
ngu'd'i
trong Truyen Kieu (1949). Theo dng "cai chfnh cua nghe
ihiuit
Nguyen
Du la d chd da nhao nan lai, sang
lao
ra ca mot the gidi cd that va dng
ludn ludn nhan manh cho tfnh ed that nay:
"Tii
Ba, Ma Giam Sinh, Sd
Khanh cai nhin
ciia
Nguyen Du khdng phai la cai nhin be ngoai. Nguyen Du
da nhin than tan trong rugt nhfrng eon ngudi ay. Han nfra
Nguyt^n
Du da sdng
han cude sdng
ciia
nhfrng con ngudi ay. Dang dieu. eir chi. ngdn ngfr
eiia
nhfrng con ngirdi ay khdng cd tfnh chat cdp nhat chap va ma
dfiu

bieu hien
mot
sir
sdns ben irons"
(13.tr80).
Tir dd dns di den nhan dinh: "irons Truyen
KieiL NguycMi
Du da
\'e
ra dugc cai hinh anh
ciia
moi xa hdi d ue, da dung
len
dirge mgl nhan
xat
anh himg nd la giac mong
thoal
ly
ciia
nhfrng con ngirdi
mudn
viran
minh ra ngoai cai khudn khd phong kien \a mgl nhan
xai
than the
long dong. nd hi
lieng
oan hdn.
lieng
ken

ihirang
cua nhfrng eon ngirdi hi day
doa. bi
sia\
\o
irons cai khudn phons kien"
(13.lrK)5).
Va dns
dira
ra
mdi
each
liep nhan
"hgp
ly"
Nguyen Du
xa
Truyen
Kieu
trong
iho'i dai
ha\
gi(y lii
2
Van de tinh chat hien thuc va chu nghia hien thuc
"trong mat tran dan tgc thong nhat phai cd con ngirdi ay" xa "chiing la mdi
Nguyen Du vao hdi Lien Viet"
(13.tr42).
Dang Thai Mai trong
Dgc

sac
ciia
vdn hoc co dien Viet Nam
c/ua
noi
.dung
Truyen Kieu da de cap nhieu den cai ggi la
"biit
phap ui thuc" xa "linh
than ta thuc". Dang Thai Mai cd
miic
do han. dng
liai
y bdi Truyen Kieu hi tac
pham mugn cot truyen nen di tim chi tiet "chan that
ciia
xa hdi Viet Nam qua
tap tha dd cung la cau chuyen ma mang" hay viec "di tim hinh
linh ciia
xa hdi
Viet Nam" d day thi "tranh sao khdi
Idi
lap luan khien cudng. ep udng
sir
thuc"
(9,tr526). Tuy nhien khi di vao tim
hie^u
Truyen Kieu cd phan anh ft
nhieu gi xa hdi Viet Nam nira cudi the ky
XVIll

- nira dau the ky XIX hay
khdng, dng lai cho rang Nguyen Du da "trinh bay" dugc "bd mat thuc cua mgl
xa hdi", di den khang dinh dgc Truyen Kieu
ciia
Nguyen Du la
xan
nhin thay
"nhfrng mdi mau
thufin eiia
xa hdi phong kien tren con dudng phan hoa"
•(9,tr527).
Ong
nhan manh: "Ngdi
biifui
thuc
ciia Nguydn
Du
cfing hel
sue
trung thanh khi
ui
nhfrng canh sdng hang ngay
ciia
cac hang ngirdi trong xa
hdi.
Biie
canh cd Kieu sdng trong gia dinh em am ngay
nwi
cap ke la hien
thuc.

Bao nhieu man canh trong may
Ian
gap gd gifra Kim Trgng va Kieu van
la hien thuc. Hien thuc khi thi
si
chop canh quan nha bat bd va xet
eiia
nha dan
lirang
ihien.
Hien thuc, tu the,
Idi
le, eir chi
ciia
Ma Giam Sinh cua
mii Tii
Ba
va tat
Cii
cude ddi cd Kieu trong sudt
mirdi
lam nam luu lac, "Thanh
lau
hai
lugt
thanh
y
hai
Ian",
qua mgl

iha\
gian
liim
le
ciia Thiic
Sinh. lam xa
eiia
Tir
Hai,
xan la nhfrng canh hien thuc " (9.tr529) xa theo dng ngudi dgc khi tiep
nhan Truyen Kieu nhan thay ca "tinh than ui thire" va "tinh than phe phan"
qua nhung hien thuc ay.
Ngirdi nghien
ei'rii
Truyen Kieu
nhir
mgl tac pham
ihude
xe
phu'crng
phap sang Uic hien thire
ehii
nghia. ndi each khac ngirdi khang dinh thuc
sir
cd
mot
chii
nghia hien thuc trong Truyen Kieu. mot
each
cd he thdng la Le Dinh

K>'
trong
chuxen liuin
Truyen Kieu
\d
chu
w^hla
hien thia <
na
\'.^nycn
Du.
Mac
dii
dng eimg da dat dieu kien "chu nghia hien thuc cua
Trnyen Kieu
la
13
Van de tinh chat hien thuc va
chii
nghia hien thuc
mot
chii
nghia hien thuc trong hinh thai phat trien dau lien cua nd khi nd vira
thoal thai tir chu nghia quy pham, tir tfnh each dieu va udc le
ciia
my hgc
phong kien, tir xu hudng ly tudng hoa va chu nghia giao huan"
(I6.tr
388).
1.2-

