GIÁO TRÌNH GRAMMAR 3 (NGỮ PHÁP 3)

BỘ GIÁO DỤC VÀ ĐÀO TẠO CỘNG HOÀ XÃ HỘI CHỦ NGHĨA VIỆT NAM
ĐẠI HỌC ĐÀ LẠT Độ c Lậ p - Tự Do - Hạ nh Phúc
*********
CHƯƠNG TRÌNH TRÌNH ĐỘ ĐẠI HỌC
(FOR TEACHERS AND STUDENTS)

NGÀNH ĐÀO TẠO: CỬ NHÂN TIẾNG ANH

ĐỀ CƯƠNG CHI TIẾT MÔN HỌC

1. Tên học phần: GRAMMAR 3 (NGỮ PHÁP 3)
2. Mã số học phần: NN1126
3. Tên học phần bằng tiếng Anh: GRAMMAR 3
4. Số tín chỉ: 3 (45 tiết)
5. Trình độ: Cho sinh viên năm thứ 2
6. Phân bố thời gian:
* Lên lớp: 45 tiết ( 15 tuần)

7. Điều kiện tiên quyết :
Sinh viên đã học và thi đạt môn ngữ pháp tiếng Anh 2 ( GRAMMAR 2)
8. Mục tiêu của học phần:
Cung cấp cho sinh viên các kiến thức cơ bản để sử dụng các cấu trúc phức hợp , các loại mệnh đề
phụ như mệnh đề quan hệ, mệnh đề danh từ, mệnh đề trạng ngữ, mệnh đề non-finite và finite, cách
phân tích các loại câu đã học, xác định rõ các loại bổ ngữ của các loại động từ trong tiếng Anh. Từ
đó sinh viên có thể sử dung chúng trong môn viết và các kỹ năng khác.
9. Mô tả vắn tắt nội dung học phần:
Môn NGỮ PHÁP 3 là môn học bắt buộc tiên quyết đối với sinh viên chuyên ngành tiếng
Anh được thực hiện trong 15 tuần ở học kỳ 1 của năm học thứ hai sau khi sinh viên đã hoàn thành
chương trình ngữ pháp 2. Nội dung môn học này gồm 5 chương có thời lượng 45 tiết theo hệ tín
chỉ.
10. Nhiệm vụ của sinh viên:

* Dự lớp theo qui chế
* Làm bài tập
Sinh viên cần:
* chuẩn bị tốt bài học ở nhà, có tinh thần tự học cao, tập trung nghe giảng, tích cực tham gia học
nhóm thảo luận, và thuyết trình ở lớp.
* quan tâm đến các vấn đề liên quan đến phát triển các kỹ năng hiểu và sử dụng thành thạo các
cấu trúc ngữ pháp tiếng Anh.
11. Tài liệu học tập:
* Sách và giáo trình chính (Course materials):
1- B.D. Graver (1986, 3
rd
Edition), Advanced English Practice, Oxford University Press.
2- R.Quirk& S. Greenbaun, (1973), A University Grammar of English,
Longman Group UK Limited).
3- John Eastwood, (2007), Oxford Practice Grammar, Oxford University Press.

*Sách tham khảo(References) :
- Eastwood,(1994), Oxford Guide to English Grammar ,Oxford University Press
- C.E.Eckersley & J.M.Eckersley,(1960), A comprehensive English Grammar for foreign
students, Longmans and Green Co Ltd)
- Bland, S.K (1996), Intermediate Grammar, Oxford University Press
- Martin Hewings, (1999), Advanced English Grammar in Use,
Cambridge University Press


12. Tiêu chuẩn đánh giá sinh viên: - Mid-term: 30%

2

- Final exam: 70%

(- Dự lớp và tham gia xây dựng bài: 15%
- Bài tập + kiểm tra: 15%
- Bài thi hết học phần: 70%)
13. Thang điểm: 10
14. Nội dung chi tiết môn học:
This is a compulsory course for English majors. It is offered in the first semester of the 2nd year of
their program. It is a 45 period course, generally spread over 15 weeks.
The teachers have to teach 5 chapters in the suggested readings given.
Nội dung như sau:

CHAPTER ONE:
RELATIVE CLAUSES (ADJECTIVE CLAUSES) 6 tiết
Types:
- Defining relative clauses (4t)
- Non-defining relative clauses
-Uses: (2t)

* CHAPTER TWO: NOUN CLAUSES (6tiết)
- Characteristics: (2t)
- Functions and positions (4t)
+ As subject of a verb
+ As direct object
+ As an indirect object (rare)
+ As complement of the subject
+ As apposition to a noun
+ As complement of an adjective
+ As object of a preposition
* CHAPTER THREE: ADVERBIAL CLAUSES (9tiết)
- Characteristics (3t)
- Kinds and Uses: (6t)

+Adverbial clauses of time
+Adverbial clauses of place
+Adverbial clauses of manner
+Adverbial clauses of reason
+Adverbial clauses of result
+Adverbial clauses of purpose
+Adverbial clauses of concession
+Adverbial clauses of comparison
+Adverbial clauses of condition

* CHAPTER FOUR: THE ANALYSIS OF SENTENCES (9tiết)
-Revision on subordinate clauses: (6t)
- Practice on the analysis of some sentences and paragraphs. (3t)
* CHAPTER FIVE:
THE VERB AND ITS COMPLEMENTATION (12 tiết)
- Intensive complementation (3t)
- Mono transitive complementation (3t)
- Complex transitive complementation (3t)
- Di-transitive complementation (3t)



* REVISION and MIDTERM TEST (3t)

