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-
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AREA
of
HEVEA
in
the
PACIFIC
and
=
PROSPECTIVE
AREA
for
HEVEA
In
CENTRAL
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future
source
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HEVEA
Thirty
Years
of
Research
in the Far East
by
M.
J.
Dijkman
Assistant
ProJessor

oj Tropical Botany
University oj
Miami
With
a Foreword
by R. D.
Rands
U. S. Department
of
Agriculture
University
of
Miami Press
Coral Gables, Florida
THE
CHIlONICA BOTANICA CO., WALTHAM, MASS.,
V.SA.
/
/0;C-~~;~).:\
Copyright 1951
by M.
J.
Dijkman
Printed in the United States
of
America
H3:H~V.f
AW
ao
AHOW3:W

3:H~
O~
FOREWORD
•
In view of
the
increasing
impetus
during
recent
years
to
rubber
planting
in
tropical
America,
one
may
truly
say
that
rubber
is
now on
the
"rebound"
from
East
to West,

where
the
Hevea
tree
originated.
The 2800
unselected
jungle
seedlings
that
had
been
sprouted
at
Kew
Gardens
and
shipped
to
the
Far
East
in 1876,
became
the foundation of one of
the
world's
largest
agricultural
export

industries,
without which
modern
civilization
could
scarcely
have
developed.
The
planting
material
that
has
"rebounded"
is
a
much
renovated
one in
the
form
of
selected
high-yielding
clones
or
varieties
produced
during
some

30
years
of
research
in
the
former
Dutch
East
Indies
and
British
Malaya.
Unfortunately,
everyone
of
these
improved
clones,
derived
as
they
were
from
"the
1876
Wickham
or
Tapajos
strain"

of
the
species,
has
proved
highly
susceptible
to the South
American
leaf
blight,
occur-
ring only in
this
hemisphere.
They
are,
nevertheless,
being
used
by
means
of the
temporary
expedient
of top budding
with
resistant
selections
from

other
parts
of
the
Amazon
Basin.
Therefore,
pending the
development of new
clones
combining
native
resistance
with
superior
yield, which
constitutes
the
second
major
phase
in
the
domestication
of Hevea,
Western
Hemisphere
scientists
and
growers

must
rely
upon
both planting
material
and
research
experience
from
the
Far
East.
Every
investigator
of
plantation
Hevea
in
this
hemisphere
will
recall
his
difficulties
in
trying
to
re-
view the
Eastern

literature
that
is
so
widely
scattered
and
so
preponderantly
in the Dutch language. At
the
time
of the
Japanese
invasion
of
Indonesia,
some
19
journals
or
serials
there
were
devoted
to
agri-
culture
and
most

of
them
included
articles
on
rubber.
The
numerous
earlier
serials,
bulletins
and
re-
ports of
long-discontinued
private
stations
and
growers
associations
are
found only in a few
major
li-
braries.
Because
so few
English-speaking
persons
read

the
Dutch
language,
much
of the
fundamental
Hevea
research
in
Indonesia
has
never
become
widely known.
This
unfortunate
situation
has
been
re-
peatedly
emphasized
to
this
writer
who, having
once
painfully
learned
the

Dutch language,
has
compared
the
original
publications
with the
inadequate
reviews
in
abstract
journals
and
trade
magazines.
Only
the
Archief
voor
Rubbercultuur
has
presented
adequate
summaries
in
English.
Dr. M. J.
Dijkman
has
undertaken

the
laborious
task
of
summarizing
the
30
years
of Dutch
East
Indian
rubber
research
up to
its
sudden
stoppage
in 1941 by the
Japanese
occupation.
This
volume
is,
however,
much
more
than
an
accurate
chronological

summary
of
that
literature;
it
presents
critical
interpreta-
tions of the
research
results
classified
under
the
usual
major
topics,
which
facilitates
their
adaptation
to Western
Hemisphere
conditions,
making
them
more
useful
than
the

instructions
of
the
British
rubber
planting
manuals,
which
are
intended
for
their
own
special
conditions.
Dr. Dijkman
is
well
qualified
by
education
and
experience
to
undertake
this
task.
He
was
born

in
Djombang,
Java,
Indonesia,
February
12, 1907,
and
was
educated
in Holland
where
he
received
the
Ph.D.
in plant physiology
at
the
University
of
Utrecht
in 1934.
Thereafter,
for
13
years,
he
was
engaged
in

re-
search
and
extension
work
for
the
West
Java
Experiment
Station
at
Buitenzorg
(now
Bogor),
Java,
in the
capacity of
selectionist
and
Head of
the
Extension
Service
for
South and
West
Sumatra
and Riouw
Archi-

pelago.
This
station
was
supported
by the
General
Agricultural
Syndicate and the South
and
West
Suma-
tra
Syndicate, which
together
controlled
more
than 500,000
hectares
of
export
crops,
principally
Hevea,
oil palm,
tea,
Cinchona,
coffee
and
fibers.

During
this
period
he
published
some
20
research
articles,
mainly on Hevea
breeding,
selective
thinning, and
allied
plantation
problems.
Since
October
1947, he
has
served
as
Assistant
Professor
of Applied
Tropical
Botany
at
the
University

of Miami.
I
congratulate
Dr.
Dijkman
on
his
careful
industry
and
the
resulting
useful
work. I
recommend
this
volume
especially
to
all
those
directing
the now
rapidly
developing
rubber
plantation
industry
in
this

hemisphere.
vii
R. D.
Rands
Head
Agriculturist
in
Charge
Division
of
Rubber
Plant
Investigations
U. S.
Plant
Industry
Station
Beltsville,
Maryland
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The
writing
of
this
book
has
been
much
facilitated
by

the
support
given
me
by
the
Administration
and
Department
of
Botany
Staffs
of
the
University
of
Miami.
Sincere
appreciation
is
extended
to
Dr.
R. D.
Rands,
Head
Agriculturist
in
Charge,
Division

of
Rubber
Plant
Investigations,
Bureau
of
Plant
Industry,
Soils
and
Agricultural
Engineering,
United
States
Department
of
Agriculture,
for
his
consistent
interest
and
many
valuable
suggestions;
to
Dr.
A.
Schweizer,
Director

