Phương pháp kích thích năng lực tư duy cho học sinh phổ thông trong dạy học giải toán

DAI HOC QUOC GIA HA NOI
KHOA
SU
PHAM
r^
#p
#|»
^p
•J*
^5
0^
#^
Thae Si
BUI THI
HUCING
PHirONG
PHAP KICH THICH NANG
Ll/C TlT DUY
X>
CHO HOC
SINH
PHO THONG TRONG
DAY
HOC
GIAI
TOAN
Mdso:QS.05.02
DM HOC QUOC GIA HA NOI
TRUNG TAM THONG TIN
THU
VIEN

DT
/
94-^
Ha
Npi,
3/2008
MUC
LUC
Mdddu I
Noi dung
5
Chuang
1:
CO
Sd
KHOA HOC
Vl^
KICH THICH NANG
LlTC TlTDUY
CHO
NG\J6l
HOC
5
1.1.
M6t so
net
caban
cua qua
trinh
day hpc 5

1.1.1. Quan niem
ve hpc va day
each
hpc 5
1.1.2.
Quan niem
ve day hpc
tich cue
7
1.2.
Phuang phap bien
doi
chat luong
tuduy
cua
ngudi
hpc 8
1.2.1.
Mot
so
khai niem lien quan
tdi tuduy
8
1.2.2.
Mot
sophucfng
thiic
ton tai cua
tuduy
13

1.2.3.
Phuang phap bien
doi
chat
luang
tuduy
cua
nguoi
hoc 16
Chuang
2 :
M6I
QUAN QUAN HE
GltTA
DAY HOC
GIAI
TOAN V&I SlT PHAT TRIEN NANG LiTC TtfDUY
27
2.1.
Ban
chat
cua day hoc
giai toan
a
nha
trircmg
pho
thong
27
2.1.1.

Tam
quan trpng
cua day hpc
giai toan
a
truang
pho
thong
27
2.1.2. Quan niem
ve
giai toan
vaday
hpc
giai toan
28
2.1.3.
Cac
budc trong
day hpc
giai toan
32
2.2.
Tac
dong
tu-ong
ho
gifra
boat dong giai toan
voi ron

luyen,
boi
du-ong,
phat trien nang
lire tuduy
cua hoc
sinh
32
2,2A.
Nang
luc tu duy can
thiet trong tung buoc
ciia
boat dong giai toan
32
2.2.2.
Hinh
thanh,
ren
luyen,
boi
duong pham chat
tri
tue
toan
hpc cho hpc
sinh thong
qua day hpc
giai toan
35

Chuang 3:
PHl/ONG
PHAP KICH THICH NANG
Life
TlTDUY
CHO
HOC SINH PHO
THONG TRONG
DAY HOC GIAI
TOAN,
46
3.1.
De xuat
phuong
phap 46
3.1.1.
Xac dinh dp kho cua cac bai toan dua ra phu hop voi doi tuang nguoi
hpc 46
3.1.2 Nang cao long tu tin cho hpc sinh vao kha nang nhan thuc toan hpc cua
hp;
tung buac giup cac em tu tim ra lai giai cac bai toan
51
3.1.3 Bien npi day hpc giai toan (neu co the) tro thanh cac dang tro choi vui
ve , thoa mai nhung van nham vao muc tieu day 56
3.L4.
Giiip hpc sinh nhan ra cai hay, cai dep cai thu vi cua toan hpc
ciing
nhung ung dung thuc tien cua n6 58
3.1.5.
Sudung cong

nghe thong tin tro tro viec day hpc giai toan 62
3.2.
To
chirc
thuc nghiein va danh gia ket qua 64
Ket
luan 91
Cac ky hieu viet tat
Viet ddy du Viet tdt
Dai hpc Quoc Gia DHQG
Giao su tien
sT
GS.TS
Nha xuat ban Nxb
Trung hoc pho thong THPT
Tien
sT
khoa hoc TS KH
PHAN MO
DAu
1.
Ly do chon de tai
Tu duy la khai dau cua moi su sang tao. Nam 1986, muon doi moi toan
dien dat nuac, truac tien Dang ta da dat van de doi mai tu duy. Nha do, chung
ta da dat duac thanh
tiru
tang GDP hang nam tir 7% tra len, Gio day, khi
chung ta tham du vao hpi nhap kinh te toan cau, y nghla va vai tro cua kinh te
tri thirc tra thanh cot
I5i

cua
sir
tien bp xa hpi. Trong kinh ti tri thuc, ngudn
nhan luc ngay cang doi hoi duoc nang cao ve
tri
tue va
sir
nhay cam; vi the vai
tro tu duy cua moi ca nhan tra thanh dong
lire
phat trien cua dan
toe
va thai
dai.
De dap img duac nhu cau d6, van de chat luang tu duy cua hpc sinh, sinh
vien phai duac dat len hang dau.
Mon toan duac coi la mot trong nhung mon hpc quan trpng giup ma
mang tri tue va phat trien tu duy 16
gic
cho
Icrp
tre. Trong day hpc toan
a
bac
hpc pho thong, hoat dong giai toan la ca hpi tot
nha't
de hpc sinh duac
van
dung, bpc 16 va phat trien kha nang sang tao qua qua
trinh

dem nhimg tri thirc
toan hpc da duac trang bi vao giai cac bai toan cung nhu giai quyet cac van de
trong cupc song thuc
ti6n
lien quan toi toan hpc.
De phat huy vai tro cua viec day hpc giai toan, dieu quan trpng can
chii
y
la phuang phap va nghe thuat dieu khien cua Thay, to chirc sao cho hpc sinh
tham gia vao cac hoat dong giai toan mot
each
tich
cue,
thoa mai.
Song, hien nay
a
cac trucmg pho thong, viec day hpc giai toan con
nhi6u
ba't cap. Hpc sinh duang nhu bi khuon vao viec giai cac bai toan theo mot trinh
tu nhat dinh, lap di lap lai nhu mot nhiem vu quen thupc dien ra hang ngay nen
cac em thuang hay chan nan va mat di
tinh
chu dong sang tao. Con ve
phia
giao vien lai chi chu trpng den dap so, ket qua cua bai toan cu the han la day
hpc sinh biet phan
tich
de
tim
ra

each
giai bai toan; biet nhan xet danh gia mot
bai toan di r6i
tijf
do sang tao
each
giai quyet cac bai toan khac. Vdi
each
day
do,
v6
tinh
da lam giam di kha nang sang tao dang
tiSm
an trong hpc sinh. Tir
tinh hinh cu the d6, da dat ra yeu cau nghien cuu de tim ra phuang phap moi
trong day hpc giai toan nham
kich
thich nang luc tu duy cho hpc sinh pho
thdng la
va'n
de
cap
thiet.
2.
Muc tieu nghien curu
Cong trinh nham tim ra phuang phap de
kich
thich nang luc tu duy cho
hpc sinh pho thong trong day hpc sinh giai toan va ung dung vao trong day

