Tóm Tắt Kiến thức Hóa Đại Cương A1


HÓA ĐẠI CƯƠNG A1
CÁC CÔNG THỨC CẦN NHỚ

 !
"#!$%&
'#!$%!(&)*+
,-./0"12+
&3+456+708"$%"3+9:"$+"(./
;"<456=$703$%(>'"<9:"$+"(./
?+4521+@7(A+$+
,-./3+="ABCD0$$%(>A"$%(>3+="
#!"$A+!$%!1=@'E"$=60F)*+1!!8"=
7#B1!"$
G0(./="HI7J)*+"DF$%61!"$
K ;*6=(0"A+DD08"+70.L*()M*($)*+N5OPQRQR$

R ST!8"DD00UV17LC5W" )*+"5XIRYPZ#O
Z
["C5WD\
+)*+D+=$=@1:.]8"69^8"D'0C5W" 
'E6^=@
,G=$DD0W6 WK6K( WR6R( WR7 WX6X( WX7 WX_ WY6Y( WY7 `
,)D]6KDF=$^"OIR
,)D]6I(WA6 DF=$^"OIRYaD]W ^OIZYaD]WK 0]1+^
,)D]7I_DF=$^"OIRYaD]=$'0+^
bB!c+7J
X ;AcUV17L05)*+
"

5YIKPK#O


$
6*
$(05IOOQKZ5IdQKdd#O
KQ
A $05IOOZdQ5IdQXPKQK#O
KQ
A
$DD05OIOOOY5PI#O
R
A eIddOYRZZd#O
KQ
A5fS
&
Y B=)gD;0+D
?H+)=))IA+!$1M^)*+6=λ )*+5dIdKY#O
RX
d ?%)+$h=A+!$I1%)1"]H"1%300Ji3=1%'1)M)0c∆3I1%'1)M
)∆)#j+1= 
Q 6!II$I$
6
#?k+6=lm"0+#
?$D1%!%++8"DD0=+0 )*+$
6
5n65nfK
Z o^jDAp6A+


b
K

Chương II: Liên kết hóa học
 G0q9T!L(1:"8"?i0(>1r
" S:69A'+T!+s"K6)K(*I/Ah=+s"tq
Wu(7JA+4vK
' S:69A'+T!+s"K6)K(Ah*I/=1w+s"tq

K q?i8"$%6(>7
" x WA,(A,RAA
' ;D
K
 WKA,K(A,KAA
 i
K
 WXA,X(A,XAA
R %3D(8&i 66 6( ((R
4)ST!$yz+A:+{
SE6&)"70
&E6?"7DGF%)0/$yz
D1+@5Id#O
P

61w;0IE$0A.LPOI+0(J%)|D
4
,
I4

+@9]"+)"y
0
&
I0


'Ac"+)"y
5)ST!+DA:\"gD0}""6
,G~9~9
,G~9~9.$/
,G~9.$/~9.$/
G01= •?$D~98"(>
0A.+s">$~9
€j.T(>98"(>
jE6;<$"5IRZ#O
KR
[fj
GS+1%WA
-/
\S+="H)+/+8"U0q="H
I- Các khái niệm mở đầu:
1) jcl]
2) )$h+0u
"# h(jh0"12+))T!I=\Ah12+
'# Ac•0"12+T!I=\"12+
# 1+•0"12+T!7*+7h
7# $]G0"12+)‚T!
• o*)M7Cq7W, IuCq7W
3) G0+8")h60+
"# G0+!1ƒ0']+sh60+
'# Gh60+
Năng lượng
Năng lượng
%Tz1%8"
%Tz1%8"

G:T7E$+$h+0u
G:T7E$+$h+0u
S%+T
S%+T
%T(>II###
%T(>II###
G:TWtI1 8"(>
II###
G:TWtI1 8"(>
II###
R
+# Gh671%-J%)!W)7z@IA+!`
++# Gh6u1%jh(J%)!W)7r1%I1%*`
4) G0+>'E8"„0+h6Ah'+:12+Du++"
5) ;+:12+)'+:12+'
"# G'+:12+L0+6"0+A)hF$U"0
+>'E⇒l]IAhƒ(09:
'# ;….0")*+)"IU0qƒ(09:
6) $0+$•(J%)0+1)0++
7) h)+„Kq/0"12+T!IAh(.+$0+)q+08"t(J
%)U0q'+:12+
• h}W[ IS+oW[
• h+†]Whz7 
⇒S:U0qs
o ‡+†]0>Ah-

5O⇒}5O
o ‡+†]'+-

Ah12+}

'
5-

∆\
o ‡+†]-

5-


S:Acl]

II- Nguyên lý I áp dụng vào hóa học
1) j++$%+TW{
2) Sl+1%9HB9'+:12+%+T'E2.7T!0"12+)*+$h+
0u
+)*+'+:12+)hF|7{5δ},δo
+)*+'+:12+s
"# S:0+1)0++"
∆{5O⇒}5o⇒.+(1!zh+†]
'# S:h(∆{5}5o5O
3) S+1ˆ(I+1ˆ@
"# S+1ˆ(9+].GI-56
}5(W\
K
\


X
∆{5{
K

{

5o
(
,&5o
(
(W\

\
K
 o
(
S+1ˆ(I$0+
⇒o
(
5W{
K
,(\
K
W{

,(\


ƒ5{,(\$0+⇒o
(
5∆
'# S+1ˆ@9+].GI\56
}5O⇒∆{5o
)

o
)
S+1ˆ@I$0+
# „++s"o
(
)o
)
∆5∆{,(∆\⇒o
(
5o
)
,NG
III- Nhiệt phản ứng hóa học
1) S+(./
2) S+6+w8"$%
3) S+w8"$%(./
IV- Định luật Hess và các hệ quả
V- Sự phụ thuộc của hiệu ứng nhiệt vào nhiệt độ - Định luật Kirchhof
1) S+7$$%„!++:1z>+1%$%$jI06U0q
Ah=69'+:12+0+
jl+W[#j

