Tiểu luận XỬ LÝ ĐẤT BỊ NHIỄM KIM LOẠI NẶNG
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TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC CÔNG NGHIỆP THÀNH PHỐ HỒ CHÍ MINH
VIỆN KHCN VÀ QL MÔI TRƯỜNG
**********
!" "#$ %&
GVHD : GS.TSKH LÊ HUY BÁ
SVTH : TRẦN ĐỨC CHIÊU THÀNH
LỚP : ĐHMT3A
MSSV : 07707261
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THÀNH PHỐ HỒ CHÍ MINH - 2010
"'()'(
1. *"+, /
2. 012*3 45
3. 6)13 77
4. 89(:2;:9:<)3=0.4447>
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Page 2
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012*6032U(<)4
V48"I6BW-@:LX(E1013NY1?)HM6-NZ(
:XMM:[(K)2U3?I6\I(QIJKLI(10131?
)HM(-@2+1Z(B:(JM2A(@(0E::XMM:[3-2;
32;((M;2](:^:_8`abcdbccbe3[NA3DG'('(
3X(0E:413F)2U(MGN2UW-9f-(-g(:^:bI/),h6\
N2UW-97Iai),4
j9(DI3(=E19(@30(k)R-?Ml)2U6)1
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3;N-N;o:6B19(4
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6@acqrc:,1lsl42U19(@(n)?3t+(9(2A(M?Iu<FI
6f2;IvGn2A(2M(@K1LK0012*4
v(9(6Mt(I6@acwrc:,1l(9(-Kf[12A(@)x
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1MI3R0E:(k(X)R-?LK06)4`E(
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(9(6)2{DvI8MGIJKLN6\134
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|Z:91CN+1R(9()J(036}NANE(DG'K(-
FM(D,-B(9()+2A(MEMK3-60(F=E:9:<)(
@ILK0012*I13F(F012*34
EMKIN306)133MG1M:S=B+-;1f
BA48F1-:2;:9:69(M-32U(DG'3C<)6)1
34-KfI,3LK:2;:9:DG'Z(No3C<)6)13
32U((9(6Mt(W-ML3(=E=+(:X3,-2:IMNLENA
012*4
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(9(:2;:9:3F1[6^N6:XIAN6•-oN(BNGEX(I444
&,3LKI*pC-=BN(;(B:'I(-KC9I([(-N)=O6)
(JMRD[)Z(NoI2*M3z=x3,-(H3B6@lDG'Z(No3C
<)012*2R(0E012*3(=E4
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7s !"" jۥ&
747s`M1n(JM012*3
• );1H'(JM(2*N,-B(9(DNo(I)F((9(
(01Q<LKGZGLG'I(0E:NNlFM(JM(2*4
• )R-?-KfW-9I(2*DG'-Kf3N
3RD@<-0E:3C3@=@-?(-(:)2;Z(Z(:g(
(2*42NoK31W-M1t3[NA(2*(HM4
74bsB)03
a) 9E
012*332U(<v)(@(9(E2U)
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012*3)o-W-@(9(3R(JM(2*)M
MK3S(9(L[D9N2UW-MpAD9(JM(9(
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• 89((@1x82<mI:,‚M
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}(9(628MbƒN"bƒ
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• 9FMNo),3OG,I(-1H(((-1H(6^IDP(2A(
6^I3(60-o)U(=R1p(LK1?xK:91f4
• 9FMDt(XDt((JM36^GB-(p-(;I3(-MN
-3R([4
• 012*3(9()4
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• y-[(=@NZ(No--[(=@NEZ(No_``e(FC?
