Đặc điểm của các biểu thức thời gian trong câu tiếng Việt

DAI HOC
QUOC GIA
HA
NOI
TRUONG
DAI HOC KHOA HOC XA HOI VA
NHAN \
AN
VIJ THI Hl/dNG
THAO
DAC
DIEM
CUA
CAC
BIEU
THirC THC)I (iIAN
TRONCi CAU TIEN(i
VIET
LL
AN VAN THAC SI KHOA HOC
NCJL
\ AN
Chiiyen
ngdnh:
Ly
hian ngon ngu
Md so: 5 04 08
Si^it'o'i
liiKhii^
dan
klnui Jioc

IS.
N(;rM-:N
wnsn
(
ON
•'"iJNG TAN ''-Cr
f'N
T-
FN
M'ill
Uf
11
\
NOI
-
:i)05
LOI
CAM ON
Luan van nay
dugc
hoan thanh
duai su
giup da nhiet tinh cua Tien sy
Nguyen Hong Con. Em xin
dugc
bay to
lai
cam
on
chan thanh va long biet on

sau sac
tai
thay,
nguai
da
triac
tiep
huong
dan va giup da em hoan thanh luan
van nay.
Em cung xin
gui
lai cam an chan thanh tai cac thay c6 trong
Khoa
Ngon
ngu
hoc,
Trirang
Dai hoc Khoa hoc Xa hoi va Nhan van, Dai hoc Quoc gia Ha
Noi da tao
dicu kien
thuan
Igi
cho viec hoc tap va nghien
cuu
trong thai gian em
hoc tap a Khoa.
Toi xin dugc cam an ban be va nhung nguai than yeu trong gia dinh da
dgng vien va giup do toi hoan thanh luan van nay.
Ha Ngi, thang 8 nam 2005

Tac
gia luan van
^vy^
<•«
Vu
Thj Huong Thao
LOI
CAM DOAN
Toi xin cam doan day la cong trinh nghien
cmi
cua rieng toi. Cac van
dugc trinh bay trong luan van la trung thuc va chua dugc cong bo trong bat ky
mot cong trinh nao khac.
Ha Ngi, thang 8 nam 2005
Tac gia
luan
van
^•^w
Vu Thj Huong Thao
MUC LUC
PHANMODAU
1
1.
Ly do chgn de tai 1
2.
Doi tugng va pham vi nghien cuu 2
3.
Mue dich va y nghTa nghien cuu 2
4.
Phuang phap nghien cuu va tu lieu nghien cuu 3

5. Bo cue cua luan van 3
Chuong
I:
CO SO
LY LUAN LIEN QUAN DEN DE TAI 5
1.
Ve pham tru thoi gian va y
nghla
thai gian trong 5
ngon ngu'
1.1. Pham tru thai gian 5
1.2
Y nghTa ve thai gian trong ngon ngu 6
2.
Ciic
bieu thuc thoi gian trong tieng Met
13
2.1 Khai niem bieu thuc thai gian
13
2.2 Cac
loai
bieu thuc thoi gian trong tieng Viet
1
3
2.3 Tieu chi nhan dien bieu thuc thai
eian 1
5
Chuong II: DAC
DH-M
CUA CAC BIEU THUC

THOI
GIAN 23
CO Y
NCiHIA IHOI
DIEM
I. Khai
quat
\L'
y nghla thoi
diem
trong ngon
ngu
23
1.1. Cac quan niem khac nhau \e tinh thai diem 23
\,2.
Khai niem ve diem moc va each
djnh
vi 25
2.
Dae
diem
ngu'
nghTa cua cac bieu
thirc
thoi gian 28
CO
y nghTa thai diem trong cau tieng Viet
2.1.
Cac bieu thuc thai diem c6 y nghTa doi lap ve thai 28
2.2.

Tinh xae dinh va khong xac djnh
ciia
cac bieu thuc 34
thai diem
3.
Dae
diem
hinh thiic
cua cac bieu
thiic
thai diem 38
3.1.
Cac bieu thuc thai diem la tu 38
3.2.
Cac bieu thuc thai diem la danh ngu 40
3.3.
Cac bieu thuc thai diem la
gioi
ngu 45
3.4. Cac bieu thuc thai diem la lien hgp 46
3.5.
Cac bieu thuc thai diem la menh de 47
4.
Dae
diem chue nang
ciia
cac bieu thuc thai diem 47
4.1.
Chuc nang nghTa hoc 48
4.2.

Chuc
nane
ket hoc 5
1
Chuanii
HI:
DAC
DIEM CUA CAC BIEU THUC GIAN CO 55
&
Y
NGHIA
THOI DOAN
1.
khai quat
\e
y nghTa thai doan 55
1.1. Cac quan
niem
khac nhau
\'e thoi
doan 55
1.2.
Khai
niem iho'i
doan 58
2.
Dae
diem
ngfr
nghTa

ciia
cac bieu thuc thoi gian 59
CO
y nghTa thoi doan trong cau
tiengX'iet
2.1.
Tho'i
doan xac dinh \ a
khone
xac
din!i -^v
2.2.
Thai doan ngan han va thai doan dai han 61
3.
Dae
diem hinh
thirc
cua bieu
thirc
thai doan 65
3.1.
Bieu thuc thai doan la danh ngu 65
3.2. Bieu thuc thai doan la gioi
ngiJ
67
3.3.
Bieu thuc thai doan la lien hgp 68
4.
Dae
diem

chiic
nang cua bieu thiic thai doan 69
4.1.
Chuc nang nghTa hoc 69
4.2.
Chue nang ket hoc 71
KET
LUAN 77
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO 79
NGUONTU LIEU TRICH
DAN 82
PHU LUC
TU
LIEU KHAO SAT 83
PHANMODAU
1.
Ly do chon de tai
Khai niem thai gian la mot trong
nhu'ng
khai niem
co
ban trong nhan thuc
cua con nguai. Thai gian khong chi dugc nhan thuc ve mat \at ly hoc
\-a iriet
hoc ma con dugc nhan thuc ca ve mat ngon
ngu'
hoc. Qua ngon ngCr con nguai
da de cap den mot he thong cac
dom
vi thai gian va phan anh nhung hieu biet

cua con nguai ve cac thugc tinh cung nhu quy
luat
khach quan cua thai gian.
Trong tieng Viet, van de thai gian da dugc nhieu nha Viet ngu hgc trong
\'a ngoai nuac nghien cuu
tir
nhieu
goe
dp. Khac vol nhieu ngon ngu khac tren
the gioi, tieng Viet
hi
mot ngon
ngCr
khong bien hinh, dgng tu khong bien doi
hinh thai do do khong c6
cln'rc
nang thong bao ve thai gian trong cau. Vi vay,
khi
dc cap
den
thoi gian
Irong
tieng Viet, chung ta khong the khong noi lai
nhCmg
tu'
ngCr
c6 nghTa
ihoi
gian trong cau tieng Viet.
NhCmg

