Tình hình sử dụng kháng sinh trong chăn nuôi gà và dư lượng kháng sinh trong thịt gà nuôi tại huyện cư jút đăk nông





 !"#$%&'()(*(+,-./
0102/%34561027
89:;.2<102/140
(7==>45610254%
?561029@@4<%%%5+7'0A0
:0BC74D2.3E(7F0G%H,
/1024IBJ+KE+3&,140(7
,456(,G@0+(,17@K
40+64L,.60A*4IBJ0G.+4
,2+=9KE,02%
M-F0&&'N(4D30K:102-E
4IBJ.+4,2+=@9KE.NN1L,
02=-0%O:1024IBJ.+4.2P
0'Q@4IBJB,5NF0%R/2+F05(N-
-'=7ST%HUE4IBJ.+4)+KV
K@(BJ0G%&'N(0'&(,456102=
B(7.+4@(5(7456,
0'.+0G4&'KE*54.>W
:0BC5+980.60456102%
O'7AF0L-'@74DXY,
ZR)2[4"P'\],[102"P'@P2
0-^
“Tnh hnh s dng khng sinh trong chăn nuôi g v dư lưng khng
sinh trong tht g nuôi ti huyn Cư J!t, T#nh Đăk Nông”


\-0;;4IBJ.+4+)+4102

9K0'E[_P@`1.O2%
\-0`(E+U0979K0'E[_P@`1.
O2@/B(7.+4%
\-80)4GKE+34IBJ.+4)+7(N@V
/XB.+4,9@/AK5,E4.>W,:%
\a/A&,:102(,456
9`0-E4,D6%
b

 !"#$% &'(
)*+
)*,-.*+
]+4(<<0/0,@A(,4G/
(PA0B,8.06@.06445%MX)/+
BJ4+3,S0BE4&'KE@
.2'N&'),:@4PA RC"9",@bc$
/012.*+
"W,O0'de0&R;@.+4/b/%
3-4
β
5677-8+
faX+.+4^gW((@h((W@h,8((W@[W(,,W
@
780VgW((0K+7B,h(W8BWi(W;
,1jbj%
fO/.+4'.BCNA070
,,KQ&'0k::l
%?D0Km:0G'.+(<+gW((W@J
0),NK-0G,2:B@4D.7,W0'
%"1500G@;0G0G

40.1:%gW((W&G),B932@,E
A..ZV.,K9@B,//3BC:3-0
9%gW((W=,B9@B98,K,B9.@
`,4<.BC4G(7(%nA0.+47,5F0%
?DKF04TK9.BC0,KWWBo4T(1
X)W((W,+0,,'%
f"0G/+BJBE.06SKE(.06,,
&+3o+)'0.06a f$@(+(
A0  .06@  D  .06  /  B0@  D  .06  '  .N  ^ Clostridium,
Leptospira, Actinomycetes, Haemophilus.
c
3-410989:8
faX+.+4^[,(4W@g,(''4W@RW@B,pWq
?W.]4OR54580V.06/K,R((04%O/'9
KE:0/B,E.coli, Samonella,+)'0.06a \$@
.Z0F00)@NE0F05.06a f$%
f"0G/+BJC@BEC@+BJD.06
a \$@D.06/@ E.coli, Pseudomonas, Haemophilus%HC
::&')N 0'5$@5 JE0@
0' E0$% ":  BC  , +   0  5'@   0) B, E.coli,
Samonella,G,@:E0B,d.06a \$@I
0@PW,%
3-;4"-1+:8
faX+.+4^?W,'W@]'W@aW'W@OW,'W@
h'W@  ?W,'W@  7  K,    V    ?W,'W4  4W04@
iBW@]'W04p,,,4,00W%O/.+4'B,
?r@R0W!.4;,+1jjs@jsj%
f"0G.Z0F00)NBCF0:0/@0
BC`/+BJk%HC:KQ,Sl4T0
G@N.7,W0'%H,N/D./&+,B9