Truyen Kieu vd chu
nghia
hien thuc
ciia
Nguyen Du -
Le
Dinh
Ky - Ljch
sucac
y kien danh gia.
Truyen Kieu vd
chii
nghia hien thu'c
ciia Nguyen
Du da ra ddi trong bdi
canh nghien cii'u van hgc trong quan he vdi hien thuc ddi sdng xa hdi theo
quan diem my hgc
Maexft.
Nghia la tac pham van hgc dugc nhin nhan nhu la
su phan anh ddi sdng xa hdi va bgc
Id
thai do
ciia
nha van ddi xdi hien
ihire
dd.
6
chuyen luan nay Le Dinh Ky da quan tam den nhfrng van de tu
ludng
chii

quan
eiia
ngirdi sang tac: tu tirdng xa hdi, tu tudng nghe thuat
ciia
Nguyen
Du, iriet ly trong Truyen Kieu ndi bat han ca la van de tim hieu phuang phap
sang lac
eiia NguyCn
Du trong Truyen Kieu. Lan
lirgi
khao sat
co'
sd'
iw fiffhig
tham my
ciia
Truyen Kieu va van de dien hinh hod
irong
Truyen Kieu, rd rang
'dng mudn
diing
nhfrng cdng thiie
eiia
phuang phap sang Uic hien
ihirc
chu
nghia de nghien
ciiii
Truyen Kieu. Ong hirdng vao nghien
ciiu

cac nhan vat
trong Truyen
Kieic
va day la mot thanh edng
ciia
dng so xdi cac giai doan
Irirde
Irong
linh vire
tim hieu nhan vat Truyen Kieu. Le Dinh Ky da phan
ifch
Vii
phat hien trong Truyen Kieu ed nhfrng nhan vat dugc mieu la bang "nhfrng
ngdn tir lay thang tir eugc sdng", do vay dng da di den ket luan "cd mgl xa hdi
'Truyen
Kieir
(16,lr284), xa hdi ay bat dau xdi bo may cai tri. lir
ihang
ban
M
den
ifMig
dde Ho Ton
HitMi
va dang sau Ho Ton Hien
lii
ca mgl
irieu
dinh
phong kien thdi nat. Ong ghi nhan the

lire
cua dong lien irong Truyen Kieu
"the
lire ciia
dong tien da dugc
Id
cao mgl
each
true liep xa
sau
sac irons uic
pham
ciia Nguxen
Du. xa xe mat nay.
Truyen
Kieu xung dang duoc xap xep
x'ao
nhfms sia tri \I dai nhat
eiia
nen xan hoe the
sidf"
(
I6.ir292j.
Tux
nhien
Le Dinh Kv khdns
chii
v rans su bdc
Idi
irons xa hdi xa the

lire
cua dons
lien
14
^
Van de tinh chat hien thuc va chu nghia hien thuc
khdng phai la dac
thii
rieng
ciia
nha nude phong kien. Ngoai ra dng da danh
han mot chuang
de
tim hieu Dien hinh hod theo
hitdmg
hien
thifc
chu
nglua,
trong dd dng da van dung nhirng cdng thuc
ciia chii
nghia hien thire
de
xem
xet tac phalm nay va khang dinh "cd the ndi Truyen Kieu da dat tdi mgl chu
nghia hien thuc tam ly cao nhat trong nen van hgc dan tgc qua
khii"
(I6,tr387).
Khang dinh the song Le Dinh Ky lai khdng khdi lung King khi liep
can nhfrng yeu

id
udc le tugng trung trong tac pham, nhfrng quan niem, nhu'ng
each
cam nhan xa hdi khdng gidng vdi each hieu, each cam nhan
ciia
chiing ta
.ngay
nay va dng
liet
tat ca nhirng cai
-khae
dd vao
nlulng
rdng
hiioc ciia
my
hoc
di((fng
ttun.
Tir day dng di vao phan tfch va coi nd nhu hi nhfrng han che
ciia NguyCn
Du cung nhu
ciia
thdi dai dng, coi
chii
nghia hien thuc
ciia
Nguyen Du "thieu nhat quan va day
mau
ihuSn"

(16,tr389).
Ndi chung each tiep can van hgc theo hudng xa hdi hgc de dan cac nha
nghien cuu den be
Uic,
va dan den nhfrng nhan dinh mang tfnh
chii
quan. Cac
lac gia, dac biet la cac tac gia
Idn
hg ludn mang trong minh
sir
nhai
qiuin
nhfrng thanh
liru
van hoa, van hgc
ciia
thdi ddi minh chu khdng gidng
nhir
each
danh gia
ciia
Le Dinh Ky "cac nha van qua
khii
thudng la mang nhfrng
mau
thuiin
Idn
trong ngirdi va lac pham
ciia

hg cung phan anh linh
irang
mau
•lhuandd"(16,tr485).
Tuy nhien, phai ghi nhan Truyen Kieu vd
chii
nghia hien
thifc
cua
Nguyen Du la mot tac phalm dai, cdng phu trong dd Le Dinh Ky da dua tren
lieu ehf
ciia
chu
nshia
hien thuc de' danh sia. nhan dinh xe cac van de trong
Truyen Kieu.
De
khang dinh "Nguyen Du da
birde xiio
ngudng cua cua chu
nghia hien thuc", dng di
viio
md xe
'^nhfrng
mat lien bd trong
lu liuyng
xa hdi".
eiins
nhu "nhfrns mat han che be tac
eiia