tu ngu nay c6 chuc
nang
bieu
hicn
\'a
phan dinh y nghTa cua cac thai, qua
khu,
hicn tai \'a
tucrng
lai
cung nhu dinh vi cac su kien va hanh dgng tren
true
thai gian.
Nhu da noi
o
tren, thai gian trong tieng Viet da dugc nghien cuu tu
nhieu
khia canh khac nhau. Tuy nhien, cho den nay, van chua c6 mot cong trinh nao di
sau vao nghien cuu mot each loan dien dac diem cua cac bieu thuc thai gian dac
biet
la
cac bieu thuc thai gian c6 y nghTa thai doan va thai diem. Xuat phat tu ly
do do, cung nhu nhu cau can thiet trong viec tim hieu dac diem cua y nghTa thai
gian trong cau tieng
\aet,
chung toi da manh dan chon de tai nghien
CLI'U
ve:
''Dac
diem cua cac bieu thuc thai gian trong cau tieng

Viet'\
De tai nay se tap
trung nghien cuu chu
\-eu
\e dac diem cua cac bieu thuc thai gian trong cau
tieng
Viel
thong qua hai loai bieu
thii'c
thai gian ca ban: Cac bieu thirc thai gian
bieu thi v
nizhia
thai doan \'a v
n^hTa
thai diem.
-1
-
2.
Doi tu'ong va pham vi nghien
ciiu
Doi tugng nghien cuu cua luan van la dac diem cua cac bieu thuc thai
gian trong cau tieng Viet, tap trung vao dac diem
ciia
hai loai bieu thuc thai gian
chu yeu la thai doan va thai diem. Cac bieu thuc thai gian c6 y nghTa \e thai the
va tan so khong thugc pham vi nghien cuu cua luan van.
Di sau tim hieu dac diem cua cac bieu thuc thai gian c6 y nghTa thai diem
va thai doan, chung toi se
Ian lugt
xem xet chung ve cac mat: hinh thuc bieu

bien, dac diem y nghTa va
chijc
nang ngu' phap.
3.
Muc
dich va y nghla nghien cuu
Muc dich cua luan van la di sau nghien cuu cac dac diem ve mat hinh
thuc,
ngu nghTa va chuc nang cua cac bieu thuc thai gian c6 y nghTa thai diem
va thoi doan trong tieng Viel. Cu the luan van se:
- Diem
\i\\
tinh hinh nghien cuu ve cac bieu thuc thai gian trong cau tieng
Vict cua mot so tac gia. cung
nlnr nhu'ng
van de dang ban luan lien quan
den
de
tai.
Dua tren
co'
so do chung toi se xac lap mot khung ly thuyet co ban de lien
haiih
khao sat va phan tich dac diem cua hai loai bieu
thiac
thai gian
hiiii
quan.
~
Tren

co'
so khung ly thuyet do, chung toi se tien hanh nhan dien, mieu ta
mot
each
co he
thone;
cac dac diem
ciia
hai loai bieu
thii'c
thai
2;ian
thai diem va
thai doan, tien hanh di sau phan tich hinh thuc, y nghTa bieu hien va chuc nang
cua chung.
Giai quyet dugc nhung van de tren day luan van se co
nhiang
dong gop
iihat diiih
\'e mat ly luan
\'a
thuc tien nhu sau:
Ve mat ly luan: Ket qua nghien
cii'u
cua luan van se gop phan lam sang to
them dac diem cua cac bieu thuc thai gian trong cau tieng Viet, cu the la cac
bieu thirc thai gian co y nghla thai diem va thai doan, qua do tim ra
nhCrng
dac
diem khac nhau giua hai loai bieu thuc cung nhu nhung dac diem

tuo'ng
dong
Liiua
chunii .
Ve mat thuc tien: vai nhung ket qua thu dugc luan van se gop phan dang
ke vao viec day tieng Viet cho nguai Viet va cho nguai nuac ngoai. Ket qua
nghien cuu cua luan van cung huu
ich
doi vai viec bien soan tir dien, sach giao
khoa trong nha
truong
gop phan day manh va phat huy viec
giij
gin su trong
sang
ciia
tieng Viet trong thai dai hien nay.
4.
Phuong phap nghien
ciiu
va tu' lieu
Trong luan van nay, ngoai hai phuang phap nghien cuu chung la qui nap
va dien dich
chiing
toi con su dung mot so phuang phap nghien
ciju
khac nhu:
phuang phap mieu ta, phuang phap thong ke, phuang phap phan tich cau true,
phuo'ng
phap phan tich chuc nang

Nguon tu lieu cua luan van
chii
yeu dugc trich tu cac bao, tap chi, truyen
ngan So
lugng
tu lieu bao gom 780 cau, trong do bao gom 425 cau co chua
cac bieu thuc thai diem va 355 cau co chua cac bieu
thij"c
thai doan. Ngoai ra,
chung toi cung su dung mot so cau tu lieu lay tu cac cong trinh nghien cuu
ciia
mot so tac gia khac hay tu thuc te
cupc
song. Cac cau nay deu bieu hien y nghTa
thai diem
\'a
thai doan
\'a
dugc phan tich a ca hai mat dinh tinh va dinh luo'ng
nham phuc vu cho
\'icc
nghien cuu.
5.
Bo
cue eiia luan van
Ngoai cac phan
mo'
dau
\'a
ket luan. luan van bao gom ba chuong

voi
nhfmg
noi dung chinh
nhir
sau:
C^hiroiig
1: Co
so'
ly luan co lien quan den de tai
lYong chu'O'ng
na\
chung toi da tap
trimg
chu yeu
\'ao \'iec
trinh bay nhung
quan
diem,
khai
niem.
ly
thu\'ct
co lien quan den
\'an
de thai gian trong cau
ticuL:
\'ie[.
dong thoi xac
dnih
khai

niem
thoi gian noi chung
\'a
thoi
diC'm \'a
thoi doan noi ricng. Thong qua nhung
c]uan diem \'a nhCrng ea so
ly
t!va\ct
do
chung
ioi
phan
tich
\a de xuat cac
lieu chi
nhan
dien
hai
loiw bieu
thuc
tlio'i
gian
CO \ mzhia
thoi diem
\a
co
\ ni:hia ihoi
do.m.
Chuoni:

11: Dac diem cua bieu thuc thai
iiian
co v
niihTa
thai die
m
0 chuang nay,
chijng
toi tien hanh khao sat cac dac diem \e hinh thuc, y
nghTa va
chij'c
nang cua cac bieu thuc thai gian co y nghTa thai diem trong cau
tieng Viet, qua do dua ra mot so nhan xet
\'e
cac bieu thuc nay
Chuo'ng
111:
Dac diem cua bieu
thij'c
thai gian co y nghTa thai doan
Trong chuong nay, chung toi di sau phan tich dac diem \'e hinh thuc, v
nghTa va chuc nang cua cac bieu thuc thai gian co y nghTa thai doan trong cau
tieng Viet. Dua tren su phan tich do chung toi se dua ra mot so nhan xet
\'e
cac
bieu thuc co y nghTa thai doan trong cau tieng Viet.
Ngoai ra luan
\'an
con co muc
luc,

danh muc tai lieu tham khao, tai lieu
trich dan, va phu luc tu
Heu
khao sat.
4-
Chuong
I
CO so
LY LUAN LIEN QUAN DEN DE TAI
1.
Ve pham tru thoi gian va
y
nghla thoi gian trong ngon
ngu
LL Pham tru ihoi gian
Khai niem ve thai gian la mot trong nhung khai niem co' ban trong nhan
thuc cua con nguai. Thai gian dugc nhan
thijc
ve mat vat ly hgc, tam ly hgc,
triet hgc va ngon
ngu'.
Tu
lau
con nguai da noi den mot he thong thai gian cua
ngon
ngu"
va phan anh nhung hieu biet
ciia
con nguai ve thai gian vai
nhu'ng

thugc tinh va quy luat
ciia
no. Trong triet hoc cua chu nghTa duy vat, quan niem
ve thai gian dugc Lenin
dira
ra da gop phan khang dinh them ve tinh hien thuc
khach quan cua khong gian
\a
thai gian. Dinh nghTa do dugc phat bieu nhu sau:
^^Vi
chu nghTa duy vat thira nhan su ton tai cua vat chat chuyen dong khong phu
ihuoc
vao y thuc cua clning ta thi cung phai
tlura
nhan tinh hien
thu'c
khach quan
cua khong gian
\'a
thai
gian Trong
the gioi khach quan khong co gi khac ton
tai ngoai vat chat
chuN'en
dong va vat chat khong the chuyen dgng a dau khac
ngoai khong gian va thai
gian''
[Dan theo 20, 19].
Quan diem
ciia

chu nghTa duy vat do Lenin dua ra tren day dugc hieu
rang: thai gian ton tai khach quan va con nguai hoan toan co the nhan
thii'c
dugc
thai gian va the hien su nhan
thii'c
do vao trong ngon
ngia ciia
minh,
nhumg
su
kien dirge
dien ra trong hien thuc
ciia
khong gian va thai gian. Do vay, thai gian
cung nhu khong gian. la hinh thuc ton tai
ciia \-at
chat. Vat chat co the ton tai a
danii iTnh
hay
donii \*a
thai
sian
cun^
vav. Khi ton tai
a
dang tTnh thi thai
eian
bieu hien a y nghTa thoi
\'a

y nghTa thai diem. Khi ton tai a dang dgng thi thai
gian bieu hien y nghTa thai doan va y nghTa \'e tan so. Vi du:
(1)
Mai toi
sc^
di Hai
Plioiig.
(y nghTa
\'e
thai)
(2)
T/iang
sau tao vai anh
Huynli
to chuc may
nho
den
nlic!
(y nghTa thai
diem)
-
:>
-
(Tac
phani
moi,
so
1
1/1998,
tr

12)
(3)
Tie
nam 2001 den nay, cong
/)•
may
.V.\K
Yen Bai da co nhieu co gang
trong quan ly dieu hanh. (y nghTa thai doan)
(Bao nhan dan, so
17846,
tr 2)
(4) Thinh
thodn^
toi cung gap anh ay. (y nghTa tan so)
Noi each khac, thai gian co cac thupc tinh ve chat va lugng
ciia
no. Cac
thupe
tinh do dugc boc 16 tap trung
truoc
het
o'
bon pham
trii
ngu'
nghTa: tan so,
thai doan, thai diem va thai. Trong thuc tien, thai gian dugc coi nhu la
iiiot
dai

lugng dugc phan chia, dugc hinh thanh cac
do'n
vi de do
luang,
do do co khai
nieni
ve tan so va thai doan. Cac khai niem nay dugc do
luong
bang nhu'ng don
vi nhat dinh (cac khoang thai gian). Mat khac, thai gian lai dugc hinh dung nhu
la mot chuoi van dgng lien tuc theo mot
true
ma tren do
chiing
ta co the danh
dfiu
de ghi nha cac su kien thuc tc, do vay co khai niem ve thai diem (cac moc
thai gian). Ngoai ra, thai gian con dugc coi nhu la mot su van dgng co
chieii
huong xac dinh, va trong quan he voi su ton tai cua ban than minh, con nguai co
nhu cau sap xep no vao mot khu vuc
Ion,
tu do ma co khai niem ve thai (cac
mien thai gian). Nhu way. thai doan, thai diem tan so va thai la bon noi dung
chinh cua khai niem chung ve thai gian da duo"c nhan thirc.
L2.
Y nghTa ve
thai
gian trong ngon
ngCv

L2.
L Y
nghTa
thai gian trong cac ngon ngu An
A u
Trong cac ngon ngu An Au, co mot
sir
khac biet dien hinh ve
each
thuc
danh dau cac kieu y nghTa thai gian (thai, thai diem, thai doan va tan so). Trong
khi y nghTa ve thai dua tren
sir
doi lap qua
khii',
hien tai va tuang lai dugc ngu
phap hoa mot each kha triet de, qua pham
trii
thai (tense) - mot pham tru
ngu"
phap gan
lien
\'ai dang thuc
ciia
dong tu thi cac y nghTa thai diem, thai doan \a
tan so lai
chii
yeu dugc bieu hien bang cac phuang tien tu \'ung (tu) \a cu phap
(ngu, menh de ).
-6-

Lay tieng Anh lam vi du minh hoa: trong tieng Anh cac y nghTa doi lap \ e
thai dugc bieu hien bang dang thuc cua dgng tu huu dinh dong vai tro la \ i
ngCr
cua cau. Theo do,
tiiy
thugc vao viec cau bieu hien mot su tinh dien ra trong qua
khu, hien tai, hay tuong lai ma dong tu se dugc
diing
a mot dang thuc tuong
ung. Vi du:
(5) a. She worked in Hanoi.
b. She works in Hanoi.
c. She
will
work in Hanoi.
I'inh
thong nhat
giu'a
cac y nghTa doi lap ve thai va cac bieu hien tuong
irng
cua chung the hien kha deu dan a tat ca cac dong tu vi
ngu",
la
co'
so cho
vice xac lap
sir
ton tai
ciia
pham

trii
''thai''
vai tu each la mot pham
trii ngCr
phap
ciia
tieng Anh. Khac
\'6i
pham
trii
ve thai, cac y nghTa thai
dieiii,
thai doan
va tan so
tronu
tieni;
Anh
khonii,
duo'c
bieu hien
ban" dan"
thuc cua
donu
tir ma
bang cac
do'n
vi tir vung
nhu:yesterday,
tomorrow,
now, hoac

do'n
vi
cii
phap:
three
days,
at
fu'ght,
evry
day \i\
du:
(6)
a.
She came here yesterday.
b.
17/
stay there until next Monday.
c.
It takes me three hours to get there.
Trong nhung vi du tren, cac y nghTa thai diem va thai doan dugc bieu
hien bang cac
do'n
vi tir vung hoac cu phap. Cac bieu thuc co y nghTa thai gian
nay co hinh thuc va y nghTa doc lap chu khong phu thugc hoan toan vao dong tir
vj
ngu' nhu cac dang thiic bieu hien y nghTa ve thai
ciia
cac dgng
tii hu'u
dinh.