hpc m6t
s6'
dang toan cu the;
tijf
do gop phan nang cao nang luc giai toan, kha
nang tim toi, sang tao,
gay hung
thu trong hpc tap toan cho hpc sinh.
3.
Doi
tutfng
nghien cuu
Phuang phap de
kich
thich nang luc tu duy cho hpc sinh pho thong trong
day hpc sinh giai toan
4.
Nhiem vu nghien cuu
- Nghien curu ca sa khoa hpc ve tu duy, cac phucmg phap tu duy, ngoai luc,
npi luc va nhung pham vi thupc phuang phap
kich
thich nang luc tu duy cho
nguai hpc.
-
Tim
hieu moi quan he bien chung giira hoat dong giai toan voi
sir
phat
triln nang luc tu duy cho hpc sinh pho thong,
- De xuat cac phuang phap

kich
thich nang luc tu duy cho hpc sinh pho
thong trong day hpc giai toan ciing cac bai giang minh hoa.
- T6 chuc thuc nghiem va danh gia ket qua.
5.
PhuoTig
phap nghien cuu
- Ve phuorng phdp ludn
Cong trinh dua tren ca sa
ciia
chu nghia duy vat bien
chung
de lam sang to
phuang phap
kich
thich nang luc tu duy cho nguoi hoc noi chung va trong day
hpc giai toan
a
bac hpc pho th6ng noi rieng
- Ve
phucmg
phdp
cu the
Cong trinh
da sir
dung phuang phap nghien
cuu tai
lieu,
di6u
tra,

quan
sat,
phan tich, t6ng
hap, so
sanh, khai quat
hoa de
nhan
ra cac uu
nhuac diem
cua
n6i dung
va
phuang phap
day hpc
giai toan
a pho
thong hien
nay; tir do de
xua't
phuang phap
day
mdi
nham
kich
thich nang
luc tu duy cho hpc
sinh
va
trien khai thuc
nghi6m

de
khang dinh
ket qua
nghien
cim.
6.
Ket qua
nghien
cuu va y
nghla cong trinh
-
Lam
sang
to ca so
khoa
hpc cua
viec kich thich nang
lire
tu duy cho
nguai
hpc noi
chung
va day hpc
giai toan
a pho
thong
noi
rieng,
-
D^

xua't
duac phuang phap kich thich nang
luc tu duy cho hpc
sinh
pho
thong trong
day hpc
giai toan cimg
vai
nhimg
bai
giang minh
hpa.
- Cong trinh
da
duac
the
hien trong
hai bai bao
- Cong trinh
co the lam tai
lieu tham khao
cho
giao vien
day
toan
a pho
thong
va cho
sinh vien

su
pham toan.
7.Cau
true
cua de tai
Ngoai phan
ma dau va ket
luan cung
cac
danh
muc tai
lieu tham khao,
cong trinh duac chia thanh
3
chuang:
Chuomg
1
CO
S6
KHOA
HOC VE
KICH THICH NANG
LlTC
TUDUY
CHO
NGU^ClI
HOC
7.7.
Mot
so

net ca bdn cua qud
trinh
day
hgc
1.1.1. Quan niem
ve hpc va day
each
hpc
1.1.2.
Quan niem
ve day hpc
tich
cue
1.2.
Phuang phap bien
doi
chat luang
tu duy cua
nguci
hpc
1.2.1.
Mot so
khai niem lien quan
tdi
tuduy
1.2.2.
Mot so
phuang thu'c
ton tai cua tu duy
1.2.3.

Phuang phap bien
doi
chat luang
tu duy
ciia
nguci
hpc
Chuang 2
MOI QUAN QUAN HE
GIlTA
DAY HOC GIAI
TOAN Vdl SlT PHAT
TRIEN NANG
LU^C
TU^
DUY
2.7.
Ban
chdt
cua day hoc gidi todn a nhd
trudmg
pho thdng
^
1
2.1.1.
Tam quan trpng cua day hpc giai toan a truang pho thong
2.1.2. Quan niem
v6
giai toan va day hpc giai toan
2.1.3.

Cac bu6c trong day hpc giai toan
2.2.
Tdc dgng tirang ho giira hoat dgng gidi todn vai ren luyen, boi
duong,
phdt trien ndng luc tu duy cua hgc sinh
2.2.1.
Nang
lire
tu duy can thiet trong timg buac cua hoat dong giai toan
2.2.2. Hinh thanh, ren luyen, boi duang pham chat tri tue toan hpc cho
hpc sinh thong qua day hpc giai toan
Chuang 3
PHirONG
PHAP KICH THICH NANG
LU^C Tlf
DUY
CHO HOC SINH PHO THONG TRONG DAY HOC GIAI TOAN
3.1.
De xudt phuang phdp
Trong
ph4n
nay cong trinh da dua ra phuang phap chung va cac bien cu the
de kich thich nang
lire
cho hpc sinh pho thong trong day hpc giai toan ciing vi
du minh hpa cho timg bien phap.
3.2. To chuc thuc nghiem vd ddnh gid ket qud
PHAN NOI DUNG
•
Chuong 1

CO SO KHOA HOC
VE
KICH THICH NANG
LUC TUDUY CHO NGUdi HOC
1.1. Mot so net ca ban cua qua
trinh
day hoc
7.7.7. Quan niem ve hgc vd day cdch hgc
Hgc va day
each
hpc la mot van
de
ca ban cua bat
cu*
nen giao
due
nao.
Mot
da't nu6c
duac gpi la
nude
co nen giao
due
phat trien phu thupc rat nhieu
vao each hpc va day
each
hpc trong tat ca cac nha trudng, dac biet la d nha
trucmg pho th6ng. Do do, viec hieu diing ban chat cua qua trinh day hpc co y
nghia quan trpng trong dinh hudng cho su phat trien nen giao
due nude

nha.
Chinh vi the, dieu trude tien cdng trinh muon duac diem qua cac quan niem
khac nhau ve day va hpc tir xua den nay.
Qua nghien cuu, chiing ta thay: day hpc cd tir thdi co dai Hy Lap
(tiic
la
the ky
thu*
V
trude
cdng nguyen). Ngudi md trudng day hpc cd bai ban
d^u
tien la Platon
{427-347
truac CN). Ong md trudng tai khu rimg gan thanh
Aten; Day la khu rimg nhan dan Hy Lap trong de tudng niem than Academ,
nen trudng cd ten la Academi,
v6
sau cac vien Ham Lam cua cac
nude
tren the
gidi deu lay ten la Academic.
Trude kia, Platon cho
rSng:
''
Day hgc la mot cdch kich thich linh
h6n'\
Quan niem nay
xua't
phat tir ca sd triet hpc coi con ngudi cd hai phan : phan

The xac (do tinh yeu giua cha vd me
tgo
ra) va phan Linh hon {do Trai phdi
nhap
vdo).
Linh hon dau tien d vdi thuang de cho nen linh hon am hieu moi
chuyen. Nhung khi nhap vao than xac dudi ha gidi, linh hon quen het. Nhiem
vu cua cua ngudi thay la
kich
thich linh hon dd nhd lai nhirng dieu hieu biet
sau
sac
ngay tir kiep
trude.
Vdi quan niem dd, ngudi ta sinh ra ai cung cd the
gioi duac. Hp khdng gidi duac la do
th^y
giao chua biet each
kich
thich linh
h6n hp. Anh hudng cua quan niem nay da dan den
nhi6u
y kien eho rang:
"
Thdy
nao,
trd
ndy
!
".