Nsuven Du". Ben canh viec ly giai
CO'
SO"
tu
luons
tham mv cua Nguxen Du. dns dims ban 2/3 duns
luans ciia
cudn sach de ban xe xan de dien hinh hoa trong 'Truyen
Kicu
theo
huVrng
hien
thuc
ehii
nshla.
Ons cho rans
"\' thi're
trims thanh xdi cude sdns da khien
Nsiivdn
Du, xe ca ban da gifr dugc tfnh each khach quan, chan thuc cua su
Van de tinh chat hien thuc va chu nghia hien thuc
mieu ta". va "cd
the
ndi den mot
chii
nghia hien thuc cua
NguycMi
Du. nhirng
la
mgl

each
cd dieu kien". Nhung mot mat dng cho
Nguyin
Du da cd y thuc
ve su khach quan trong mieu ta, mot mat dng nhan dinh nhan
xai
Kim Trgng
"tuy
van
chan thuc. nhung lai thieu mot cai gi nhu la
gan
cot xa
xirang
sdng".
dng lai tiep
"Nguyen
Du cung da
sdp
xep bd trf tat ca cho ddi
liia
dugc gap gd
gan bd nhau: tir can nha gan
k6
cd ten
la
Lam Thuy chi chd dgi Kim Trgng
den thue, den
chiee
kim
ihoa

Thuy
Kidu
da may man danh rai - khdng phai rai
lam dat ma mac vao canh dao - va tham nshiem kfn cons cao
tuirns
cfms
khdng ngan can Kim Trgng nhat dirge". Tir nhan dinh dd dng di vao mgl ket
luan rat nude ddi: "a Truyen Kieu cd tinh hinh la: udc le ma van hon
nhicMi
chan thuc
van chii'a
chan tinh
tii
va
cam_
xiic"
(16,tr406)
'Truyen Kieu vd
chii
nghia hien thu'c
ciia Nguyen
Du la mgl trong nhung
chuyen luan hay viet ve Truyen Kieu. Le Dinh Ky da tiep nhan lac pham nay
vdi mot
sir Iran
trgng va kha nang nhay ben
ciia
cam
xiic,
sac sao trong

sir
the
hien ngdn tir. Ong binh luan Truyen Kieu bang nhfrng
cau
chu rat tinh te de di
vao
Idng
ngudi dgc. vf
dii
nhu nhfrng doan:
"Sue
mitnh eiia
cau tha Kieu khdng
phiii
la d chd kham pha ra nhfrng
hinh tirgng
ehira
ai hinh dung nhfrng y
nghl.
ehua ai ngd tdi ma la cai linh
din
tinh nguiri tham tham ma
Nguydn
Du dua vao cai nhin, cai nghe. cai
nghl eiia
minh. vao mgl virng trang. mot ddng sudi. mot ngan dau. mgl
licMig
chim. mot
nson la. Den da
irirde

nsdi
biit Nsuv(!n.Du
eiins phai mem di
irude
nhfrns dau
khd
ciia
con ngirdi:
- Le ro'i tham dd
to'chia
ru tdm
- Ddu
Id
dd Cling ndt gan
lo
ngu'd'i
Cling theo
Idng ngiriii
ma rao rue
sa>'
dam:
Tff
phcn dd biet
tuoi
vdng.
(16,trl70)
"Da I Da I Da Nguyen Du nhu keu len
\o\
chiing ta:
"Cude

sdng
Irdi
qua !". Khdng
[^hai
hi chuxen quan
am iham
thoal. chuxen
ngira
eha\
qua cua
sd. ma la cai
biroe
di
nhir
sir.
nlur
m(')
diioe
cua
ihoi
gian.
eai
dau \el cua no da
16
Van de tinh chat hien thuc va chu nghia hien thuc
han len tren nhirng hy vgng, chd mong, dau thuang. khd nhuc cua con
ngm>i
va bang bae khap nai khap chdn"
(16.trl71).
Doan viet

vi
ngdn tir Nguyen Du danh
de
mieu la mdi tinh Kim -
Ki^u
'dng viet: "Truyen
Ki6u la
lieng reo vui khi hy vgng yeu duang trim la lieng
hat khai hoan
ciia
tinh yeu chien thang, la ban ai ca
ciia
tinh cam khi bi
irac
trd,
viii
dap. Bang khuang
riio
rue, dat dao, nhd thuang. dgi chd khac khoai.
trai tim con ngudi da
id
rd quyen sdng
ciia
nd ma bao nhieu cam doan rang
huge cudi
ciing
cung khdng chdn
viii
bdp nghet dugc"
(16,trl65).

Nhung cd the ndi diem dac sac nhat
eiia
Le Dinh Ky la "dng da van
dung mgl each nhuan
nhuy6n
cac khai niem ve tfnh each, ca tfnh. hoan
eiinh.
chi liet
de
phan tfch tfnh loan ven sinh ddng eae nhan vat Truyen
Kieu'^
(53,trl
8). Cho den nay chua cd ai viet ve dien hinh hoa
eiia
Truyen Kieu
thii
vi
nhu Le Dinh Ky, sau han 40 nam edng trinh
ciia
dng xuat hien. Nhfrng nhan
vat phan dien
Tii
Bii,
Ma Giam Sinh. Sd Khanh dugc dng xem xet. phan tfch
de
cho thay day hi nhfrng nhan vat thuc
sir
dirge
diic
ket tir cude sdng llurc

phong phii, sdi ddng. Phan viet ve ly tudng
thiim
my
ciia
Nguyen Du qua nhan
vat Thuy Kieu cung cd nhung kham pha mdi.
thii
vj.
Tuy nhien, viec nha nghien ciru tim hieu phuang phap sang uic cua
NguycMi
Du d Truyen Kieu trong
tirang
quan vdi phuang phap sang Uic
ciia
ehii
nghia hien thuc khien nhieu ngirdi chua ddng tinh, nhat la khi dng lay cac
nguyen Uic, lieu
ehuain ciia ehii
nghia hien thuc de xem xet cac phuang dien
sang Uic
ciia Nguyen
Du va Truyen Kieu - mot uic phalm van hgc trung dai
phuong Ddng (nhfrng ndi dung xa hdi. ndi dung phan anh, tfnh
each xii
hoan
canh dien hinh. nhfrng ehi
lie!
hien thue chu nghia. ngdn ngfr da dang phong
phii
an khdp xdi

