Chính sách đối ngoại Mỹ trong thời kỳ cầm quyền của Harry Truman (1945 - 1952

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DAI HOC QUOC
GIA
HA
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DAI HOC KHOA HOC XA HOI VA NHAN VAN
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NGUYEN KIM THOA
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CHINH
SACK
DOINGOAI
MY TRONG
TH0IKY
•
CAM
QUYEN
CUA HARRY TRUMAN
(1945-1952)
Chuyen
nganh:
Lich
sur
the
gidi
Ma so: 5 08 01
LUAN VAN THAC SI LICH

SlT
Ngircri huong
d^n
khoa hoc: TS. Dang Xuan Khang
OAI
HOC QUOC GIA
HA
NO,
m-NG
T_AM
IHONG
TIN
THU vI^N
Ha Noi - 2006
LC)I
CAM DOAN
Toi xin cam doan day
Id
cong trinh nghien
citii
cua rieng toi. Cdc so
lieu, ket qua nghien
cAu
neu trong
ludn
van
Id
trung
thuc.
Ludn vdn c6

su
ke
thu'a cdc cong
trinh
nghien
cini
cua
nhifng ngudi
di
trudc
vd c6
sU
bo
sung them
nhUng tu
lieu
mdi
vd
chua duc/c
cong bo trong bat ki cong trinh
ndo khdc.
Ngirdi
viet
Nguyen Kim Thoa
111
MUC
LUC
Trang
Ldi
md

ddu
1
Chufong
1:
Co
so
hoach dinh
chinh
sach
ddi
ngoai
cua My 9
sau Chien tranh
the gidi thur
hai
LI.
Bdi
canh qudc
te'
9
1.1.1.
Su hinh thanh Trat
tu
the gidi
hai cue 9
1.1.2.
Chu
nghia
xa hdi trd
thanh

mot he
thong nhieu
nude
16
1.1.3. Su phat trien ciia phong trao giai phdng
dan tdc va dan chu 20
hda tren pham
vi
toan
the
gidi
1.2. Cac
nhan
to
trong nude
23
1.2.1. Tiem
luc
cua My sau
Chie'n
tranh
the
gidi
thu:
hai
23
1.2.2.
Ke'
hoach
ba

quyen
cua My 26
1.2.3.
Vai trd
canhan
31
Chirong
2.
Chinh
sach
ddi
ngoai
cua
chinh quyen Truman
34
nhCrng
nam
2945-1949:
Su*
khdi
dau cua
chien tranh
lanh
2.1.
Chinh sach
cua My d
chau
Au 34
2.1.1.
Chinh sach

cua My ddi vdi
Lien
Xd:
Sir bat
dau cua 34
Chien tranh lanh
2T.
1.1.
Su cang thang
gia
tang trong quan
he My - Xd 35
2.1.1.2. Ngoai giao nguyen
tir
40
2.LL3.
Chinh sach ngan chan
46
2.1.2. Chinh sach
cua My d
Tay Au:
Ba
khiic
dao dau
ciia
49
Chien tranh lanh
2.1.2.1.
Hgc
thuye't

Truman
49
2.1.2.2.
Ke
hoach Marshall
53
2.1.2.3.
Su
hinh
thanh NATO
va
Lien minh
Dai Tay
Duong
58
2.1.2.4. Chia
cat
nude
Due 63
IV
LC)I
M6
DAU
1.
Muc
dich
va y
nghia ciia
de tai
The'

ky XX da khep
lai,
nhung
nhiing
bie'n dgng to
Idn
trong the ky nay
vSn
ghi dam dau an khi nhan
loai
budc vao the ky XXI. Trong 100 nam
ciia
the'
ky XX, loai ngudi da phai
chiing
kien hai cudc chien tranh the gidi tan
khdc
nh^'t
trong lich
sir
va mot cudc chien tranh lanh keo dai hon 40 nam giua
hai sieu cudng cua the' gidi, ciing vd so nhiing cudc xung dot ndng d khu vuc
ngoai vi ma it nhieu deu chiu anh hudng cua chie'n tranh lanh. Trong the ky
nay, cudc Cach mang thang Mudi Nga
vi
dai da md ra mot trang mdi trong
lich
sir
nhan loai, dong thdi phong trao giai phdng dan toe dang cao da ghi ten
hang

loat
qudc gia doe lap mdi
len
ban do
the'
gidi.
The ky XX ciing da chiing
kien su trdi day manh me ciia nude My - mot qudc gia chi cd lich
sir
hon 200
nam - trd thanh qudc gia
diing
dau he thd'ng tU ban chu nghia the' gidi, thanh
mot
cue
trong trat tu hai cue chi phdi quan he qudc te' sudt hon 40 nam va la
sieu
cudrig
duy
nha't
tren the' gidi sau khi Lien bang Cong hda xa hdi chu
nghia Xdviet tan ra vao
dSu
thap nien 1990. Dugc menh danh la "ngudi khong
16"
ve kinh te' va quan su, tieng ndi cua My cd trgng
lugng
trong hau het cac
van de qudc te'. Budc sang the ky XXI, cue dien the gidi mdi dang tirng budc
hinh

thanh, song My
vSn
la cudng qudc hang dau, la nhan to quan trgng phai
tinh de'n trong qua trinh hoach dinh chinh sach ddi ngoai
ciia
mdi qudc gia.
' '
Thuc hien dudng ldi ddi ngoai ddc lap, tu
chii,
rdng md, da phuong hda,
da dang hda cac quan he qudc te, vdi tinh
than
Viet Nam san sang la ban, la ddi
tac tin cay cua cac nude trong cong dong qudc te', phan dau vi hda hinh, ddc lap
va phat trien, chiing ta da phat trien quan he vdi cac nude, cac trung tam chinh
tri
-
kinh'te'
tren the gidi, trong dd cd My. Vdi
siic
manh to
Idn
ve mgi mat, dac
biet vdi nen kinh te khong
16 ciia
minh.
My
cQng
ngay cang cd anh hudng quan
trgng ddi vdi cdng cudc phat trien kinh te' ciia Viet Nam. Chinh vi vay, viec

nghien
cuti
va tim hieu mgi mat ddi song xa hdi My, dac biet la chinh sach ddi
ngoai ciia My, la thuc su can thie't ddi vdi chiing ta bdi nhieu
ly
do:
ThA
nhdt,
vdi nhan
thiic
dat cac cudng qudc thanh mot trgng diem
trong chinh sach ddi ngoai, viec nghien
ciiu
chinh sach ddi ngoai My - muc
tieu xuyen sudt va tinh ke
thiia,
lien tuc ciia no - cd y nghia thie't thuc trong
viec hoach dinh chinh sach ddi ngoai cua Viet Nam ddi vdi My va dua quan
he Viet - My
len
nac thang mdi.
Thic
hai, chinh sach ddi ngoai
ciia
My cd anh hudng to
Idn
den ddi
song chinh tri the gidi, va ngugc lai su van dong cua quan he qudc te cung
cd tac dgng true tiep tdi nhiing thay ddi va dieu chinh trong chinh sach ddi
ngoai ciia My. Mac

dii
vay, mgi su dieu chinh chie'n luge
ciing
nhu viec
trien khai chinh sach ddi ngoai d bat ky giai doan nao ciia My cung deu
nha^t
quan vdi muc tieu xuyen sudt la
Igi
ich qudc gia,
ddng
thdi mang tinh
lien tuc va ke' thiia. Do dd, viec hieu dugc nhiing muc tieu chii chdt ciia
Igi
ich qudc gia, nhiing truyen thd'ng va
nen
tang ban dau cua chinh sach ddi
ngoai My se gdp phan rat quan trgng de chiing ta hieu va
nam
bat dugc
nhiing budc di trong chinh sach ddi ngoai ciia cudng qudc hang dau tren the
gidi nay,
l\i
dd cd the cd nhirng chinh sach
diing
va kip thdi nham tan dung
dugc
CO
hdi va giam thieu cac nguy co cd the xay ra.
Chien tranh the gidi
thii