Cang ngay khoa hpc cang phat trien, eon ngudi cang
chii
y nhieu den
nang luc nhan thu'c cua ban than mdi ca nhan. Khoa hpc da
chung
minh rang,
ngoai cac yeu td sinh hpc, chi sd zen thong minh da anh hudng rat ldn den viec
hpc tap cua mdi ca nhan.
Tijr
dd, cung xua't hien nhieu quan niem khac nhau
\i
day va hpc:
- Quan niem truyen thdng cho rang: Day la truyen thu kien thuc cua
ngudi
th^y
cho trd, cdn hoc la
sir linh
hpi kien thuc cua trd. Quan niem nay da
theo sudt qua trinh day hpc trong nha trudng pho thong d
nude
ta nhieu nam
trude day va cang ngay bpc
16
nhuac
di6m ciia
nd,
Ngoai quan niem truyen thdng d tren, cdn cd rat nhieu y kien khac nhau
cua cac nha khoa hpc ve vah de nay. Xin dan cir mot sd y kien:
Y kien cua GS Nguyen Nggc Quang:
- Hgc la boat dong vdi ddi tuang, trong dd hpc sinh la

chii
the, khai niem
khoa hpc la ddi tuang de chiem
linh.
Hgc la qua trinh tu giac
tich
cue, tu
lire
chiem
linh
khai niem khoa hpc dudi su dieu khien su pham cua giao vien.
- Day la dieu khien tdi uu hoa qua trinh hpc sinh chiem
linh
khai niem
khoa hpc va bang
each
dd, phat trien hinh thanh nhan each.
[3,93-95].
Y kien cua GS.TSKH Lam Quan Thiep
- Hgc la qua trinh tu bien doi minh va lam phong
phii
minh bang each
chpn nhap va xir ly thong tin lay
tir
moi trudng xung quanh.
- Day la viec giiip cho ngudi hpc tu minh chiem
linh
nhung kien thirc, ky
nang va hinh thanh hoac lam bien doi tinh cam, thai dp. [3,147].
Quan diem cua Luu Xuan Mdi

Trong sach Ly luan day hgc
eiia
chinh tac gia da viet:
"Ban
chat cua qua
trinh day hpc la qua trinh nhan thiic cua hpc sinh, sinh vien".
Cac quan diem tren, tuy duac trinh bay dudi nhieu hinh thirc khac nhau,
nhung
d6u
muon khang dinh rang, qua trinh day hpc la mot he ven toan bao
gom nhieu thanh to luon lu6n tuang tae vdi nhau theo nhung quy luat rieng,
tham nhap vao nhau, quy dinh lan nhau de tao nen su thdng nhat bien chiing
giOa
hai boat dong,
ciia
hai ehu the Thdy va
tro,
Cac quan diem tren
d^u
ed xu hudng muon vuat qua quan diem day hpc
truyen thdng, vi each day va hpc truyen thdng ed nhirng nhuac diem rat ldn.
Vdi each day hoc
truydn
thdng thi trung tam cua qua trinh giao due lai la
ngudi
th^y.
Thdy
cu-
day nhung cai ma thay cd, thay tam dac; cdn ngudi hpc
linh

hpi tri thiic mot each thu dong nhd dpc - chep - hpc thupc
Idng
nhirng bai
thdy
da chuan bj nhu mot
mlu
cd san, nhieu
liic
khdng cap nhat vdi thuc tai
dang sdi n6i dien ra
tijrng
gid,
tijfng phiit
ngoai ddi.
Vdi each hpc truyen thdng, kien thuc ngudi hpc thu nhan duac khdng
viing chac nen dan
de'n
kha nang van dung
kieh
thiic cua ngudi hpc kem,
it
linh hoat va khdng sang tao.
7.7.2. Quan niem ve day hgc
tich cue
Theo T.S Dang thanh Hung
''day
hgc tich
cue
hay cdn gpi la day hgc
hudng vdo ngudi

hgc,
la'y
chu the hpc sinh lam trung tam duac coi la thanh
tuu hien dai cua Au-
My"[2l].
Thuc ra,
each
day hpc hudng vao ngudi hpc da
cd tii thdi ky co dai Hy Lap duac Thay trd Platon va Arixtdt thuc hien d trudng
Academi. Phuang phap day hpc nay duac cac dng gpi la
''Van
ddp
phdp'\
Cac 6ng rat ft khi tap trung sinh vien d giang dudng ldn, ma thudng dan timg
top chuyen de
viira
di dao vira dam dao theo
each
Thay dat cau hdi, Trd dap, va
nguac lai. Cii the soi noi khdng bao gid
diit,
moi van de tranh luan deu duac
ngudi hpc thau hieu mot each can ke. Ngudi ddi gpi trudng phai nay la
7
"Trudmg
phdi Tieu
dao'\Nhcf
phuang phap nay ma Thay Platon da dao tao ra
tro Arixt6t-Ngudi duac Mac gpi
la:"B6

dc bach khoa toan thu
ciia
nhan loai
thdi e6 dai". Khi trd thanh Thdy, Arixtdt da day hpc eho Alechxang Dai de-
mot vi vua
limg
danh cua co dai.
Nhu the, phuang phdp day hgc tich
cue
cd nguon gdc
ttr
xa xua, ban
than nd khdng phai la san pham rieng cua Au My ma la san pham
ciia
nhan
loai.
Chi cd
di^u,
khi dd thi phat trien, xa hpi cong nghiep ddi hdi dao tao hang
loat eae tri thiic cung theo kieu eong nghiep. Viec md trudng
6
at vao thdi
Phuc Hung ngudi ta da quen mat each day hpc
tieh
cue ciia ngudi xua. Ngay
nay, nhd cd su phat trien ciia cdng nghe thdng tin, ngudi ta lai cd dieu kien de
tac ddng vao timg thanh vien cua ngudi hpc hay cdn gpi la
''phuang
phdp cd
biet hod ngudi