sir
that ddi sdng ). Cung chfnh viec van dung cac khai
nieni
phirang phap sang lac hien thuc
ehii
nghia xao Truyen Kieu da lam cho lac gia
king uing. khi nhung nhan
xai
chfnh - nhan xat
ehinh
dien cua tac pham nhu
Thuy Kieu. Tir
Hai,
Kim Trgng
dcu
la nhfrng nhan vat
numg
dam tfnh chai
udc le.
Ix lirdns
hoa. Rdi cude
chi
cd nhfrns nhan vat phan
i.\\cn
la nhan
xai
y-ill
C51-
Vifn
de tinh chat hien thuc va chu nghia hien

thuc
hien thuc
chii
nghia, nhu Ma Giam Sinh. So Khanh.
Tii
Ba "mang nhieu net
lay thang tir
eugc
sdng". Thuc te cdng trinh
ciia
Le Dinh Ky cho thay eae
nguyen tac phan tfch hien thue
chii
nghia chi
phii
hgp vdi nhan xat phan dien
chiir khdng
phii
hgp vdi cac nhan vat chfnh dien. Day la mot thir
thach Idn
ddi
vdi phuang phap nghien cii'u nay khi dem ap dung cho van hgc trung dai. Do
'vay, mot mat Le Dinh Ky phat hien nhfrng yeu to dien hinh hod theo
hu'o'ng
hien thifc chu nghTa nhung mat khac van nhan thay
sir
ton tai
nhu'ng
rdng huoc
ciia

my hoc
ducmg
thcri. Qua nhirng nhan vat, nhfrng yeu to nghe thuat
ining
khft vdi cdng thiic
eiia ehii
nghia hien thuc dng ghi nhan Nguyen Du hi mgl
tac gia lieu bieu
ciia
phuang phap sang lac hien thue
ehii
nghia. cdn nhfrng
nhan vat, yeu to nao khdng
triing
khft thi dng cho dd khdng chi la han che cua
NguyCn
Du ma la han che chung
eiia
ea thdi dai Nguyen Du. Nhu vay, vd hinh
chung uic giii da diinh giii thap Nguyen Du va Truyen
Kieic a
day tu
luirng
cua
NguyCn
Du cung
nhvtTruyen
Kieu bi nhin nhan nhu mgl khdi
nuiu
ihuan.

tua
khdng dugc xem xet nhu mot ehinh the thdng nhat. Chfnh xi the tir khi i
ruvcn
Kieu vd
chii
nghia hien thifc
ciia
Nguyen Du ra ddi den nay da
c()
khdng ft
nhfrng y kien trao ddi tranh luan xung quanh viin de
niiy.
Nguy(!n
Lgc khi di vao tim hieu lich sir van de nghien cfru 'Trnyen Kieu
khiing dinh nhfrng ddng gdp
eiia
Le Dinh Ky trong quii trinh nghien cfru mdi
dd hi nghien
ciiu
Truyen Kieu trong mdi tuang quan vdi phuang phiip sang tiic
ciia
nha tha. Ons shi nhan "vdi nsdi
biit
sac sao
eiia mdi
nha phe binh" lir sdc
dd phuang phiip siing uic Le Dinh Ky da ed nhfrng
"phai
hien
mdi"

xe Truyen
Kieu ma gidi nghien
ciiu
ve Truyen Kieu giai
doiin
trudc "ehua cd". Nguxen
L(>c cdn chi ra dugc nhfrng ddng gdp diing
ke ciia
Le Dinh Ky xe ly
iiahig
tham my
ciia Nguyen
Du irong Truyen Kieu, x'e mot so nhan
vai
Truyen
Kieu
Cling nlur \e
irici
/v
Truyen
Kicu.
Tir do
dng di den ket luan
"iruycn Kicu
vd
chu nghia hien thifc cua
Nguyen
Du
giiip ngucri
dgc hieu sau

ho'n
nhfrng
gui iri
doc diio
ciia
mot nhii tha
ihien
uii"
(28.ir465).
Dii
khii gan
giii
\o\
quan
diem
ciia
Le Dinh Kv. nghia hi ciing chgn
ciieh tiep
can
Truyen Kicu
tu phuong
18
Van de tinh chat hien thuc va chu nghia hien thuc.
phap sang tac, tir nguyen
idc
dien hinh hoa nhung
Nguyen
Lgc nhiin
dinh
"irong cdng trinh nghien

eiiu ciia
Le Dinh Ky tfnh he thdng khdng duoc chat
che.
Va mac
dii l<ic
gia ed dung y giai quyei
x'an
de phuang phap siing tac cua
Nguyen Du trong Truyen Kieu nhirng thanh edng
eiia
dng lai hi
nhiing
kham
pha dgc dao ve Truyen Kieu tir gdc do phuang phiip sang tac
ehii
chua phai
nhu'ng ket luan vd
biin
than phuang phap sang tac trong Truyen
Kieif
(28,tr465). Ong cdn cho rang Le Dinh Ky da lay mot lieu chuan cd siin nao dd
.ve chii
nghia hien thuc d nude ngoai rdi dem ra "ddi chieu", "so siinh" vdi
'Truyen Kieu
chii
d day tac gia chua cd y thiic tim hieu chu nghia hien thuc
xuat phat tir quy luat van ddng ngi tai
ciia
van hgc dan tgc
de

nghien cfru. Tuy
nhien biin than
Nguydn
Lgc trong phan viet ve dien hinh hod 'Truyen Kieu
Cling chia
phucrng
phiip siing Uic
ciia
Nguyen Du thanh ba
Idi
dien hinh hoa,
"ly tudng hoii", "dien hinh hoii
eiia chii
nghia hien thue".
"dicMi
hinh hoii
iruyCm
thdng theo ly tudng hoii den Idi dien hinh hoii
eiia chii
nghia hien thue"
(28.lr396) ciing hi ehua hgp ly.
Tran
Dinh
Hugu mac
dii
khdng dua ra nhfrng nhiin dinh cu the xe
Truyen Kieu vd
chii
nghia hien thu'c
ciia