3


13- Các thông tin về hình thức học và liên lạc với giáo viên:
- Hình thức học: sinh viên tham dự học ở lớp và thảo luận làm bài tập vừa ở lớp vừa ở nhà.
- Địa chỉ Email của giáo viên: tại Khoa Ngoại ngữ- Đại học Đà lạt

- Điện thoại:
14- Hình thức kiểm tra:
14.1. Trắc nghiệm khách quan:
a- Multiple-choice questions
b- Cloze tests
14.2 Tự luận
14.3. Vấn đáp:
a- Short presentation
b- Individual/ Group work

Đà lạt ngày 28 tháng 06 năm 2008

Trưởng khoa Trưởng bộ môn Giảng viên


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TABLES OF CONTENTS


CHAPTER I : RELATIVE CLAUSES Pages 2-13

CHAPTER II: NOUN CLAUSES Pages 14-21

CHAPTER III: ADVERBIAL CLAUSES Pages 22-27

CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS OF SENTENCES Pages28 -36

CHAPTER V: THE VERB AND ITS COMPLEMENTATION
Pages 37- 68

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CHAPTER I
ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
I- Definitions of sentence, main clause, and dependent clause
1- A sentence which contains just one main clause is called a simple sentence.
A simple sentence normally has one finite verb. It has a subject and a predicate.
E.g I enjoy playing tennis with my friends every weekend.
2- A sentence which contains one independent clause (main clause) and one or more
dependent clauses is called a complex sentence. (Dependent clauses are also called
subordinate clauses.)
E.g - The alarm was raised (main clause) as soon as the fire was discovered (subordinate
clause).
- If you are not good at figure (subordinate clause), it is pointless to apply for a job in a
bank. (Main clause)

There are three basic types of dependent clauses: adjective clauses, adverb clauses,
and noun clauses. (Adjective clauses are also called relative clauses.)

3- A compound sentence has two or more main clauses, and it is jointed by:
* A coordinating conjunction: (and, or, nor, for, but, so, yet…)
- We fished all day, but we didn‟t catch a thing.
- He washed the car, and he polished it.
* A semi-colon:
- We fished all day; we didn‟t catch a thing.
* A connecting adverb (accordingly, furthermore, besides, consequently, for example,
hence, however, in addition, in contrast, indeed, in stead, likewise, meanwhile, moreover,

nevertheless, nonetheless, on the other hand, otherwise, therefore, thus…)
- We fished all day; however, we didn‟t catch a thing
4- A compound-complex sentence contains two or more main clauses and one or more
subordinate clauses.
- When the sky darkened, the wind blew, and the leaves fell. (Underlined sub-clause)
- Frank worked hard, and he became an artist when he was 15.
-He couldn‟t find the pen, so he used the pencil which is on the table.
II/ Definition of adjective clauses: Relative clauses are adjective clauses (dependent
clauses) that generally begin with relative pronouns who, whom, that, which and whose or
relative adverbs where, when, why. Like adjectives, relative clauses modify nouns. Unlike
adjectives, they are dependent clauses that immediately follow the nouns they modify.
E.g. Nouns in main clause Relative clause Rest of the main clause
- The man who called is an old friend.
The men who called are old friends.

- The woman whom I met lives near me.
The women whom I met live near me.

- The letter that I received is very important.

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The letters that I received are very important.
- The book which we discussed was a best-seller.
The books which we discussed were best-sellers.


- The writer whose book we read will speak at the college tonight.
The writers whose book we read will speak at the college tonight.
A- Adjective clauses perform the same function in sentences that adjectives do: they

modify nouns.
The teacher has a car. (Car is a noun.)
It‟s a new car. (New is an adjective which modifies car.)
The car that she is driving is not hers.
(That she is driving is an adjective clause which modifies car. It‟s a clause because it has
a subject (she) and a predicate (is driving); it‟s an adjective clause because it modifies a
noun.)
Note that adjectives usually precede the nouns they modify; adjective clauses always
follow the nouns they modify.
B- A sentence which contains one adjective clause and one independent clause is the
result of combining two clauses which contain a repeated noun. You can combine two
independent clauses to make one sentence containing an adjective clause by following these
steps:
1. You must have two clauses which contain a repeated noun (or pronoun, or noun and
pronoun which refer to the same thing). Here are two examples:
The book is on the table. + I like the book .
The man is here. + The man wants the book.
2. Delete the repeated noun and replace it with a relative pronoun in the clause you want
to make dependent.
The book is on the table. + I like which
The man is here. + who wants the book
3. Move the relative pronoun to the beginning of its clause (if it is not already there). The
clause is now an adjective clause.
The book is on the table. + which I like
The man is here. + who wants the book
4. Put the adjective clause immediately after the noun phrase it modifies:
The book which I like is on the table.
The man who wants the book is here.
C. The subordinators in adjective clauses are called relative pronouns.
1. These are the most important relative pronouns: who, whom, that, which.

These relative pronouns can be omitted when they are objects of verbs. When they are
objects of prepositions, they can be omitted when they do not follow the preposition.

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WHO replaces nouns and pronouns that refer to people. It cannot replace nouns and
pronouns that refer to animals or things. It can be the subject of a verb. In informal writing
(but not in academic writing), it can be used as the object of a verb.