hgc^\
Nhu vay, viec xem xet tudng tan lich sir su pham eho
phep ta ed cai nhin bien ehiing de tiep thu cd ke thira ma khdng roi vao
phii
dinh sach tran nhiing gia tri tdt dep eua truyen thdng va cung tranh duac thieu
sdt
ki^u "
cii ngudi mai
ta'\
tu nhan mdt phat kien khdng phai
ciia
minh. Xet
toan cue ta thay, bdn chdt cua day hgc tich
cue Id
mgt qud trinh ngudi thdy
biet to
chicc,
dieu khien hgc sinh tu bien doi
nhdmg
kinh nghiem ben ngodi
thdnh kinh nghiem ben trong cua cdc em, kem theo khd ndng biet van
dung, sdng tao.
Ndi mot
each
khac, chiing ta cd the eoi: Day hgc tich
cue
la kieu day hpc
nham bien doi chdt lugmg
tuduy
cda ngudi hgc theo hai hudng:

a.
Tii
tu duy dan tuyen, sang da tuyen( Complexus) theo chieu sau.
b.
Tir tu duy thu dong, sang tu duy sang tao khong
ngiing.
Muon bien doi chat luang tu duy
ciia
ngudi hpc theo hai hudng tren cdn
cd phuang phap tdi uu de thuc thi nhiem vu dd.
1.2.Phuang
phap bien doi chat luang tu duy cua ngudi hoc
1.2.LMot
sd khdi niem lien quan den
tuduy
Cd
r^t
nhieu khai niem lien quan tdi tu duy. Trong bdi eanh cu the cua de
tai,
e6ng trinh chi cd the xem xet nam khai niem lien quan tdi tu duy dd la:
Chu thi tu duy, ddi tuang tu duy, ban chdt tu duy, nang luc tu duy, kich thich
tu duy.
a.
Chi4
the tuduy
Bdt
cii
m6t su ton tai nao trong thue te, deu la ton tai trong quan he, Cd
mdt quan he ca ban nhdt lien quan den tu duy la mdi quan he giiia chu the
nhan thiic va ddi

tupfng
nhan thu'c.
Trude bet ndi ve chu the nhan
thdc,
day la
linh
vuc chu quan, vi the ndi
tdi chu the la ndi tdi
chii
the Ngudi, Trong qua trinh kham pha va bien ddi tu
nhien cung nhu bien doi xa hpi nhdm phuc vu cho loi ich cua minh, ehu the
Ngudi quyet dinh kham pha nhung bi dn eua cupc sdng. Budc ddu tien de
kham pha nhirng
bi
an ay, chu the Ngudi quyet dinh van dung
siic
manh tdi
thuang cua minh ma khong mot sinh vat nao cd the sanh kip, dd la
siic
manh
ciia
tri tue. Sd
dl
ed su vuat troi cua
chii
the Ngudi so vdi cae sinh vat khac la
do eon ngudi bie't phat trien hai
siic
manh ca ban cua minh. Ph.Angghen trong
tac pham Tdc dung cua lao dgng,,. da nhan manh:

"Trude
het la lao dong;
sau lao dong va ddng thdi vdi lao dong la ngon ngu; dd la hai
sdc
manh kich
thich chu ye'u da anh hudng den bp dc vuan, lam cho bp dc dd dan dan bien
chuyen thanh bp dc con ngudi"
[11,102-103],.
a. Ddi tuang
cita
tu duy
Da
CO
mot su 1dm ldn ngay ca trong mot sd nha khoa hpc khi ddng nhat
giira khach the va ddi tuang cua tu duy( ddi tuang nghien cm). Thuc ra khai
niem khdch the la mot khai niem triet hpc de
chi
su tuang phan vdi chu the.
Hai khai niem nay sanh ddi vdi nhau de phan biet giira chu quan va khach
quan. Cdn trong
ITnh
vuc tu duy, khdng cd mot nha khoa hpc nao lai lay khach
the lam ddi tuang nghien cim vi nd qua rong va qua chung. Chinh vi the, ngudi
ta chi ed the' xae dinh duac mdt pham vi nhdt dinh cdn thiet, cdp bach trong
toan bd khach the duac tach ra de giai quyet. Nhd dd, tu duy cd the xac djnh
duac muc dich va pham vi nghien
ciiu
eua minh.
Nhu vay khai niem Ddi tuang cua tu duy la mdt khai niem nhdm xac
dinh muc dich va pham vi nghien

ciiu ciia
tu duy. Cd xae dinh duac ddi tuang
cua tu duy dac biet trong
linh
vuc su pham, cdng trinh mdi cd ca sd de kich
thich, bien doi va nang cao nang luc sang tao
eiia
tu duy.
b. Bdn chdt
ctla
tu duy
Tu duy la thanh qua cao nhdt, tdi uu cua mot hien tuang vat chat huu ca
dae biet
ciia
con ngudi - dd chinh la bg dc, Tu duy duac bieu hien ra thanh qua
trinh boat ddng cua su phan anh hien thuc khach quan vao ca quan dac biet dd
va duac eu the hoa thanh nhirng bieu tuang, nhiing khai niem, nhung phan
doan, nhirng suy luan duac bieu dat bdng nhirng tir, ngir, cau, ky hieu hoac
cdng thiic v.v Qua trinh tu duy bao gid cung la mot qua trinh gdn ket vdi
nhiing hinh thiic nhat dinh eua su van dong vat chdt vdi hoat ddng cua nhiing
naron thdn kinh
eiia
bp dc.
Thdng thudng, ngudi ta hay thien ve quan niem coi tu duy la ca sd de de
ra
tri
tue, de ra kien thiic. Nhu vay, tu duy mdi duac xem xet ve phuang dien ly
tinh.
Thue ra, tu duy la ket qua eua mot tong hap giua cam tinh va ly tinh. Bdt
cir mot nhan thiic nao cung phai can cir vao tai lieu eua giac quan, sau dd nd

mdi
dugc
nhao nan thanh tri thirc. Tren ca sd nay, chiing ta cd the cd
dii eii
lieu
de nghien
ciiu
ve dac diem cua tu duy trong day hpc. Khac vdi tdt ea cac
linh
vuc khac,
linh
vuc su pham thudng bat ddu bdng viec tac dong vao hai cira
ngd {hai kenh) cua ngudi hpc, dd la thi gidc va thinh
gidc,
sau dd nd duac
truyen ddn mpi thdng tin ma ngudi hpc duac nghe thdy giang, duac nhin thdy
viet, cung nhu mpi hanh vi, mpi phuang tien giao tiep tuang tac giua ngudi hpc
va ngudi day deu truyen ddn qua hai kenh nay. Tren ca sd
ciia
nhirng khdng
10
dinh tren, cdng
tiinh
mdi cd du ea sd khoa hpc de tien hanh tim ra
each
thirc
kich
thich nang luc tu duy cua ngudi hpc.
Nghien euu ban chdt eua tu duy chiing ta cdn phai chu y den tinh khdi
qudt cua tu duy nghla la tu duy phan anh nhung thude tinh chung,