7.2.2.
Y nghTa thai gian trong tieng Viet
Nhu da noi a tren, a cac ngon
ngir
chau Au co su phan biet ve
each thii'c
bieu thi y nghTa thai voi cac kieu y nghTa thai
diem,
thai doan va tan so trong
khi y nghTa thai
chii
yeu dugc bieu hien bang hinh thai
ciia
dgng tir (co nghTa la
dgng tir thay doi hinh thai de danh dau cac thai khac nhau) thi cac nghTa
thcVi
diem, thai doan va tan so lai dugc bieu hien bang cac bieu thuc doc lap co y
-7
nghTa thai gian: do co the la cac dan vi tir vung (tu, ngir co djnh) cung co the do
la cac dan vi
cii
phap (ngir, lien hgp hoac menh de) co nghTa thai gian.
Khac vai cac ngon ngir chau Au, trong tieng Viet tat ca cac loai y nghTa
thai gian
hCru
quan {thai, thai diem, thai
doan,
tan so ) deu dugc bieu hien bang
cac bieu thirc thai gian doc lap. Cac bieu thuc thai gian nay hoac ton tai nhu cac
don vi tu vung {hom qua, horn nay, bay

gia, )
hoac dugc tao thanh tu do trong
lai noi nhu la cac
ngu*
(vdo mua
xiidn,
vao thang ba, ) lien hgp {ngdy 5 thang 3
nam 2003 ) hoac menh de. Vi du:
(7) Hom qua, thay ra tinh Hd noi, vao hdu cu cu Nguyen, thay ngdi day
dong hoc tro, nhan thay co xin truac ong cu, se cho con ra thinh nghiep.
(Truyen ngan - Nguyen Cong Hoan, tr 6)
(8) Nhung bong hoa
ggo
do
rue
thuang na vdo thang ba.
(9) 9 gia sang ngdy 25 thang 3 nam 2003 cuoc hop bat dau.
Day chinh la van de ggi ma cho nhieu nha Viet
ngii'
hoc di sau vao tim hieu
va nghien ciru y nghTa thai gian trong cau tieng Viet.
De cap den khai niem thoi gian trong cau tieng Viet, mot trong cac van
de thu hilt
sir chii
y
ciia
nhieu nha nghien cuu tir truac den nay la pham
trii
thcji.
NgCr phap truyen thong tieng Viet (Tran Trgng Kim,

Biii
Ky, Nguyen Lan), do
anh
hiro'ng
cua tieng Phap
thirong
coi:
dcX
dang,
se\k
ba chi to danh dau y nghTa
"tluTi"
trong
ticMig
Viet.
Tu\'
nhien, theo Cao Xuan Hao [3] kho co the coi cac tir
nay nhu la bang chung cho su ton tai cua pham
trii
thai trong tieng Viet,
bo'i
\'i:
- Khong
CO sir tiro'ng
irng giCra y nghTa cua
da,
dang, se
\6i
cac y nghTa
doi lap \c thoi la qua

khii.
hien tai
\a tirong
lai. Cu the:
^'dci"
co the dien dat y
nghla hicn tai
[lie
nc)\'
toi
da_hai
muai
tuoi)
hoac
tuo'ng
lai
{A;^^c7V uiai
du_
la chu
nlhit
roi):
da/ig
cung
eo
the bieu hien y nghla qua khir (Horn qua toi
dtuig
ngu
thi
iUih
ay

tlcni.
- Khi bieu hicn cac
sir
tinh
xa\'
ra trong
ijua
khir, hicn tai
htuic tircvng
kn.
cac can tieng \'ict khong nhat
ihiet
phai su dung
ccic chi
to tren
da\.
\ i du:
(10) Iloiu
qua
u'u
vJ /;//.)
luc nam
gii/.
* Horn qua toi da ve nha luc nam gia.
(11
)a. Ngdy moi anh ve que a?
- Vang, ngdy mai toi ve que.
b.
Ngdy mai anh
s£

ve que a?
-
*
Vang, ngdy mai toi
se_
ve que.
Ben canh y nghTa ve thai, nhieu nha nghien
ciina cQng
da di sau xem xet
dac diem
ciia
cac bieu
thiie
thai gian trong cau tieng Viet, ma cu the la hai loai
bieu thuc thai gian co y nghTa thai diem va thai doan thong qua viec nghien cuu
cac chuc nang
cii
phap cua chung nhu trang tir, trang
ngir,
bo
ngia
thai gian v.v
Tuy nhien, trong qua trinh nghien cuu, tham khao tai lieu chiing toi nhan
thay
CO
su khac nhau ve quan diem cung nhu each tiep can doi tugng, phuang
phap nghien ciru va muc do bao quat doi tugng
ciia
cac tac gia doi voi nhung
nhan dinh va danh gia ve y nghTa thai gian trong tieng Viet. Duai day chiing toi

se trinh bay long quan nhung ly giai
ciia
mot so tac gia ve cac bieu thirc co y
nghTa thai gian trong tieng Viet.
Mpl
so nha nghien ciru nhin nhan van de thai gian tir goc do
ngCr
nghTa
nhir
Phan Khoi, Dao Than, Cao Xuan Hao va Nguyen
Due
Dan v.v. Cac tac gia
na\'
coi thai gian nhu la mot pham
trii ciia
ngu nghTa va xac dinh \ai tro cua cac
dan
\'\
tir
\'imi^
trone \iec
dinh vi thai
2,ian.
Theo
[Mian
Khoi
[31,
94], thai gian trong tieng Viet dugc bieu hien
nho
cac

do'n \'i
tir
\"irng.
Ong cho rang nhCrng
dom \'i
tir
vimg
bieu hien y nghTa thai
gian la cac
"p/id
tu
clu thiri
gian''
nhu:
}ulm
ngoai,
}idm
fiav.
h(5m
qua. ngdy
/Jh/i
\a phan biet chung
\'0'i
cac pho tir dac biet nhu: da.
dcuig.
se Qu'dn
diem
cua Phan Khoi da
the
hien

sir
man thuan
\'e \'iec
danh gia
\'ai
tro cua cac
phiro'ng
tien ngon ngu tren trong \
ice
dinh \i
sir
kien
ti'cn true
thai gian. Ong nhan dinh
rang, nhung "/)ho fir
chi
thoi gian" ke
ticn
clu eo tac dung "hieu
dien cdi
xac
cua thV con:
iid.
ilang.
se
mo'i
bieu hien cai
hon
cua thi. lam nni hat
cai \

n^jhla
\ii"ng
chac cua qua khir. hien tai
\'a \'i
lai
[31.
"^^2].
Tu\'
nhien,
ting cung
k;i
cho
rang:
^'dd"
khong han
chi
qua
kliir.
^'dang^
khoiig
han
chi
hicn tai
'.'a
'\sJ'
khonLi
han
chi
vi lai"
[31,