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• 3G9(LFMt(DG':L=FG2‚MI:,G23FD\=1pM10
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b
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3-6EKB6XD\)lW-91Q6ID1M(9((02
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3G(9((@D
• 8@D1:P(:IF=M?(9()P(l‚MI19(@
=B:I)N2*I3?GYOI†IJKIZMI(9()K@I(9()
19(32*:[='I=YI)9(LK.8H32U(-Io:1-I:L)
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• y=Y([1z(JME[9
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• G,-60(m@2+A012*=C(n@2+A
012*34
• 1f=3(FR)A:OQ(k(@1+W-91Q1M3S(
(JM(9(DNo13I(9(DNo13D\(BG,4
• G,-<Lo:N3I(H)MK3S(-1H(I3(X)t(NFM
t((JM3I(H=B(9(6vˆ1;‰I60(F6@l::'
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):,(JKB-(JM012*30N00INE(W-@)3)B
DP(W-M1t@2+3B()2U3489(3R(JM30)-Kf
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b4bs)13
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W-KI(@(0E:MK(=YeLK06)1330
N30E:4)(k(F13Zf2B6+P(
3R3R(40(FC<@K1M+=z(0):(k_;(PM(@
(0E:epN2*l19(kDG'(GE(O(F(PM{1Dv(2R
:,3Rhp;DG'2A(@(0E:N=Y@(JM
:[_<zehpNY<-W-M3[(@Oh6-(0E:;
FM(32U(3S3[1f3(pNY<-F‚6-(0E:4
|ZX()kK6)W-9P(13LK3R((2*Np3R
No69(489(FW-v@6)=‚M=z_1*MGe)MK3S
(-SP(l4R3R((:X‚6)B6GlN(B:<H(
W-MGM2(k(FC4`E(B:<H(NA6))L-KD\LKf(9(
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q 8QqLK,6EOI1[),6
q 8Gq@2+oIMN=R:o&
q {1Dv(w3,-3t(GMI@2+oNE;11-2;4
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4`E()G'(9():L=FFMt(IFM(=@NEZ(No3z)M
l)2U?G2(9(6)2{DvI8MGIJKLN6\134
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|Z:91CN+1R(9()J(036}NANE(DG'K(
-FM(D,-B(9()+2A(MEMK3-60(F=E
:9:<)(@ILK0012*I13F(F012*34
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l(06)1W-M1t=+NQ(0NE()
D(3016F6lN3x4`E(DG'(@(0
E:MK=Y:@-LvW-K3AG•|4ŽN1vM)
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{1Dv( a5 b 7Ir >7 /iIi
8MG- r5 7Id 7Ia /d />Ir
81- /ccc 75c 7/> /ccc bIiad
8::v1 >/cc a5 ia 75cc 7I/>c
VvMG >bc b7 7> >bc /a5
"v1(-1K r>c 75 7/I> /cc bir
")K=Gv-
5a cIr5 cIrc 7a 75
(6v) a5 cIdc cIrc 7r 7i
|v)v- 7cc 5 > 7cc rd
Œv a5cc 7>c 7b5 brcc b5cc
|Zl(06)):2;:9:[1906)
(34`A=@1fIDZ(L=~2;3[32U(GY3C(m1MSD[=Y)A
(FC32U(GY4`XG'IH:((9(Nf(P(:[(-(:SD[
=Y)A_6sMe(30E:4[(3R@0l(6\)
7>c6sMsK1_‚=@7e4VLX(=Y1:nXE(K?3R
6\)a5ccs6I2*M(FCX32U(=Mf-_Ds{e3C60N2UW-9
7>c6sMsK14
p6)32U(AE-)LK0012*(HD\)2-)4p
6)60:L1z2:L=M‘;(M(=_p-(;e48m)1‚N