#$


"# S+7$1ˆ(G9+]-56
'# S+7$1ˆ@
2) S+z("
_
„!+0"12+)*+$h+0uA+$z("#]-56I0

6U0qz("q+1%Ah"12+
3) j+0‰
)*+
G0A.Š(8"+1%I+∆
(
56q∆
GK
5∆
G
,
(
∆G
\+M*)+*+8"U0q="H
I- Nguyên lý II –Hàm Entropi
1) Sl
 Gr+$%$0+D0(+WB I)B1+!71%
 ‹+1%GAh12+I069'+:12+)hF|q
o o0q
o o0q'

bbtl\qB$0+∆B•(J%)0+1)0++8"#…ŒKU
0qGS);GS=F0+1)+#j1=
⇒o
GS
•o
;GS
g1=I1z31∆B
;GS
I0*:q7$%U0qGS=F0+1)+I6"1=7F
h/

2) Sl(7Jh(
+)*+h(
o
GS
5O⇒∆B5O
o
;GS
5O⇒∆B>O
S)I1+)*+h(
,G0U0qW>'E ID0(+8"Ah12+
,G0U0q'W97+Ž'+: ID$0(+8"T1:91+qL+#
„t1=U0q10+>'E
Y
3) •m"$D0(+
"# $D0(+*11%k1%8"
'# •m"A8"B
B5jΩa )*+AE6;<$"IΩ36+1%
4) ;+:+D0(+8"$%6U0q
"# 8"U0q'+:12+0+1W-56
'# 8"U0q+†]1ˆ+Acl]
S:-

•-
K
⇒∆B•O⇒U0q97+Ž'+:
⇒Ac=z9z7u+L+=-"-(
# ;+:+D0(+8"D+1%
G01+MA+-56
G01+MA+\56
S:+

(
ƒ
)
Ah12+D+1%Gq
II- Nguyên lý III (6ên đề Nernst)
1) Sl
C0(+8"$%7*+7yz.]Oj'EAh
BWOj 5AΩ5O Wyz.]Oj/)*+0+)m$h•=$%0+)+$h
2) C0(+1+8"]+1%G
bbS3ŒBh•OI0LA+3Œ+077=z=B
+
•O
3) ;+:+D0(+8"(./="H
III- Hàm thế nhiệt động. Tiêu chuẩn xét chiều của quá trình
 h(∆BvOG+w97+Ž'+:)+*+8"U0q
 Ahh(r$,$h+0u1")M$%h($*+r$)$%+0u$%
h(⇒yw97+Ž'+:8"$*+∆B,∆B
$
vO
 $":W∆B,∆B
$
H+$:+1%#Guƒ(
o ˆ+I1ˆ(⇒$:1ˆ+1ˆ(
o ˆ+I1ˆ@⇒$:1.+1ˆ@
1) $:1ˆ+1ˆ(
"# m"GI-56
9+'+:12+1=
ƒGB5‡$0+
‡1!H+T!‡+''6IC"(+97":1ˆ(
'# •m")l8"∆‡

‡5GB5{,-\GB
7‡57{,-7\,\7-G7BB7G
(7Jl)
7{5δo,δ}$7}5-7\,δ}‘ Wδ}‘hsc
δo’G7Ba 7{’G7B-7\,δ}‘
 dG ≤ δW’ + PdV – SdT (phương trình cơ bản của nhiệt động học)
S:U0q)7G5OI7-5OW7GI-56 q
7‡
GI-
5δ}‘
$"3
∆‡
GI-
5}‘
$"3
 ∆‡'+zhsc8"U0q1ˆ+1ˆ(
2) $:1ˆ+1ˆ@W$9∆‡
"# m"GI\56
9+'+:12+1=
d
ƒ{GB5&$0+
&1!H+T!D$<":1ˆ@
'# •m")l8"∆&
&5{GB
7&57{G7BB7G
(7Jl)
7{5δo,δ}$7}5-7\,δ}‘ Wδ}‘hsc
δo’G7Ba
 7&’δ}‘-7\B7G
S:U0q)7G5OI7\5OW7GI\56 q

7&5δ}‘
$"3
∆&5}‘
$"3
 ∆&'+zhsc8"U0q1ˆ+1ˆ@
 G=$+Iyw97+Ž'+:)+*+8"U0q
o GI-56⇒7‡≤O
o GI\56⇒7&≥O
 ?+++s"‡)&‡5&,-\
3) ;+:+:1ˆ(
"# G:1ˆ(6+w]+1%G∆‡

GI6
W1 5O
'# Gc'+:+:1ˆ(8"(./="H
IV- Các yếu tố ảnh hưởng đến thế đẳng áp:
1) “]8"+1%
…Œ•='+:12+IAh6+h=cI=-56
G")'+z/∆‡5∆G∆B)+"K):G
K
I"=
W-0q‡+''6D$<

„@(>K): ⇒
\*+ ∆
O
G
5ƒWG 5",'G,` ⇒∆‡
O
5ƒWG

2) “]8"(6
…ŒIAh6+hscIG56
"# +)*+0^)|I+\56
⇒∆‡5\W-
K
-


'# +)*+Acl]I\5NGf-
⇒
3) “]8"(#j++$:="
4) ?+U"+s"7∆‡)1%*∆I∆B)G