Nguyen Du song
liii
ed nhfrng nhan
•dinh ehuns
"Nsuyen
Du da
chon
Kim Vdn Kieu
iruyen
de dien Ndm Uic la ed
tim dugc d trong dd
ciii
ma dng mudn tim". Triin Dinh Hugu cho rang
ciii
ma
Nguyen
Du tim dirge nhiit quyei khdng phiii la do hien thuc a irong dd gidng
x'di
hien thuc xa hdi Viet Nam, bai dng nhan
ihay
tiic giii da
luge
bo di nhfrng
ehi liet
cii
lhC\
mil theo nha Nho thi ta dam xe ndi
dung,
rirdm
ra, kem trang

nha
X'e
nghe thuat. d mgl mat
niio
dd dieu
niiy
lai "xa cai thuc cua van hoc".
Theo dng "Nguxen Du
Ira
thiinh hieu ddi, thiiy ra nhfrng dieu dau ddn Idng
khdng
|")hai
theo ciieh cua nhfrng nghe
si
hien thuc
chii
nghia xuiii phat lir thue
le.
di tim
ciie ludi
lien he xa hdi de phiit hien ra cai chan thuc.
ciii
ban
chat,
ciii
diem hinh trong llurc
liii
cd trudc
nuit.
Ong quan Uim den thuc lai

mdi ihuc lai
rdns ho'n
irucVc nlumg
la
mdi
thue lai
irini lirong
ma dng
S(M
la
cdi nguoi
ta
(50,tr468). O phuang dien
miy
cho
tha>
Tran Dinh
Hirou
dii \em
,\et
I
rmen
19
Van de tinh chat hien thuc va
chii
nghia hien thuc
phap sang tiic, tir nguyen
lac didn
hinh hoa nhung Nguxen Lgc nhan dinh
"trong cdng trinh nghien

ciru ciia
Le Dinh Ky tfnh he thdng khdng dugc
chiii
che.
Va mac
dii
tac gia cd dung y giai quyei van de phuang phap siing uic cua
Nguyen Du trong Truyen Kieu nhung thanh cdng
ciia
dng
\d\
la nhfrng kham
pha dgc dao ve Truyen Kieu tir gdc do phuang phiip sang tiic
ehii
ehua phai
nhCrng ket luan ve ban than phuang phap sang tiic trong Truyen
Kieir
(28.tr465). Ong cdn cho rang Le Dinh Ky da lay mot tieu chuan cd siin
niio
dd
.v6 chii
nghia hien thuc d nude ngoai rdi dem ra "ddi chieu". "so sanh" xdi
Truyen Kieu ehii' d day tiic giii chua cd y thiic tim hieu chu nghia hien thuc
xuai phat lir quy luat van ddng ngi tai
ciia
van hgc dan toe de nghien
ei'ru.
Tuy
nhien biin than
Nguyfin

Lgc trong
phiin
viei ve dien hinh hod Truyen Kieu
Cling chia phuang phap sang uic
ciia
Nguyen Du ihanh ba
Idi
dien hinh hoa.
"ly tudng hoii". "dien hinh hoii
eiia chii
nghia hien thuc", "dien hinh hoa
truycm
thdng theo ly tirdng hoa
deii Idi
dien hinh hoii
ciia chii
nghia hien thue"
(28,tr396) ciing la chua hgp ly.
Triin
Dinh Hugu mac
dii
khdng dua ra nhfrng nhiin dinh eu the xe
Truyen Kieu vd
chii
nghia hien thifc cua Nguyen Du song
liii
ed nhfrng nhan
•dinh ehuns
"NsuycMi
Du da chon Kim Vdn Kieu truyen de dien Ndm

liie
la ed
tim dugc d trong dd cai ma dng mudn tim". Tran Dinh Hugu cho rang
ciii
ma
Nguyen Du tim dugc nhiii quyet khdng phai
lii
do hien thue d trong dd gidng
X'di hien thue xa hdi Viet Nam. bdi dng nhan thay tiic giii da
luge
bo di nhfrns
ehi tiet cu
thd.
ma theo nha Nho thi la dam xe ndi
dung,
nwm
ra. kem
irang
nha xe nghe thuiit. d mot mat
niio
dd dieu nay
Icii
"xa
Ciii
thue
eiia
van hgc".
Theo dns "Nsuven Du
ird
thiinh hieu

diu.
ihiiy
ra nhfrng dieu dau ddn
Idng
khdng phiii theo
each ciia
nhfrng nghe si hien thuc
chii
nghia xuiii
phai
lir thuc
te.
di tim
ciic
mdi lien he xa hdi
de phiit
hien ra cai chan thuc. ciii ban
chat,
eai
dieni
hinh trong thuc lai ed trudc mat. Ong quan Uim den thuc
lai mdi iluie lai
"rdns ho'n
iriiiVe nhimg
hi mot thue lai
iriru
tuang ma dng
goi
la
edi nguo'i