hai ket
thiic
danh dau mot budc ngoat trong
chinh sach ddi ngoai ciia My.
Nude
My da tii bd chii nghia biet lap truyen
thd'ng va ngay cang can thiep sau hon vao ddi song quan he qudc te. Chinh
sach ddi ngoai My trong budc ngoat co ban nay da tao
nen
mot hinh anh mdi
ciia
nude My tren trudng qudc te, lam nen tang cho chien
luoc
ddi ngoai ciia
My tdi
tan
ngay nay. Vdi mong mudn tim hieu sau hon chinh sach ddi ngoai
My trong mot giai doan day bie'n dgng va cd tinh quyet dinh ddi vdi dudng
hudng chinh sach sau nay ciia My, ngudi viet da chgn de tai
'*Chinh
sack ddi
ngoai My trong thdi ky cam quyen cua Harry Truman
(1945-1952)*^
lam de
tai
luan
van cao hgc cua minh.
2.
Doi
tirang

va pham vi nghien
cufu
cua de tai
Loan van tap trung nghien
cihi
chinh sach ddi ngoai cua My trong giai
doan cam quyen ciia Tong thong Truman, tii thang 4-1945 tdi cudi nam 1952.
Day
la giai doan cd
tinh
budc ngoat, dat co so cho toan bd chinh sach ddi ngoai
My
tir
sau Chie'n tranh
the'
gidi
thii
hai den nay. Vdi muc dich tim hieu sau hon
chinh sach ddi ngoai ciia My giai doan nay va anh hudng
lau
dai ciia nd ddi vdi
cac chinh quyen ke tiep, luan van tap trung vao nhiing van de sau day:
- Cac
CO
sd hoach dinh chinh sach ddi ngoai My sau Chie'n tranh the
gidi
thii
hai:
mi
the tuyet ddi ciia My ve kinh te - quan su khi chien tranh ket

thiic va cung vdi nd la tham vgng thd'ng tri toan cau cua cac nha lanh dao My;
nhiing thach thiic ma nude My phai ddi mat khi tii bd chii nghia biet lap
truyen thd'ng de quyet tam chi phdi ddi song quan he qudc te'; Lien Xd da
vuon len vi the sieu cudng ciing vdi viec chu nghia xa hdi trd thanh he thd'ng
the'
gidi; quan he ciia My ddi vdi cac nude
tU
ban chii nghia d chau Au va
phong trao giai phdng dan tdc tren the' gidi trong bdi canh My mong mudn
thuc hien
ke'hoach
ba quyen cua minh.
,
. • ^ -'
I
.IC -Mill
- Cac budc trien khai cu the ma chinh quyen Truman da tien hanh
trong tiing giai doan nham dat tdi muc tieu
Idn
ciia chinh sach ddi ngoai
My thdi ky nay, ddng thdi tao nen tang cho chinh sach ddi ngoai cua cac
chinh quyen ke tiep.
3.
Lich
suf
nghien
ciiu
vain de va tai
lieu
tham khao chu yeu

La mot qudc gia
Idn
manh bac nha't tren the gidi, chinh sach ddi ngoai
ciia My khong chi tac ddng tdi ban than nude My, ma cdn cd anh hudng to
Idn
tdi ddi song quan he qudc te ndi chung. Dac biet, chinh sach ddi ngoai My
trong thdi ky dau xac lap ba quyen My sau Chien tranh the' gidi
thii
hai la mot
va'n de ra't quan trgng, dugc nhieu hgc gia trong
ciing
nhu ngoai
nude
My tap
trung nghien
ciiu.
Tai Viet Nam, chinh sach ddi ngoai My trong thdi ky cam quyen ciia
Truman va
nhiing
van de co ban ciia nd thudng dugc dat trong cac nghien
ciiu
tong the ve chinh sach cua My trong thdi gian Chien tranh lanh, hoac
cac cdng trinh nghien
ciiu
ve lich
sir
quan he qudc te' va lich
sir
the gidi.
Danh gia

ve
chinh sach ddi ngoai ciia My trong thdi ky nay, cac van kien
chinh thiic ciia Dang Cdng san Viet Nam da nha'n manh am muu cua My
mudn md rdng anh hudng bang each ldi keo, thiet lap cac lien minh do My
chi
phdi;
ngan chan Lien Xd, cac nude xa hdi chii nghia va phong trao giai
phdng dan tdc tren the' gidi nham dat tdi tham vgng ba chu the' gidi (Vdn
kien Ddng Todn
tap,
cac tap 8-14). Trong cudn Hoa Ky: Cam ket vd ma
r^gng,
tac gia Le Ba Thuyen da trinh bay cac chien luge toan cau ma My
trien khai tii sau Chie'n tranh
the'
gidi
thii
hai hdng dat tdi muc tieu ba quyen
the'
gidi, ddng thdi phan tich ky
ludng
chien
luge
toan cau mdi cua My sau
khi chie'n tranh lanh
ke't
thiic de tiep tuc theo dudi tham vgng lanh dao the
gidi.
Vdi
miic

do khai quat hon, cac tac gia Le Minh
Diic
va
NguySn
Nghi
trong cudn Lich
sii nude
My - Tit thdi lap qudc den thdi hien dai (Nxb. Van
hda Thong tin, 1994) ciing da
trinh
bay kha day du nhiing diem chinh trong
chinh sach ddi ngoai cua chinh quyen Truman - dugc dat trong bdi canh
xuyen sudt cua lich
sir
nude My
tiT
thdi lap qudc.
,
. Ben canh dd, mot sd cdng trinh nghien
cihi
ve lich
sir
quan he qudc te
va
lich
sii the' gidi da trinh bay kha toan dien ve chinh sach ddi ngoai ciia
chinh quyen Truman, nhu cac cudn Lich
sic
quan he qudc te
tk

Chien tranh
the gidi
thichai
den Chien tranh Trieu Tien (Giai doan
1939-1952)
ciia tac gia
Pham Giang (Nxb. Chinh tri qudc gia, 2005), Mot sd
chuyen
de lich su the
gidi do Giao su
Vii
Duong Ninh chii bien (Nxb. Dai hgc qudc gia Ha Ndi,
2002);
Lich
sic
quan he qudc te giai doan
1917-1975
(Hgc vien quan he qudc
te');
Lich su the gidi hien dai do Nguyen Anh Thai chu bien (Nxb. Giao due,
1992),
V.V Ngoai ra, khia canh quan su trong chinh sach ddi ngoai cua chinh
quyen Truman
ciing
dugc de cap trong cudn Ve chien
luge
qudn su todn cau
cua de qudc My cua
Nguyln
Anh Dung (Nxb. Su that, 1990) va Tim hieu

nhiing thay doi
Idn
trong chien
luge
qudn
sucua
My cua tac gia Tran Ba Khoa
(Nxb.
Chinh tri qudc gia, 2000).
Beii
canh cac cdng trinh nghien
ciiu
cua cac hgc gia Viet Nam, cdn
cd mot sd cong trinh ciia cac hgc gia nude ngoai dugc dich va xuat ban tai
Viet Nam nghien
ciiu
ve Chie'n tranh lanh, trong dd bao
gdm
ca chinh sach
ddi ngoai ciia chinh quyen Truman. Mac du xuat phat tii
nhirng
gdc nhin
khac nhau va
sir
dung cac nguon tu lieu
khae
nhau, nhung cac cdng trinh
nay nhin chung deu phan anh tuong ddi day du
biic
tranh ve nude My sau