,'@BdBF00@.+40'0@P%
O0@0G,5'0F0@B9%O00G@0G,5
'0F0&%"0G/)NG@EA./3&'
7A5P(-0A5W,Bt0BC(-0,%
fO/.+4'/.+.06)0K;@+)
.06a \$a f$@N+).06.9.N%[+8,Q.06@
+.06.+X, D.06(,$*'50G%
f[`9,+KE^0)B,E.coli, Leptospira,MI0@
MP@u,@"J0'C%]'W&'))/@v,@>%
s
3-<48=7>08
faX+.+4^"W'(W@[(,W'(W@#8'W'(W@
H,8''(W%
fu/.+4/.06)@BK)@nB,(,7
;,+1jsw [(,W'(WB,H0;80V
?W,'W40W,xW4$@j #8'W'(WB,0'py
80Vh,'W4,404$@j "W'(W$%
f"0G0GF00).2,,F0
,'X),.,K9@X),4<X
)0X),+03z%
fO/.+4'/.+.06)@+BJ5
.06a \$a f$,+KE^"J0'C@E.coli, Samonella,
Staphylococcus, Mycoplasma,)4GRicketsia.
f74IBJ).06a \$@,+KE"J0'
C@M:2@MI0@MPB,JA0.06@[{H@M
P.N@MG*A%%%
3-?4810
f ]+4 / '( [(,W,( 780V2
:02'?W,'W4WWr0(W@&'(.+4A07
-0Km+7/L &,$%

f"0G0GF0:0 /%[+B[(,W,(
(,S40.2,N;.,3K9'&B
,N%[P&KG),+2B9,K,@0@
0'P@B9Q@B9,'%,5F0A(B.2,
N.2A5(-0.40'55(-0.40'%
O/.+4/.+.06)@+BJ5.06
a \$a f$Samonella, Pasteurella,.06.9.NClostridium%H,/
)N,`+BJ,+:7KE^"@
g/@M,@M.NF05B,nW,(04@2

N@MP@MI0"&0R=o.2),1,
4P4580D6,,:%
"0GK94IBJV1bb%
3-@47=10:8
f aX+.+4^|','W@?'W@O,,K,W@"'(,4W@
7  ;    K    ?W,'W4  WW04@  W04@  4W,BW4@  K,04@
K,xW4xBW$@,+1jojbojsoj%
fO/p,(BW.0G4T70@l'
KQ@0G.0'+,+2+)B9,3
/%O0,K;:0G.2F07%O
0@@P0GBdBF0%]+4K9+')
AKBB990G0G5B.+B,SKL
GB%
f?DK5'0F0@B9@0'4<0'
KL%
f"0G/+BJ.+.06'0.06a f$u
A0.06@"D.06/B0@+"D.06'.N Clostridium,
Leptospira, Mycoplasma, Ritkettsia.
f"0G74IBJ,+KE-:2^[{H@
?0'dW,@MoMP@/B04,@M.@+KE

.+B,.06a f$&'%
f)N@0/`K30EB2I@G(,0/
P1985'%
3-A4!1018[/bE^
f"E }0,(,W.3$7;,<1j~
1jwX+.+4^hBO(BB@[,8@gWB#8,(,@
g,B@pK8@{,4,8%[+.+4'`/+BJ
.06a \$VD.068=BgWB@+BU80/+
BJ5.06a \$5D.068%[+}0,(,WE
`7BC,-09+KEd.06:4BJE0%
~
f"Eb }0,(,W$7K1jwX+.+4^
O,x(,8@|,x(,8@[,x(,8@gWx(,8@i(0WF0@#x(,8%
[+.+4/'/.+.06)@+BJ5.06
a \$o+.060.N Psuedomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacteriaceae,
E.coli, Samonella, ShigellaoM.06a f$o+.06 Staphylococcus
aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus@  +   .06  .9  .N  +
Mycoplasma.
HC:0G':-070G&G)
,B93+2+).+0%"0G7QS
T,,W0'0A,W,+0&KG,+%
O/.+4',5'0F0@B9@.BC
,4PK9KE@A5L%"0G/3F00
@4<APY.4IBJ4P/,,KP%
3-B4C7-19>=-:-8
faX/^"W,@HWBW@g'W%"0G/30G
F0:0/:N%],3@P,+0@@@
0'4<@B9,K,%].7/.+4'?0xBW;+
BJ0G1(b•(A4,4IBJV(€@+BJ
bK.0F0+;7Bi,(@X:(,.+4