la
(50,tr468).
0 phuang dien
niiy
cho
thiiy
Tran Dinh
Hirou
da xem \el Trnyen
19
Van de tinh chat hien thuc va chd nghia hien thuc
Kieu (truyen Ndm ndi chung), trong bdi canh van hoa. xan hoe trung dai. han
nu'a dng da cd y thu'c chii y den dac trung cua thi phap trung
di^ii.
Ong khang
dinh "trong van hgc Viel Nam trung can dai" khdng ed "phong trao xan hgc
hien thuc
chii
nghia". Va ket luan "neu eai dep la
sir
da diing
eiia
nhfrng ciii
dgc dao, la vd sd thi van hgc Viet Nam trung can dai cung khdng nhiit thiol
phai cd khuynh hudng hien thuc, va cd nhieu
yeii
td hien thue mdi la mot
nen
van hgc phat trien" (50,tr498).
Trong bai Lai hdn ve

chii
nghia hien thifc trong Truyen Kieu cua
Nguyen Du in trong
Tcip
chf van hgc sd 9 - 2000 dng Dao Xuan Quy lai cd
mgl Ciieh diinh giii va giiii quyet khac. Ong dat van de "mot tiic
phimi
phan iinh
dugc hien
ihuc ciia
mgl xa hdi ed phiii
liic
nao ciing la mgl tac pham viei theo
phucyng
phap hien thue
ehii
nghia khdng?". Va dng dua ra nhfrng bai tha cua
Bach Cu Di, Dd
Phii
phiin anh dugc "sau
siic
den lirng chi tiet" hien thue xa
hdi Trung Qude
dt^i
nha
DuiTng.
roi
tu hdi "cd the ket
limn
rang

chii
nghia
hien thuc da xuiii hien d Trung Qude
ciich
day han mgl nghin nam khdng?"
Dao Xuan Quy cdn dua ra nhfrng ly le vii
di\n
chiing de khang dinh rang tir giii
tri hien thuc den
chii
nghia hien thuc la mgl quang dudng dai. Ong neu ra yeu
Ciiu cot yeu
ciia chii
nghia hien thue lit van de dien hinh
vii
cho rang "cd the
ndi trong Truyen Kieu khdng ed nhfrng "nhan vat dien hinh trong hoan canh
dien hinh" xa
ciii
chfnh hi dng khdng thira nhan cd chu nghia hien thue irong
Truyen Kieu. Diio Xuan Quy viei: "Thien tai
eiia
Nguyen Du da thdi
ha\
sdng
viio nhfrng nhan viit xdn binh thudng trong cudn lieu thuyet cua Trung Qude
Vii da dem lai cho hg mgl tam hon mot cude ddi. mot sd phiin. Nhu the la du
rdi.
chiing la khdng nen giin cho Nguyen Du nhfrng
di6u

khdng the cd
dirae".
Va dng de nghi
ludt
hudng
nghicMi
cuu Nguyen Du cung nhu Truyen
Kieu
la
phiii hieu
sau
viio uii Cii ciic
nuit
trong
liim
trang cua Uic gia
chii
khdng the de
dai
giiin
don duoc.
Trim Dinh Su trong
'I'hi
phdp Truyen
Kieu
khi di
xiio lim hieu
nhiing
ehan^^
dudns nshien cfru thi phap iruyen

Kieu
da
ghi
nhan
Trnyen
Kicu va
^
t_
*-
11
^0
Van de tinh chat hien thuc va chu nghia hien thuc
chu nghia hien thifc
ciia
Nguyen Du - Le Dinh Ky "ed the ndi dd la
sir
nghien
ciru thi phap Truyen Kieu theo thi phiip
ciia chii
nghia hien thue"
(53.lrl8).
Tuy nhien dng ciing chi ra nhiing king
tiing ciia
Le Dinh Ky khi xan dung khiii
niem phuang phap sang tac hien thuc chu nghia vao tac pham nay. Trong khi
tuyen nhan vat chfnh Kim Trgng. Tir Hai va ca Thuy Kieu
dcni
mang dam tfnh
chat ly tudng hoa, thi tuyen nhan vat phiin dien trong dd nhfrng Ma Giam
Sinh, Sd Khanh, Tii Ba

d^u
"mang nhieu net lay thang tir cude sdng". Tran
Dinh Sir nhan dinh neu ndi "udc le mil
viin
hdn nhien, chan thuc xan
chi'ra
chan "tinh tir va cam
xiic",
eae hinh anh dien cd cd siin ma nhan
xai van
sinh
ddng, mdi ngudi mot ve khdng lan
Idn
vao nhau" thi tren thue te. khai niem
ehii
nghia hien thue da bi thay
the"
(53.tr
19).
Ong kei luan
'^y
niem chu nghia
hien thuc thdi
niiy
cdn giiin dan,
ngucii
ta chua thiiy tfnh chu quan
eiia
chu
•

nghia hien thue
eiing
nhu tfnh udc le cua nd. Riii nhieu
ngiriyi
vien
cau
"nhfrng
dieu trdng thiiy"
ciia NguyCn
Du nhirng ft
nguc^i
xem xet Nguyen Du thiiy theo
eai nhin
niio,
eon mat nao."
(53,trl9)
Trong Ciic
biii
viei
eiia
Trim Nho Thin ciing ed xu hirdng
|:)hu
nhan
sir
hien dien
ciia chii
nghia hien thuc trong Truyen
Kieic
dng da
ehi

ra khuynh
hudng
nghicMi eiiu
Truyen Kieu
iheo
phuang phap sang uic hien thue chu nghia
dien ra x'iio khoiing nhfrng nam 60 - 70
eiia
the ky XX, la mgl thuc le va phd
bien. Theo dng. mac
dii
cac nha nghien cii'u nay da ed mgl "nd
lire
mdi nham
khoa hoe hoa cdng
xiee
nghien cfru" nham
dai
xan hoii Viet Nam
xiio
bdi canh
phat trien chung cua van hgc the gidi xa "nhin nhiin xan hoc Viet Nam nhu
nuit bd phiin khdng uich vai cua xan hoc the gidi". nhung thue le tren the
gidi
nhiing nam 60. 70 "da va dang dien ra ciic khuynh hudng van hoc
khiic
nhau".
dac biet lii chu nghia huyen
Ihoiii
xdi nhfrng