94. 95]. Dieu nay cho
tha\-
ngay ban than ong cung khong
chac chan ve
\'ai
tro cua cac pho
tii"
dac biet: da. dang, se.
Con Dao Than, thi cho rang viec phan tich va mieu ta nghTa
tii'
\'ung
cua
cac til'
CO
nghTa thai gian se
giiip
chiing ta hieu sau han ve each nhan
thu'c,
chia
cat va do dem thai gian cimg
vdi
viec dien dat cac quan he thai gian trong tieng
Viet
[8,
45].
Ban ve van de thai gian trong cau tieng Viet, Cao Xuan Hao [3] nhan dinh
rana:
ticmi
Viet khone bieu hien v
n^liTa

'7/?/"
khi
khon^
can dinh vi su kien
trong thai gian. Ong cung cho biet them, trong tieng Viet khi nao can thiet phai
dinh vi su tinh
tronu
thai
sian
ma neon canh khone cho biet ve su dinh vi av thi
tieng Viet
diing
cac
phuo'ng
tien tir vung ma ong goi la
^'khung
de
"
de bieu thi y
nghTa thoi gian va dat
o'
dau cau. Ong cung noi them ve vai tro
ciia
ba chi to thai
gian da.
dcnig,
se deu co the diing de noi ve bat cu' thai gian nao trong ciiu va
khang dinh trong ba
chir
khong co chu nao chi

'V/?/".
Ba chi to da, dang
vd
se
duo'c
one eoi la cac \'i tir tinh thai bieu thi the vd thuc
ciia
dong tir.
Nguyen
Dire
Dan [24] dac biet quan tam den cac phuang tien ngon
ngir
khac nhau trong tieng
\'iet
co tac dung bieu thi y nghTa thai gian nhu cac tir, cac
ket can
cii
phap. Ong goi cac
do'n
vi tir vung co y nghTa thai gian la
''(rang
tii,
trgng
ngu'"
thai gian, do la nhCrng
tii'
nhu: tudn truoe, thang sau, ngdy mai, dao
no,
luc nay, hoi do, khi do [24, 8]. Vi du:
(1-)

A.7?/
do toi con nho qua, con khoe lam, tucrng nhu mua gio phai
le
hnJi
khi thay toi.
(Truyen ngan chgn
Igc,
tr 3)
Cung nghien eu'u ve y nghTa thai gian trong cau tieng Viet nhung tac gia
Diep
Quang
Ban [5] da nhin va ly giai thai gian tu goc do ngir nghTa, ngu phap
cua tir.
Dira
\ao quan he y nghTa
giira
cac
dom \'i
tir vung co net nghTa
vt§
thai
gian
na>'
\ai
nong cot cau trong cau don tieng Viet, ong dua ra ket luan nhu sau:
nhung
do'n \i
tir \'ung co nghTa thai gian do chinh la nhirng ho
ngCi
chi thai gian

(thai doan
ha>'
thai diem) dien ra su kien va hanh dong.
Khac
\'ai
cac nha nghien cuu tren, trong
^'Nghien
cuu ve ngu phap tieng
Viet''
(tap 2),
Ngii\'en
Kim Than [27] phan biet mot each kha rach roi
\'e
(rang
0
ngil'
thoi gian va ho ngfr thiri
han
Theo ong. trang ngu' thai gian thuang bieu
thi thai diem cu the \'a hay
dii'ng
dau cau, nhung cung co the
tha\'
doi \
i
tri
xuong giua cau hoac cuoi cau. Vi du:
(13)
Horn nay, toi di Thanh pho Ho Chi Minh.
(14)

Toi di Thanh pho Ho Chi Minh hom nay.
Vi du
(13)
tren cho thay trang
ngir
thai gian, chi thai diem, dung dau cau;
cung
CO
the thay doi vi tri xuong cuoi cau nhu
o
vi du (14). Tuy nhien, neu
chung ta xet nhu'ng trang ngu' thai gian nay trong mot y nghTa thai gian khac (y
nghTa thai doan) thi bo ngu chi thai doan bieu thi thai ban se phu thugc \'ao
\'i
tri
va chi
CO
mot vi tri co dinh sau
\'i
tir. Vi du:
(15)
Toi dai han nam
phut,
(bo ngir thai han)
(16)
Chieu hom
fun\
cac trung doi tiep tuc dao cong
sir.
(trang

ngCr
thai
han)
(Dan theo Nguyen Kim Than, 20)
Nhung nhan xet tren day
ciia
Nguyen Kim Than cho thay:
tiiy
theo y
nghTa bieu hien
ciia
don vi
tij'
vung la thai diem hay thai doan cung nhu
tiiy
theo
\i
tri cua no trong cau ma phan biet trang ngu thai gian hay bo
ngir
thcri han.
Chuiig
quan diem \'ai
NgUNcn
Kim Than, Hoang Trong Phien cung co khi cho
rang trang ngu chi thai gian co tac dung chi pham vi thai gian, chi thai diem cu
the hay chi thai gian thuang le cua su viec xay ra trong cau va tra lai cho cau
hoi:
luc
ndo'?[\5,
127].