&KGK-0,,'@,B9.%"0GK5'0F0&
w•$@=(F0300'4<%
f"0G/)N,@.BC/'A5BCB.
7.+4.+%g+BJ0G)@BC0BE.06
a \$@a f$@+p',(4+A0C%
f"0G7BCBG73-09KE[A0C@+
KEdC:2@M0)B,E.coli, Samonella, Shigella@n2
N@MP@MI0&0K=%
3-D461+7-:8
‚
faX+.+4^u,'W@[(BWo7KV1
j@80V?W,'W4(,(W441j‚;7
7,,%
fHC:@0G0,,o:0/@0G`
70b•c•%"0G/+BJ.06a f$Staphylococcus,
Streptococcus@+.06'.N.2,K,@Mycoplasma@SKE
A0.06@(A0.06A0.06%
f"0G0,34T7&KG.+-0,+@
P@@B9)K,@,K,@0@VB9,'%"0G
7,5F0&@30@B90'4<%
f"0G7`9,+KE:2@KEB,"J
A0.06@uA0.06@+KEM.d.06@M)&
@KEn2N@+KE?0'dW,@MB/@KEB,
Toxoplasma, Haemophylus%
3-E4=8=1-08
f]+4/'("0(W7;'V1j@/
0XGVg(0W,040((4%&'(.+4)@,+BJ
.06P=/+BJ5@SKE(+(,&'K)
d:0/@2%
f"0G4D4@.06a f$Staphylococcus,

Streptococcus, Haemophylus@)4G .06 a \$ E.coli, Treponema),
Leptospira Mycoplasma.
f"0G70'0:0/ j•$@
X),,+0%"0G75V'0F0@BB
0'3/%"0GBCG,@0A/31(-0c•(A
)U.2K30E)@0G,,4P/%
f":BC,-09+KEA@KE2B,Mycoplasma@
[{H@Mycoplasma hyopneumoniac@M.&0K=@uW,4,44&'
)B4P%
3-4=1F=78+
w
fO/.+4'X^i0r,(B,W@O,x0,@i0(B,W%
O0XG(,,7%
f"0G0'0F0:N@N0F0:0
/%],3@.+4&KG-0,B9,K,@)K,@N(*'
,'@P7,5F0@@B90'4<%
 fO,+BJ.+.06@0G=/+BJG@.N4
C@A0C@+BJ.06a \$a f$%"0G7BC,-0
9KEM0)4PB,Ecoli, Samonella%{[A0CG
7.+4.+.27BC)%"0'EG.2BC.+4'
,9@@k%nE'@/.+4'K94IBJ%
3-4G0F7-:8
f[+40(xBW(<0G/L9(E0A0@/0XG
0(g•,•KWrW\40(,B@7aW(,;'1jw%
fO/?0(xBW0G5+:,0G%?D0
?0(xBW=J0),0,K,%"0G&KGL
B9K,@@P@Q@'B9%%%"0G5VF0
('0@P*=5F0KL@X2@0'4<%
fO/?0(xBW/+BJl.06B,//E0F05,,
,A04DdC%?D.7"W,,)+

BJ4+.06(,0G/E0(D-09,@G(+
.06a \$a f$%"0GBC-09+KEMGBUE0@[A0
C@E.coli, Samonella@M.Q%%%
H.IJ7.*+
f]+4/z(.+4+BJ.+.06/)
4GN.06%MNBJgW((W`/E0(D'0.06a f$o[,(4W@
g,('4W/E0(D'0.06a \$%
f]+4/)(.+4+BJ-0(,.06&'
KEa f$@a \$@{.W4@40Cƒ(@0'4))4G
.N4C%MNBJo[(,W,(@[(,W'(W@#8'W'(W%%%
j
]4IBJ.+4PY^0.+4/);,+
BJBE.06&'KE=0BE5.06/.517+4GA
,3%H,/@K40+,.60A10502%
KLH.I*012.*+
(Tr$ch theo V& Văn Ninh, 2001)
GM