General
of
the
Experiment
Stations
of
the
Association
of
Central
Experiment
Stations,
Buitenzorg,
Java,
for
permission
to
use
the
data,
photographs
and
ref-
erences
from
Netherlands
East
Indies
(Indonesia);
and

to
Mr.
A. G.
Pawson,
C. M.
G.,
Secretary
of
the
Secretariat
of
the
Rubber
Study
Group,
Brettenham
House,
London,
for
permission
to
use
the
data
from
Sir
Andrew
McFadyean's
book
"History

of
Rubber
Regulations."
The
author
is
particularly
indebted
to
Mrs.
Marian
H.
Bell
Fairchild
for
her
assistance
in
editing
the
manuscript;
to
Ir
,
J.
J.
Ochse,
Department
of
Botany,

University
of
Miami,
for
his
many
valuable
suggestions;
to
Mr.
M.
J.
Soule,
Jr.,
Department
of
Botany,
for
his
extensive
help
in
all
phases
of
the
preparation
of
the
manuscript;

to
Mr.
L. B.
Isham,
Marine
Laboratory,
University
of
Miami,
for
the
drawings
of
the
aidplants
in
Chapter
V;
and
to
Mrs.
Martha
G.
Parker,
Dr.
Floyd
S.
Shuttleworth,
Mr.
Charles

M.
Gates,
and
Mr.
George
B.
MacFie,
among
others
of
the
Department
of
Botany,
University
of
Miami,
for
their
as-
sistance
in
many
other
ways.
Last,
a
word
of
recognition

should
be
extended
to my
wife
for
the
patience
with
which
she
surrendered
the
many
months
necessary
for
drafting
this
book.
Miami
May
1951.
viii
M.
J.
Dijkman
Chapter
TABLE
OF

CONTENTS
Foreword
.
Acknowledgments.
Table
of
Contents.
List
of
lllustrations
List
of
Tables

Page
vii
viii
ix
xiii
.
xviii
I
Introduction.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.,
1
II
Historical.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . 5
1.

Early
history.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.
The
introduction
and
development
of
Hevea
in
the
Far
Eastern
countries
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3.
Restrictive
agreements.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
4.
Hevea
is
returned
to
the
Western
Hemisphere.
. . . . . . . . . . . 7
References.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Tables
III
Hevea
as
a
Factor
in
the
Economic
Development
of
the
East
Indies.
9
IV
The
Development
of
Rubber
Research
in
Indonesia
12
1.
Early
steps
in
rubber

selection.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

12
2.
Commercial
plantings
of
mother-tree
seedlings
and
the
results
obtained
with
this
primitively
selected
mater-ial.
" 13
3.
The
development
of a
vegetative
propagation
technique.
. . .

13

4.
Large
scale
organized
selection
work
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14
References.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16
Tables.
Figures
v
VI
Fertilizing
and
Soil
Management.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.
General
.
2.
Notes
on
climate
and

soil
in
the
Indonesian
Archipelago
3.
The
interaction
Hevea-soil.
4.
Fertilizing
rubber
. . . . . .

5.
Notes
on
soil
maintenance
.
References
.
Tables.
Figures
Planting
Material
.
1.
Budded
stumps

.
2.
Stumped
buddings.
. . . .
3.
Seedling
plantings
.
4.
Commercial
results
with
high
stumps
.
5.
Split
Hevea
seedlings
as
commercial
planting
material

6.
Notes
on
the
propagation

of
branch-cuttings
.
References
.
Figures
ix
17
17
18
19
21
23
40
43
43
48
49
50
51
52
52
x
Chapter
VII
VITI
IX
X
XI
HEVEA

Growth
.
1.
Introduction
.
2.
Growth
measurements

3.
Growth
of
seedlings
and
buddings
4.
The
influence
of
tapping
upon
growth

5.
"Lampbrush"
growth.
References
.
Tables.
Figures

Tap
and
Tapping
Systems
1.
Introduction
.
2.
Early
experiments
in
tapping.
3.
Evolution
in
tapping
systems
.
4.
Common
tapping
systems

5.
Collecting
yield
data
obtained
from
normal

test-tapping
.
6.
Methods
of
tapping
young
trees

References
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Tables.
Figures
The
Mechanism
of
Production
and
Related
Phenomena
1.
General
.
2.
Anatomical
investigations
on
virgin
bark
.

3.
Anatomical
studies
on
renewed
bark
.
4.
Anatomical
investigations
on
the
union
zone in
buddings
.
5.
Latex
formation
.
6.
Rubber
and
food
physiology

7.
The
latex
flow .

8.
The
latex
flow
area
.
9.
The
relationship
of
rootbark
to
production

10.
Ringbarking
below
the
crown
.
11.
The
energy
and
hydrostatic
components
of
the
flow
area

.
12.
The
physiology
of
the
Brown
Bark
disease

13.
"After-drippers"
or
long-continued
latex
flow

References
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Tables.
Figures
Growth,
Yield
and
Disease
in
Relation
to
Planting
Density

1.
General
.
2.
Planting
density
experiments
.
3. H
edge
plantings
. . . . . . . . . . . .
4.
The
principles
of thinning .
5.
Thinning
experiments
.
6.
Advisories
on
planting
density/thinning
programs
.
7.
Notes

on
thinning
commercial
plantings
.
8.
Other
crops
planted
with
rubber
in
temporary
and
permanent
stands.
References