Chie'n tranh the gidi
thii
hai - mot
nude
My y thiic dugc
siic
manh cua minh
ya tin tudng rang da tdi thdi diem thuc hien tham vgng ba quyen the gidi, tii
dd trien khai cac chinh sach ddi ngoai dua tren muc tieu nay. Nhiing cdng
trinh tieu.bieu bao gdm tac pham ciia Thomas J. McCormick,
Nude
My nua
the ky: Chinh sdch ddi ngoai cua Hoa Ky trong vd sau Chien tranh lanh
(Nxb.
Chinh tri qudc gia, 2004); Bruce W. Jentleson (chu bien), Chinh sdch
ddi ngoai Hoa Ky: Dong ca cua su
lua chpn
trong the ky XXI (Nxb. Chinh
tri qudc gia, 2004); Ly Thuc Cdc, My thay
ddi Idn
chien
lugc
todn cau
(Nxb.
Chinh tri qudc gia, 1996); Truong Tieu Minh, Chien tranh lanh vd di
san cua no (Nxb. Chinh tri qudc gia, 2002); ciing cdng trinh nghien
ciiu
rat
ky ludng va toan dien ve lich
sir

quan he qudc te cua tac gia Jean Baptiste
Duroselle, Lich su: ngoai giao tit 1919 den ngdy nay (Hgc vien Quan he
qudc
te',J994).
'
Ciing vdi cac tai lieu tham khao tieng Viet, ngudi viet cdn dugc tiep can
cac van ban tai lieu gdc ve chinh sach ddi ngoai ciia chinh quyen Truman, nhu
biic
dien dai 8000
chir
(The Long Telegram) va bai viet The Source of Soviet
Conduct (Nguon gdc hanh ddng cua Lien Xd) cua George Kennan;,dien van
cua Truman
tnrdc
phien hop chung ciia Qudc hdi ngay 12-3-1947 (Hgc thuyet
Truman); dien van
ciia
George Marshall doc tai trudng Dai hgc Harvard
ngay 5-6-1947 (Ke' hoach Marshall); phat bieu cua Winston Churchill
ngay 5-3-1946 (Diin van
ve Biic
man sat);
ke'
hoach NSC-68 va tai lieu danh
gia chinh sach ddi ngoai cua My vao nam 1948 do Uy ban xay dung chinh
sach do George Kennan diing
d^u
soan thao (PPS/23); Hiep dinh thanh lap
To
chiic

hiep
ude
Bac Dai Tay Duong (NATO),
v.v
Ngoai ra, cdn cd mot sd cdng trinh nghien
ciiu
ve chinh sach ddi
ngoai cua chinh quyen Truman cua cac hgc gia My, chua dugc xuat ban
sang tie'ng Viet. Trong sd dd, dac biet phai ke de'n tac pham Diplomacy
(Ngoai giao) ciia Henry Kissinger xua't ban nam 1995, mot cdng trinh khai
quat toan dien ve chinh sach ddi ngoai cua My tii dau
the'ky
XX
cljo
tdi khi
ke't thiic cudc Chien tranh lanh vao nhiing nam 1990. Trong cudn sach cua
minh, Henry Kissiger - vdi tu
each
la mot hgc gia, ddng thdi la mot ngudi
true tie'p tham gia vao qua trinh hoach dinh chinh sach ddi ngoai My - da
phan tich kha can ke nhiing va'n de chu chdt trong chinh sach ddi ngoai cua
chinh quyen Truman.
Ben
canh dd, ra't nhieu bai viet va phan tich tren cac
tap chi
ciia
My xem xet nhiing van de ddi ngoai cua chinh quyen Truman
ciing nhu
ngudn
gdc cua cudc Chien tranh lanh, vi du nhu bai viet cua

Kathleen Xidis, "The Truman Era" (Ky nguyen Truman) tren tap chi OAH
Magazine of History, so 7, miia Thu 1992; Christina E. Nolan, "The
Truman
Doctrine: A Shift in American Foreign Policy" (Hgc thuyet
Truman: Su chuyen hudng trong chinh sach ddi ngoai Hoa Ky) dang tren
tap chi The UVM History Review, thang 12-2000, tap 11, sd 1; David
Clensy, "America's Atomic Monopoly" (Ddc quyen nguyen tir cua My)
tren American Studies Today Online,
v.v.,
da cho thay mot
biic
tranh tong
quan ve chinh sach ddi ngoai
ciia
chinh quyen Truman va nhiing mdi quan
tam chu yeu
ciia
chinh sach ddi ngoai thdi ky nay.
4.
Phirong
phap nghien cufu
De tiep can va'n de mot each khoa hgc, khach quan va cd he thd'ng,
trong qua
trinh
nghien
ciiu,
luan van van dung phuong phap luan cua
chii
nghia duy vat lich sir,
chii

nghia duy vat bien chiing de tong hop, phan tich,
Phuong phap nghien
ciiu
chu yeu cua luan van la phuong phap tiep can lich sir
va phuong phap
Idgich.
Cac phuong phap khac nhu tie'p can he thd'ng, phan
tich, so sanh va tong hop dugc sir dung nhu la phuong phap bo trg can thiet
cho hai phuong phap chii yeu neu tren.
5.
Bd
cue
luan van
Tren co sd ddi tugng va pham vi nghien
ciiu
neu tren, luan van cd ca'u
triic
nhtr
sau:
Ldi md ddu neu muc dich, y nghia cua de tai ciing nhu ddi tugng, pham
vi nghien
cihi
va tai lieu tham khao
Chuang
1\
Co sd hoach dinh chinh sach ddi ngoai cua chinh quyen
Truman
sau
Chien tranh the gidi
thii

hai
;
Chuong nay trinh bay khai quat nhiing nhan to tac ddng tdi qua trinh
hinh thanh chinh sach ddi ngoai My sau Chien tranh the gidi
thii
hai, trong dd
quan trgng nha't la su thay doi can can luc lugng tren the gidi va nhiing yeu td
ndi bd cua
nude
My, bao gdm
Igi
ich qudc gia va vai trd cua ngudi diing dau
chinh quyen - Tong thong Truman. Khang dinh muc tieu xuyen sudt cua
chinh sach ddi ngoai My la thiet lap ba quyen My tren toan the gidi, chuong
nay gdp phan lam ro dinh hudng
chii
dao trong chinh sach ddi ngoai
ciia
My
thdi ky sau Chie'n tranh
the'
gidi
thii
hai ciing nhu sau nay,
Chuang
2: Chinh sach ddi ngoai cua chinh quyen Truman
nhung nam 1945-1949: Su khdi dau cua chien tranh lanh.
Chuong nay de cap chinh sach ddi ngoai My giai doan 1945-1949, tap
trung chu yeu vao chinh sach cua My d chau Au - gdm cd Lien Xd va Tay Au
1^

ndi chung - va tai chau A vdi Nhat Ban va Trung Qudc la hai ddi tugng chu
ye'u ma chinh sach ddi ngoai My hudng tdi. Day la giai doan tien de, la thdi
ky khdi nguon cudc chien tranh lanh keo dai hon 40 nam giiia My va Lien Xd.
Chuofng
3: Chinh sach ddi ngoai cua chinh quyen Truman giai doan
1949 - 1952
Chuong nay trinh bay chinh sach ddi ngoai My thuc thi trong thdi gian
tu' cudi nam 1949 tdi het nhiem ky cua Truman (1952). Giai doan nay dugc
danh dau bang viec day manh quan su hda va can thiep vii trang vao The' gidi
thii
ba nham md rdng anh hudng cua My ra toan
the'
gidi.
'
Ph^n
Ket luan khai quat
nhiing
va'n de co ban cua chinh sach ddi ngoai
My trong giai doan cam quyen cua Truman, dong thdi
neu
mot sd anh hudng
va tac ddng cua nd ddi vdi dinh hudng chinh sach ddi ngoai cua My tii cac ddi
tong thd'ng
ke'
tie'p cho tdi tan ngay nay.
Phu luc gdm mot sd van kien chinh sach ddi ngoai
ciia
My trong giai
doan 1945-1952.
1".