.*+
=7-
NOP
=7-
N5P
#=Q
0R
>+
ST

U.8
+7

 gW(( ffff {N
g4,44
,,44
  
b [(,88(@#88( ffff {N    
c h(W ffff fff    
s eW(,, ffff fff    
 ?W,' f ffff    
~ OW,'W ff fff    
‚ |',' fff ff f f  ff
w O,,K, fff f    
j #(WB,W fff f    ff
 ?' fff f    ff
 "'(,4 fff f    
b g,('8R f ffff    
c R88 fff  f 
s [(,W'( ffff ffff f f  ffff
 #8'W'( ffff ffff f f  ffff
~ "W'( ffff ffff f f  ffff
‚ [(,W,( ffff ffff f   ffff
w "',8 fff fff    
j [,(8 f fff    
b M,8  ff    
b ]' ff fff    
bb
[K,8@
p
fff f  f  fff
bc
i8W\

?,x
fff fff  f  
bs n,'8     fff 
aP^ ffff$^/+BJ@ fff$^/+BJ@ ff$^/
+BJ0K;@ f$^/+BJ'0@ $^.2/+BJ%
;'VW*:J7.*+
"5+(,.+4-0/+BJ.06%M(-0(7
N74T154D1@445K,.06%O0BC

(-0(-01S4@;/)4GK,C1.N
@&Qd4Q3.2/.51&K,,,o+
.06B9B'5@BdK9+EGƒ3+
'%p)4G.+4.+/+BJBE.06@+'K,.06.
/-0.E0E%
[++BJ'7Km-0+@C'W,k(,.+4%
&'()-E'7t%MNBJgW((W@:,
m.+4'154D7+,B+K,.06@
+ƒ4D(K,%G+.06.2ABK5,
7;.+4+),(P.06,,1
&K,(,.06.231)7%M;'BC.+
4,(P3K9.068&;E0F054T,%
<'*>WMLXYW*:J7.*+
\]BC.+4PA(0Y+G7+.+4
0,SG7+/B7.+,0G/E0F05G%[++
G72BJ(^
gW((Wf?W,'W^"0BE.06a f$a \$%
[(,W,(f"W'(W^"0BE.06a f$a \$@
G.06a \$%
|','Wf"W'(W^"0BE.06a f$a \$@
G.06a f$%

gW((Wf"W'(W^"0BE.06a f$a \$@
G.06a f$%
"W'(Wf#(WB,'W^"0BE.06a f$a \$@
G.06a \$%
[(,W'(Wf[(,W,(^"0BE.06a f$a \$@
G.06a f$%
"W'(WfO8^HC31V4D+340
.BC"W'(W%

h((Wf[(,88(^"0BE.06a f$a \$.06
/gW((r%
\OX).+4<0E0,+0@B9@+23(&
GF0L3/+BJ9(E0G,KE4P%"0GE0(D,:
/B0';(&0K-X)/,3(C'0),
:0G^l@KQ@BB@8,KJ
,S0G%:0GJ0),0G@;KE(N02%
\p+0B93/.515E0(D.+4%
p)4G.+4?W,'W@+(,?0xBK95+BJ;
8P+0@0'@@B9,'%%%{gW((W.25
E0(D%?D0.+4F00)/3K915K)4G
,0)%OX)8,,0)(5E0(D)4G.+
4,/"W'(W.0F0:0/%3.QJ
73A58,.60A):Q,S
BC/B7k7.+4%
\n,4(NL^154D(00'3.+4,3@/
&'./.1,4D(0BU.+4%
fn,1++0•,^&'(1+<+0,
'%p)4G.+4?W,'W@gW((W.27F07
,'V.,'X)9(E0.237
,B9,'%M'0G9(E0<0E05,%"0'

[(,W,(/.5180'F0,1+')+Lz
3,B9,'.,5•X)<0E0,+0%
fn,1+K0^:.2G(4D(0BU
.+4F0+(,.+4F00)+BdB%
fn,1+0)^]0G)4G(,.+4
?W,'W@OW,'WP.270,+03X)
9(E0%O7(.?W,'W@OW,'W;A0.+4
7,K,0)V)4GN5F0B9%&'(-0
F0L,-09KE4P%[/<:739KE:0)
b
;P,0G+(,.+4.2F0:0)%"k
(,P@.+4*/)+BJ.+0%
fpB9^p)4G.+4gW((W.2BdB
F0+B9P@,./[(,W'(W&
+BdB/,,,P%
fn,1+0'4<^nA0+.+4-0F0
0'4<%"C'(,0G0G.+4,0'4<(7
9@(70G/.23-09MP%H,/@.-09
MP5KD,P%
\?D-.+.06^&'()E7F0LAPY
.BC.+4@.064T+3)4G/4G(.+
4%M;',-09APY3'.+4,N7%
\„0G+)K,^]-09KE4PA(0Y2
:80F0@30.N0C024P34IBJ.+4,
N7;+'0G'54-.+302%
\]+44DdB93^?0.,KE;
KE*.2++(oK;40..>KED@F0F0+;0
KE@34P4.+3,+0%"0'@0
(-0BC.+4F0+,,S/4D7(D+(,/B79(E0BU
3KE4PXJ/;+dB9,3