nhirng
mdi
quan he cd tinh quy luat cua hang loat su vat hien tuang. Tu duy cdn mang
tinh gidn tiep khi nd su dung ngdn ngu de phan anh (suy
nghi
bao gid cung
gdn ket vdi
tir
ngu ma nd cdn bieu dat chinh cai npi dung dd; bdi ngdn ngu
duac xem la phuang tien
ciia
tu duy). Tu duy cdn mang tinh triru tuang, vi tu
duy cd xu hudng thoat ly ndi dung mang tinh dac
thii ciia
su vat va hien tuang
cu the de khai quat ra nhung quy luat chung.
c.
Ndng life tuduy
Mdi ngudi sinh ra trong mdt hoan canh nhat dinh, vdi mot truyen thdng
nhdt dinh, tham chi vdi mot bp zen nhat dinh, vi the de ra nhirng nang luc tu
duy khac nhau. Nghien
ciiu
nang luc tu duy cdn phai tinh den 'kho
dir
trir'
kie'n
thiic cua mdi ngudi. Day cd the coi la xuat phat diem khac nhau tao nen
nhirng nang luc tu duy khac nhau.
Xet toan cue, ndng luc tu duy cua con ngudi
trude

hit la nguon luc vdn
CO,
la
sire
manh ben trong tgo nen khd ndng co the suy nghi, sdng tgo de
hoan thdnh mgt nhiem vu nao do dem lgi hieu qud thirc tien. Nang luc tu
duy la vi the nd ludn gdn ket vdi sang tao. Sang tao la mat nang dong nhat cua
tri tue biet to hop nhung vdn kien thiic da cd de phat huy tam phuang dien
ciia
nd do la : Giao tiep, trai nghiem,
Idgic,
ng6n
ngir,
npi tam, nhac dieu, khong
gian, tu nhien. Kha nang huy dong cang nhieu thanh td tren thi nang luc tu duy
cang cao.
Trong
linh wlc
su pham, van de phat hien nang
lire
tu duy
ciia
ngudi hpc,
biet
each kich
thich va bdi dudng tam phuang dien
ciia
nang luc tu duy ke tren
se lam cho viec day hpc dat hieu qua cao han.
11

d, Kich thich ndng
Ivrc
tu duy
Trong eude sdng, khdng phai
liic
nao nao bp
cQng
boat dong tdt ca cae bp
phan. Chinh vi vay ed vdn de thdc, ngu hap ly eua
sir
dieu hanh nao bd de dap
utig nhirng
vdn
d^
ciia
nhan thirc ma vdn bao toan duac sire khoe eua con
ngudi.
W6
vdn de nay, nha triet hpc e6 dien noi tieng cua
Diic
Inmanuen Kant
eudi the ky
XVIH
da cho rdng : "Cai tinh hinh pham vi cae true giac va cam
giac,
cam tinh ma chiing ta biet tdi, mac du chiing ta
diit
khoat cd the khdng
dinh rdng ed, tire la (pham vi) cac bieu tuang
m&nhgt

d con ngudi
(cQng
nhu d
ddng vat) la bet
siic
rong ldn, cdn nhirng bieu tuang ro rdng thi chi chiia dung
mdt sd luang het
siic
nhd be tren eae diem eua ehiing, cae diem duac hien len
trude
y thiic; cai tinh hinh tren tam ban dd to ldn eua tam hdn chiing ta, cd the
ndi la chi ed mot sd it diem duac rgi sdng ma thdi- chinh la mot tinh hinh cd
the ddy
nen
d chiing ta
sir
ngac nhien trude thuc chdt cua ban than ehiing ta,
Chang vay ma neu nhu mot
siic
manh thuang dang nao dd ndi: se cd anh sang,
thi chang cdn mdt tac dong rdt nhd be nao tir phia chiing ta cung vdn hien ra
trude mdt ehiing ta mot nira
the'gidi
:
[l
9,366]
(Inmanuen Kant. Toan tap, Nxb
Tu
tudng,
Matxcova,

1966, tap 4, tr366).
Nhu vay, qua ly thuyet
eiia
I. Kant cd van de vdng sdng va vung tdi
(mien thiic va mien ngii) trong nao bp eiia chiing ta. Dieu nay la diing, bdi ne'u
nao bp chiing ta sang tnmg he't thi ed nguy ea benh ly, Cung tii day, cd the nit
ra mot van de ly
thii
cua su pham hpc, dd la: day hgc chinh la mot qua trinh
kich thich nhirng mien ngu ciia tu duy ngudi hpc mot
each
hap ly theo mot
dinh hudng nhdt dinh cd lai cho viec nang cao trinh dp va phat trien nang
lire
tu duy cua ngudi hpc. Trong thuc te, cd khong it ngudi day da khong y thiic
duac dieu nay,
nen
nhung gid day cua hp v6 tinh da bien thanh gid ru ngu
ngudi hpc.
12
Tir nhiing ea sd tren, dac biet tir ly thuyet eua
L
Kant, ta ed the khdng
dinh rdng : kich thich ndng luc
tuduy
chinh la mgt chudi tdc dgng
suphgm
vdo nguon luc vdn cd, vdo
sdc
manh ben trong cua ngudi hgc dang trong

trang thdi nghi de lam cho nd
bitng
tinh nhu cdp them ndng lugmg vd
da
lieu de cho nd phdi hap cdc phuang dien Idgic tri tue nhdm gidi quyet
nhirng vdn
de
dang ddt ra cho chu
the
nhdn thdc.
1.2.2.Mgt
so phuang thuc ton tai cda tu duy
Theo Heghen, Tu duy la mdt qua trinh van ddng cua nao bp de nhan thire
va kham pha ehan ly. Chinh vi vay, tu duy cd ba kieu tdn tai ea ban dd la: Tu
duy khoa hgc thong qua van dung cae khai niem de kham pha chan ly cua cdi
dung, Kieu tu duy dac tnmg eho nhan thiic tdn giao de kham pha niem tin
duac tong hap va cd dinh vao mot bieu tugng. Kieu tu duy hinh tuang cam
quan sinh dong (chinh la dac trung cua nhan thirc nghe thuat). Trong khuon
kh6
ciia
cdng trinh nay, chiing toi chi di vao nghien
ciiu
kieu tu duy khoa hoc
va tu duy hinh tuang.
a.
Tuduy
khoa hgc
Tu duy khoa hpc la kieu tu duy lay khai niem lam c6ng cu. Khai niem la
san pham cua boat dong tu duy. Bp dc con ngudi sang tao ra cac khai niem
nhd nit ra mot loat nhiing dac trung chu yeu cua

sir
vat, hien tuang qua phuang
thiic khai quat cao, Chinh vi the, tdt ea cac khai niem khoa hpc deu mang theo
tinh chat la nhiing mo hinh
eiia
hien thuc ma nd phan anh. Tu duy khoa hpc
xudt phat tii su lien ket cac khai niem da bie't de phdi hap trong kham pha cac
hien tuong chua biet; dua nhiing hien tuang chua biet cdn cd tinh chat ngdu
nhien va
Ion
xpn vao he thdng de phat hien ra nhirng quy luat khach quan. Sau
dd con ngudi da sir dung nhiing quy luat dd vao boat dong thuc tien nhdm dat
hieu qua tdt nhat.
Siic
manh cua tu duy khoa hpc la nhiing thanh tu khai quat cua nd. Tir dd,
nd thiic day
sir
hinh thanh ky thuat, Nhd ky thuat, khoa hpc lai cd dieu kien
13
tiefn
len vd md ra nhiing muc tieu nghien
ciiu
mdi,
nhirng
yeu cdu chan ly mdi,
Thi du: nhd ky thuat ten
lira
va may dien toan, con ngudi cd the dua kinh vien
vong
vQ