|v)v-=~(9(=B3S;*NDNo4-Kf16F)=O6
)1M6O012*4
89(<)06)13v:2;:9:1-K[(F91
(MNApNY31R=0489(<)(FC32U()(†MK
(-KC3B;69(3C<)I(@M(9(K3-[-4
/s89(:2;:9:<)3=0
• )=~E3R(M_D@:gJKI(9(GI60
(F1n1m6)e4
• pL[FM1x_D@:gNo([<le4
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• 89(P()D(_)R(01Me4
EMK2*M3M6-KB6X(R:2;:9:NA(:X:IMN
LENA012*):2;:9:)6)13=~
Z(No4
1. Giới thiệu
D(30)RW-91Q3nO(0E:P(:NN[3,-2(M4
C<)302*M2*DG'(9(:2;:9:1-K[21M3h
([3(9((0=~9t((No)h<)Eh1M3SI0<9(
6(9((0h33=03C(-KC33Bp;(0):X(U:I444
,-B(9(:2;:9:3F1[6^N6:XIAN6•-oN(BN
GEX(I444&,3LKI*pC-=BN(;(B:'I(-KC9I([(-N)
=O6)(JMRD[)Z(NoI2*M3z=x3,-(H3B6@lDG'
Z(No3C<)012*2R(0E012*3(=E4@l)D(
012*(JMZ(No3z32U(=B‚B6’` =~(9(XE(JM“Dv:
V1vD)vKI{vMNDDv1IM1)|(vv)vN“M v-D‘4-KfIz3Bp
l7ddc:2;:9:KA32U(x(3B2R)(0EAGY3<)
012*3N2A(=0=+(9(6)I(9(U:(p-(;I-[(DHN(9(
(:F<4-KfI16-06S(JM=NBK(H0(mo:1-A
E-N6@l<)(9(6)13=+RD[)Z(No4
2. Công nghệ xử lý kim loại nặng trong đất bằng thực vật
Z(No(F-(9(:@P69(M-3[NADZ(F(JM(9(6)
1012*4,-BI(9()Z(No1K(@NADZ(F(JM(9(6
)Io(X+?3R1:4-KfIN‡(FRD[)Z(No60(m(F6@
lD[32U(1012*=0=+(9(6)3R((n(F6@l
:'NX((9(6)K1(9(=R:o69(M-(JM(H”7•4
1Z(BI(0E<)0=~Z(No3nO:@39:PRD[
3-6E(;=@2G1?I(F6@lNo(-KC(9((0‚3)fL
MI([(-32U(NA?3R(9((0(MN(D6[M”7I/Ii•4
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-KfI,-B(9()Z(No(F6@lX()-•(M)p):91C
(oN(FD6[:I16(9(Z(No(D6[M2*1K(@
NA012*(F?3R6)(M4
)13=~Z(No(FCZ(E=~-:2;:9:69(
M-:'-R(N‚(;(B)=O(9(2
qV2;:9:)@?3R6)13=~(9(1?(9()Z(No
(F6@lX()-•6)(M1L489()Z(NoK:@6BU:32U(bKB-
[)(FCX()-•6)1LN(D6[(M48F1-)39:P32U(
3-6EP_=@7eI26039:P32U(3-6EPM4`QNoKI(9()
(F6@lX()-•:2(D6[(M(k1(,B_=@be4-
((9()Z(NoKQ(9((0(k32U()=O1M6O3N(9(6
)W-B2I)I{-I444(FC32U((B9(1M6O(LK4
qV2;:9:DG'Z(No3C([36)13(=Y=+DZ:
'(JM1(6BJM1NY14•-91QK)@6@l)3R(JM6
)Il(02A(,N)@)2U6)6-B(9N1
(9((-†P(l4
Bảng 1. Một số loài thực vật có khả năng tích luỹ kim loại nặng cao [1]
f)
?3R6)X()-•
1L_µs1t)2U
60e
9(@Nl(0
=[
Arabidopsis halleri
(Cardaminopsis halleri)
7/4iccŒ Ž1DI7dir
Thlaspi caerulescens 7c4/ccŒ Ž1DI7drb
Thlaspi caerulescens 7b4ccc8G "9G(vM)I7ddb
Thlaspi rotundifolium r4bccV= jvvNvD – 16DI
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16
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16
X
7dr/
Minuartia verna 774cccV= Ž1DI7da>
Thlaspi geosingense
7b4ccc
jvvNvD – 16DI
7dr/
Alyssum bertholonii
7/4>cc
16D – jMG•1GI
7dar
Alyssum pintodasilvae
d4ccc
16D – jMG•1GI
7dar
Berkheya codii 774icc 16DI7ddr