.NNP,.+3@34P'
5KE40.BC.+4%3.QJ:7/
39(E0+F0@/,BC.+4(-0,@40/BC
(-03B0';,:B%]4IBJ+'A(0Y
4DB90G,SF0+U5'85' MtM1O@b$
O,=^
 [+'0G,3^
R,X+'0G^(,@NKE@(0@'0G+3@+KE
(N@4D0@:0G9E05V0G.>3%
[+'0G,3^
c
R,X+'0G^[0P/L0G@N(N0G@
(-0(7%%%
[)14/02Bƒ*5+BJ0G,3%
?GZ.*J7.IR.*+
[*L(,4+@4*/F0+;0
@4X+3%p2:80F0/(02(02'B
+(D'B,4D+),:%p0GK5,X=G@
K0)45+4KB9@)K3NX%
",F0+;0<,:KE@(,:;
7*.N4QKZ .+4+0G/L9(E0$3.G,S
0BE+KEd.06%O4DKE'76'(C;KE
.+(80E@-0.0'.9o;(P'.06&'KE*
80E*.NK5,EL(E7.+0G%
nE7.+0G.067b(,^
f]+0GD^R5&.06K;:/4…<
W'),//.51G(+BJ.+4%n,S
/3(,.06/.2/9N2.N@3+).+
4%MNBJ^+.06a \$.290+BJgW((W%
f]+0G07^M.0607+'0G.+0G,

F0+;4GB,4D)KU0@,SB,8P O,(4i%O%jw‚$%
]/7+'0G.+0G•g(4B@x,{@'W4,W@//.5
10'-+'0G.+'<+C(,<+
(,0% RC"9",@bc$%
@>[+\:.*+
"W,O0'd"9#@ jjj$4IBJ.+4A50&W,+
0'Q40^
\[A.3&(CN8+@INU5+
0G.+0@L0G/+BJ39(E0%
s
\",40GF0+;-09@5(02(0255,X)+
BJ0G,+0%
\[,0G-0S,.4P@A.>KE†@.2
='E0<%
\O4IBJG7+(,0G/+BJEX3P+
)(CW,-0@(1E0F05-09%X:
57(-00Gk(,@5K5,,@.2),3%pS
.+(,CK90BE@.+0G%
\]7<EBC.+4E14-.+
02Km+^R40+.,+@5K5,)10G@
0X02544T/+@5,02`%
"W,MtM1O@ b$4IBJ.+4A50&W,+
0'Q40^
\"58W8Z(,.+4@/A5BC0/
B7.2‡[/5E4/(7,3.2‡M
(40.XJ/,7dB9D,KE4P'.2‡
\g530>K5.+4%",:7KEN
,S)4GKE0'KE;BC(,.+4/)zN
7@N(4D&KmF0A3.06D,3%
f]BC)(,.+458+9:BC0G(-0

(7N7%"G(BC(-0,,):Q3(,V
+.06&'KE@:/.2+4+B=.06-.+%
]23KEKEN@(+KEB,C4
.0'34KEN4T,+KL./9%
\g55K5,.N.G(-00G7BC39(E0@
-09Km0G.ZE0(D;.2,.2.E%
]BC)(,.+4@0G/5/E0(D;@40)
:Q@0G5X)G,+23J
,sw:40.E0KE%"+BJ0G5`(E4G