tru len quy dao. Lai nhd kinh vien vpng vu tru, eon ngudi cd the quan
sat chup hinh
nhilu
hanh tinh mdi. Tu duy khoa hpc cdn duac coi la tu duy
duy ly, chii yeu dua vao ly tinh,
Idy
nhiing phan doan,
nhirng
dinh de de phat
dong nhan thure.
Kieu tu duy khoa hoc thuc chdt la kieu nhan thirc da
tuyen.Tu
duy da
tuyen cd dac diem la bao quat tong the ddi mdi su vat, nhung tir dd nd lai ndm
duac ban chdt sau xa
ciia sir
vat. Khdng cd
sir
vat nao ton tai cd lap, dan gian,
chi mot b6 phan, mot phuang dien ma khong cd quan he qua lai tren nhieu
binh dien. Tu duy da tuye'n trong khoa hpc cdn gpi la
tuduy
tuang tdc theo he
hinh.
Trong giao due hpc, tu duy khoa hpc la nen tang, la hat nhan cua qua
trinh tuang tac giira ngudi day va ngudi
hpc.
Sir
hinh thanh va phat tri tue deu
phai dua tren kieu tu duy khoa hpc.

b. Kieu
tuduy
hinh tuang
Tu duy khoa hpc tuy ddng vai trd ehu dao trong nhan thire, nhung nd mdi
chi la mot nua eiia nhan thiic. Mae da timg nhan manh:
"
kh6ng phai chi d
trong tu duy ma bdng tat ca cac gidc quan, con ngudi do dd da tdn tai rd ret
trong the gidi khach quan".
[l
1,103
-104]
Nhu vay, Mac cho rdng, muon tdn tai va phat trien trong the gidi khach
quan, con ngudi cdn phai biet huy ddng tdt ea cac phuang dien nhan
thiie.
Ngoai nhan thiic khoa hpc, con ngudi cdn phai biet huy dong kha nang nhan
thu'c cam quan sinh dong.
Diing nhu vay, xet ve mat lieh sir, thi tuoi ddi cua cam quan sinh dong cd
be ddy han nhieu so vdi nhan thiic ly
tinh.
Ph. Angghen da cho chiing ta thdy
cii
heu da duac tong ket nhu sau : "
Trude
khi manh dd ddu tien duac bdn tay
con ngudi
Idm
thdnh mot con dao thi bao nhieu thdi dgi dd qua roi, vd so
14
sanh vdi cdc thdi dai dd, thi thdi dgi lich sd md ta dd biet khdng thdm vdo

ddu
cd'\
Nefu
so vdi cu6e ddi eua mot eon ngudi cu the, ta cung thdy quy luat
nay : ngay tii khi chua cdt tieng khde chao ddi, be da duac thira hudng ca mot
be ddy cam quan cua nhan loai da duac tieh tu va duac truyen lai eho be thong
ma zen cua cha me be truyen eho be.
Qua diing nhu vay, neu ehi diing lai d tu duy ly
tinh,
qua de cao tu duy ly
tinh trong giao due thi de rai vao phien dien, kieu giao due nhu
the'
cung de tao
ra con ngudi thieu ddng bp. Trong khoa hpc giao due hien nay, ngudi ta khong
chi nhdn manh den ehi sd thdng minh cua duy ly
(IQ),
ma cdn
chii
y den chi
sd nhay cam gpi la (EQ).
Trong thue te' cupc sdng cd biet bao nhieu trudng hap ne'u chi dimg duy ly
thi khdng the nao giai quye't duac. Ngudi cd tai cam nhan trude day d nude ta
la Trang Trinh Nguyen Binh Khiem khi Ong tang Nguyen Hoang hai cau tha:
Hodnh San nhdt ddi
Van dgi dung thdn
Vdi trudng hap cua Nguyen Hoang trong xu the' dang xung dot mot mdt
mot cdn vdi Trinh Kiem( anh re),
Idi
khuyen cd
tinh

du bao
ciia
Trang Trinh
Nguyen Binh Khiem: " Hay di vao day Hoanh san, se lap duac nghiep, se
dung than duac
mudn
ddi". Cung nhd
Idi
khuyen nay, vdi tai Nguyen Hoang,
dng da dung len
sir
nghiep ldn
eiia
Chiia Nguyen (dang trong) va ed cdng ciing
dan ta khai pha them duac vua
liia
thupc dong bdng sdng Cim Long, khien
nude ta trd thanh
nude
xudt khau gao ldn
thii
hai tren the gidi.
Ngudi cd tai du bao
thii
hai d
nude
ta phai ke den Hd Chi Minh. Bac da
cd tdt ea 10 du bao thdn ky ve
nhirng
mdc quan trpng nhat lam bien doi cue

dien each mang d nude ta. Sau day la bdn du bao tieu bieu:
Du bao
thii
dau tien cua Bac ve chien tranh the gidi lan thu nhat vao
thang 8 nam 1914, khi dd Bac cdn la chang thanh nien Nguyen Tdt Thanh.
15
Tie^p
dd
d£fn
du bao
thii
hai vao nam
1924
ve chien tranh the gidi ldn thir hai va
thanh cdng tat yeu ciia Lien Xd.
Du bao bao quan trpng
thii
ba vao thang 5 nam
1941
tai hpi nghi Trung
uong d Pdc Bd, Bac da du bao ve viec chuan bi ddn thdi ca tong khdi nghia va
sau dd, thang 2-1942, Bac qua quyet: "1945 - Viet Nam doe lap". Nhirng du
bao thien tai nhu
the"
da khie'n Trung uomg dinh ra nhung dudng loi chinh sach
dung.
[22-28](TulieucLiaAwn/w/i//?^'^/ofngay
14-5-2005
sd
421,

tr 28)
Tii dd cd
the'
nit ra quy luat, ngoai nhan thiic ly tinh, con ngudi cdn phai
huy ddng tdi da vai trd cua cdm nhdn, Trong giao due mudn dao tao duac
nhirng con ngudi manh ve ly tinh, gidi ve cam nhan, nen giao due dd se dao
tao duac nhiing con ngudi toan dien. chi ed nhirng con ngudi toan dien nhu the'
mdi dap
iing
duac
sir
bie'n doi cua kinh te thi trudng - nen kinh te bien doi theo
timg gid timg
phiit.
Nhieu dan toe bi thua kem dan
toe
khac cung cd khi
chii
ye'u la do trinh dp cam nhan kem.
Nhu vay, thuc chdt cua giao due la biet huy dong
siic
manh tdng the cua
nhan thiic con ngudi ve hai phuang dien ly tinh va cdm nhdn. Mudn lam duac
dieu nay phai cd phuang phap, ma phuang phap chii ye'u la phuang phap nang
cao nang luc tu duy cua ehu the tie'p nhan. Ndi mot
each
khac, day ciing chinh
la hudng di tim phuang phap kich thich nang
lire
tu duy cho ngudi hpc.