Trong
^^Giao
trinh \e Viet
ngu'
hgc"
[tap 1], tac gia Hoang Tue cho rang:
nhCrng
dom
vi
tu"
vung bieu thi y nghTa thai gian la nhirng
"trgng
tie chi thai
gian'\
Ong da chi ra nhirng dan vj tu vung c6 y nghTa thai gian la pho tir {hom
nay, ngdy mai ) hoac cac tir to danh
tii'
{haigia ).
Tat ca nhirng pho tir hay
tii'
l6
danh tir ma ong de cap deu bieu thi y nghTa \e thai gian trong tieng Viet. Dac
biet ong cung chi ra mot so truong hgp ma \i tri cua cac tir to danh tir bieu thi
thai lugng se quyet dinh chiing co nghTa thai diem hay nghTa thai doan
[17,
369].
Vi du:
(11) Hai
gia chung ta
Idm

viec (thai diem).
(1
8) Chung ta lam viec hai gia (thcri doan).
Mot cong trinh nghien
cii'u
khac cua tac gia Du Nggc Ngan
[6,
13] cung
de cap den cac
tii'
c6 y nghTa thai gian khai quat trong tieng Viet. Trong cong
trinh
ciia
minh, Du Ngoc Ngan da phan tich
\'a
chia cac pham
trii
thai gian thanh
hai loai theo dac diem ngu' nghTa,
ngu-
phap:
*
Loai
A:
gom cac
tii"
chi thai gian khai quat nhu: khi, luc.
hoi.
dao. thua.
do,

thai
.Nhu'ng
tii'
chi thai gian ke tren nghTa thai gian ma chiing chira dung co
the la mot diem hay mot doan thai gian co do dai khong xac dinh,
kliong
dugc
lap lai theo mot chu trinh nhat dinh.
*
Loai
B\
gom cac tir chi thai gian xac dinh:
Chi
thoi doan xac dinh nhu:
the}
ky,
lu'un.
thang, tudn le,
figdy
gid, phut,
sang,
Irua
- Chi
dinh thcri gian nhu: nay. nay, kia. do. day. hay gid. bao gid Nhom
tir nay co Uic dung xac dinh thai gian xa hay gan so
\'ai
thai diem cua ngubi noi.
- Chi tinh thai
[ha\
gian da,

ticng:
viia.
mai, dang, sap.
,vc~,
.NhCrng
tir
vung nhom nay dugc xac dinh trong quan he
x'oi
chu the noi, kem thai do
ciia
nguai phat ngon.
- Bao gom cac
tij-
co net nghTa thai gian nhung khong bieu thi trang thai
hay tinh chat
ciia
su \"at nhu;
chd\
dai, nhanh. chdm, sam, muon, gid, tre, ddi,
ngan,
Tuy nhien, nghien
eii'u ciia
cac tac gia co thien huang nghieng ve tir vung
ngu nghTa
ho"n
la ngu phap. Nhin lai ket qua nghien cuu
ciia
cac tac gia truac,
chimg toi nhan thay: da so tac gia tap trung tim hieu y nghTa thai gian trong
tieng Viet qua y nghTa

ciia
tir ma it quan tam den y nghTa thai gian
ciia nhumg
do'n
vi
cii
phap nhu
ngCr
ha\'
menh de cria hai loai bieu thuc thai gian: thai diem
\'a
thai doan. Do vay, luan \an se di vao mieu ta dac diem
ciia
bieu thuc thai
gian xet trong moi quan he \ai ngir nghTa \a
chirc
nang
cii
phap
ciia
chiing trong
cau tiene Viet.
- 12
2.
Cac bieu thiic thoi gian trong tieng Viet
2.L Khai niem hieu thirc thiri gian
Chiine
toi quan niem bieu
thii'c
thai

eian
la
nhuns
dan
\'i
tir
vuns
(tir) hav
ngir phap (ngu-, lien hgp, menh de) co chuc nang bieu thi y nghTa thai diem
ha\-
thai doan (khoang thai gian xay ra
ciia
mot hanh dong, su kien), va
giCr
\ai tro la
mot thanh to
cii
phap trong cau true cau.
2,2. Cac
logi
hieu thiic thai gian trong tieng Viet
Dua tren tu lieu khao sat cung nhu tir ket qua nghien
cii'u ciia
cac nha Viet
ngu hgc, chiing toi thay co the tam chia ra cac bieu thuc thai gian trong cau
tieng Vict thanh bon loai sau day:
- Bieu thuc thai gian co y nghTa thai the;
- Bieu thirc thai gian co y nghTa thai diem;
- Bieu thuc thcri gian co y nghTa thai doan;
- Bieu

thu'c
thai gian co y nghTa tan so.
2.2.1.
Bieu thirc thai the
Trong tieng Viet y nghTa thai the
duo'c
danh dau chu yeu bang 3 chi to
ngu'
phap nhu: da, dang, se. Nhirng chi to nay khong bi bat bugc phai dien dat
khi khong can thiet. Khi nao can thiet phai dinh vj su tinh trong thai gian ma
ngon canh khong cho biet
\e sir
dinh vi ay tieng Viet dimg cac phuang tien tir
vung nhu
ngciy
mai, hom
qua.v.v
de dien dat. Vi du:
(19) a.
Bao_giaanh
(se) di Sdi Gon ? (Bieu thuc thai the)
b.
N^ciy
mai toi di Sdi Gon.
Vi du (19)a. cho chimg ta thay, ngoai y nghTa thai diem con co y nghTa
thoi the
ciia
cau bieu hien boi dai tir phiem chi chi thai gian
''bao
gia.'' dugc

danh dau qua chi to
''se *'c6
bieu thi thai gian tuang lai. Nhirng a vi du
(19jb.
chiing ta thay khong co su xuat hien yeu to thai the
''se''
ciia sir
kien ma thay cho
su dien dat y nghTa thai gian tuong lai ay bang phuang tien tir
\ mg ''ngay
mai"
J
-
dung dau cau ma theo Cao Xuan Hao thi no
giir
vi tri nhu mot khung de co
nhiem vu dinh vi thai gian xay ra su kien. Va khi yeu to thai gian dugc dinh vi
bai khung de thi khong can phai dung chi to thai gian
"se"
ma cau van co nghTa
thai gian [3]
Tren day chiing toi mai chi diem qua ve y nghTa
ciia
bieu thuc thai gian
CO
y nghTa thai the trong cau tieng Viet. Day la mot de tai rat rgng doi hoi phai
CO su nghien cuu cong phu, nhung do han che
ciia
luan van nen chiing toi xin
dung van de nay a day va di vao phan chinh cua luan van la neu y nghTa hai bieu

thire
thai diem va thai doan.
2.2.2.
Bieu thirc thai diem
Bieu thirc thai diem bieu thi moc thoi gian xay ra su kien va hanh dong
tren true thai gian dugc the hien qua cac tir, ngu c6 net nghTa thai gian nhu:
hom qua, hom nay, nam
1997
Trong cau bieu thirc thai diem tra lai cho cac
ciiu hoi ve thai gian: bao gia? khi nao? Ve hinh thuc cau tao nhirng bieu thirc
nay co the la dai tir, danh tir, danh ngCr, gioi ngu, menh de, lien hop. Vi du:
(20) Horn qua ngu co ret khong?
(21)
Nam
1998
toi tot nghiep Dai hoc.
2-2,3.
Bii'u thirc thai doan
Cac bieu thirc
iha\
doan dien dat khoang thai gian ma
sir
kien trai qua tren
triic tluVi
gian.
diro'c
bieu hien bang cac don \i tir nhu: ba gid. hai ngdy. ba dem.
ban tudn.y.y. Cac bieu thirc thoi doan thuang tra lai cho ciiu hoi bao
Idu'l
may

ngdy^
may
gid''
Chimg cung co cau tao la cac danh ngu, giai ngu, cac lien hgp
\
a menh dc. \'i du:
(22)
Ba
nd/Ji
nira no li)t
nghiep
dcu hoc
fidng Idm tlidnh
phu Ho Ch:
Muih.
(23)
Trow^
hai
}\'nu
do.
u.)i
da tap trung hoc tot
nu'jn
anh van.
2.2.4. Bieu thirc tan so
Bieu
thii'c
tan so dien ta tan xuat (so
lanj
xay ra su kien