.06EBE%"0'@/)4G.+4;,(E@.2K9
G+BJK4G(7.06/SN'-0%
A]]+L^_+Z0X``+\:.*+YXR7
",1b~5/wc[2'@44580@&G0G
P'/w[2'B7Z//(0G"P'%"0G@0'(E0(
0G"P'7Z.60@/cb[2'bj
.60,9:0G"P'MEO% HJ0G"P'7
Z4580\80.60\(0•4IBJ4IBJMEO@b~$%
O:+BJ2E45809:(,+45
60G"P':-0U0B%
n,)4580"P'',E-0;
.+0@'b‚ˆˆbnO)@n)45800G"P'n
O)7(W,F0'94Gwwˆa\‰R'ˆˆb‰ROH
GnO)%
O102/80+35-(7
(U@=>"P'*5XK)+3-@F05(N
B9J%O:B&Y74D+BJ0G"P'G
4P@A%[+45801:F05K+456;9
:%[+4560G"P'780E.QL-
%[+)102-0BC.+46.+43=

KE@9KE.NN1L,4P%
Bab7_-J7,+\:.*+=1cd
]+47BC,102W(<(7NF0
L^K5,E4P@G(<AKE@.NN1L@
1.510/@01@PP+3G@&,E0
F054580@1+9.%
~
F03-.;.+41S4D(&'(KE
,4P@5KE-.%"0'@+PY((1V
\@•E0F050'3/1E0F0545804,.24IBJ
.+4%",/@E0F054580J0),-0'0G^G@)0
02@N@NKE@;4.>W@1@14/@+-0.EE
42:@:(-0(74IBJ.+4%%%
ME4IBJ++&/B7:7+BJ-09(&
4,S=V+KE.P85'%[+/B7*(
<K71@7,,1kKZ,(-0KmI
(-0-0931:.511@E0F0545801
+'0G4580/(F0 {WWW@jw‚$%nE',"P'@.+4
74IBJ+JNN40^
f?IBJ.+4,2+=KE^M4X,
D()AE4+@)4G4(/(7@0'
*.2N+4(/%?DEBEP,3)
7<+&Km:EGdB93@:+
WB.+.067454B@@K302%"0'@4D&
Km',@`A)'0G^ME42:@2
+14/@F05(N@BBƒ@E4=KE%%%';*/.5
1534P@A%
O<+&(4D&Km<.06EG
dB93@(P/4&'KE+3@5/,)
G&',4.>W02%3.G4D&'KE.06:

4IBJ.+4(-0@KQˆb(-0-09,:B3
B0';4D&Km+33%
f]+4BC,2+9KE^]+E02/K30
EE0(&4KE@EA5((6,+KE
3/+-097(N@40/31SKE85')+.9:
/E0F05/(BC.+43-094P@A%O0,
.27-09P(PE0F05;AKE/.51(&'(
‚
,2:&'d,4P.+,:@;D/-0(,
KE/3(&'(4,:KEOE+@u,@e,Q.06@?6'
0'-d@g/@|%,('W•s^n‚&'B00'%%%-0'
&',45804.>W)X%"0'@,-09/)4G
.06.+0G@;'/34IBJG7-0(,.+4m(
5.5180E.06.+0G%
O;.NND;E=9KE4P@A0'/
&'4D.+0G/(-0.23+.>@Q/W
(.F05(K5,E4.>W,,:@4PA%
f]+4.NN1L^O,+BJ=-09KE@
.+4=74IBJJNBBƒ@/(1140
02@50,1,1L%[+)'0.+4(
)(-0.,5•cˆ.1 H"u@jjw$,S•
ˆ.1 0OLn,jjj$/5GE4:
0)%M;'@BC.+4JNBBƒ/<+)k740^
fnk71@.NN7BBƒ@8&'BD
31SE4+'+BBƒ%
f]+44D4+34454
h,<456/O).+,:0)%
f]+4/31+BJ,S4D0)4G^
[@g@p%%%]60A.+4PJX0)>W,
R0BW;&'(0F05)GB,Clostridicum welchii,S<4

5/)G.+%
f]+4P4P@A1.510J1@
0G@;.+4/E0(D(KE4:0)NBJ^
.1S4D05'%
CX0Xe.*+
)*,-
[XB79l,`9w~ˆs~j9:0
[&0Š040^[XB(/,NB7)L+
w
0'3/0P*<.+7,,
9@5P78W(0'34.>W:0BC%
",/@0G:/(F0-XB(+K
40,1%[XB*/3/0XGV+/L
,2:2d% O0'dOL"0&@bb$%
aXB.+4/,9p{u p80{W4B0Wu$^
aXBG p{u$'),Z(X)+
/L'0G,2,S@4<55'32
02@@4<7++(=,:0BC%p{u
7NKm(7XB4,.G(72 @K,S‹‰$
,Sˆ.@‹‰ˆ.,S$%p{u78+9Kc'0G^
\u7G304/+BJ)NE',
-09@,E0F0572%
\),,.,5•'@07,'
L@,S),,•
 