WHOM replaces nouns and pronouns that refer to people. It cannot replace nouns and
pronouns that refer to animals or things. It can be the object of a verb or preposition. It
cannot be the subject of a verb.
WHICH replaces noun(s) and pronoun(s) that refers to animals or things. It cannot replace
nouns and pronouns that refer to people. It can be the subject of a verb. It can also be the
object of a verb or preposition.
THAT replaces nouns and pronouns that refer to people, animals or things. It can be the
subject of a verb. It can also be the object of a verb or preposition (but that cannot follow a
preposition; whom, which, and whose are the only relative pronouns that can follow a
preposition).
2. The following words can also be used as relative pronouns: whose, when, where.
WHOSE replaces possessive forms of nouns and pronouns. It can refer to people, animals
or things. It can be part of a subject or part of an object of a verb or preposition, but it
cannot be a complete subject or object. Whose cannot be omitted. Here are examples with
whose:
The man is happy. + I found the man‟s wallet. = The man whose wallet I found is happy.
The girl is excited. + Her mother won the lottery. = The girl whose mother won the lottery
is excited.
WHEN replaces a time (in + year, in + month, on + day, ). It cannot be a subject. It can
be omitted. Here is an example with when:
I will never forget the day + I graduated on that day = I will never forget the day when I

graduated.
The same meaning can be expressed in other ways:
I will never forget the day on which I graduated.
I will never forget the day that I graduated.
I will never forget the day I graduated.
WHERE replaces a place (in + country, in + city, at + school, ). It cannot be a subject. It
can be omitted but a preposition (at, in, to) usually must be added. Here is an example with
where:
The building is new. + He works in the building. =
The building where he works is new.
The same meaning can be expressed in other ways:

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The building in which he works is new.
The building which he works in is new.
The building that he works in is new.
The building he works in is new.
D. TYPES OF ADJECTIVE CLAUSES: Adjective clauses can be restrictive or
nonrestrictive.
1- A restrictive adjective clause contains information that is necessary to identify the noun
it modifies. If a restrictive adjective clause is removed from a sentence, the meaning of
the main clause changes. A restrictive adjective clause is not separated from the main
clause by a comma or commas and it must follow the noun that it modifies. Most adjective
clauses are restrictive; all of the examples of adjective clauses above are restrictive. Here is
more examples:
People who can‟t swim should not jump into the ocean.
The letter that I received is very important.
I showed you the letter that I received.
- Restrictive relative clauses are also called identifying or defining relative clauses

because they distinguish a particular person or thing from other similar people or thing.
They provide an explanation that answers the question. Which one(s)?
A: One of my neighbors is always borrowing things from me. Another neighbor always
calls me at dinnertime.
B: Which one is that?
A: The man who lives next door is always borrowing things. The woman who lives
across the street always calls me at dinnertime.
- Restrictive relative clause can combine two sentences that refer to the same noun phrase:
E.g. This movie is about a man. He traveled around the world.
This movie is about a man who traveled around the world.
- Restrictive relative clauses often contain the information that the speaker and the listener
already shared. This shared information helps the listener to easily identify the noun the
speaker is introducing into the conversation:
E.g. The book that Victor bought is on the table.
- Restrictive relative clauses often identify and classify nouns in definition:
E.g. A spider is a small, eight-legged creature that spins a web.
2- A nonrestrictive adjective clause gives additional information about the noun it
modifies but is not necessary to identify that noun. If a nonrestrictive adjective clause is
removed from a sentence, the meaning of the main clause does not change.
- A nonrestrictive adjective clause is separated from the main clause by a comma or
commas.
- The relative pronoun that cannot be used in nonrestrictive adjective clauses.
- The relative pronoun cannot be omitted from a nonrestrictive clause. Here are
examples:
Billy, who couldn‟t swim, should not have jumped into the ocean.
My mother, who lives next door, is a widow.
Her ring, which fell on the floor, got scratches.
3- Using subject relative pronouns: who, that, which

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Noun subject verb (…) rest of the main clause
The woman who lives next door died suddenly.
The women that live upstairs are noisy.
The letter that fell on the floor is mine.
The letters which came today are late.
- When the relative pronoun who, that, which comes before the verbs in the relative clause,
the relative pronoun acts as the subject of the relative clause.
- The verb that follows who, that, which agrees with the noun in the main clause.
- That is used more often for things and animals than which.
- Subject relative pronouns cannot be omitted.
4- Using object relative pronouns: who(m), that, which
E.g. The man was Mr. Jones. I saw him.
E.g. The movie wasn‟t very good. We saw it last night.
Noun object subject verb (…) rest of the main clause
-> The man who(m) I saw was Mr. Jones.
-> The man that I saw was Mr. Jones.
-> The man Ø I saw was Mr. Jones.

-> The movie which we saw last night wasn‟t very good.
-> The movie that we saw last night wasn‟t very good.
-> The movie Ø we saw last night wasn‟t very good.

- When the relative pronoun who, that, which is followed by a noun or pronoun, the
relative pronoun acts as the object of the relative clause.
An object relative pronoun takes the place of object of relative clause. The object is not
repeated after the verb. We can not say: *The movie that we saw it last night wasn‟t very
good.
- In object relative clause that is used more often than who, whom, which
- Object relative pronouns can be omitted.

- Whom is generally used in formal English.
* Pronoun(s) used as the object(s) of a preposition
a/ She is the woman. I told you about her.
=> She is the woman about whom I told you.
=> She is the woman who (m) I told you about.
=> She is the woman that I told you about.
=> She is the woman Ø I told you about.
b/ The music was good. We listened to it last night.
=> The music to which we listened last night was good.
=> The music which we listened to last night was good.
=> The music that we listened to last night was good.
=> The music Ø we listened to last night was good.