Psychotria douarrei >a45cc M6v1vM)4I7dr5
Miconia lutescens i4rcc{) v(vM)4I7dda
Melastoma
malabathricum
7c4ccc{) —MMM=vvM)4I7ddr
1pl,3LKI2*MW-ML1-N(0EDG'Z(No3C
<)012*=+-)GGEX(3=0K(lI(9(6BP(
6Mt(N(;(BI(P(l(JMDNoNED9I9:)Z((JM(R3?IDZW-M
LN6BN(X1I444M2;l12A(3LKI(9(f(P-N)˜NZ(K(n
1XI2KMKI-6Mt(3(=E)+"•N(L-™-3z(F1-3
f(P-(;=@NPG'(0EK2R(0E MX(
2;4(B(JM(0EK)+(†60C<v2R(0E<)
P(*N:S=B+t;4-KfI(B)2U(:91C(9((2;1Qf
(P-(;=@(FC(-(:32U((9(@:9:<)3R(9(LENA012*
N=Np4l7ddrI8'(012*8L-™-_ŽŽ{e399E-W-@6B(JM(9(
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17
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17
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:2;:9:<)13=~:2;:9:1-K[N:2;:9:DG'
Z(No74>cc4cccN1X=0+LK™-I6BW-@(K(:X1-=Q(JM
:2;:9:1-K[1f7v(M3‚cIba3B7Ii1E-•|yI16:2;
:9:DG'Z(No(:X:;7c3B7ccc),”7•4
Bảng 2. Một số loài thực vật cho sinh khối nhanh
có thể sử dụng để xử lý kim loại nặng trong đất [1]
f) @l<) 9(@Nl(0=[
Salix 13I2A( &1vv1NMG=v1I
7ddd
Populus 1 3I 2A( N
2A(,
V-DN{G1MI
bcc/
Brassica napus, B.
Juncea, B. nigra
8:F<II|v
13
1šI7ddiNM-v)D
vM)I7dda
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18
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18
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Cannabis sativa 8:F<I8G1
3
#DšM)GIbccc
Helianthus V=I8G13 ŽV{IbcccNŽ)6M=v
M)4Ibcc7
Typha sp. "I 8-I |v 1 2A(
@O69D@
1vIbccc
Phragmites australis 1(@O
69D@
"MDDM((vM)4Ibcc7
Glyceria fluitans 1(@O
69D@
"M(8M=vN#vIbccc
Lemna minor 12A( ŒMKvGvM)4I7ddr
3. Các loài thực vật có khả năng hấp thụ kim loại
8FX>cc):L=[1>5tZ(No32U(=B)(F6@l:'
6)”bI/Ii•489()K)(9()Z(NoL@(L†I(F6@lX(
)-•N60(F=C-ENQ96?3R6)1L(M;
1l),DNA(9()=Q2*69(489()Z(NoKX(R(9(3(
=ENA(9(3-6E012*N6@lX()-•)2U6)(M(FCF:
:,l(@(9()DL-=tNDZ”7•4
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19
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19
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8F-@-KB3z32U(32M1M3C@X((;(BN1CNt(JM)(0
EK4
3.1. Giả thuyết sự hình thành phức hợp:(;(B)=O(9(6)3R((JM(9()
Z(No=~(9(QR:P(U:4VP(U:K(FC)(MI(
603R(():P(U:p-(;q6)32U((-KC3B(9(=R:o(JMB=(F
(9(3R1M3S(:_B=I60=eI+3LK(H32U(X()-•+
G(9(U:(p-(;(N0(;=Np”7I>•4
3.2. Giả thuyết về sự lắng đọng:(9()Z(No9(6)1M6O3IX()-•
1(9(=R:o(JM(LKIDM-3F32U()=OW-M)960I1pM10W-M=C-=Q(=3[
(9K4
3.3. Giả thuyết hấp thụ thụ động:DZX()-•6))RD@:g:'(JM(;