Tables.
Figures
Diseases
and
Pests

1.
Introduction

2.
Parasitic
diseases

3.
Physiological
diseases
.
Page
53
53
53
55
61
64
65
68
68
68
69
74
78
79
84
87
87
87
90
90
91
99
102
105

107
108
108
110
112
113
115
115
119
129
134
135
137
138
,,,r'-,\
.140)
'
142
144
144
144
151
TABLE
OF
CONTENTS
Chapter
4.
Pests

References

.
XVI
Clones
and
Selected
Seedlings
under
Commercial
Conditions

1.
Areas
with
improved
planting
materials
.
2.
Commercial
results
with buddings and
seedlings

3. In
retrospect
.
References
.
Tables.
Figures

xi
Page
152
153
155
155
157
159
160
168
173
173
176
178
178
180
181
181
182
183
186
186
186
188
190
190
191
192
194
201

203
203
208
213
222
228
231
234
234
236
240
241
The
Results
of
Mother-tree
Selection

Outline of
Generative
Selection

1.
General
.
2.
Outline
of
procedure
.

3. Naming
seedling
families
.
4. The
identification
of
seedling
families
.
5.
Preliminary
seedling
tests
.
6.
Recent
arrangements
of
preliminary
seedling
tests
7. Advanced
testing
.
8.
Standard
clones
and
families

.
9.
Breeding
or
seed
gardens.
References
.
Tables.
Figures
1.
General
.
2.
The
economic
background
of
vegetative
selection

3.
Primary
mother-tree
selection

4.
Secondary
mother-tree
selection.

References
.
Tables.
Figures
xv
Experimental
Results
with
Vegetative
and
Generative
Selection
1.
Clone
improvement.
.
2. The
result
of
breeding
.
3.
Stock/scion
relationships
.
4.
Double-worked
(three
component)
stock/scion

combinations.
5.
Selection
for
resistance
to wind
damage
and
diseases.
References
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Tables.
Figures
XII Outline of
Vegetative
(Clonal)
Selection
1.
General
.
2.
Outline
of
procedure
.
3.
Naming
of
clones
.

4.
The
identification
of
clones
5.
Preliminary
clone
tests.
6. Advanced
tests
.
7.
Standard
clones
.
References
.
Tables.
Figures
XIII
XlV
xii
Chapter
XVII
Appendix
I
II
III
IV

HEVEA
Ecology
and
Rubber
Improvement
.
1.
General
.
2.
Causes
of
locality
differences
in
Indonesia

3.
Ancestry
of
the
Eastern
Hevea
brasiliensis
race

References
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Tables.
Figures

Net
exports
of
crude
rubber
(long
tons)
.
Make-up
of
the
area
in
rubber
in
the
main
production
centers
in
the
Far
East
Glossary
.
Descriptions
and
figures
of
the

best
commercial
Far
Eastern
clones
of
Hevea
brasiliensis
.
Page
243
243
243
254
269
272
274
275
277
V
Production
of
historically
and
commercially
important
Far
Eastern
primary
and

secondary
clonal
and
selected
seedling
families
from
test
areas
in
Indonesia
" 306
Index
of
authors.
. . . . . . . • . . . . . . • . . . • • . . • • . • • . . • .

321
Index of subj
ects
. . . . . . . . • . . • • . . . • • • . • . . . • • • • . • .

324
Figure
1
2
3
4
5
6

7
8
9
lOa
b
11
12a
b
13
14
15
16a
b
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
LIST
OF
ILLUSTRATIONS
Production

of
seven
major
export
crops
of
Indonesia
Indonesia's
share
in
the
world
export
markets
.
Rubber
production
in
Indonesia
of
native
and
plantation
holdings

Diagram
showing
the
different
response

of two
plants
to
soil
improvement
measures
.
Diagrammatic
nitrogen
replenishment
cycle
in
humid
tropical
forest
soils.
Methods
of
terracing
on
gentle
slopes
Cross-section
of
erosion
dike-silt
pit
Erosion
dike-silt
pit

system
in a
rubber
planting

Calopogonium
mucunoides
.
Centrosema
pubescens

Three-year-old
Hevea
planting
with
Centrosema
ground
cover.
Mimosa
invisa
.
Pueraria
phaseoloides
.
Pueraria
phaseoloides
mixed
with
Centrosema
pubescens

in a
young
rubber
planting
. . . . . . . .
Eupatorium
triplinerve
.
Ageratum
mexicanum

Alternanthera
amoena

Clibadium
surinamense
var.
asperum
.
Clibadium-Centrosema
cover
in
young
rubber

Eupatorium
pallescens
.
Stand
of

Eupatorium
in 2
1/2
year-old
rubber
buddings

Lantana
Camara

C
rotalaria
anagyroides
.
Tephrosia
candida
Albizzia
falcata

Leucaena
glauca

Water
competition
experiment
of
Kepoetren!Tjorahmas
Estate
(1940)
Stem

buds
of
Hevea
.
Budding
technique
for
Hevea

Budding
technique
for
Hevea
(cont.) .
Budding
technique
for
Hevea
(cont.) .
Budding
technique
for
Hevea
(concl.)

xiii
Page
1
2
3

17
21
26
26
26
29
30
30
31
31
31
32
33
33
34
34
35
35
36
36
37
38
38
39
45
46
46
46
47
xiv

HEVEA
Figure
Page
50
51
57
62
50
63
71
71
79
80
90
93
93
87
88
88
88
89
90
90
104
105
106
Latex
flow
curves
for

the
3rd,
4th
and
5th
panels
.
Latex
yield
curves
for
the
4th
and
5th
panels
of a
tree
defoliated
8
months
after
natural
wintering
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Latex
yield
curves
for
the