ICMI
tudi Idn nhu T.Mann.
J.Joyce.
F.Kafka
va da
thax the
chu nghia
hiLMi ihirc
cua
ihe
ky
XIX.
Nhung \i
"nluins
Ix
do khiic
nhiui"
nen sidi nshien cfru
xii
\an hoc
nii'(ic
la "dmh
hu'iing
siii tri"
xiin
chu
xeii
"khoanh
xiins
irons chu

nshIa
hien llurc" bao gom hien
thue phe phiin
xii
hien thuc xa hdi chu
nshla.
Ons cho
riing xiee
ap clung
21
Van de tinh chat hien thuc va
chii
nghia hien thuc
nhu'ng lieu chf
ciia chii
nghia hien thuc
ciia
van hgc phuang
Tax'
khoang the ky
XIX, vdn cd nhirng dac trung ve loai hinh rat khac vdi xan hgc trung
diii
Viet
Nam nira cudi the ky XVIII - nira dau the ky XIX
de
tim hieu Truyen Kieu la
"mot viec khii mao hiem va thuc te da bgc
Id
nhirng bai cap"
(55.tr48).

Tran
Nho Thin neu ra nhirng bai cap khi ap dung
chii
nghia hien thuc xiio Truyen
Kieu,
dng cho rang "each tiep can nay thuc chat da bien Truyen Kieu tir
mdi
chinh the nghe thuat thanh mot thue the
dity mau
thuiln.
ihieii
thdng nhiii. no\
ehura
dung nhfrng phuang phiip khiic nhau" (55,tr48). Va
ciin
thiei phiii ed mot
phuang phap nghien ciru khac bd xung cho
sir thieii
hut dd. chfnh la phuang
phap nghien
cii'u
loai hinh hgc van hoa
Nhu the, ta thay rd rang sau khi Truyen Kieu vd
chii
nghia hien thu'c
ciia
Nguyen Du ra dai ben canh nhfrng y kien
Uin
ddng thi eiing xuiit hien
hiing

loiil
nhfrng ban khoan phiin ddi d khfa
ciinh niiy
khfa
ciinh
kia.
a
mo\
ehirng muc nhiit dinh. Nhin chung cac y kien phiin ddi deu thdng nhiii cho
rang khdng the coi trong
1
ruyen Kieu dd cd
chii
nghia hien
fhii'c.
Tuy
nhicMi,
viec
dira
ra cac
each
tiep ciin 'Truyen Kieu
the
niio
liii rat
khiic nhau hay
ncii
cu
the
han vice dua ra phuang hirdng giiii quyei lap di khoiing trdng do phu nhan

Ciieh tiep can
ciia
Le Dinh Ky
liii
rai khiic nhau. Cd ngudi de nghi tiep can
Truyen Kieu theo hirdng phong Ciieh nhu Phan Nggc trong Phong cdch nghe
thiuit
Nguyen Du trong Truyen Kieu. Cd ngudi de nghi cac tiep can thi phiip
hgc nhu Triin Dinh Sir trong 7/// phdp Truyen Kieu. Ngudi thi de nghi
ciieh
tiep
can
theo hirdng van hoii hgc nhu Tran Dinh Hugu, Trim Nho Thin. Dao
Xiuin
Quy
L3-
Phuong huong giai quyet cho van de tiep can mot tac
pham van hgc trung dai.
Tro"
liii
xan de chu
nghiii
hien thuc trong 'Truyen
Kicu.
chiing la lha\
ihd'i
sian
siin dax
hau
nhir

cac
nhii "Kieu
hoc" tranh khons su duns thuat ngir
22
Van de tinh chat hien thuc va
chii
nghia hien thuc
chu nghia hien thifc trong Truyen
Kieu
va cung khdng ft ngirdi da lo thai do
phan ddi rd ret. Thuc te khi dgc Truyen Kieu chiing ta khdng phu nhiin tfnh
chai hien thuc
ciia
tac phalm bdi nd chfnh la "tac phalm duy nhai da phan iinh
dugc sau sac, va vdi mot nghe thuat cao hoan
ciinh
xa hdi nude ta trong mot
giai doan lich sir nhai dinh" (8). Nhung cai phai xac dinh mgl
ciich
rd rimg la
van de
//////
chat hien thifc va
chii
nghia hien thifc, khdng phiii la nhfrng khai
niem trung
kbit
nhau.
Phan anh hien thue la dac
quy6n ciia

nghe thuat ndi chung
chii
khdng
rieng mot phuang phiip sang tac nao hay mot mdn nghe thuat
niio.
Ngay
cii
khi ngudi nghe
si
siing
tito
ra nhfrng hinh iinh ben ngoai bien gidi cua thuc
liii
hay ndi ciich khac
lii
khdng ed trong hien thue thi
ihirc
chiii dd chi hi each
nhiio nan
liti
nhfrng bd phan nhfrng ciii da ed
eiia
thue
tiii
ma thdi. Theo
B.Xusedp, nhu'ng
sir
vat ky quai nhai tudng khdng cd d tren ddi nay. thue ra la
nd vdn dirae
xay