(BX(3[NA3-6E=)U(JM3_NXG'2(;(B:'1)3
Dv1:ve4
3.4. Sự tích luỹ kim loại là cơ chế chống lại các điều kiện stress vô sinh hoặc hữu
sinh:E-)Z((JM6)([)(9()N6-gI6DN(9()DNol
)93z32U(f(P-”7I/I>•4
KMKIDZX((JM(9()Z(No(F6@l:'6)(2M
32U()D9O=+(F1-KB-[:P(U:9(3R)‡M-4X()-•6))
R0Q('C(JMDZ:'GG2]69+Z(No48F7a-Kf[32U(
=B)(,B((@(9()Z(No=o((M_8II#II|IVII8MI"I…vI"I
8-IŒII"I8)Ne489(-Kf[3M)2U(,B((9()Z(No+?3R
(MI16(9(-Kf[N)2U(m(,3nO+?3R1:489()Z(No
32U(DG'3C<)012*=M?(9()(F6@l:'32U((9(6)
GNB(,B28-I"IŒN(60(,B28GIV=II|vI{)I{D
NA)2U)AI163[NA(9()Z(No69(+(9(?3RK)(Z(6›3R(
”7I5Ii•4
4. Các hướng tiếp cận trong việc sử dụng thực vật xử lý môi trường
2:,1f3zAE-I3C2;9(0E<)012*=~
Z(NoI(,:@Q6B(9()Z(No(F6@l(D6[MNX()-•
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20
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X
?3R6)(M1(9((;W-MNGG-(48FM2AB:(o(J
KB-1NE(DG'Z(No3C<)012*
q o: R N L [ (9( ) (F 6@ l Df- : ' 6 )
_K:v1M((--)M1e4
q œG'6•-oG1-K3C:91C(9()Z(No(D6[MN
(@B6@l:'I(-KC9I([(-[3[NA(9(3-6E0
12*”7•4
2AB:(oPI:91C(JKB-+"•=+Ff(P-3P3,-)
8MvKI=M?(9(=2A((;=@2(t(9()Z(NoI-o:MGN
E6@l<)012*IL[I(@B3-6E1?NB9:
G'314E-W-@(JME[K3z32U((0=[1NE(<)8N4-K
fI9(@(1~(9()Z(NoZf)603J1M(9(D@:gMX(
(2;4-KI(kF)f1~I(0EDt(D\)1CNt1)A
1NE(G-U:b3(X(;=@)6@lDf-:'NlD6[4
82;1Qf(P-(JM(R3?(L-™-=M?bGZ93[NAZ(No
(-KCv:'(N'(2AK3z32U(B4yZ9P)(-KCv(F6@
lDf-:'6)+(LKThlaspi caerulescensN(LK-[()9N(LK"Y()
p)(D6[M4163FGZ9PMo:1-(@B6@l
([(-N:'6)4BMKI6BW-@f(P-(0)DG'
vv1{d(JMN6-g(-KCN(LKArabidopsi3C<)_ e”7•4
-KfI(FRD[1(@3(JM2AB:(oZ(No(-KCv+
RD[2A(N:9:)I<zRND941CNt(JMZ(No(-KCv1
NE()D((9(NY0(F)\D\)MK3SRD[W-M3C<zR3[(4
yYDMQ(9(f(P-12;)M(,:@60(m(HL3B:2;:9:
1MpZ(Nop-E-(<)012*(n:@D)t(p9(3R
g(JMZ(No(-KCv3[NA012*4
5. Kết luận
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X
80E<)012*=~Z(No)R(0EAN:G‡32U(3
(o:1pl,3LK4•-oK32U((=B)(FR1CNt3(=E
1NE()D(6)13IX)G2A3-6E('C3FN32U(D
G'1E[W-@)X(U:4|Z:91C(JM6•-oG1-KNDt(:L
)1(,B()(0EK4
-KfIDZ:91C(JM(0E:G‡KD\60C(FX6@B-
60(FDZ3FF:N09(JM(9(Ff(P-O)\4;/clW-MI(9(
6Mt(3z(F-f(P-3FF:W-M1tN6@l3(=E(JMZ(No
1<)012*4-KfIf(P-3-1MN)˜NZ(KN‡)-0(,BN
:@32U(2+P3C=@?-?-KfG1-KZf)AIW-9+(9(
012*=06)NL(M6BP((JM(HMN(;(BX(Z
f(JM(9()Df-X()-•6)4
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X
)E-M6@
1) `u`l"q`u8L--480E<)13=~
2(No412*|2VI•4
2) :ssššš4Kv-1-4(s•1-sDš1vMG4::žŸ>bac
3) -K-yIbccdI12*80E:V4?8X
"`EMt(80E`•-@"012*4
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