\'a
hanh dong tren
true thai gian thuang tra
Ioi
cau hoi: may lan? co hay? thuang
-
dgng tir
-
khong? Bieu
thii'c
thai gian co y nghTa ve tan so dugc bieu thi bang ket hgp so tir
-r
lan (nhu:
i
Idn.
4 lan) hoac
nhumg
ket hgp nhu: hdng. moi
-
danh tir thoi gian
{hang tudn, hdng thang, hdng nam). Vi du:
(24) Toi da den Luan Don ba lan.
(25) Hdng ngdy toi den truong bang xe buyt.
Tren day chiing toi moi diem qua mot
\'ai
dac diem cua cac bieu
thii'c
thoi
gian trong cau tieng Viet voi mong muon dua ra dugc mot
bii'c

tranh chung ve
bieu thirc thai gian
vii nhCmg
dac diem bieu hien cua chiing.
Tuy nhien, trong pham
\'i
nghien ciru cua luan
x'iin
nen chiing toi
chi
di
siiu
Vcio
khao sat va phan tich diic diem y nghTa
ciia
hai loai bieu thirc thoi gian
CO
y nghTa thai diem
\'a
bieu thirc thiri gian co y nghTa
thc)i
doan.
Bieu
thirc thcri
gian CO y nghTa thoi the \"ii bieu thirc thai gian co y nghTa ve
tfm
so tam thiri
chua dugc de cap den trong luan van nay.
2,3,
Tieu chi nhan dien bieu thuc thai gian

Nhu da trinh bay a tren (muc 2.1.), bieu thuc thai gian la nhirng
dom
vi tir
vung hay ngu' phap co y nghTa bieu hien su dinh vi
sir
kien (hanh dong) tren true
thai
i^ian,
hoac bieu hien thai doan
ciia sir
kien do.
2.3.
L Tieu chi ve noi dung
Vc
mat ngi dung, cac bieu
thu'c
thai gian c6 the dugc phan chia thanh cac
bieu thirc
ihcTi
diem va cac bieu thirc thai doan.
Cac bieu thiic thai diem bieu hien moc thai gian xay ra su kien va dugc
dinh vi tren true thai gian bang nhung tir ngir co net nghTa thai gian
nhu
ngdy
mai, hom nay, nam
199S
\'a
tra lai cho cau hoi khi ndo? bao
gia'^
Trong cau y nghTa cua cac bieu thirc thai diem thuang gan lien vai y

nghTa doi lap ve thai. Theo do co the phan biet cac bieu thirc
thc^i
diem theo
sir
doi lap ve thai nhu sau:
_^
-
*
Thai diem cac su kien co y nghTa hien tai. Vi du:
(26) Bay
sid chimg
ta bat dau cuoc hop
dim2
8 2id roi.
(Tac pham moi, so
3/1999.
tr 43)
(27) Dem
nay,
toi thay trong long co
sir
thdp thorn khong the ndo ngu noi.
(Lom - Son
Tiing,
tr 333)
*
Thai diem cac su kien co y nghTa qua khu. Vi du:
(28) Buoi chieu hom do Thuy di
Idm
ve rdt sam.

(TruN'cn
ngan hay 2000, tr 54)
(29) Hom do Hien vd chi Nguyet dua toi ra tan sdn bay.
(Truyen ngan chon
Ipc,
tr 85)
*
Thai diem cac
sir
kien co y nghTa tuong lai. Vi du:
(30)
Ni^ciy men Id fudn
thi cuoi ciing cua toi.
(Truyen ngan chon
loc,
tr 9)
(3
1)
Mai minh di
si/m
va se
dira
thang do'n
len
tinh cho de
xir.
(Truyen ngan chgn
Igc,
tr 220)
Trong nhCrng vi du da dan

o
tren y nghTa thai diem dugc bieu hien gan voi
su doi lap
giira
cac thai hien tai, qua
khir,
tiromg
lai. 0 day
sir
bieu hien y nghTa
ciia
cac thai khong phu thuoc hoan toan vao y nghTa
ciia
cac don vi tir c6 net
iighTa
thai gian nhu nam, thang, ngdy ma
phtj
thupc vao yeu to phu tir sau no
nhu:
"nay"
trong "ngay
nay"
(thai diem hien tai), "ay" trong "thang ay" (thai
diem qua khu). Tuy nhien, cung co mot so it don vi tir vung bieu hien y nghTa ve
thai ngay trong ban than nghTa cua tu ma khong can
sir
xuat hien cua phu tir
nhu:
"/;/a/""
trong ngdy mai (thai diem tuong lai). Xet dac diem bieu hien

ciia
bieu thuc thai diem chiing ta thay rang: ban than cac dan vi tir vung nhu: ngdy,
hom,
nam la nhung danh tii' thai gian va chi bieu thi cai y nghTa dan thuan \e
thai gian chir tuyet nhien khong he bieu hien y nghTa thai
dicni
neu no khong
dugc dat trong khung canh
ciia
mot
sir tinh.Xet
hai vi du sau day: Vi du:
(32) Nam 2000 co ay lap gia dinh vdi mot thuang gia nguai
nude
ngoai.
(Bieu thuc thai diem)
16
(33)
No dimg
hia
to dam dong chir
nam
2000 trong
cud/i
nhat
hi-
cua
minh.
(Khong co y nghTa cua bieu
thu'c

thai diem)
0 vi du (32), chiing ta thay nam 2000 dugc coi la mot bieu thirc thoi diem
khi no dugc dat trong khung canh cua su tinh doi hoi su xuat hien
ciia \eu
to
thai gian va tra lai cho cau hoi khi nao? bao gia? Va nhu vay y nghTa
\-e
thoi
diem se chi dugc bieu hien khi no dugc dat trong khung su tinh dien ra hanh
dgng va su kien. Tuy nhien,
o
vi du (33) nam 2000 lai khong phai la mot bieu
thii'c
thai diem bai trong moi quan he
sir
tinh dugc
nhae
toi no khong ham nghTa
thai gian, khong co tinh chat la thai diem
ciia sir
kien xay ra.
Mot vi du nua cho chiing ta nhan biet yeu to thai gian cua bieu thirc thoi
diem hay thai doan xay ra trong su tinh. Vi du:
(34) Bao giir anh di Hai Phong?
(35y)
Chii nhat
tdi\
toi di Hdi Phong.
Xet vi du tren chiing ta se thay su tinh dien ra dugc bat diiu bai ciiu hoi co
dai tir phiem chi chi thai gian