-
CHUONG1
CO
S6
HOACH DINH CHINH SACH DOI NGOAI CUA CHINH
QUY£N
TRUMAN SAU CHIEN TRANH THE
GlOl THlT
HAI
LI.
BOI CANH QUOC TE
1.1.1. Su
hinh
thanh Trat tu the gidi hai
cufc
Ngay 2-9-1945, tren chie'c chien ham Missouri cua My dau d Vinh
Tokyo, dai dien Chinh phu Nhat Ban da ky van ban dau hang, ket thiic hoan
toan cudc chie'n tranh
Idn
nhat, khdc
liet
nhat va cd
siic
tan pha nang ne nhat
trong lich sir loai ngudi - Chie'n tranh
the"
gidi
thii
hai.
Ciing nhu Chie'n tranh the gidi

thii
nha't, Chien tranh the gidi
thii
hai la
cudc chien do cac nude tu ban phat ddng nham tranh gianh
thude
dia va phan
chia lai thi trudng tren
the'
gidi.
Tuy nhien, do su tan bao cua be
lii
phat xit
Diic
-
ItaUa
- Nhat, Chie'n tranh the gidi
thii
hai da buy dgng dugc nhan dan cac dan tdc
tren toan
the'
gidi, ba't ky dudi
che'
do nao, tham gia tich
cue
vao cudc
da'u
tranh
chd'ng chu nghia phat xit, vdi nhirng ddng gdp nha't dinh vao cudc dau tranh
chung. Day la nhan to ra't quan trgng anh hudng tdi quan he qudc

te'
sau nay.
jydi
su khdc liet va
miic
do tan pha ghe gdm cua nd, chie'n tranh
the'
gidi
thii
hai ket thiic da
dSn
tdi nhiing bien doi to
Idn
ve mgi mat, khien cho so
sanh luc lugng qudc te' va cue dien the' gidi sau chien tranh xuat hien nhiing
thay doi trgng dai cd tinh lich sir. Vdi su sup do cua
Diic
va Italia, su kiet que
hoan toan ciia Anh va Phap, su vuon len hang dau ve mgi mat kinh te' - quan
su - chinh tri cua My
ciing
su
Idn
manh chua tiing tha'y ve uy tin chinh tri va
tiem luc quan su cua Lien Xd, vi the' trung tam truyen thong
ciia
cac nude
A.
chau Au luc dia da hoan toan bi xda bd, md dudng cho mot ket cau mdi cua
trat tu

the'gidi.
\
Khi cudc chie'n ket thiic, nude
Diic
bi ton that het
siic
nang ne ca ve
ngudi va cua. Ddng thdi, lanh tho cua
Diic
bi quan D6ng minh phan chia
thanh cac khu vuc chiem ddng. So vdi
Diic,
Italia cd kha hon, nhung cung roi
vao
tinh
trang hdn loan va
khiing
hoang tram trgng. Nam 1945, tham hut tai
chinh
ciia ItaUa
vugt qua 400 ty
lia,
bang tong sd tien dang
luu
thong trong
nude liic
ba'y gid, dong thdi no nha
nude
da len tdi 1.200 ty lia [23,
98].

Hon
nfla,
ca hai nude cdn phai ddi mat vdi khoan boi thudng chien tranh to
Idn
va
viec cat nhugng lanh tho do cac nude thang tran quyet dinh.
Ra khdi cudc chie'n,
nude
Phap ciing chi la nude thang tran tren danh
nghia. Trong thdi gian chien tranh, chinh phu Petain da dau hang va hgp tac
vdi phat xit
Diic,
khie'n cho danh tieng cua Phap tren trudng qudc te' bi suy
giam rat nhieu. Chien tranh ket thiic, do thuc luc suy yeu ve mgi mat cung nhu
phai duong dau vdi phong trao da'u tranh ddi ddc lap cua cac nude thude dia
nen
trudc
m^t
Phap rat khd cd the phat buy vai trd
nude Idn
trong quan he
qudc te. Mat khac,
nude
Phap vSn chua dugc cac nude ddng minh chu yeu
thiia nhan nhu mot cudng qudc ngang hang, the hien d chd Phap khong cd mat
tai cac Hdi nghi Yalta va Potsdam - nhiing hdi nghi thao luan va xac lap trat tu
the gidi sau khi chien tranh ket thiic.
.:
Trong thdi ky chien tranh, phat xit
Diic

da nem hang van ta'n bom
xud'ng thu dd London, phong tda chat che hai phan Anh bang "Chien tranh tau
ngam" va danh dam ra't nhieu tau chien cua Anh. Vi vay, khi chien tranh ket
thiic,
nen
kinh
te'
nude
nay cung bi suy kiet. Tir chd la chu ng
Idn
tren the gidi,
nude
Anh da trd thanh con ng, tham chi khdng cdn ngudn luc
^de
dap
ling
nhu
cau
ciia
cdng cudc
xay
dung lai dat nude sau chie'n tranh. Tinh hinh san xuat
ndng nghiep vd
ciing
khd khan, budc chinh phu phai by sinh nganh chan nudi
de nang cao san lugng
luong
thuc. San lugng cua nganh det
ciia
Anh - mot

trong nhiing nganh xuat khau chu yeu thu ngoai te - da giam mot nira so vdi
trudc chie'n tranh. Ddi thuong thuyen cua Anh da ton tha't hon 6 trieu tan,
khie'n cho tong trgng lugng
ciia
doan tau budn chi cdn bang 1/3
ciia
My
liic
dd
[23,
99].
Nude
Anh khdng cdn kha nang ddng vai trd "ngudi can bang" trong
10
the can bang ciia chau Au ma trudc day nd vdn cd bang
each
chia re, ldi keo
cac nude chau Au.
jTrong khi cac cudng qudc truyen thd'ng
ciia
chau Au suy yeu, Lien Xd
budc ra khdi cudc chie'n vdi vi tri cua mot cudng qudc hang dau. La qudc gia
ddng vai trd trgng yeu trong cudc dau tranh chd'ng chu nghia phat xit, uy tin cua
Lien Xd len cao chua tiing thay. Cudc chien tranh ve qudc
vT
dai da khien cho
nhan dan toan the' gidi kham phuc va md hinh nha nude xa hoi chu nghia trd
nen ha'p
dSn
cac

nude
thude dia. Mac dii nen kinh
te'
Lien Xd bi chien tranh tan
pha rat nang ne, nhung nhieu nganh cdng nghiep
vSn
phat trien manh. Lien Xd
cd tiem nang to
Idn ve
tai nguyen thien nhien va ngudn luc con ngudi,
hiia
hen
mot su phat trien vugt bac ve kinh
te'
-
chinh tri - xa hdi sau nay.
iDdi
lap vdi cac cudng qudc tu ban chau Au bi kiet que sau chien tranh
la mot nude My vuon len manh me chua tiing tha'y. Trong chien tranh, cac
nganh cdng nghiep cua My, nhat la nganh cdng nghiep quan su, deu md rdng
nhanh chdng - nam 1945, uu the ve kinh
te'ciia
My la tuyetddi: thu nhap qudc
dan cua My da tang hon hai
Ian
so vdi nam 1939; My san xua't ra 1/3 lugng
hang hda cua the gidi, chiem hon 40% tong san pham qudc dan cua the gidi va
56,4%
san lugng cdng nghiep the gidi; tong trgng tai cua doan thuong thuyen
My da dat 57 trieu ta'n, chiem 2/3 tong trgng tai

ciia
doan thuong thuyen the
gidi;
MJj
cd
:^0
ty
ddla
vang du trir, gan bang 2/3 tong du trii vang cua the gidi
(33 ty ddla) [39, 89], dong ddla My trd thanh ngoai te manh duy nhat
ciia
the
gidi
liic
nay va trd thanh chii ng cua hau he't cac nude (ke ca Lien Xd). Thuc
luc quan su cua My tii vi tri
thii
17 trudc chien tranh da vuon len vi tri sd
1
vdi
uu the' ddc quyen vii khi nguyen tir. Trudc chie'n tranh, tong sd luc lugng via
trang
ciia
My chi khoang 335.000 ngudi, du toan ngan sach qudc phdng
khdng qua 1 ty ddla. Nhung nam 1945, vao thdi diem trudc khi Chien tranh
the'
gidi
thii
hai ket thiic, tong sd quan
ciia