0/KKm,,'/
0'G+NE<:7D%
\n(,+'0G3&Km+Œ(E,2).60A
10K;%]23BC(-0,p{u,K5,F057%a
XBG)4G.+4,9@4</3K5b%b%

KL R2f:XM7*.*+=1g
'.*.I
81I
hN
µ
i.P '/jN
µ
i.P
707>+7
N
µ
i.P
gW((
h,8((
[(,8((
h((
#8((
~

c

c
~
\
\
\
\
~

c


c
j
RWrW((
[Wx(,4,4
H'B,4W,'
?W,'
OW,'
aW'
h'
?W,'
g,(''R
R
"W'(
#8'W'(
[(,W'(
|','
?'
"'(,4
#(WB,'
u,'
O,x0W4
?0(x,BW4
O,,K,
M0
"0(
"W,
p,W4
u4,(,B
i(,,4,(B

i(0WF0
|,x(,8
[,x(,8
H,x(,8

~



\



‚

b

c
b
b
c
b




s


‚

\
\
\
\
\
~
\
c
c


\
‚
\

\
b

c

b




\
b





b
\
\
\
\

\




\
c
\
\



c

b
\



\

c~


\
\
\

c
c
c
(Tr$ch theo V& Thi Tr- An, 2001)
fMJ7:X0Xe.*+=1g
"W,F0(00+(,0G.+440.,3-0
75V,:9%"0',D@B,(BJ
0G.+43.NN1L@-09.2P+
BU4DXB.+4,456(-0.23+.>@B,
<0'&J340^
b
\H,4IBJ.+4.2P0'Q@:0G
..2PF0'9%
\HC:80')(,.+4,1,S,
,10Gm'3.NN1L%-0'(N(*'
.+4)+J),2K,%
\",F0+;K5,F05<456/0XGV)@
:4IBJ+(,.+4/%",D@:K+9
4IBJ.+43K5,59(&0% H"u@jjw$%
;k>WMLXYW:X0Xe.*+=1g
?D0'3/.+4,302J0),-0
'0G^aG@0@(,@;KE(N@)14/02Bƒ%%%
 O03,+.>W;4D0'3/.+4Bd
G@4DK50'EG@BU4DXLN,S.2/%
O034P,;KE(N,S4P=,'
'0;4D0'3/K5+.+4Bd@BU4DX

L.+4,%
?DXL.+4904DG+'0G40^
fu-0.+40,02,;:K5
.+4.>2K,%
fu,2K,^"2:)XL.+42,
X+2@@ƒ@B%
fH(7.+4,2K,'C'W,0XG/
B774IBJ@:0G@'d<+(,02,
@,(P0'3,S'd,1,(PK%
f"0^"2:+F0,3,)G.02
0%[=,,''0;/0+F0
,E'K9(,/4DK50GBdBU4DX
B.+4,3%
b
f[+F0.+0,3;)K50G*.+
0^OW,'W@]'W@aW'W7K5F0
4,+F0.+% O0'dOL"0&@bb$%
O,+'0G;:0G*5(4D
XB.+4%]@.+470F0
K5%
MNBJ^?W,'W@H'B,4W,'W@]'W@OW,'W./
0%H,/.4P1@0GF0:0/@A0.2'B
(7.+4,9%O0@B(7.+4X,
+K,G(&0 ?W,'WB(7/3X.,5)
+$% H"u@jjw$%
<lXYJ7:X0Xe.*+MR1Xm
\u)G,,:^]+4/+BJ'0.06@
;':l+BC.+43K5,F05D6V€V
.2AK9SKE%M,<1j~@-0
4IBJ).+43K5,F059@+(+45