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- Whom, who, that, which can be the object pronoun of a relative clause that ends in a
preposition. These object relative pronouns can be omitted.
- In informal English, the preposition is at the end of object relative clause.
- In more formal English, the preposition can begin a relative clause. The preposition is
followed by either whom (not who) for people or which (not that) for things.
5- Using where: The building is very old. He lives there (in that building).
=> The building where he lives is very old.
=> The building in which he lives is very old.
=> The building which he lives in is very old.
=> The building that he lives in is very old.
=> The building Ø he lives in is very old.
- Where is used in a relative clause to modify a place (city, country, room, house,
etc)
- If where is used, a preposition is not included in the relative clause. If where is not
used, a preposition must be included in the relative clause

6- Using when: I‟ll never forget the day. I met him then (on that day).
=> I‟ll never forget the day when I met him.
=> I‟ll never forget the day on which I met him.
=> I‟ll never forget the day that I met him.
=> I‟ll never forget the day Ø I met him.
- When is used in a relative clause to modify a noun of time (year, day, time, etc)
- A preposition is used preceding which. Otherwise, the preposition is omitted.
E. Adjective clauses can often be reduced to phrases. The relative pronoun must be the
subject of the verb in the adjective clause. Adjective clauses can be reduced to phrases in
two different ways depending on the verb in the adjective clause.
1. Relative pronoun + be = 0
People who are living in glass houses should not throw stones. (clause)
People living in glass houses should not throw stones. (phrase)
Mary applied for a job that was advertised in the paper. (clause)
Mary applied for a job advertised in the paper. (phrase)
2. Relative pronoun + other verb (not be) = other verb + ing
People who live in glass houses should not throw stones.(clause)
People living in glass houses should not throw stones. (phrase)
Students who sit in the front row usually participate more. (clause)
Students sitting in the front row usually participate more. (phrase)
*EXAMPLES of adjective clauses reduced to adjective phrases
Spam comes from companies which want to sell you something.
Spam comes from companies wanting to sell you something.
Companies that send you spam want your money=> Companies sending you spam want
your money.
People who receive spam are often annoyed=> People receiving spam are often annoyed.

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People that buy products and services online give out their e-mail addresses.

=>People buying products and services online give out their e-mail addresses.
A spammer who lives in Florida became very rich and retired young.
=>A spammer living in Florida became very rich and retired young.
You shouldn't believe an offer which promises you that you will lose 50 pounds in a week.
=>You shouldn't believe an offer promising you that you will lose 50 pounds in a week.
February is the only month that has fewer than 30 days.
=>February is the only month having fewer than 30 days.
My parents' anniversary is a date that has a lot of meaning for them.
=>My parents' anniversary is a date having a lot of meaning for them.
The abacus, which is a wooden rack with beads, was probably the first computer.
=>The abacus, a wooden rack with beads, was probably the first computer.
The abacus, which was created about 2,000 years ago, helped people solve arithmetic
problems.
The abacus, created about 2,000 years ago, helped people solve arithmetic problems.
The first modern computer, which was called ENIAC, took up a lot of space (1,800 square
feet).
The first modern computer, called ENIAC, took up a lot of space (1,800 square feet).
Personal computers, which were introduced in the 1970s, are much smaller and faster than
previous computers.
Personal computers, introduced in the 1970s, are much smaller and faster than previous
computers.
Bill Gates dropped out of Harvard to work with Paul Allen, who was his old high school
friend.
Bill Gates dropped out of Harvard to work with Paul Allen, his old high school friend.
In 1990, Bill Gates introduced Windows, which was Microsoft's version of the popular
Macintosh operating system.
In 1990, Bill Gates introduced Windows, Microsoft's version of the popular Macintosh
operating system.
People who get spam every day can get very annoyed.
People getting spam every day can get very annoyed.

Marc Andreessen created Netscape, which is a popular Web browser.
Marc Andreessen created Netscape, a popular Web browser.
The Instant Message, which was a creation of America Online, is available to many e-mail
users.
The Instant Message, a creation of America Online, is available to many e-mail users.

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EBay, which was started in Pierre Omidyar's house, is now a large corporation.
EBay, started in Pierre Omidyar's house, is now a large corporation.
The World Wide Web, which was created by Tim Bemers-Lee, is used by millions of people
around the world.
The World Wide Web, created by Tim Bemers-Lee, is used by millions of people around the
world.
The book “Weaving the Web”, which was written by Bemers-Lee in 1999, answers a lot of
questions about the creation of the Web.
The book “Weaving the Web”, written by Bemers-Lee in 1999, answers a lot of questions
about the creation of the Web.
E-mail, which was first created in 1972, did not become popular until the 1990s.
E-mail, first created in 1972, did not become popular until the 1990s.
Bill Gates, who is the richest man in the U.S., often gets spam asking him if he wants to
become rich.
Bill Gates, the richest man in the U.S., often gets spam asking him if he wants to become
rich.
Students who know a lot of English grammar can take a composition course.
Students knowing a lot of English grammar can take a composition course.
The student who sits near the door always leaves early.
The student sitting near the door always leaves early.
The people who live upstairs make a lot of noise in the morning.
The people living upstairs make a lot of noise in the morning.

Alaska, which is the largest state, has a very small population.
Alaska, the largest state, has a very small population.
Ms. Thomson, who was my English teacher last semester, will retire next year.
Ms. Thomson, my English teacher last semester, will retire next year.
I studied engineering at the University of Michigan, which is located in Ann Arbor.
I studied engineering at the University of Michigan, located in Ann Arbor.
The computer, which is one of the most important inventions of the twentieth century, can be
found in many American homes.
The computer, one of the most important inventions of the twentieth century, can be found
in many American homes.
I have two sisters. My sister who lives in New Jersey has three children.
I have two sisters. My sister living in New Jersey has three children.