My da cd hon 12 trieu, du toan
ngan sach qudc phdng vugt qua 80 ty USD. Luc quan cua My diing
thii
hai the
I
'.
1
11
gidi sau Lien Xd, nhung hai quan va khdng quan My la luc lugng himg manh
nhat va cd uy luc nha't tren the gidi. Nam 1946, quan ddi My ddng tai 56 qudc
gia tren khap cac chau luc; de'n nam 1947, My da
Mn lugt xay
dung hon 484
can
cii
quan su
6
nude ngoai [36,
30-31].
My da trd thanh sieu cudng sd 1 ve
kinh te va quan sU tren the gidi.
Thuc trang cua cac qudc gia, khu vuc ndi tren da lam
sau
sac them trat
tu the gidi hai
cue
dugc hinh thanh lit Hdi nghi Yalta. Hdi nghi dien ra tii ngay
4 de'n ngay 12-2-1945 giiia cac nha lanh dao
ciia
ba cudng qudc Lien Xd, Anh

va My de thao luan nhiing van de quan trgng nha't, lam tien de cho su hinh
thanh trat tu the gidi mdi sau chien tranh. Hdi nghi da nha't tri ve nhiing van de
quan trgng: nhanh chdng ke't thiic cudc chien tranh o chau Au; Lien Xd se
tham chien chd'ng Nhat sau khi chien tranh ke't thiic d chau Au tii hai den ba
thang; thanh lap mot to
chiic
qudc te nham duy tri hda binh va an ninh lau dai
tren
the'gidi;
va phan chia lai khu vuc ddng quan theo che do quan quan d cac
nude phat xit bai tran. Quan ddi Lien Xd se tam thdi chiem ddng mien Ddng
Diic,
Ddng Berlin va cac nude Ddng Au. Quan ddi My, Anh va Phap chiem
_,
A^
ddng mien Tay
Diic,
Tay Berlin, Italia va mot sd nude Tay Au khac. Viing
Ddng Au thude pham vi anh hudng cua Lien Xd, Tay Au thude pham vi anh
hudng
ciia
My, trong dd Ao va Phan Lan la hai nude trung lap.
Hdi nghi ciing dat tdi thoa thuan ve viec Lien Xd tham gia chien tranh
chdng Nhat de doi
la'y
mot sd dieu kien sau: bao ve nguyen trang va cdng
nhan quyen ddc lap cua Mong Co; tra lai Lien Xd mien Nam dao Sakhalin va
cac dao
thude
quan dao Kurile; qudc te hda cang Dai Lien (Trung Qudc) va

khdi phuc viec Lien Xd thue cang
Lii
Thuan (Trung Qudc) lam can
cii
hai
quan; tra lai Lien Xd dudng sat Xibia - Trudng Xuan, cung sir dung dudng sat
Hoa Ddng va dudng sat Xuan Man - Dai Lien; quan ddi Lien Xd chiem ddng
mien Bac Trieu Tien va quan ddi My chiem ddng Nam Trieu Tien; Trung
Qudc
tie':ji
tdi thanh lap chinh phu lien hiep bao gdm ca Dang Cdng san; My va
12
Lien Xd ciing cd quyen
Igi
d Trung Qudc; cac viing cdn lai
ciia
chau A van
thude
pham vi anh hudng truyen thd'ng
ciia
cac nude phuong Tay.
Vdi ke't qua nay, hai nude Lien Xd va My da cdng nhan pham vi anh
hudng ciia nhau,
ciing
xac lap va khang dinh vai trd chi phdi
ciia
minh trong
tirng
pham vi anh hudng cua hg. Tren co sd dd, cue dien hai cue da hinh
thanh, tao

nen
khudn khd
ciia
mot trat tu
the"
gidi mdi - trat tu hai cue Yalta
vdi hai
nude
Xd - My chi phdi mgi mat cua ddi song quan he qudc te.
\D6ng
thdi, mot to
chufc
qudc te' mdi ciing dugc thanh lap nham duy tri
trat tu nay. Dd la Lien hop qudc. Chien tranh the gidi
thu"
hai biing no la ket
qua tii su phat trien khdng ddng deu cua cac
nude
tu ban chu nghia va nhirng
xung dot
Igi
ich giiia chiing, ddng thdi
ciing
cho tha'y su bat luc cua Hdi qudc
lien (thanh lap nam 1920) trong viec dieu hda quan he giiia
cac,nude
de bao ve
hda
binh
the gidi - muc tieu co ban cua to chiic. Sd

di
cd tinh trang nay la do co
cau va nguyen tac to chiic cua Hdi qudc lien chua that hgp ly. Dieu ude cua Hdi
qudc lien quy dinh ap dung nguyen tac toan the cac nude thanh vien nhat tri
trong viec xir ly cdng viec qudc
te'
- dSn
den su
be'
tac khi cd mot nude phan ddi
cac nghi quyet
ciia
Hdi qudc lien. Mat khac, tuy la mot co ca'u qudc te' giai
quye't tranh cha'p, bao ve hda binh, nhung Hdi qudc lien thieu nhiing cdng cu cd
hieu qua de ngan chan
xam
lugc, bao ve
nude
hi xam lugc. Cac bien phap che
tai tap the ddi vdi qudc gia
xam
lugc ma Hdi qudc lien quy dinh chu yeu mang
tinh phi quan su - cat
diit
quan he thuong mai, tai chinh, tien te vdi qudc gia dd.
Tuy nhien, do ban than tiing nude deu cd nhiing tinh toan va
Igi
ich rieng trong
van de nay, va cac nude khdng phai thanh vien Hdi qudc lien khdng chiu su
rang budc

ciia
cac quy dinh cua Hdi qudc lien, do vay hieu qua
ciia
cac bien
phap nay khdng cao.
Tha't bai cua Hdi qudc lien dem lai nhiing bai hgc kinh nghiem quan
trgng cho cac nha thiet ke Lien hgp qudc. Chinh phu My la ngudi de xudng va
thiic day ke hoach thanh lap Lien hgp qudc. Ngay khi chien tranh dang dien
13
ra.
My da cd y tudng
rd
rang
ve
khung to chiic cua Lien hop qudc, dong thdi
CO
gang ldi keo Lien Xd va Anh ung hg y tudng
ciia
minh.
Riit
kinh nghiem tii
su tha't bai cua Hdi qudc lien, cac nha thiet ke My da cho rang td chiic qudc te
sau chie'n tranh phai bao gdm dugc ta't ca cac nude
Idn
tren the' gidi, ddng thdi
cac
nude
nay phai tan thanh sir dung luc lugng
ciia
minh de duy tri hda binh.

Do viec sir dung pho bie'n quyen phu quyet
ciia
cac nude thanh vien Hdi qudc
lien da lam cho Hdi boat ddng khdng hieu qua, nen td chiic qudc te' trong
tuong lai phai tap trung quyen luc vao co ca'u an ninh qudc te' do mot nhdm
cac nude
Idn
tao thanh. Co ca'u nay cd quyen sir dung vii luc ngan chan su xam
lugc va nguy co chie'n tranh.
Ke hoach thanh lap Lien hgp qudc cua My da dugc Anh
va
Lien Xd
dong tinh, vi nd phii hop vdi nhiing tinh toan ve
Igi
ich cua cac nude nay ciing
nhu phan anh diing so sanh luc lugng qudc
te'
khi chien tranh ke't thiic. Nguyen
tac nha't tri giua nam nude
Idn
trong to chiic nay se
giiip
cho Lien Xd d vao dia
vi binh dang vdi Anh - My trong td chiic qudc te, cd quyen phat ngdn cd tinh
quyet dinh ddi vdi cdng viec qudc te' trong tuong lai, bao dam dia vi nude Idn
cua Lien Xd
ve
mat
luat
phap cung nhu trong thuc tien.