''bao
gid?''
va cau tra lai dugc an
dinli
trong mpl
thai diem la chu nhat tai. Trong truong hgp nay
sir
tinh dugc dat trong boi canh
nguai hoi chi muon biet thai diem ma nhan vat
"a;?/;"
di Sai Gon la "luc
ndo'':^"?
Va vi vay nen cau hoi se la
^'bao
gid'^''
(Bieu thuc thai diem).
Khac vai thai diem bieu hien moc thai xay ra
sir
kien, bieu
thiTc
thai
doan bieu hien khoang thai gian ma mot
sir
kien trai qua tren true thai gian.
Cac bieu thuc thai doan thuang dugc bieu hien bang nhirng don vi tir vung
CO net nghTa thai gian nhu hai ngdy, ba dim, ba thang va tra lai cho cau hoi
bao nhieu
Idul
mdy ngdy? may
gid?

Cau tnic
ciia
bieu thirc thai doan dugc cau tao la so tir + danh tir, so tir +
danh tir + chi dinh tir v.v. Xet trong moi quan he vai thai diem, cac bieu thiic
thai doan co the bieu thi y nghTa thai doan
ciia
cac
sir
kien xay ra trong qua
khu, hien tai va
tuomg
lai:
* Thai doan cac su kien xay ra a hien tai. Vi du:
A
I
i^
TPijMG
T^
'-<
'
'-y
"I'-'
^^^'-' ^'^^
17
v-u^/6^-^
(36)
Murri
n^dy
hdnh qudn lien tuc
bdmy

xe
6
to. mot ngdy
virat
qua hai
ba hinh tram.
(Tac pham mai, so 2/1999, tr 6)
(37)
i\4dt
tudn nay han da bo cong nghien ciru cdi can ho khong bao gid
khoa cua ndy.
(Tac pham mai, s6
10/1998,
tr 46)
- Thai doan cac su kien xay ra trong qua
kliir.
Vi du:
(38)
Va chong tao chi
Idm
cdi nha com ndy md trd na mdy chuc nam chua het.
(Tac
phiim
mai
s6 1
1/1999,
tr 33)
(39) Da ba nam thai gian troi di sao md nhanh thi!
(40) No da tot nghiep dai hoc dupe ba nam roi.
Vi du tren cho thay y nghTa cua thai doan dupe

bitSu
hien
o
thoi qua khir
do CO
sir
danh dau
ciia
phu tir
"roi",
"da". Chimg ta cung co the nhan dien
bieu
thirc thai doan trong
sir
doi lap ve thoi khi chimg ta can cir
\'iio sir
xuat hicn cua
mot so phu tir nhu: da (da ba
nani),
ro/
(ba nam roi). Chiing ta
xet
mot \ i du
nCra
CO
su xuat hien cua "da" trong bieu thiic thai doan co y nghTa qua khir. Vi du:
(41)
Chdu dm Het
giirdng
da hai nam roi.

*
Thai doan cac
sir
kien xay ra a
tiromg
lai. Vi du:
(42) Bao
Idu
nua anh di Hdi Phong?
(43) Khodng hai tudn nua toi se di.
Chimg ta lai xet
\'i
du (42, 43) trong boi canh noi dung
ciia sir
tinh da cho
san nhung
liic
nay nguai hoi chi muon quan tam den
Idioang
thai gian
^'bao
Idii?''
ma su kien se dien ra, do vay cau hoi se la
"6ao
lau
nual"^^
chir khong
phai
''bao
gid?'\

Va ciiu tra lai
liic
nay se bieu hien a y nghTa thai doan tuong
lai khi phu tir theo sau no ham nghTa tuang lai (hai tuan nua).
(44) Mot tuan nua
Id
den
n<:dy
cuai. Nga han hd cudi
luon
mieng.
(Truyen ngan hay, 2000, tr
146)
(45) Cdn mdy
ticn_2 ddno
hd nua
Id
con tron ba muai.
(Tac pham moi,
s6
2/1999,
tr
19)
8-
(46) Sap hai nam troi
qua,
toi van chua cd dip ndo ve tham que ngoai.
Hai vi du tren la su bieu hien
ciia
bieu thirc thai doan

tiro'ng
lai. dugc
danh dau bang cac phu tir ham net nghTa tuong lai nhu:
''''nuzf\
'\sdp'\
2.3.2. Tieu chi ve hinh thirc
Xet ve mat hinh
thu'c,
cac bieu thuc thai gian dugc bieu dien
dirdi
nhieu
hinh
thii'c
da dang: Bieu thuc do co the la
tii'.
(la danh
tii",
dai tir), la
ngir
(danh
ngu, gioi
ngu")
hoac lien hgp, menh de.
- Bieu thuc thai gian la dai
tii":
dai tir xac chi chi thai gian co y nghTa thai
diem. Vi du:
(47) Bdy
gid'
cung

Id
buoi chieu
ciia
mot ngdy dm udt giua
juiia
thu.
(Dan theo
ngir
phap Viet Nam, tr
1 1
5)
(48)
U nglu
cho den bay
gijy cluuig
hieu sao lai nhu the.
(Dan theo ngu phap Viet Nam, tr I
1
5))
(49) Bdy gid
Id
ddu
nuia
dong.
(Dan theo ngu phap Viet Nam. tr
116)
(50) Tir bdy toi khong gap lai anh.
(Dan theo Ngir phap Viet Nam, tr
115)
Nhu'ng

til"
nhu: bdy gid, bdy gid, bdy nay. ndy, gid chinh la nhirng dai
tir
xac chi chi thai gian xay ra
sir
kien va hanh dong tren tren true thai gian.
- Bieu thuc thai gian la danh tir. Vi du:
(5
1)
Gid lai nghe no noi se ra Hd noi hoc may a nha nguai quen.
(Truyen ngan hay, tr 223)
(52) Hom
nay,
em khong cd gid day tren lap d?
(Truyen ngan chgn
Igc,
tr
127)
(53) No den Sdi Gdn hom qua vd dien cho toi ngay.
(Tac pham mai, so
10/1998,
tr 25)
(54)
Dem_.
toi vd Phan md mom den nhd
Ido
Bdo xin thuoc
(Tac
ph5m
mai so

9/1999,
tr 6)
19-