dung theo nhfrng hinh iinh ed siin
ciia
eugc sdng (qui
qiuii
riit
ky di nhung vim cd mat.
mfii,
mieng, tay chan
chi
ed dieu duoc xe dieh \a
cudng dieu nhfrng ti le thdng
thuiyng ciia
chiing). Day chfnh
lii
nguyen ly van
hgc
biit
nguon tir hien thue. Do vay. nhfrng lac phiim thudc
ciie
trudng phai
•
tuang trung. an tugng.
trim
tirgng chang qua eiing ehi hi
sir
nhao niin cac
hinh anh hien thuc. Nhu the ciing cd nghia la phan iinh hien thire khdng the la
thudc do giii tri
ciia
mot Uic

phiim
van hgc
liii
ciing khdng the la
biit
phiip
diic
trung
ciia
phuang phap siing tac hien thue
ehii
nghia. Khdng cd ly gi khang
dinh van hgc hien thuc "cd giii tri" han nhfrng ddng van hgc khiic.
Han nfra chu nghia hien thue xdi tu
ciieh
la mgl phuang phap sang uic la
mdi
hien tuang lich sir ehi phiit sinh d mgl giai doan phiit trien nhiii dinh cua
tu duy eon
ngirc)i.
xao thdi ma trudc con ngirdi niiy sinh
sir
tai yeu khdng tranh
khoi phai v thfre ban chiii xa khuynh hirdng viin ddng cua xa hdi.
xao
thcri ma
nhfrng hanh ddng
xii
tinh cam cua eon ngudi (di tir tu phiii den tu giiic) khdng
phai hi

hc:^
qua cua nhfrng say mc. hoac
x
dd cua than linh ma chiing
diKre
quyet dinh bai nhfrng
nguycMi
nhan thue lai ndi
each
khac la nhfrng nguxen
'^^
Van de tinh chat hien thuc va chd nghia hien thuc
nhan bat nguon tir trong chfnh xa hdi loai ngudi. Thuc ra.
do biin
xem
sir
ra da\
cLia chii
nghia hien thue xuat hien vao thdi diem nao cung cd mot vai y kien
khac nhau, nhung cung khdng phai la ddi nghich nhau. Loai y kien ma
Kdniiil
la
dai dien tieu bieu
chii
truang,
chii
nghia hien thue chi cd d xan hgc the ky
XIX,
trong khi dd lai ed mot
loiii

y kien khac nhu
B.Xusedp
diii
dien.
liii
ma
rdng gidi
hiin
len tan the ky XV -
XVI,
thdi ky
phiie
hung. Song xe ca ban hai
y kien tren cung khdng khac nhau
v6
nguyen tac, tun chung nd deu dugc xac
dinh la tir khi xuat hien giai cap tu san thi
liie
ay cd
sir
ra
dc^i ciia
chu nghia
hien thue. Kdnriit yeu eiiu "can phai
hidu
tinh
thiin
phe phiin
eiia ehii
nghia

hien thuc Phap nhu la mgl phuang phap kham pha hien thuc trong loan bd tfnh
•
phue
tiip
va mau thuan
ciia
ciie
lire
krgng
hoiit
ddng d hien thue ay"
(ehuycMi
dan
55,trl72).
Rd
riing
phuang phap kham phii hien thuc nay ehi bieu
hiclm
gay gat khi cd
sir
phat trien d
miic
do
niio
dd
eiia
y thi're xa
h()i
xa su
xam nhiip

quyei
\\c\
ciia
khoa hgc tu nhien
viio
tim hieu bim chiii
ciia
thuc lai. Xuskdp
cho rang tinh thiin
nghicMi
cfru khdng
ehi
la
iru
the
ciia ricMig
van hgc
nghe:
thuat mil cdn
eiia cii
triei hgc va khoa hgc tu nhien da bat
diiii
lir thcri dai
[")luic
hung - thiii did giai eiip tu
siin
bat diiu hucie
ICMI
vii
dai chfnh tri. Nghia la cV

nhfrng nude Chau Au
sir
phat sinh va hinh thimh chu nghia hien thue
nhir
la
mgl
triio
luu nghe
Ihuiil
doe lap gan lien vdi nhfrng
sir
bien ddi to
Idn
-
sir
xdi
Id Ciiu
triic
Ciie quan he phong kien quyei dinh xi trf
ciia
eon ngirdi trong xa
hdi.
Cho
dii
ed the ndi
liie
nay ehua phiii
lii ehii
nghia
hic;n

thue theo nghia
di'eh
thue
eiia
lir
niiy,
dd xnai chi la nhfrng
birdc
tiep can chu nghia
hiclMi
thue
mil thdi. Do dd, chu nghia hien thue chi cd the hinh thiinh
xii
phat
irien
khi cd
sir xiiiit
hien
ciia
giai ciip tu
siin xii
khoa hgc da phiit trien
a mcii
irinh dd nao
dd
Xii liei")
theo nd
liii
veil bi thax' the
bcVi mcit

phuang phiip sang Uic khiic
phii
hop x'cVi
ihivi
chu hon.
Nhu the khi
deni
soi
xiio
xa
hcii Vic}i
Nam nira cudi
the} kx XVIII
-
nira
diiu
the
ky
XIX
la thiiy rd rang cc)
riii
nhieu khac biet. Xa hdi
nuoc lit liic hax
sid' xan hi mot \a hdi phons
kic^Mi.
khdns cci biii cfr
mdi
cude each mans \a hoi
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