PRACTICE:
1- Complete the conversation. Put in who, which or that. There is always more than one
possible answer.

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Emma: Shall we have something to eat?
Matthew: Yes, but not here. I don't like cafes (… ) that don't have chairs. I'm not one of
those people (….) who can eat standing up.
Emma: There's another restaurant over there.
Matthew: It looks expensive, one of those places (1)……………. charge very high
prices. The only customers (2)……… … can afford to eat there are business
executives (3)………… ……. get their expenses paid. Anyway, I can't see a
menu. I'm not going into a restaurant (4)……………. doesn't display a menu.
Emma: We just passed a cafe (5)……………… does snacks.
Matthew: Oh, I didn't like the look of that.
Emma: You're one of those people (6) are never satisfied, aren't you?

2- Combine the information to make news items. Make the sentence in brackets into a
relative clause with who or which. Start each sentence with the, e.g. The man
A man has gone to prison. (He shot two policemen.)
=>The man who shot two policemen has gone to prison.
1- A bomb caused a lot of damage. (It went off this morning.)
………………………………………………………………………………………
2- A scientist has won the Nobel Prize. (He discovered a new planet.)
………………………………………………………………………………………
3- A footballer has been banned from playing again. (He took drugs.)
………………………………………………………………………………………
4- A little girl has been found safe and well. (She had been missing since Tuesday.)
………………………………………………………………………………………
5- A company has laid off thousands of workers. (It owns Greenway Supermarkets.)
………………………………………………………………………………………
6- An old lady now wants to swim the English Channel. (She did a parachute jump.)
………………………………………………………………………………………
3- *Leaving out the relative pronoun:
Complete the script for these TV advertisements. Use a relative clause without a
pronoun.
E.g. Fresho soap. Beautiful people use it => It's the soap beautiful people use.
1- An Everyman car. You can afford it. …………………………………
2- 'Hijack'. People want to see this film. ……………………………… .
3- Greenway Supermarket. You can trust it. …………………………………
4- 'Cool' magazine. Young people read it. …………………………………
5- Jupiter chocolates. You'll love them. …………………………………
* Leaving out the relative pronoun
Look carefully at these sentences. Are they correct without a relative pronoun? If they
are not correct, rewrite to make them correct. You may need to put in relative pronouns
( who, which or that).
The meeting who Mark had to attend went on for three hours.

=> The meeting (that) Mark had to attend went on for three hours.
1. Somewhere I've got a photo of the mountain we climbed.
…………………………………………………………………………………………
2. The man repaired my car is a real expert.

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…………………………………………………………………………………………
3. The detective lost sight of the man he was following.
…………………………………………………………………………………………
4. I thought I recognized the assistant served us.
…………………………………………………………………………………………
5. I'm afraid the numbers I chose didn't win a prize.
…………………………………………………………………………………………
4- A preposition at the beginning:
It's election time. All the politicians are arguing.
Rewrite the first sentence using a preposition at the beginning of a relative clause.
-I cannot agree with that statement. I hope I've made that clear. => That is a
statement with which 1 cannot agree.
1- Our party believes in that idea. I say this from the bottom of my heart.
…………………………………………………………………………………………
2- I am strongly opposed to that policy. And I am not afraid to say so.
…………………………………………………………………………………………
3- No one cares about these people. They are the forgotten people.
…………………………………………………………………………………………
4- Your party should be ashamed of those mistakes. And everyone knows that.
…………………………………………………………………………………………
5- The government is now dealing with that problem. How many times do I have to tell
you?
5- Who, whom, whose, which, where and why

Complete this advertisement. Put in who, whom, whose, which, where or why.
The town of Keswick, (… ) which lies at the heart of the Lake District, is the perfect place
for a holiday, and the Derwent Hotel, (1)…………… overlooks the town, is the perfect
place to stay. Robin and Wendy Jackson, (2)……………. bought this small hotel three
years ago, have already won an excellent reputation. Robin, (3)…………. cooking is one
of the reasons (4)………… the Derwent is so popular, was once Young Chef of the
Year. The comfort of the guests, (5)…………… the owners treat almost as members of the
family, always comes first. Peter Ustinov, (6)……………. once stayed at the hotel,
described it as 'marvellous'. And the Lake District, (7)………… has so much wonderful
scenery and (8)…………… the poet Wordsworth lived, will not disappoint you.
6- Decide which word or phrase is correct.
What I really need is a long holiday.
a) that b) what c) which d) who
1. At last I've found the information that I was looking ….
a) for b) for it c) for that d) it
2. Everyone………………………. the building w as searched by the police.
a) enter b) entered c) entering d) enters
3. The plane……………………… has just taken off is an hour late.
a) it b) what c) which d) who
4. I had just one reply. Abco was the…………………. company to reply to my letter.
a) last b) most c) only d) second
5. My friend Nigel, ……………………. works in the City, earns much more than I do.
a) that b) which c) who d) whose
6. Martin is someone with I usually agree.