4th and 5th
panels
of a
tree
defoliated
4
months
before
normal
refoliation.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
Latex
yield
curves
for
the
4th
and
5th
panels
of a
tree
defoliated
on one
side
94
Latex
yield
curves
for

the
4th
and 5th
panels
of a
tree
which
was
defoliated
four
times.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Diagram
showing the
position
of a tapping
cut
running
across
the
union
between
stock
and
scion
in buddings of the
clones
PH 2
and
PH 7 . 96

Average
latex
yield
from
different
parts
of
the
tapping
panel.
. . . . . . . 103
Latex
yield
curves
for
the
3rd
and
4th
panels
to
demonstrate
the
increase
obtained
from
first-time
regenerated
bark.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103

Projection
of
the
tapping
panels
used
for
studying
the
latex
production
of
regenerated
bark
.
The flow
intensity
of
latex
after
tapping

The
latex
flow
area
.
Seven-months-old
stumped
buddings of BD 5

at
the
Government
Estate
"Merboeh,·
planted
on continuous
terraces
trimmed
with
Calopogonium-
Centrosema
cover
.
High-stumped
buddings
or
seedlings
compared
to budded
stumps
or
stumped
seedlings
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
'.'
Methods of
dividing
young Hevea
seedlings

.
Increase
and
development
in
girth
of
LCB
510
at
Tjiomas
Experimental
Estate
.
Influence of
tapping
on
the
girth
development
of Hevea
seedlings
.
Relationship
between
wood
formation
(girth
increase)
and

rubber
production
of low
yielders
and
high
yielders
.
Clockwise
(left)
compared
to
counterclockwise
(right) tapping
cuts
Bark
consumption
compared
to tapping
angle

The
original
"Testatex"
grader
.
The "Wheel
Grader"
.
Semi-diagrammatic

sketch
of
cross-section
through
virgin
bark
of a
seedling
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Origin
of a
latex
vessel
in
Hevea
.
Three-dimensional
diagram
of the
bark

Different
types
of
distribution
of
latex
vessel
cylinders

Longitudinal
section
through
the
bark
of an old
tree
grown in
poor
soil
.
Activity
of
the
cork
cambium
in
Hevea
.
Longitudinal
section
through
the
bark
of
Hevea
.
Longitudinal
section
through

the
bark
of
the
transition
zone
between
the
stock
and
scion
.
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41a
b
42
43
44
45a
b

46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
,.
Figure
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73

74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
LIST
OF
ILLUSTRATIONS
Longitudinal
section
through
the
bark
of Hevea: a) good
producer;
b)
pour
producer
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Latex
yield
curves
for
the
2nd,

3rd,
4th and 5th
panels
of a
tree
ringbarked
at
a
height
of 60
em.
above
the
root
collar
.
Latex
yield
curves
showing
the
effect
of
ringbarking
a
tree
just
below
the
crown

.
Dry
rubber
content
(DRC) of
the
latex
obtained
from
each
of
three
tapping
cuts
on a
twelve-year-old
budding .
Dry
rubber
content
(DRC) of
the
latex
obtained
from
each
of
four
tapping
cuts

On a
thirty-year-old
budding .
Production
of
Hevea
grown
at
different
planting
densities
.
Theoretical
relationship
between
the
number
of
trees
per
hectare
and
pro-
duction
at
a
given
age
.
Relationship

between
age
of
the
tree,
planting
density
and
production
.
Relationship
between
the
number
of
trees
per
hectare
giving
maximum
production
and
age
.
Relationship
between
the
physiological
condition
of

Hevea
and
production
on
renewed
bark
as
influenced
by
the
planting
density
.
Relationship
between
planting
density
and
girth
at
different
ages
.
Relationship
between
planting
density
and
number
of

tappable
trees
per
hectare
at
different
ages
.
Relationship
between
per
tree
yield
(grams)
and
the
planting
density
.
Production
per
hectare
relation
to
planting
density
and
age
of
the

trees.
Cumulative
per
hectare
production
in
relation
to
planting
density
and
age
of
the
trees
.
White
root
rot
(Fornes
lignosus)
in a young
Indonesian
rubber
grove
in
Southeast
Borneo
.
Shade

tolerance
of
Hevea
as
shown by a
twelve-year-old
planting
.
Ten-year-old
seedling
hedge
planting
of
Hevea
at
Kaliwining
Experimental
Estate
.
Thinning
program
derived
from
Tengwall's
planting
composition
analysis,
as
modified
by

the
Experiment
Stations
of
the
A.C.E.S.
in
Indonesia
.
A
V 188
three
and
3/4-years
old
planted
1.8
m,
apart
in a
hedge
system
at
Kalisanen
Estate
with
Coffea
robusta
between
the

hedges
.
Leucaena
glauca
shade
in
Robusta
coffee
(~.
robusta)
planted
as
a
mixed
stand
with
rubber
in
hedges
.
Derris
elliptica
var.
woeloeng
planted
between
stumped
buddings of
clone
BD 5 in

rectangular
pattern
at
the
Governmental
Estate"
Merboeh"

Flow
chart
of
vegetative
selection
and
breeding
in
Hevea
.
1!.
brasiliensis
budding, one
and
1/2
years
old, showing
the
usual
type
of
growth

.
Types
of
the
primary
(youngest
full-grown)
leaf-story
in
Hevea

Hevea
leaf.
.
xv
Page
107
108
109
110
111
116
117
118
118
119
121
123
124
125

126
129
132
134
136
141
142
142
156
161
162
163
HEVEA
214
220
200
205
206
193
224
211
212
Yield
index
of 260
mother-trees,
averages
of 3 to 5
years
of

tapping

Correlation
between
the
yields
of
Tjir
16 x
Tjir
1
seedlings
and
the
clone
Tjir
16 (kg.
dry
rubber/tree/year)
.
Cumulative
yield
per
tree
of
buddings
made
on
hybrid
Hevea