\ Nhin chung, cd the tha'y Lien hgp qudc dugc thanh lap vao thang 6-1945
la ket qua
ciia
mot qua trinh da dugc lap ke' hoach va thuc hien tir trong Chien
tranh the gidi
thii
hai. La mot phan cua ke hoach thiet lap trat tu the gidi mdi
sau chie'n tranh do My, Anh va Lien Xd tien
hanh.
Lien hop qudc da trd thanh
mot
bd
phan
ciia
Trat tu Yalta vdi ndi dung cot ldi
ciia
nd la cac nude
Idn
chi
phdi the gidi. Dieu nay dugc the hien rd trong Hien chuong Lien hop qudc, vdi
cac dieu khoan quy dinh: "De bao dam cho Lien hgp qudc hanh ddng nhanh
chdng va cd hieu qua, cac thanh vien Lien hop qudc trao cho Hdi ddng bao an
tra^h
nhiem chinh trong su nghiep duy tri hoa binh va an ninh qudc te', va
thira
nhan rang, khi lam nhiing nghia vu do trach nhiem a'y dat ra, thi Hdi ddng bao
an hanh ddng vdi tu each thay mat cho cac thanh vien Lien hgp qudc" [22, 28];
14
"Theo Hie'n chuong nay, cac thanh vien Lien hop qudc dong y phuc
tiing

va lam
trdn nhiing quye't nghi cua Hdi dong bao an" [22, 29]; "Hdi dong bao an cd
tham quyen dieu tra mgi tranh cha'p hoac mgi tinh
the'
cd the dan den su bat hda
qudc te hoac gay ra tranh chap, xac dinh xem tranh chap ay hoac tinh the ay
ne'u keo dai cd the de dga viec duy tri hda binh va an ninh qudc te hay khdng"
[22,
31] va kien nghi giai phap de giai quye't. Ngoai ra, theo Hie'n chuong nay,
Hdi dong bao an cd tham quyen xac dinh thuc tai mgi su de dga hda binh, pha
hoai hda binh hoac hanh vi
xam
lugc va dua ra nhiing kien nghi hoac quyet
dinh cac bien phap de duy tri hoac khdi phuc hda binh va an ninh qudc te, bao
gom viec cat
diit
toan bd hay mot phan quan he kinh te, dudng sat, dudng bien,
V.V., quan he ngoai giao, va cudi ciing la sir dung mgi hanh ddng cua hai, luc,
khdng quan ne'u xet tha'y can thie't. Ngoai ra, khi Lien hop qudc ket nap hdi vien
mdi va cir Tong thu ky Lien hgp qudc deu can cd su gidi thieu
ciia
Hdi dong
bao an, sau dd Dai hdi ddng Lien hgp qudc thong qua. Hdi ddng bao an, vdi
quyen luc rdng
Idn
nhu vay,
liic
dau gdm cd
11
thanh vien, vdi 5 nude uy vien

thudng
true
la My, Lien Xd, Anh, Phap va Trung Qudc, cdn 6 nude kia la uy
vien khdng thudng
true
do Dai hdi dong bau ra, cd nhiem ky hai nam. Mgi
quyet dinh quan trgng cua Hdi ddng bao an deu phai dugc cac nude uy vien
thudng true nha't tri mdi dugc thdng qua, mdi nude uy vien thudng true deu cd
quyen phu quye't cac quyet dinh ma hg khdng tan thanh.
Viec xac lap nguyen tac nhat tri giiia cac nude
Idn
khie'n cho cac nude
uy vien thudng
true
deu cd quyen phu quyet ve nhiing va'n de quan trgng, cd
tinh thuc chat. Nguyen tac nay ve co ban gidng vdi
each
thiic cac nude
Idn
chi
phdi quan he qudc te trong lich sir quan he qudc te lau nay. Tuy nhien, trong
bdi canh sau Chien tranh the gidi
thii
hai, khi so sanh luc lugng da cd nhirng
thay doi can ban - Anh dang dua vao My de khdi phuc dat nude va bao toan vi
the'
cua minh, Trung Qudc dang sa vao cudc ndi chien va tam thdi chua the
phat buy vai trd, Phap suy yen
nen
mac du thi hanh chinh sach ngoai giao

15
tuong ddi doc lap nhung vin dua vao My trong cdng cudc khdi phuc Tay Au
ndi chung -
thi
trat tu nay
chii
yeu la do My va Lien Xd quyet dinh. Nhu vay,
cd the ndi Hdi dong bao an ndi rieng va Lien hgp qudc ndi chung sau Chien
tranh the gidi
thii
hai da phan anh so sanh luc lugng qudc te' khi chien tranh
ke't thiic va xac lap dia vi cua cac nude
Idn
trong trat tu the gidi.
Tuy nhien, trong bdi canh y thiic dan tdc cua nhan dan cac nude dang
len cao, cdc
nude vSn
cd vai trd ddc lap nha't dinh khi tham du Lien hgp qudc,
nen mudn lam cho Lien hgp qudc that su trd thanh mot td chiic cd the dieu
hda cd hieu qua quan he chinh tri - kinh te
giira
cac nude, giii gin hda binh the
gidi thi ban than cac nude
Idn
phai tdn trgng
chii
quyen cua cac nude thanh
vien. Dieu 2 khoan 1 cua Hien chuong Lien hgp qudc quy dinh: "Lien hgp
qudc dugc xay dung tren nguyen tac binh dang chu quyen cua tat ca cac nude
thanh vien" [22, 20]. Hie'n chuong da thiia nhan cac dan tdc

Idn,
nhd deu cd
quyen binh dang, quyen tu quyet van menh dan tdc, cd chii quyen va quyen
ddc lap; nhiing dieu khoan nay cd y nghia
Idn
ve mat phap ly ddi vdi cac dan
tdc cdn dang song dudi che do thude dia va nifa
thude
dia.
De bao dam nguyen tac binh dang chu quyen va nang cao vi
the'
cua cac
nude
vufa
va nhd trong Lien hgp qudc, cac
nude
thanh vien da kien nghi nhieu
bien phap de md rdng quyen ban cua Dai hdi ddng trong viec thao luan va
quyet dinh nhiing va'n de quan trgng cua quan he qudc te. Thdng qua Lien hgp
qudc,
mot co che' chung de giii gin trat tu va hda binh the gidi, cac
nude
viia
va nhd cd the tap hgp lai de nang cao vi the
ciia
minh trong quan he qudc te.
Day la mdt hien tugng mdi me trong quan he qudc te thdi ky nay.
1.1.2. Chu nghia xa hoi tra thanh mot he thong nhieu
nude
Tii

mda
he va thu nam 1944, Hong quan Lien Xd tren dudng truy kich
phat xit
Diic
da tien vao Trung Au va viing Balkan, lan lugt giai phdng nhieu
nude trudc khi quan ddi Anh - My tdi. Tai Hdi nghi Yalta, cac nude tham du
16
da di de'n thoa thuan ve viec ddng quan o chau Au, theo dd quan ddi Lien Xd
tam thdi ddng quan b cac nude Ddng Au do Hdng quan Lien Xd giai phdng,
Ddng
Diic
va Ddng Berlin.
Trong thdi gian Chien tranh
the'
gidi
thii
hai, tai nhiing
nude
nay, phong
trao da'u tranh
ciia
cac cac luc lugng yeu nude chdng phat
xit Diic
xam lugc da
dien ra manh me, trong dd cd vai trd quan trgng
ciia
cac dang cdng san. Sau
khi Hdng quan tien vao giai phdng khu vuc nay va tam thdi ddng quan d
day.
Lien Xd cd dieu kien sir dung mgi bien phap nham

giiip
do cac dang cdng san
va cac luc lugng dan chu, tien bd b Trung va Ddng Au bat tay vao tien hanh
cac cai
each
kinh
te'
-
xa hdi,
xay
dung mot che do dan chu mdi.
Vdi su giiip do nhieu mat cua Lien Xd, dang cdng san va cac luc lugng
tien bd b
day
da di dau trong viec tien hanh tong tuyen
cii,
thanh lap chinh phu
mdi.
Lan lugt tai nhiing viing lanh tho do quan ddi Lien Xd tien vao giai
phdng nhu Ba Lan, Rumani, Bungari, Hunggari, Tiep Khac, v.v., tong tuyen
cir dan chu da dugc tien hanh. Cac chinh quyen dan
chii
nhan dan dugc thiet
lap,
vdi vai trd lanh dao nam trong tay cac dang cdng san va cac luc lugng dan
chii,
tien^bg.
pdng
thdi, cac
nude