7.2.3.
Phuang phdp bien ddi chdt
lugng tuduy
cua ngudi hgc
Mudn sir dung nhiing phuang phap hiru hieu de thuc thi su bien doi chat
luang tu duy ngudi hpc, chiing ta cdn tim hieu ban chat giao due.
Ve thuc chat, giao due va day hpc la mot hoat dong xa hpi nhdm khai md
va phat trien trinh dp dan tri bdng to chirc truyen dat va
linh
hpi tri thiic cung
nhu kinh nghiem quy bau cua nhan loai, cua dan toe va thdi dai de cac ca
nhan bien chiing thanh vdn ben trong eua ban than; tir dd hp cd the dap
iing
yeu cdu phat trien eua cupc sdng mot
each
tdt nhdt.
16
Ngay nay, qua nghien
ciiu
cdn biet them mot khia eanh rdt quan trpng
ciia
giao due dd la: giao due cdn ed nhiem vu thuc hien tiet kiem sinh luc de
dat duac hieu qua cao trong lao dong san xudt, dd la quy luat sdng da tdn tai
hang chuc van nam trong cong ddng nhan
loai.
Day la quy luat di tdt, ddn ddu,
khdng bi lang
phi
trong lap lai . De lam duac dieu nay, cac the he thudng tim
each truyin lai tri thiic va kinh nghiem da tich

liiy
duac eho the he sau de khdi
lang phi sinh
lire;
Ddy chinh la nguyen nhan ca ban de ra boat dong giao
due
ndi chung va day hpc ndi rieng.
Nhu vay, muc dich giao due bao gid cung cd ngudn gdc tii nhu cdu xa hpi
va dac biet nhu cdu hudng tdi cua tiing eon ngudi mudn thuc hien
nhirng
muc
dich ca nhan trong muc dich cua dan toe: "
xay
dung mot xa hpi dan gidu
nude
manh, eong bdng, dan ehu, van minh". Xu hudng phat trien
ciia
toan xa hpi
hien nay la xu hudng vuan tdi kinh
te'
tri thiic- mot nen kinh te' chdt
lucmg
cao,
Chinh vi the, nen giao
due
cua ehiing ta hien nay cd nhiem vu la gia tdng ndng
luc tri tue cho ngudi hgc (nang
lire
ea bdp thi cd han, cdn nang
lire

tri tue
ciia
con ngudi la v6 tan), Cd rat nhieu con dudng de phat trien nang luc tri tue cho
the'
he tre, nhung giao due - dao tao vdn la con dudng chinh, con dudng truyen
thdng cua nhan loai tir xua den nay.
Trong giao
due
dao tao, van de cdp bach dang dat ra hien nay la vdn de
phuang phdp dendng cao ndng
li/c
tu duy ngudi hgc. Vi the chiing ta phai
nghien
ciiu
sau them ban chdt eua phuang phap,
Bdn chdt cua phuang phdp trong ddi sdng vd trong khoa hgc
Cho den nay van cdn khdng it Thay Cd giao va cac nha Khoa hpc chua
thdng nhdt vdi nhau
vk
vdn de " The nao la phuang phap. Cd ngudi coi
phuang phap la each thue lam viec. Cd ngudi lai ddng nhat phuang phap vdi
giai phap, vdi nguyen tae lam viec. Do dd cdng trinh thay can lam rd van de
nay mot each thuc
sir
khoa hpc:
17
DAI HOC QUOC
G\P
^A
NO

TRUNG TAM
THONG ""IN
THU
/^E
hT
/
y^^^
Mpi boat dong trong ddi sdng thuc tien va khoa hoc
dhu
rdt can den
phuang phap. Phuong phap anh hudng true tilp
din
lai ich, chdt lugmg, hieu
qua
ciia
qua trinh boat ddng. Phuang phap cdn kieh thich tu duy con ngudi
sang tao, chdng
sir
dan dieu nham te. Da cd
nhilu
nha khoa hpc ndi ve vai trd
va ban chat cua phuang phap.
Nha toan hpc Descartes da ndi rdng: "Thd
dimg
mong di tim
bdt
cir mot
chdn ly nao
cd,
cdn han lam viec dd md khong

co
phuang
phdp'\
Nha tuomg lai hpc Thiery Gaudin da ndi rang:
"//ay
hoc phuang phdp chir
dimg hoc dir lieu
".
Nha vat ly hpc A. Poangeare eho rdng:
"
Phuang phdp la khoa hoc lua chon buac di cua noi
dung'\
Ngudi ed cdng ldn nhat trong van de nghien cim phuang phdp phai ke den
Heghen. Ong dua ra mdt djnh nghia rat chuan ve phuang phap:
- Phuang phdp la y thue van ddng npi tai cua ban than npi dung
- Phuang phap la cai thuc day su tien trien eua ndi dung
- Phuang phap la linh hdn khdi niem cua npi dung
Phan tieh nhimg quan diem tren, ta thay:
- Dieu kien de ed phuong phap la phai ed muc dich vd ngi dung.
- Khi da cd muc dich, ndi dung thi nhiem vu eua phuang phdp la tim
cac giai phap de chuyen tai npi dung tdi ngudi hpc mdt each cd y thirc.
- De tim ra cac giai phap tdi uu ddi hdi phai huy ddng tu duy, tao nen
sir
tu y thirc cua ngudi dieu khien boat ddng ndi dung, trong mot hoan cdnh cu
the.
Di sau vao phuang phap gido due, ta thay nhiem vu chu yeu eua thay vd
trd la phdi tim ra phuang phap tich cue de kich thich nang
lire
tu duy
ciia

ngudi hpc nhdm dao tao ra nhirng nhan
lire
tri tue bac cao.
18
Vay phuang phdp tich
cue Id gi?
Phuang phdp tich
ctrc
la phuang phdp tao ra
sir
ehu ddng cho ddi tuomg
de ddi tuomg boat ddng dat ket qua cao vdi tdc dp nhanh. Ndi each khde,
phuang phdp tich
cue
cd tdc dung thuc day boat ddng cua ddi tuomg theo
hudmg phat huy ndng luc ngi tai
ciia
hp. Phuang phdp tieh cue khdng ehi ed
tac dung dem lai nhieu tri thirc mdi, md cdn ed tae dung lam bien ddi nang
lire
tu duy cho ngudi hoc. Mudn lam bien ddi nang
lire
tu duy eho ngudi bpc thi
phai cd phuang phdp kich thich ndng luc tu duy
do.
Kick thich la mdt qua trinh tdc ddng bang mdt loat cae yeu td ed dieu
^ ^ ^
ft
kien nhdm tao ra nhirng chuyen bien tich
cue