6V9@+%%%O40/@BABA:'<X,E
BC.+4(0GK5,F05^]+4./K9&'@X
,D6@:4IBJ(J/.510'3('
+.06:0)4D7M:0)@44D
F0+'5G0G.+4 B9$/.0BC.+4
9KE.27(N@))B,+0'3/.+4&'%
\"LE7.+0G@F0W0G^nE7.+.+4
.06(,2+-09Km.+4.2=E0F05%"N
BJ@:BC[(,W'(,,+3K5,F05+,,
3((3K5,F0594P@Am(4D+3
4@0-0'' E)1@E4.Z%%%$3
/<4.+([(,W'(/,D64.>W
,:0BC% H"u@jjw$%
bb
\{-0+.+4/.51&'+5B9
<:U50'm+5'/0(z%[/)4G
:;-E58P.+4@/.51K9Q5+
E0-:2^W@40'dB%
O'@-0G'0,2+"P'()SXB
.+4,D6/0XGV)@S.+E,
+.06.+0G.+4,2:%
?'*9XV9*9**:X0Xe.*+
\pdB9/8{h‹ {B,‹0,h44'$^",.l0{h‹@4D
;7.+0'\.+37,(:Km+4IBJ
.+0'+B0/8 K4G(7$.+0'.2
+B0/8 A;$,8P)4G(769+.+
3%?T/4DQ.9N,).+3<b.+
0''%?0):@)4G.+0'Q..+3@)
4G=DB,%"Œ4GQ.G.+0'.2+B0.+
3J0),Œ4GX)G.+0'+B0.+

0'.2+B0%n,N/87.+0'•.+
3';X).+0'.2+B0,%n,N
'78+9Km+'/8,(>.+7
.+0'•.+3.>ADB,%?,4+:,06@
:4T;7(7.+0'A;% ih#@jj$%
\?Q.Y [,,'$^"0<•4Q.YŽ/l(0@KQ
0XVNE&N0D))J
/LO"4W@jc%O0'QK54D+,4Q.Y()
)B0'3F0)l.Z,+,k7&N
B0'3W,+G).+0%}0+;B0'3<b
(F0+;J5J85',S&KGI5(J%]
F05(+,k77+%O0LW,+
)@/4Q.Y(>4Q.Y.N%O0LW,;Bl/
4Q.Y)@4Q.Y((>@4Q.Y' "V3K+.,B7L@jjj$%
bc
\g+dB9Wr' +BJ,E.3?0(,BW$^
":S./.1,E,+&4dB9 ‹0,W$
.2(>0P&I0G%
\g+4IBJ4ig" i,Wg,4"W4$^}0;'/
(F0E02'+.06'5l/4DE
BEU09:XB.+4%O0U09/XB.+4;
80F0//=2.06B,4D.0'+.+4VU09
2:@(4D+3.06 nWr@jjs$%
;S+M.WnL**:X0Xe.*+=1g2-S+Mg7
9XVY=1XR
`9Mf'
\]F050O0'd"9"a jj~$"GnX
[NpbsU099W,@,//ˆbsU0/(7
.+4XB s@w•$^|','W(b@bˆ.@?W,'W(
@sˆ.@]'W(@‚ˆ.@aW'W(@‚ˆ.%

\"W,k[6O0 bc$"GnX[Np@bsU0 w
U09@sU09W,bU09K=$,//U0XB.+4@
Œ(E s@~~•$(7[(,W,(9KVc@s
ˆ.•j@s‚ˆ.%
\uM1]N jwj$Km+4Q.Y,++Ecˆc~
U09W,"GnX[Np/XB#8'W'(@bˆU09W,
/XB[(,W,(@ˆU09W,/XB#(0B,8%
c.6c.
\O2nXH0' b$++;E4@XB
.+4$,9W,"GR02p"0)/b•4G9W,/
XB.+4@,//"W'(@#8'W'((, bb@b•$%
\"n,[N}0G b$-0;;4IBJ,1
02B(7.+4,99K0'E[p•a•1.
u1.%eZE‚bU09/cU0/B(7.+4 Œ(E
s@‚•$%[+/.+4XB,9(^uW4 cs@b•$@
bs
h,4BW bc@~w•$@}0,(,W @w•$@p,(BW c@~•$@(
?0(xBW @b~•$%
c.d
•1.O2,''/.F05,2KG-B(7
.+4,9%-0P2(4DA0S4
,+0W,%

opq 5rC 5ps t &'(
;MXe
\[+)102+41020'E[qP
b