ciing bat tay vao thuc hien nhiing cai each
dan chu tren cac mat kinh te' - xa hdi, tien hanh cdng cudc cai tao xa hdi chu
nghia nham xda bd cac quan he tu ban
chii
nghia, thiet lap quan he san xuat
xa hdi
chii
nghia. Cac chinh phu mdi da thuc thi cai each rudng dat, trung thu
rugng da't cua dia chu chia cho ndng dan ngheo; qudc
hiiu
hda cdng nghiep va
ngan hang de tao ra co sd vat chat cho chinh quyen mdi, hinh thanh bd phan
xa hdi chu nghia trong cdng nghiep va thuc hien ke hoach hda nen kinh te.
Ciing vdi viec ciing cd co sd vat chat va
xay
dung nen tang kinh te' xa
hdi chii nghia, nha nude dan chu nhan dan tai cac nude nay ciing dan chuyen
sang thuc hien chiic nang cua nha
nude
chuyen chinh
yd
san. Qua trinh
chuyen bie'n
each
mang nay da gap phai khdng it khd khan do su chdng ddi
cua cac luc lugng tu san phan dgng trong nude dudi su hau thuan cua cac nude
OAl
HOC
ejOC
GIA HA

IMQi
TRUNG TAM
THL
:IG
TIN THU
ViEN
- ;
'•n5
phuong Tay. Mac du vay, dugc su img hg
ciia
ddng dao nhan dan trong nude
ciing nhu su hd trg cua Lien Xd, cac dang cdng san, cdng nhan tai cac nude
Trung va Ddng Au da
Mn
lugt gianh dugc quyen lanh dao.
Tai Ba Lan, cudc tong tuyen cir td chiic vao ngay 19-1-1947 ket thiic vdi
thang
Igi Idn
ciia Lien minh dan
chii
gom cac dang Cdng nhan (cdng san), Xa hdi
va Dan chiing (gom trung ndng, tieu ndng), chiem da sd tuyet ddi trong Qudc hdi.
Tai Rumani, trong cudc tuyen cir to chiic vao ngay 19-11-1946, khdi
cac dang phai dan chii do Dang Cong san lanh dao va nhdm Lien hiep nhan
dan Rumani gianh thang
Igi,
chiem da sd trong Qudc hdi. Dang Ndng dan
qud'c gia (dang chdng ddi) bi giai the va Vua Michel
huge
phai thoai vi (thang

12-1947'). Ngay 30-12-1947, nude Cdng hda nhan dan Rumani dugc tuyen bd
thanh
lap,
gdn van
menh
ciia
minh vdi Lien Xd va cac nude dan chu nhan dan
A
Trung va Ddng Au.
Tai Bungari, ngay 27-10-1946, tuyen cir dugc tien hanh vdi thang
Igi
tuyet ddi ciia Mat tran To qud'c do nhiing ngudi cdng san lanh dao. Chinh phu
mdi do Dimitrdp, lanh tu Dang Cdng nhan, nguyen la mdt lanh tu
ciia
Qudc te
cdng san diing ra lam
thii
tudng. Vao cudi nam 1948, Dang Cdng nhan va
Dang Xa hdi - Dan chu Bungari hgp nhat thanh Dang Cdng san Bungari, dua
Bungari di theo con dudng dan
chii
mdi, xa hdi chu nghia.
; ^ Tai
Hunggari, sau nhiing cudc da'u tranh gay gat;giiia luc lugng phan
dgng va luc lugng dan chu - tie'n bd, thang 8-1947, trong cudc bau cir ba't
thudng vao nghi vien, lien minh cac dang dan chu do Dang Cdng san lanh dao
da gianh dugc da so phieu, chiem dia vi lanh dao trong chinh phu. Tdi giua
nam 1948, d Hunggari da thiet lap chuyen chinh vd san. Thang 6-1948, tai
Dai hdi thdng nha't nhiing ngudi cdng san va Xa hdi - Dan
chu.

Dang Lao
dgng xa hdi chu nghia Hunggari dugc thanh lap, trd thanh luc lugng lanh dao
cdng cudc
xay
dung chu nghia xa hdi.
I
f!
18
Tai Tiep
Khdc,
cudc tuyen cir dan chu tu do ngay 20-5-1946 da dem lai
thang
loi
cho Dang Cong san Tiep Khac vdi tren 38% so phieu bau va so ghe'
Idn
nha't trong Qud'c hdi. Chinh phu
lienTiiep
mdi dugc thanh lap do
Chii
tich
Dang Cong san Tiep Khac - Gottwald - diing dau. Trudc nhiing dien bien
phiic
tap dien ra do su chdng ddi cua cac bd trudng tu san trong chinh phu lien hiep
va su can thiep ngam cua cac nude tu ban phuong Tay, thang 2-1948, nhan
dan Tiep Khac theo ldi keu ggi
ciia
Dang Cdng san da ddng loat tien hanh cac
cudc bai cdng, bieu tinh de bao ve
nen
cdng hoa. Ngay 22-2-1948, Dai hdi cac

uy ban nha nude da hgp vdi su tham gia
ciia
tam nghin ngudi thay mat cho 2,5
trieu cdng nhan, kien quyet ddi cung cd che' do dan
chii
nhan dan. Tong thdng
Benes khdng cdn each nao khac la cho cac bd trudng tu san tii chiic, cdng
nhan thanh phan mdi cua chinh phu Gottwald, ke't thiic giai doan each mang
dan chu nhan dan va chuyen sang each mang xa hdi chu nghia d Tiep Khac.
Trong
nude
bat dau thiet lap chuyen chinh vd san. Qudc hdi thdng qua hien
Ml.'''
phap mdi, bau Gottwald lam tong thd'ng.
Tai Nam Tu va
Anbani,
nhiing ngudi cdng san la luc lugng chinh yeu
diing ra to chiic khang chie'n chd'ng phat xit trong thdi gian Chien tranh the
gidi
thii
hai. Vi vay, khi quan ddi Lien Xd tien vao khu vuc Balkan, luc lugng
each
mang b hai nude nay phdi hgp vdi Hdng quan da nhanh chdng tranh thu
thdi
CO.giai
phdng toan bd da't nude. Cac cudc bau cir tien hanh sau dd da dem
lai thang
Igi
tuyet ddi cho nhirng ngudi cdng san trong Qud'c hdi. Cdng boa
lien bang Nam Tu va Cdng hoa nhan dan Anbani ra ddi, tien hanh nhiing cai

each
Idnh
te' - xa hdi,
xay
dung nen tang vat cha't
ciia
che do dan chu nhan dan.
(Nhu
vay, sau Chie'n tranh the gidi
thii
hai, vdi su giiip dd cua Lien Xd,
mdt loat cac nha nude dan
chii
nhan dan da dugc
hinh
thanh tai Trung va Ddng
Au, xay dung nen tang kinh te - xa hdi mdi theo con dudng xa hdi chu nghia.
Chii nghia xa hdi tii pham vi mdt
nude
da trd thanh he thdng nhieu
nude.
Day
la mdt dien bien quan trgng trong ddi song chinh tri qud'c te sau Chien tranh
19
the'
gidi
thii
hai, gdp phan ciing cd
siic
manh cua Lien Xd va cd