Spruceana
and
illegitimate
!!.
brasiliensis
.
Correlation
diagram
showing
the
relationship
between
the
yields
of
dry
rubber
(grams/tapping)
and
girths
of
clones
AV 36, Ct 88,
and
BR 2 in
experiment
BF-I
at
Tjiomas
Experimental

Estate
.
Page
Diagram
of
the
various
forms
and
directions
of
Hevea
leaflets.
164
Basic
shapes
of !!.
brasiliensis
leaflets.
. . . . . . . . . 164
Lengthwise
and
crosswise
profiles
of
Hevea
leaflets.
. 165
Umbrella
shapes

in
Hevea
. . . . . . . . . 165
Articulation
of
the
leaflets
in
Hevea.
. . 166
Crown
shapes
of
mature
Hevea
buddings.
. 168
Layout
of
clone
test
1929
at
the
West
Java
Experiment
Station.
169
Illustration

of
border
effect
in
Hevea
in a
test
area
with open
sides.
. 170
Section
of A.V.R.O.S.
clone
test
layout.

. . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . 171
Planting
layout
of
secondary
clone
tests
at
the
West-Java
Experiment

Station.
174
Pistillate
.!!.
brasiliensis
flower
at
the
stage
ready
for
hand
pollination.
178
Orientation
test
for
secondary
and
tertiary
seedling
families
and
their
clones
at
the
West
Java
Experiment

station
, , , . • . • . . . 183
Layout
of
G.A.E.
clonal
seedling
test,
type
1.
184
Layout
of
G.A.E.
clonal
seedling
test,
type
2.
184
Layout
of
G.A.E.
legitimate
seedling
test,
type
3 . . 185
A.V.R.O.S. -
type

breeding
garden.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
Frequency
curve
showing
the
production
of 5,000 unthinned,
unselected
seedling
trees
. . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
Frequency
curve
showing
the
production
variation
of
about
900
trees
which
were
left
in
an
area
of 5

hectares
after
thinning
of
the
initial
stand
from
330
trees/ha.
to 180
trees/ha.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
Production
of 1953
mother-trees
as
shown by
plotting
log
yield
dry
rubber
(grams)
against
age
of
the
trees
.

Correlation
between
individual
tree
production
(grams
dry
rubber)
for
the
1st
and 5th tapping
years
from
Hevea
buddings
planted
in a hedge
system
where
the
planting
distance
is
1
meter
.
Yields
of
the

best
Java
and
Sumatra
clones
in kg.
dry
rubber/tree/year
.
Improvement
obtained
by
clonal
selection
in
test
of
the
A.V.R.O.S.
General
Experiment
Station
as
shown by
plotting
log
kg.
dry
rubber/tree/year
against

age
of
the
trees.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Comparison
of
the
average
yields
(kg.
dry
rubber/tree/year)
of
the
legitimate
seedling
families
AV 166 x AV 161
and
AV
157
x AV 164 with
those
of
the
clone
AV 49

• •
102
108
103
104
106
107
109
105
101
xvi
Figure
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100

xvi
Figure
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
HEVEA
Diagram
of
the
various
forms
and
directions
of
Hevea

leaflets
.
Basic
shapes
of !!.
brasiliensis
leaflets
.
Lengthwise
and
crosswise
profiles
of
Hevea
leaflets
.
Umbrella
shapes
in
Hevea
.
Articulation
of
the
leaflets
in
Hevea
.
Crown
shapes

of
mature
Hevea
buddings
.
Layout
of
clone
test
1929
at
the
West
Java
Experiment
Station
.
Illustration
of
border
effect
in
Hevea
in a
test
area
with
open
sides
.

Section
of A.V.R.O.S.
clone
test
layout.
•
Planting
layout
of
secondary
clone
tests
at
the
West-Java
Experiment
Station

Pistillate
1!.
brasiliensis
flower
at
the
stage
ready
for
hand
pollination.
Orientation

test
for
secondary
and
tertiary
seedling
families
and
their
clones
at
the
West
Java
Experiment
station
•.•
Layout
of
G.A.E.
clonal
seedling
test,
type
1 .
Layout
of
G.A.E.
clonal
seedling

test,
type 2 .
Layout
of
G.A.E.
legitimate
seedling
test,
type
3 .
A.V.R.O.S.
-
type
breeding
garden
.
Frequency
curve
showing
the
production
of 5,000 unthinned,
unseleeted
seedling
trees
. . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . .
Frequency
curve
showing
the

production
variation
of
about
900
trees
which
were
left
in
an
area
of 5
hectares
after
thinning of
the
initial
stand
from
330
trees/ha.
to 180
trees/ha
.
Page
164
164
165
165

166
168
169
170
171
174
178
183
184
184
185
188
192
192
101
Production
of 1953
mother-trees
as
shown by
plotting
log
yield
dry
rubber
(grams)
against
age
of
the

trees
. . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
102
Correlation
between
individual
tree
production
(grams
dry
rubber)
for
the
1st
and 5th
tapping
years
from
Hevea
buddings
planted
in a hedge
system
where
the
planting
distance
is
1
meter

", . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

200
103
Yields
of
the
best
Java
and
Sumatra
clones
in kg.
dry
rubber/tree/year.
. . 205
104
Improvement
obtained
by
clonal
selection
in
test
of
the
A.V.R.O.S.
General
Experiment
Station

as
shown
by
plotting
log kg.
dry
rubber/tree/year
against
age
of
the
trees.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