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a) him b) that c) who d) whom
7. I'd like to see the photo………………
a) took b) you took it c) that you took d) that you took it

8. Atlanta is the city……………………… the Olympic Games were held in 1996.
a) that b) when c) where d) which
9. It rained all the time, was a great pity.
a) that b) what c) which d) who
10. We passed shops …………………… windows were decorated for Christmas.
a) the b) their c) which d) whose
7- Each of these sentences has a mistake in it. Write the correct sentence.
I've found the magazine who was missing.
=> I've found the magazine that was missing.
1- This isn't the train on that I normally travel.
2- The letter that I opened it wasn't for-me.
3- The reason because I didn't know was that no one-had told me.
4- That we should do is ring the police.
5- I-didn't know the name of the man helped me.
6- Rupert knows the family who's house is for sale.
7- Einstein who failed his university entrance exam discovered relativity.
8- The person we talked to were very friendly.
9- It's the President makes the important decisions.
10- I can't find my diary, what is real nuisance.
11- Outside the door was a pair of boots covering in mud,
12- Lake Superior, that lies on the US Canadian border, is the largest lake in North
America.
8- Complete the story about a thief's punishment. Write the missing words. Use one
word only in each space.
This is a true story (…… ) which is supposed to have happened somewhere in the US. A
man (1)…………. was accused of housebreaking appeared in court. He had put his arm
through the window of a house and stolen some money (2)……………. was lying on a
table inside. The argument (3)……………. the man's lawyer put forward wasn't very
impressive. He said that (4) …….was the man's arm (5)……………. had committed
the crime and not the man himself. 'You cannot punish a man for (6)…………… his arm

has done,' said the lawyer. Now the judge in (7)……………. court the man was appearing
wanted to show how stupid the lawyer's argument was. Instead of finding the man guilty,
he found the man's arm guilty and sent it to prison. 'He can go with his arm or not, as he
chooses,' the judge added, (8)…………… made everyone laugh. But (9)……………. the
judge didn‟t know was that the man had an artificial arm. He took the arm off, gave it to
the judge - (10)………….could hardly believe his eyes – and walked out of the court.
9- Combine the two sentences into one.
That man was Anna's brother. He just walked past. => The man who just walked past was
Anna's brother.
1. The plane was twenty-five years old. It crashed.
The plane .………………………………………… twenty-five years old.
2. One day Tessa was ill in bed. Martin rang.

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The day ill in bed.
3. Our offices are in Queen Street. They are new.
Our ……………………………………………………………….in Queen Street.
4. Some documents have been found. They were stolen from a car.
The documents found.
5. That map is out of date. You were looking at it.
The map .……………………………………………………………out of date.
6. The King's Theatre is in the centre of town. It dates from 1896.
The King's …………………………………………….in the centre of town.
7. A woman was terribly upset. Her dog was run over.
The woman terribly upset.
8. Janet solved the puzzle. She did it before everyone else.
Janet was the puzzle.
9. A man was standing outside the building. He was selling newspapers.
A man ……………………………………………………… out side the building.

10. The talk was very interesting. Judy gave it.
The talk …………………………………………………………. very interesting.
10-Find the adjective clause in the following sentences and tell which word it modifies.
1- I play a kind of music that nobody likes.
2- The man whom you saw was not the famous actor.
3- I remember the day when I took my first airplane ride.
4- I have a neighbor whose parents live in Australia.
5- The hint that I learned about cleaning the walk saved me much work.
6- The singer that you see on stage is my sister.
7- The owner is a woman by whom many things have been accomplished.
8- The teacher who gives the girls piano lessons lives next door.
9- The man whose leg was broken was taken to the hospital.
10- This is the place where the Donner Party perished.
11- The ride that we rode at the amusement park was very scary.
12- Here is the place where the plane wrecked.
13- The diamond in that ring that Mark bought was gigantic.
14- The dress that the Queen is wearing weighs fifty pounds.
15- The student whose hand was raised shouted out the answer.
16- Will you thaw the pizza that is in the freezer?
17- I am looking for the person who owns this car.

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18- I remember well the time when I broke my leg.
19- I want to ride a horse which is very tame.
20- We must find a person whose honesty is above reproach.
CHAPTER II:
NOUN CLAUSES
I- Definition:
Noun clauses are dependent clauses that can occur in the same place as a noun or noun

phrase in a sentence. Three different types of noun clauses are: wh -clauses, if/ whether
clauses, and that clauses.
II- Functions of noun clauses:
A noun clause is the one which does the work of a noun. It may be:
1- The subject of a verb.
- What you are doing seems very difficult.
- That he refuses the offer is unlikely.
- “Why are you so late?” was his next remark.
- What Billy did shocked his friends.
2- The direct object of a verb.
- I know that you must be tired after a long journey.
- William dreamed that he was flying to the moon.
- He asked me where I lived.
- Billy‟s friends didn‟t know that he couldn‟t swim.
3- The indirect object of a verb (rare)
- He gave whoever came to the door a winning smile.
- We offered whoever told the truth clemency.
4- As an object clause, a noun clause may be:
+ A statement, direct or indirect
- He said, “The car will be ready tomorrow.”
- He told me (that) the debt had been paid.
+ A question, direct or indirect
- He said, “Where do you live?”
- He asked me where I lived.
- Can you tell me what the time is?
5- The object of a preposition
- He only laughed at what we said.
- That student always pays attention to whatever the teacher is saying.
- Mary is not responsible for what Billy did.
- They will be thankful for whatever you can give them.