vii
phong trao
each
mang the' gidi. Dong thdi, su ra ddi cua he thdng xa hdi
chii
nghia Ddng
Au ciing la mot thach thiic
true
tiep ddi vdi he thd'ng tu ban
chii
nghia, dac
biet la
vdi
My, qud'c gia dang muu do thiet lap vai trd ba quyen the gidi va coi
Lien Xd ciing
chii
nghia cdng san la trd ngai chinh tren con dudng dat tdi
tham vgng ba quyen; la mdt yeu td ddi hdi My phai tinh den trong qua trinh
hoach dinh chinh sach ddi ngoai cua minh.
^ ,
1.1.3.
Sir
phat trien cua phong trao giai phong dan
toe
va dan chu
hoa tren pham vi toan
the gidi
Chie'n tranh the gidi
thii
hai da lam sup do mot each can ban he thdng

thude
dia cua chu nghia
de'
qud'c
tren pham vi toan
the'
gidi.
Trudc dd, dudi ach
ap
biic,
hoc lot tan bao cua be hi de' qudc - thuc dan, phong trao da'u tranh
gianh ddc lap, tu tri da phat trien sdm d cac nude thude dia. Khi chien tranh
dien ra, nhieu nude thuc dan, de' qudc hi bai tran (Phap, Ha Lan ), hoac bi
suy yeu (nhu Anh), khdng cdn
dii siic
de bam giii thude dia nhu
trude^
Tai
Ddng Nam A, de qudc Nhat lan lugt danh chiem cac thude dia cua cac de'
qudc ndi
treii,
tao them dieu kien thuan
Igi
cho cac nude trong khu vuc dau
tranh gianh chinh quyen sau khi Nhat Ban bai tran. Dieu nay khien cho cac
nude de qud'c - thuc dan gap rat nhieu khd khan khi mudn quay lai tai lap trat
tu
thude
dia
cii

khi chien tranh ket thiic, va nhu thuc te da cho tha'y, phong trao
each mang giai phdng dan tdc sau Chien tranh the gidi
thii
hai ngay cang phat
trien nhu
vQ
bao, pha tan hau het he thdng
thude
dia do cac nude de qudc
dung len hang tram nam trudc.
Tai Ddng Duong, cudc each mang giai phdng dan tdc
ciia
nhan dan ba
nude da cd nhiing budc phat trien he't
siic
manh me. O Viet Nam, Dang Cdng
san Viet; Nam ra ddi tii nam 1930 da chinh thiic trd thanh ngudi lanh dao
phong trao da'u tranh gianh ddc lap
ciia
nhan dan Viet Nam vdi khau hieu
20
danh do hoan toan thuc dan phong kien va tay sai. Nam 1941, Dang Cdng san
do Ho Chi Minh lanh dao da thanh lap Viet Nam ddc lap dong minh hdi, ggi
tat la Viet Minh, tien hanh cudc dau tranh chd'ng thuc dan Phap va phat xit
Nhat. Lgi dung thdi co Nhat dao chinh Phap thang 3-1945 va that bai cua
Nhat Ban vao cudi cudc Chien tranh the gidi
thii
hai, nhan dan Viet Nam dudi
su lanh dao
ciia

Dang Cdng san da nhat te diing len, tien hanh thang lgi cudc
tong khdi nghia danh do phat xit Nhat. Ngay 2-9-1945, Chu tich Chinh phu
each
mang lam thdi Ho Chi Minh da dgc ban Tuyen ngdn ddc lap, tuyen bd
buy bd mgi hiep
ude
cii cua Phap, thanh lap nude Viet Nam Dan chu cdng hda
dgc lap. Nen ddc lap cua Viet Nam cd anh hudng to
Idn
ddi vdi Lao va
Campuchia, khien cho toan bd Ddng Duong xua't hien
cue
dien dau tranh
gianh va bao ve ddc lap dan tdc khi Phap quay trd lai Ddng Duong hdng tai
lap su thd'ng tri thuc dan.
Tai Mien Dien, Lien minh nhan dan chd'ng phat xit vi tu do (AFPFL)
dugc thanh lap thang 9-1944, tap hgp rdng rai cac luc lugng chdng Nhat, chu
truong hgp tac vdi Ddng minh. Dau nam 1945, khi
quan;D6ng
minh danh
thang quan Nhat d phia bac va ddng bac Mien Dien, Lien minh chdng phat xit
vi tu do ra
lenh
tong khdi nghia ngay 27-3-1945. Nhat tha't bai,
riit
khdi Mien
Dien ngay 28-4-1945 va tdi thang 5-1945, Mien Dien dugc hoan toan giai
phdng. Trudc tinh hinh nay, ngay 20-6-1945, Anh da tiep
xiic
vdi cac luc

lugng yeu
nude
Mien Dien, de nghi to chiic tuyen cir, bau nghi vien, thanh lap
chinh phu tu tri va giai quyet van de nen ddc lap cua Mien Dien vao nam
1948.
Ngay 4-1-1948, Mie'n Dien chinh thiic tuyen bd ddc lap trudc the gidi,
tach khdi Lien hiep Anh.
A'
9
Tai An Do, Dang Qudc dai da chinh thiic thdng qua mot quyet nghi vao
nam 1942, yeu
cau
ngudi Anh
"riit
khoi An Do", ddng thdi phat ddng quan
chiing tie'n hanh thi uy chd'ng Anh, tang
siic
ep ddi vdi Chinh phu Anh viia that
bai tham hai tai Xingapo. Trong tinh hinh phong trao dau tranh giai phdng dan
21
tdc phat
tridn
manh me, Chinh phu Anh sau chie'n tranh phai chap nhan thanh
lap chinh phu lam thdi o An Do va td chiic bau cu Qud'c hdi lap hien vao thang
7-1946. Lgi dung mau
thuSn
giiia Lien doan Hoi giao vdi Dang Qudc dai,
ngay 20-2-1947, Chinh phu Anh tuyen bd trudc Nghi vien Anh la se
riit
khdi

An
Do vao giiia nam 1948, ddng thdi de xua't mdt giai phap phan chia An Do
thanh hai nude. Thang 8-1947, Pakixtan dugc chinh thiic thanh lap, cdn Cdng
hda An Do ra ddi ngay 26-1-1950 sau khi hie'n phap dugc thdng qua. Quan ddi
Anh
riit
hoan toan khdi hai nude vao ngay 15-8-1950.
1
Khdng chi rieng d Ddng Nam A va Ddng A, phong trao da'u tranh ddi
ddc lap dan tdc da dang cao tai khap cac thude dia tren the gidi. Tai cac nude
Trung Can Ddng nhu Libang, Xyri, Ai Cap, Palextin; cac nude Bac Phi nhu
Angieri, Mardc, phong trao da'u tranh chd'ng thuc dan, de qud'c ddi ddc lap
hoan toan ciing phat trien manh me, tao da cho lan sdng each mang d cac nude
thude dia biing no
tii
nira sau nhiing nam
1950.
' ''
I
Chien tranh the' gidi
thii
hai khdng chi lam lung lay he thd'ng thuc dan
the'
gidi, ma cdn lam cho ndi bd cac nude tu ban phat sinh nhiing thay doi xa
hdi sau sac, tren mgi
linh
vuc chinh tri, kinh te, tu tudng, v.v., tac ddng manh
me tdi su phat trien va bien ddi ciia
chii
nghia tu ban sau chie'n tranh. Khi

chien tranh biing nd, de ddng vien nhan dan tham gia vao cudc dau tranh
chd'ng
chiji
nghia phat xit, chinh phu cac
nude
Anh, My, Phap deu cam ket
sau chie'n tranh se thuc hien chinh sach binh dang xa hdi, nang cao
phiic
Igi
nhan dan, md rdng cdng an viec lam va cai thien
miic
sdng cua ngudi dan. Ben
canh dd, thdi gian nay, cac dang cdng san va nhiing doan the tien bd khac tai
^
A
nhieu qudc gia chau Au da trd thanh luc lugng lanh dao cudc da'u tranh chdng
phat
xit
d nhieu nude va uy tin cua cac dang nay ngay cang len cao. Sau khi
chie'n tranh ke't thiic, phong trao dau tranh ddi cai thien ddi sdng cho giai cap
cdng nhan va nhan dan
lao
ddng, ddi thuc hien cai each sau rdng ve kinh
te.
';(r
22