206
105
Comparison
of
the
average
yields
(kg.
dry
rubber/tree/year)
of
the
legitimate
seedling
families
AV 166 x AV 161

and
AV
157
x AV 164 with
those
of
the
clone
AV 49. . . . . . . . . . • . . . . • . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
106
Yield
index
of 260
mother-trees,
averages
of 3 to 5
years
of
tapping.
. . . . 212
107
Correlation
between
the
yields
of
Tjir
16 x
Tjir
1

seedlings
and
the
clone
Tjir
16 (kg.
dry
rubber/tree/year).
. . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
108
Cumulative
yield
per
tree
of
buddings
made
on
hybrid
Hevea
Spruceana
and
illegitimate
!!.
brasiliensis
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
109
Correlation
diagram
showing

the
relationship
between
the
yields
of
dry
rubber
(grams/tapping)
and
girths
of
clones
AV 36, Ct 88,
and
BR 2 in
experiment
BF-I
at
Tjiomas
Experimental
Estate.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
•
I
Figure
110
111
112
113

114
115
116
LIST
OF
ILLUSTRATIONS
Correlation
diagram
sl.owmg
the
relationship
between
yields
of
dry
rubber
(grams/tapping)
and
girth
of
Hevea
brasiliensis,
H.
Spruceana,
H.
collina,
and H,
guianensis
in the
treatments

at
Tadjoer
Experimental
Estate
•
Correlation
diagram
showing the
relationship
between
the
total
yield
of
dry
rubber
(Kg)
and
the
incidence
(%
trees
affected)
of
Brown
Bark
(BB)
disease
in
the

clone
test
1927
(East
and
West)
of
Tjiomas
Experimental
Estate
Production
of
areas
planted
with
buddings
(plotted on
the
basis
of
year
of
tappability)
.
The
gradual
improvement
of
production
(as

obtained
from
the
9th
year
of
tappability)
per
hectare
by the
introduction
of
improved
planting
material
Map of
Sumatra
showing
the
main
rubber-growing
districts
and
the
major
volcanic
ranges
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Map of
Java

showing the
main
rubber-growing
districts
and
the
major
volcanic
ranges
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Map of
Borneo
showing
the
main
rubber-growing
districts
and
the
major
volcanic
ranges
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Page
227
231
239
241
244
245

246
xvii
Table
LIST
OF
TABLES
Page
1
Rubber
consumption in
the
United
States
and England and
exports
from
the
producing
centers
before
1900 (tons). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2
Plantation
area
(hectares)
planted to
rubber
in
Java
and

Sumatra.
. . . . 6
3 Native
rubber
areas
and
production
compared
to plantation
areas
and
production
in the
Far
East.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
4a
Export
value
of the
main
agricultural
crops
of the
Netherlands
East
Indies
(in
millions
of

guilders).
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
4b
Importance
of the
agricultural
products
of the
Netherlands
East
Indies
listed
according
to
their
export
value.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
5
Production
of
rubber
in
kilograms
per
hectare
per
annum of
unselected
and

mother-tree
seedling
plantings
in
Sumatra's
East
Coast
. . . . . . . . 13
6
Endert's
climatic
classes
for
Indonesia.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
7
.
Mineral
analysis
of old and young
rubber
trees
grown on
poor
soil
with and
without
topdressing.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
8

Chemical
composition
of
organic
fertilizers
derived
from
tropical
crop
wastes.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
9
Moisture
content
of
sandy
soil
in the
dry
monsoon in an
East
Java
experiment
with
treatments:
"Covercrops"
and
"clean
weeding" 28
10 Growth

measurements
in
Test
Garden
1927 (East) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
11 Growth
measurements
in "twin"
experiment
of
Ramaer
1931,
at
Tjiomas
Experimental
Estate,
Buitenzorg,
Java.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
12 Growth
measurements
of the
stock/scion
experiment
1938/1939
at
PEWEJA
Experimental
Estate,
Batavia,

Java.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
13 Growth
measurements
from
slow and
rapid
growing
clones
from
the 1928
test
of the
West-Java
Experiment
Station, Buitenzorg,
Java.
. . . . 58
14 Yield of
Tjir
16 in
poly-clone
and mono-clone
plantings
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
15
Production
of AV 49 buddings on a mixed planting with AV 49 x (AV 33
and/or
AV 49)

breeding
garden
seedlings.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
16
Bark
thickness
of MT
clones
from
tests
of
Tjiomas
Experimental
Estate,
Buitenzorg,
Java
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
17
Comparison
between the effective
bark
of
seedlings
and MT buddings
from
tests
of
Tjiomas
Experimental

Estate,
Buitenzorg,
Java
. . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
18
Correlation
between the
growth-vigor
of
clones
comprised
of MT buddings
and the
thickness
of the
bark
(after
removal
of
the
cork)
of
these
clones
from
tests
of
Tjiomas
Experimental
Estate,

Buitenzorg,
Java
. . . . . . . . . 61
19
Girth
and yield
comparisons
between
untreated
seedlings
and
seedlings
forced
to
form
a
crown
by
removal
of the
tip
of the
main
axis
at
a height of 2.5 m. . . . 65
20
General
classification
of tapping

systems.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
xviii
Table
LIST
OF
TABLES
Page
xix
21
Correlation
coefficients
between youth
tap
yields
and
the
yields
of the
first
normal
tapping
year
and
between
the
youth
tap
and
the

third
normal
tapping
year,
respectively
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
22
Comparison
of the
number
of
latex
vessel
cylinders
in
different
organs
of
low
medium
and
high yielding
seedling
trees.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . 89
23
Compositions
of

the
latex
extracted
from
the
oldest,
outermost
latex
vessels
and
of
latex
collected
fractionally
from
the soft
bark
tapped to
the
wood . . . . . .

. 92
24
Production
ratios
and
percentages
(calculated on
basis
of the

production
of
panel
II-A) of
virgin
bark
and
first-time
regenerated
bark
(averages
of
49
trees)
104
25
Girth
(in
cm.)
of two
groups
of LCB 510 (PR 107) buddings,
planted
at
different
densities
in
Tjiomas
Experimental
Estate

•
115
26 Yield (in
kg./tree/year)
of two
groups
of LCB 510 (PR 107) buddings,
planted
at
different
densities
in
Tjiomas
Experimental
Estate.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

116
27 Growth
compared
to planting
distance.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
28
Number
of
tappable
trees
compared
to planting

distance.
. . . . . . . . . . . . .