6- The complement of a verb (subject complement)
-Billy‟s mistake was that he refused to take lessons.
- The fact is that he doesn‟t really try.
-It seems that he has never been paid the money.
-That is not what I want.
7- In opposition to a noun

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- He hotly denied the rumor that (or which) was then being circulated. (The “that” clause
in this sentence defines which rumor he denied and “that” could equally well be introduced
by alternative relative pronoun, “which”. -> adjective clause
- He hotly denied the rumor that he had been visited by the police in connection with the
recent crime. (The “that” clause in this sentence tell us what the rumor was and it cannot be
replaced by “which”) -> in apposition to a noun
-The new that we heard yesterday is not true. ( telling which news -> adjective clause)
-The news that we are having a holiday tomorrow is not true. (telling what the news was
=> in apposition to a noun)
- The fact that the prisoner was guilty was plain to everyone.
- The idea that you can do this work without thinking is quite wrong.
8- A noun clause (but not a noun) can be an adjective complement:
Used with a number of predicative adjective like: certain, glad, sorry, afraid, confident,
sorry, possible, etc.
- I am certain that I posted that letter.
- She is very glad that you are able to come.
- Everybody is sad that Billy drowned.
- I am sorry that your brother is ill.
9- As complement of the object (rare)
-You can call me whatever names you like.
III- Characteristics

1- We can combine two independent clauses by changing one to a noun clause. The
choice of the noun clause marker (see below) depends on the type of clause you are
changing to a noun clause:
* To change a statement to a noun clause use that:
I know + Billy made a mistake = I know that Billy made a mistake.
More examples:
- I think that he is a good actor.
- We know that the world is round.
* To change a yes/no question to a noun clause, use if or whether:
George wonders + Does Fred know how to cook?
= George wonders if Fred knows how to cook.
More examples:
- I don‟t know whether/ if she will come.
- I wonder whether/ if she will come or not.
- Whether she comes or not is not important to me.
- I don‟t care whether or not/ if or not your car breaks down.
* To change a wh-question to a noun clause, use the wh-word:
I don‟t know + Where is George? = I don‟t know where George is.
More examples:
- I don‟t know where she lives.
- I couldn‟t hear what she said.
- Please tell me what happened.

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* Questions words followed by infinitives:
(An infinitive wh-clause can be formed with all w-words except why, the meaning
expressed by the infinitive is either should or can/ could)

- I don‟t know what to do. (what I should do)

- Pam can‟t decide whether to go or (to) stay home. (whether she should go or stay
home)
- Please tell me how to get to the bus station. (how I can get to the bus station)
2- The subordinators in noun clauses are called noun clause markers. Here is a list of
the noun clause markers:
That, if, whether
Wh-words: how, what, when, where, which, who, whom, whose, why
Wh-ever words: however, whatever, whenever, wherever, whichever, whoever, whomever
3- Except for that, noun clause markers cannot be omitted. Only that can be omitted,
but it can be omitted only if it is not the first word in a sentence:
Correct: Billy‟s friends didn‟t know that he couldn‟t swim.
Correct: Billy‟s friends didn‟t know he couldn‟t swim.
Correct: Billy‟s mistake was that he refused to take lessons.
Correct: Billy‟s mistake was he refused to take lessons.
Correct: That Billy jumped off the pier surprised everyone.
Not correct: * Billy jumped off the pier surprised everyone.
4- Statement word order is always used in a noun clause, even if the main clause is a
question:
Not correct * Do you know what time is it? (Question word order: is it)
Correct: Do you know what time it is? (Statement word order: it is)
Not correct * Everybody wondered where did Billy go. (Question word order: did Billy
go)
Correct: Everybody wondered where Billy went. (Statement word order: Billy went)
5- Sequence of tenses in sentences containing noun clauses:
*When the main verb (the verb in the independent clause) is present, the verb in the noun
clause is:
- Future if its action/state is later
He thinks that the exam next week will be hard.
He thinks that the exam next week is going to be hard.
- Present if its action/state is at the same time

He thinks that Mary is taking the exam right now.
- Past if its action/state is earlier

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He thinks that George took the exam yesterday.
* When the main verb (the verb in the independent clause) is past, the verb in the noun
clause is:
- Was/were going to or would + verb (base form) if its action/state is later
He thought that the exam the following week was going to be hard.
He thought that the exam the following week would be hard.
- Past if its action/state is at the same time
He thought that Mary was taking the exam then.
- Past perfect if its action/state is earlier
He thought that George had taken the exam the day before.
* If the action/state of the noun clause is still in the future (that is, after the writer has
written the sentence), then a future verb can be used even if the main verb is past.
The astronaut said that people will live on other planets someday.
* If the action/state of the noun clause continues in the present (that is, at the time the
writer is writing the sentence) or if the noun clause expresses a general truth or fact, the
simple present tense can be used even if the main verb is past.
We learned that English is not easy.

The boys knew that the sun rises in the east.
6- Here are some examples of sentences which contain one noun clause (underlined)
and one independent clause:
-Noun clauses as subjects of verbs:
That George learned how to swim is a miracle.
Whether Fred can get a better job is not certain.
What Mary said confused her parents.

However you learn to spell is OK with me.
-Noun clauses as objects of verbs:
We didn‟t know that Billy would jump.
We didn‟t know Billy would jump.
Can you tell me if Fred is here?
I don‟t know where he is.
George eats whatever is on his plate.
-Noun clauses as subject complements:
The truth is that Billy was not very smart.
The truth is Billy was not very smart.
The question is whether other boys will try the same thing.
The winner will be whoever runs fastest.
-Noun clauses as objects of prepositions:
Billy didn‟t listen to what Mary said.
He wants to learn about whatever is interesting.

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-Noun clauses as adjective complements:
He is happy that he is learning English well.
We are all afraid that the final exam will be difficult
-Noun clauses as apposition:
My original question, why he did it at all, has not been answered.
Usually noun clauses begin with that, what, where, when, who, whom, which, whose, how,
why, whether, etc.
Examples: + He said that he would not come.
+ We were all curious to know what he had done.
+ Nobody knows when the registration will begin.
+We all wanted to find out who the winner was.
+ Whom they were in contact with on the day of the robbery is of great interest to the police.