d ddi tuang de dat dupe mot
SO
yeu cau nhat dinh. Kieh thich ndng luc tu duy vi vay la mdt qud trinh tdc
ddng bang mdt loat cac yeu td ed dae tnmg thupc
linh
vuc tinh than cua ddi
tuomg. De kich thich nang
lire
tu duy eho ngudi hpc, ngudi day phdi biet tao
nen bdn phuang dien tinh than trong ngudi hpc, dd
Id:
- Tao cho ngudi hpc niem say me, himg thu qua boat ddng hpc tap,
- Lam eho ngudi hoc nhan rd hanh phuc, tuomg lai cua ban than phu
thude ed tinh chat quyet djnh vao trinh dp hpc van va eae tri thire ed
duac qua boat ddng hpc tap eua hp.
- Tao ra kha nang biet nd
lire
cd nhan d ngudi hpc, khd nang khac phuc
nhimg lo hdng kien thirc
eiia
minh qua boat ddng hpc tap,
- Timg budc lam cho ngudi hpc biet ket qua cua nd
lire
ed nhan
dupe
bilu
hien thanh budc tien trong trinh dp tu duy cua chinh hp,
Mudn kieh thich bdn phuong dien tinh than cua ngudi hpc, ngudi day can
chii
y tdi eae dieu kien: Nang

lire
ngudi hpc, nang
lire
ngudi day, ndi dung day
hpc,
mdi trudng vd trinh dp van minh eua thdi dai.
19
7. Ndng luc ngudi
hpc
Bat cu mot boat ddng su pham nao ciing can phai sap xep nang
lire
eua
ngudi hoc. Can
eii
de phan loai nang
lire
eua ngudi hpc dupe danh gid qua cdc
ky thi. O phd thdng, viec phan loai hpc sinh thudng dua tren ket qua cae bai
kiem tra giiia ky, eudi ky, toan hpc ky hay todn nam hpc de sap xep hpc sinh
vao cae lap bpc, cap bpc. Mot
Idp
hpc ed nang
lire
ngudi hpc tuomg ddi ddng
deu thi viec tien hanh cae thao tdc su pham se cd nhieu thuan lai. Tuy nhien,
tren thuc te a cac trudng phd thdng hien nay van cdn tinh trang ngdi nham
lap.
Mot lap hpc cd the bao gdm nhieu ngudi hpc vdi cdc nang
lire
qua chenh

lech nhau lam cho qud trinh thao tdc su pham cua ngudi day gap rat nhieu khd
khan.
Nang
lire
ngudi hpc
Id
mot khdi niem khdng dan gian. Dd la mot td hap
cau true da tuyen cd the ke den cdc thdnh td trong cau tnic dd nhu sau:
a. Nang
lire
la trinh dp ngudi hpc dat den mdt hpc van nhat dinh.
b.
Nang
lire
la khat vpng, y ehi vuom len
eiia
ngudi hpc san sang ddn nhan
kien thue mdi,
c. Nang
lire
la khd nang bien Tri thdnh Hdnh tire la biet dimg vdn tri thirc
da thu nap dupe de gidi quyet cdc yeu cau thue tien theo luat tdi
im.
Nhu vay, nang
lire
la khd nang ben trong
ciia
mdi con ngudi, kha nang tao
ra mot sue manh
vugt

trdi vdi nhdm, vdi cdng ddng, biet lam
cbii
ban than va
loi
cuon
ngudi khac vdo boat ddng dat hieu qua cao, Chinh vi the, dimg
trude
boat ddng day hpc, ngudi thay khdng the khdng xem xet den ngudi hpc dang d
khdi dilm nao, eae vdn tri thire eua hp ed du de tiep nhdn nhimg kien thue
mdi hay khdng ?. Ngodi ra, ngudi day cdn phdi biet ngudi hpc cd khat vpng,
cd y thue trach nhiem mudn vuom len tiep nhan nhimg hieu biet mdi nhu the
nao?.Tat ea nhimg can cir tren
Id
co sd khoa hpc giup giao vien tim ra phuang
phdp day hpc eho
phii
hap vdi ngudi hpc de dat dupe hieu qua cao.
20
2.Nang
luc ngudi day
Can de phdng xu hudng mudn ha thap vai trd cua ngudi day. Cau ndi
"
khong thdy do may lam
nen^^
ciia
ngudi xua van cdn gid tri. Trong gido due,
ngay nay ai ciing nhd den thdy Platon, thdy Arixtot cua thdi eo dai Hy Lap vd
thay Chu Van An
ciia
Viet Nam. Mudn cd trd gidi thi trude bet phdi ed thay

gidi (Pham Vdn Dong.
Trong qua trinh day hpc, ngudi thay ludn di ciing vdi ngudi hpc, dam
nhiem vai trd hudng dan, giiip dd ngudi hoc thu nap nhiing kien thirc mdi vdo
kho tang tri thire eua hp. Ngudi thay phdi la ngudi ed ba loai vdn ldn;
- Vdn tri thue chuyen mdn vuat cap so vdi ngudi hpc.
- Vdn kinh nghiem su pham dat den mdt nghe thuat gidng day bac cao.
- Vdn md rdng tri thiic, gpi md cdm hung sang tao cho ngudi hpc
a. Von tri thirc chuyen man vuat cdp
Trude day d nude ta, thay cap
III
day trd cap
II.
Thay cir nhan trd dai hpc.
Trong gido due
liic
dd cd cau ndi vui ve trinh dp thay trd
Id
trinh dp
"
cam
cham
cam"",
Ngay nay, mudn day
tieu
hpc cung phdi ed trinh dp cao dang, dai
hpc trd len.
U
trudmg Dai hpc Su pham da cd khoa
"
Dai hpc tieu hpc". Cdn d

cdc trudmg dai hpc, hau bet cdc gidng vien phai cd trinh dp
thae sT
trd len. Cir
nhan gidi giii lai trudmg ehi dupe lam viec vu tra ly,
b. Von kinh nghiem suphgm
Von kinh nghiem su pham la kha nang hudmg dan ngudi hpc tiep nhan, xu
ly cdc tri thirc
linh
hdi mdt each khoa hpc vd dat hieu qua cao. Dan gian cd
cau" Thay gid, con hdt
tre"',
y ndi: thay lau nam mdi cd kinh ngiem day ngudi
hoc,
Trdi vdi
linh
vuc nghe thuat, nghe
si
trude het phdi tre, dep, duyen dang
{Thanh - Huang - Sac).
Nhu vay trong
linh
vuc gido due, vdn kinh nghiem su pham tuy dupe
trang bi trong nha trudmg su pham, nhung ehu yeu van la vdn tu cd md ngudi
21