122
29
Dry
rubber
content (DRC) of
the
latex
from
buddings growing
at
different
planting
densities.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

123
30 Individual
tree
yields
at
different
planting
densities.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

125
31

Hectare
production
at
different
planting
densities
and
tapping
system
S/2,
m/2,
100% . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

127
32
Planting
density
compared
to
average
height of
the
trees.
. . . . . . . . . . . . .

128
33
Planting
density
compared

to wind
damage.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

128
34
Planting
density
and
root
rot
caused
by
Fomes
lignosus
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
35
Planting
density
and
panel
diseases
-
I.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

130
36
Planting
density

and
panel
diseases
- II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

130
37
Comparison
between
the
average
girth
of
trees,
4
years
10
months
old,
planted
in hedge
formation
at
the
Besoeki
Experiment
Station,
Djember,
and
the

same
material
planted in a
square
pattern
at
Renteng
Estate,
Djember,
East
lava
, 132
38
Average
thickness
of
virgin
and
regenerated
bark
of
hedge-grown
trees
" 134
39
Planting
density
and
the
thinning

program
of Tengwall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

136
40
Planting
density
and
thickness
of
regenerated
bark.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

137
41 LCB 510 (PR 107)
-
stem
circumference
and annual
yields.
. . . . . . . . . . .

170
42
Standard
clones
of the A.V.R.O.S.
General
Experiment

Station, Medan,
Sumatra's
East
Coast.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

172
43
Standard
clones
of
the
Governmental
Agricultural
Enterprises
in
lava
and
Sumatra
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

173
44
Standard
clones
of the
institutions
belonging to
the
Association

of
Central
Experiment
Stations
in
lava
and South and Wesi:
Sumatra.
. . . . . . . . . . . . .

175
45
Standard
clones/families
of the A.V.R.O.S.
General
Experiment
Station,
Medan,
Sumatra's
East
Coast.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . •

186
46
Standard
clones/families
of
the

institutions
belonging to
the
Association
of
Central
Experiment
Stations in
lava
and South and
West
Sumatra.
. . . . . . .

187
210
JP{
Table
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58

HEVEA
Page
Standard
clones/families
of
the
Governmental
Agricultural
Enterprises
in
Java
and
Sumatra.
. . . . . • . . • . . . • . • . • • . . . . • . • . . • . • • . • • • • .
.•
188
Frequency
distribution
of
nursery
seedlings
tested
with
the"
Testatex"
grader.
196
Distribution
of high
-yielders

based
on
normal
tapping
as
compared
to
their
"Testatex"
class
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
Trees
yielding
more
than 100
grams/tapping
classified
according
to
their

Testatex"
test
class
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
Frequency
distribution
over"
Testatex"
classes

based
on
normal
tap.
. . . . 197
Correlation
between
the
yields
of
different
tapping
years
in
different
families.
199
Analysis
of the
occurrence
of
potential
yielders
when
chosen
on the
basis
of
the
first

tapping
year
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
Frequency
distribution
of
primary
clones
from
Test
1926 to
Test
1931,
inclusive,
at
Tjiomas
Experiment
Station,
Buitenzorg,
West
Java

204
Frequency
distribution
of the
yields
from
Tests
1926 and 1927 of

Tjiomas
Experimental
Estate,
Buitenzorg, West
Java.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
Observations
on
secondary
clones
as
compared
with
the
best
primary
clones
in
tests
of the
West
Java
Experiment
Station. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
Comparisons
between the
productions
of the
first
A.V.R.O.S.

legitimate
families,
some
of the
earliest
A.V.R.O.S.
clones
and
the
scale
for
un-
selected
seedlings
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
Comparisons
between the
productions
of
hand-pollinated
crosses
from
West
and
East
Java,
some
of the high-yielding
Java
and

Sumatra
clones
and the
scale
for
unselected
seedlings
.
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
Comparisons
between the production of
breeding
garden
seedlings,
clonal
seedlings,
some
of the high-yielding
clones
and
the

scale
for
unselected
seedlings
: .
Production
of
hand-pollinated
seedlings,
breeding
garden
seedlings
and
clonal
seedlings
from
commercial
areas
in
comparison
with
commercial
clone
plantings
in
Java
and
Sumatra
.
Comparison

between the production of
some
of
the
A.V.R.O.S.
breeding
garden
and
hand-pollinated
seedling
families,
the
best
mother-trees
they
yielded and the
clones
made
from
these
mother-trees
.
Average
yield
(kg./tree/year)
of
seedlings
budded with buds taken
from
their

own
stems
and unbudded
seedlings
from
the
same
family.
Influence of the kind of
stock
on the yield ofIthe
scion
.
Growth of JT buddings on "wild"
stocks
compared
with
their
mother-trees
and the
standard
clone BD 5
also
budded on "wild"
stocks
.
Classification
of the
yields
of

mother-tree
seedlings
of two
large
legitimate
seedling
families
.
Average
girth
(at a height of 100
em.
above the union) of
clones
AV 49, AV 50
and AV 256 budded on
ill
!i.
brasiliensis
and
hybrid
!i.
Spruceana
stocks
Data
on crown development of
clones
AV 49, AV 50 and AV 256 budded on
ill
.!!.

brasiliensis
and
hybrtd
H.
Spruceana
stocks
.
Average
thickness
of
virgin
and
regenerated
bark
of
clones
AV 49, AV 50 and
AV 256 budded on
ill
!!.
brasiliensis
and
hybrid
g.
Spruceana
stocks
.
210
211
213

214
215
216
216
218
218
219
-,
Table
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89