+ Jane is not sure which university she should apply for.
+ The judges had a hard time deciding whose painting was the best.
+How the baby fell from the window is a mystery.
+ They asked the boy why he had hit his classmate.
+Whether you like it or not is not the issue.
PRACTICE:
I- Join the sentences, using noun clauses, and giving alternative constructions where
indicated, e.g.
He was taking a risk. He fully realized this. => He fully realized that he was taking a risk.
1- The sun sometimes shines in England. He seems surprised to discover this.
2- There is to be tougher action against drinking and driving. Most people welcome the fact.
3- He hadn‟t telephoned his girlfriend. His girlfriend later understood why.
4- Your bank manager won‟t lend you money without security. Don‟t run away with the
idea that he will.

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5- The law students were destined for a brilliant career at the bar. This was clear to
everyone. (it was…/ that …)
6- He didn‟t even apologize. This made me really angry. (the fact…/ what….)
7- The boy should be sent to a boarding school. This was the parent‟s view. (it …/ the
parent‟s view …)
8- Children nowadays get too much pocket money. This is my opinion. (it …/ my
opinion…)
9- He says one thing in private. He does another thing in public. The two things are
inconsistent with each other. (What…)
10- He manages to reconcile the two things. I just don‟t know how he does it. (I …/ how…)
II- Rewrite the sentences, substituting a finite noun clause for the non-finite clause in
italics.
His now knowing the secret creates a rather difficult situation. -> The fact that he now

knows the secret creates a rather difficult situation.
1- The teacher insisted on the students‟ arriving punctually for their lessons.
2- Being ignorant of the law is not accepted as an accuse for breaking the law.
3- I am surprised at your thinking London a dull place to live in.
4- A conceited man often cannot understand the reasons for people dislike him.
5- Your having accepted this job means your having to travel much further to work.
6- I refused to believe his having told me the truth.
7- The child‟s criminal tendencies were put down to the fact of his coming from a broken
home.
8- He insisted on my checking against to see that the train left at 5.30, despite my having
already assured him that it did.
9- Before buying this painting, you should make sure of its being genuine.
10- On entering the hotel, we immediately realized the reason for its being so popular with
tourists.

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III- Find the noun clauses in the following sentences and tell how they are used.
(Subject, subject complement, direct object, apposition, indirect object, or object of the
preposition, etc.)
1- One should profit from what he sees and learns.
2- Her idea that I hire you was a very good one.
3- We wonder what your plans for the trip are.
4- My hope is that we may visit in Boston.
5- Why you did not hire me is hard to comprehend.
6- I do not know where he is going to stay.
7- How rich I am should concern no one except me.
8- That I should get a haircut is Mother‟s idea.
9- I wonder where my shoes are.
10- The money goes to whoever wins the race.

1. Jeff‟s plea that he might buy a car was denied.
11- Give whoever calls first the prize.
12- Do you know why those people are protesting?
13- His excuse is that he was ill this morning.
14- Send on this secret mission whoever is the best qualified.
15- That he is an honest man cannot be denied.
16- Give whoever can prove ownership the money.
17- I have no opinion about who caused the problem.
18- He knows that he should be long-suffering.
19- A short vacation is what the family is planning.
20- We will send the money to whoever asks for it.

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21- Do you know how dynamite is made?
22- My hope that we visit Mount Rushmore is now a family idea.
23- His difficulty is that he cannot read.
24- Whoever said that is totally incorrect.
25- How the prisoner escaped is a mystery.
26- My feeling is that the robbery was an inside job.
27- Everyone is wondering how he could just disappear.
28- The news that he had escaped frightened the whole town.
29- The police have offered whoever finds the stolen diamonds a reward.
30- The family has had no word about where he might be.
31- That we were ready to go was a miracle.
32- Give whoever wants to go a ride to the game.
33- That you are losing ground was evident from the polls.
34- Whoever injured the handicapped woman must be feeling guilty.

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CHAPTER III:
ADVERB CLAUSES

I- Definition:
 Adverb clauses show relationships such as time, cause and effect, contrast, and
condition.
 An adverb clause does the work of an adverb (modifies a verb, an adjective, or an
adverb and express an idea that it less important than the idea in the main clauses)
 A sentence which contains one adverb clause and one independent clause is the
result of combining two clauses which have one of the relationships such as time, cause
and effect, contrast, and condition. You can combine two independent clauses to make
one sentence which contains an adverb clause by following these steps:
1. You must have two clauses which have one of the relationships in such as time, cause and
effect, contrast, and condition:
Billy couldn‟t swim. He jumped off the pier. (contrast)

2. Add a subordinating conjunction to the beginning of the clause you want to make
dependent:
Although Billy couldn‟t swim, he jumped off the pier.
3. Place the two clauses next to each other. Usually, the order of the clauses is not
important.
- When the adverb clause precedes the independent clause, the two clauses are usually
separated by a comma:
Although Billy couldn‟t swim, he jumped off the pier.
- When the independent clause precedes the adverb clause, there is usually no comma:
Billy jumped off the pier although he couldn‟t swim.
II/ Types of adverbial clauses: 9
 Here are the chief types of adverb clauses:
1- Adverbial clauses of manner, which indicate how an action is done, and can be
introduced by the conjunctions: as, as if, as though, in the way (that).
Harry did the work as it ought to be done.
When I get the money, I shall spend it as I like.
I shall do the exercise as I have been taught.
He ran as if his life depended on it.
You look as if you had seen a ghost.
2- Adverbial clauses of place, which indicate where an action was done, and can be
introduced by the conjunctions: where, wherever, anywhere and everywhere.
Stay where you are!
I will go wherever you go.
The house stood where the London road meets the Brighton road.