LIST
OF
TABLES
A
verage
number
of
latex
vessel
cylinders
in
the
virgin
bark
of
clones
AV 49,
AV 50 and AV 256 budded on
ill.
!!.
brasiliensis
and
hybrid
!!.
Spruceana
stocks
• •
Yield
observations
on AV 49, AV 50 and AV 256 budded on

ill
!!.
brasiliensis
and
hybrid!!.
Spruceana
stocks.
. . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • .
Recapitulation
of
the
technological
data
obtained
by the
Goodyear
Tire
and
Rubber
Co.
with
rubber
samples
from
Schmale's
H.
Spruceana
stock

experiment
.
Chemical
analysis
of
conserved
latex
from
Schmale's
hybrid
!!.
Spruceana
stock
experiment
••
Dry
rubber
content
of
creamed
latex
from
Schmale's
hybr
id H.
Spruceana
stock
experiment
.
Means

of
girths
and
yields,
experiment
BF-1
.
Experimental
Garden
Tadjoer,
first
tapping
panel
(on
intermediate
stem),
means
of
girths
and
yields
per
treatment
.
Analysis
of
areas
(in
hectares)
in

different
kinds
of
rubber
planting
material
by
planting
years
on
estates
in
Indonesia
up to 1939 .
Hectare
productions
of
commercial
plantings
with
selected
material.
.
Ratio
between
the
production
scales
for
commercial

budded
areas
and
commercial
unselected
seedling
areas,
as
determined
by
the
International
Rubber
Regulation
Committee
in
1933/34
and
revived,
in so
far
as
the
buddings
are
concerned,
in 1938 .
Commercial
production
of

selected
seedlings
as
percentage
of
commercial
clonal
production
in
Java
and
the
production
scale
on
unselected
seedlings

Relationship
between
elevation
above
sea
level
and
the
beginning of
tapping
on
Java

plantations
.
Monthly
distribution
of
the
production
(as
%of
the
annual
production)
.
Relation
between
rainfall
and
altitude
in
Java
.
Relative
humidity
in
Java
at
different
elevations
above
sea

level
.
Distribution
of
rainfall
(in
mm.)
in
the
coastal
plains
east
of the
Boekit
Barisan
range
in
Sumatra
.
Distribution
of
rainfall
(in
mm.)
in the lowlands of
Borneo

Comparison
between
soil

analyses
of
the
Tjiomas
and
Pankalan
test
areas
.
Growth
measurements
in
the
test
garden
at
Pankalan
in
comparison
with
those
of the
same
clones
in
Experiment
1927 of
Tjiomas
Experi-
mental

Estate
with
trees
of
the
same
age
.
Yield
of
test
area
Pankalan
in
comparison
with the
yield
of
the
same
clone
numbers
from
Experiment
1927 of
Tjiomas
Experimental
Estate
at
same

age
of
the
trees
•
Growth of the
most
widely
used
commercial
clones
in
the
Malang
area
(Pasoeroean
District)
and
Kediri
District
in
East
Central
Java
at
different
altitudes
.
Page
219

219
221
221
222
224
225
237
237
238
239
245
246
247
247
248
249
259
260
261
263
xxi
xxii
Table
90
91
92
93
HEVEA
Growth
of

the
most
widely
used
commercial
seedlings
(in
comparison
with
clones)
in
the
Malang
area
(Pasoeroean
District)
and
Kediri
District
of
East
Central
Java
at
different
altitudes
.
Yields
per
hectare

of
older
Java
and
Sumatra
clones
grown
at
different
altitudes
in
East
Central
Java
.
Yields
per
hectare
of
seedling
families
developed
by
the
Besoeki
Experi-
ment
Station,
Djember,
East

Java,
compared
with
West
Java
and
Sumatra
clones
and
seedlings
.
Comparison
between
the
planting
material
advisories
for
Java,
Sumatra's
East
Coast,
Malaya
and
Ceylon .
Page
264
265
266
267

Chapter
I
INTRODUCTION
Sugar
Quinine
Bark
Oil
Palm
Coffee
Tobacco
Tea
Rubber
1~40
YEAR
1930
1920
1910
CROP
1900
eration
saw
the
expansion
of an
infant
industry
into a
giant
providing
40% of

the
world's
natural
rubber
production
(Figures
1 and 2).
Through the
application
of
selection
techniques,
planting
densities,
soil
improvement
programs,
tapping
systems,
and
the
breeding
of
improved
clones
and
families
-
all
a

result
of
continued
re-
search
coupled with
enlightened
plantation
and
na-
tive
management
- the
average
per
hectare
rubber
yield
rose
from
barely
500 kg. in 1910 to
over
1890
1880
1870
1860
1850
("
'"

tI·-
~
<fP""
,.o-o ~
I
°if.~
,
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t
1'

i
raJ
,1<_
,
.
,
"
,
,
.
~.
.

"
1'./\/
~Ij
r:
~J
.:

~'
./
10->"0'
t·-

_
j
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~~:'''t',l';
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/',
.",

.

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.
.


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.
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.

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,

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,

Aft,

ft"'''-
1
1840
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
1000
~
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
rJ
70
60
50
40
30
2000

20
Although
the
history
of Hevea
brasiliensis
stretches
halfway
around
the
globe and
nearly
450
years into
the
past
with many
brilliant
discoveries
- the Wickham
importation
of 1876 being an
im-
portant
milestone
-
the
major
development
of

this
industry
has
taken
place
in
the
Far
East
during
the
years 1910 to 1940.
The
outbreak
of the
Pacific
War in 1941
cut
short
a
period
of
applied
scien-
tific
agriculture
in the
Netherlands
East
Indies

(Indonesia) which
during
the
span
of a
single
gen-'
THOUSANDS OF
METRIC TONS
10000
9000
8000
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
Fig. 1.
Production
of 7
major
export
crops
of Indonesia (in
thousands
of
metric
tons).
(After
Huitema

1940)