đồ án thiết kế phân xưởng reforming xúc tác chuyển động

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MC LC

DANH MC CC HNH
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DANH MC CC BNG
CC CHỮ VIẾT TẮT
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LỜI CM ƠN
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&F(/<&"W)J'/s&A/#-%/.(&":K2'J2+G._'W)J'/s&A2Ad>(d&'A@2p;W)!&'/^&"&Ap'`
 !"#

J2;Am&@&":m,/!'/%&"W)J'/s&A/#-%/.(&":K2'J2+G(5%.#A%JM1#A,1/%A%JM
1#A,1/%A%J'9%Uc&"2A%*m&;A….2Al&A+G2J2A,1/%2!2>%&'Ae.2F'/C*=%2'!&2!%`
|)J'/s&A/#-%/.(&"'ANL&"1r&"&"),R&+(?)+G;A8&H%9&:t&"2F'/C*=%2'!&'Ap;M
3A\&"Hq'(R)2A)…&2q!&A(R&+(?):t&"2A%H_&"2e:t&"`F+G;A8&H%9&:t&"2q!
W)J'/s&A2AN&"2p''/T2'(d;1[)'A\A!,'V;A8&H%9&:t&"2q!W)J'/s&A2/!23(&"&A(?'M
2=2A%J`
$#-%/.(&":K2'J21%2F'[.W)!&'/^&"&R&W)J'/s&A&G,&"G,2G&"HNO2&"A(R&
2@)._'2J2A*8)/_&"UGHNO2J;1Q&"._'2J2A/_&"/X('/R&'Ad"(f(`(?&&!,M+NO&"
:t&"*m&:)p''VW)J'/s&A/#-%/.(&"2A(d.._';A[&HJ&"3E+NO&":t&"'(R)'AQ'/R&'Ad
"(f(`|)J'/s&A/#-%/.(&":K2'J2HXUGH!&"HNO2@&"1Q&"/_&"/X('/%&"&A(S)+†&AUT2
2\&"&"A(?;3AJ2&A!)UG+GW)J'/s&A3A\&"'AE'A(d)2q!&AG.J,2Ad>(d&1[).bM&AG
.J,H(?&M2\&"&"A(?;2Ap'1„%M:t&"2F'/C*=%2'!&2!%M46`
EW)J'/s&A/#-%/.(&":K2'J2'AT2*T>Nf2UG%UY&A_(.f(UG2r&"&"G&A1[)
3Al(?'!.A_(&AY;Uf(2J2&"G&A2\&"&"ACR;3AJ2'/%&"3A)UT2'Ad"(f(M'AsUp&HS
&"A(R&2@)M'/(E&3A!(2\&"&"A?*m&:)p'/!2J2&A(R&+(?)3AJ2'V&"),R&+(?)1[)'A\
*‡&2F'/%&"&Nf2+G/p'2[&'A(d'`VHF2F'AE'9%/!&AP&"18,2A),S&2\&"&"A?UG
'A(d'>CAO;+jHE*m&:)p'/!&A(R&+(?)H('V1[).b2F'AEHJ;@&"HNO2&AP&",R)2[)
2Ap'+NO&"*m&;A….2z&"&AN2Ao'(R)3i'A)Y'Uf(&AP&"&"),R&+(?)*‡&2Fk(?'!.
&A<.;AQ2UQ&A)2[)+8)1G('/%&"&Nf2UGANf&"'f(:)p'*!&"2J2&Nf2'/%&"3A)UT2
UG'/R&'Ad"(f(`
6t&"+G._''/%&"&AP&"*m&;A….2AqH9%2q!&AG.J,+^21[)`E2FHNO22J2
2Aq&"+%9(:t&"2F2Ap'+NO&"2!%;AQ2UQ2A%&A)2[)W)=218&'As;Am(;AJ''/(E&W)J
'/s&A/#-%/.(&":K2'J2`A)2[)2p;>J2AUS2J2*m&;A….2q!+^2A%J1[)&"G,2G&"
't&"3A(&S&2\&"&"A(?;&"G,2G&"+f&.9&A`4k(Us2J2*m&;A….+^2A%J1[)3A\&"
2Ao+G&")I&&"),R&+(?)2Al&A2A%2J2'A(d'>C.J,.F2.G2c&+G&")I&&"),R&+(?)

W)!&'/^&"2A%&A(S)&"G&A2\&"&"A(?;3AJ2`VHF"F;;A[&UG%2\&"U(?22\&"
&"A(?;A%JMA(?&H9(A%J2q!Hp'&Nf2&A<.HN!&S&3(&A'd2z&"&AN&S&2\&"&"A(?;
&Nf2'!'(d&+R&._'3y&"),R&.f(M3y&"),R&2q!*TA_(&AY;UG;AJ''/(E&`
 !"#ˆ

CHƯƠNG I. CƠ SỞ HÓA HỌC CỦA QU TRNH REFORMING XÚC TC .
$#-%/.(&":K2'J2+G._'W)J'/s&A2A),E&Hw(2J2'AG&A;A[&A,1/%2!2>%&2q!
&"),R&+(?).G2Aq,d)+G&!;A'#&UG;!/!-(&'AG&AA,1/%2!2>%&'Ae.2F'/C*=%2'!&2!%
`{1Q&"&"),R&+(?)+G:t&"2AN&"2p''/T2'(d;UG"[&H8,&AL*T;AJ''/(E&2q!2J2
W)J'/s&A+G.*92A><&"A,1/%.G'!2F'AE*{1Q&":t&"2q!2J2W)J'/s&A+^21[)3AJ2
€&AN:t&"2q!W)J'/s&A2=2AF!M:t&"2/!23(&"&A(?'```ƒ`|)J'/s&A&G,HNO2'(d&AG&A
'/R&:K2'J2A!(2A@2&t&"'ANL&"2A@!;+!'(&€'/%&"A‰&AO;Uf(2J23(.+%9(W)j3AJ2
UGA!+%"#&ƒHNO2.!&"'/R&2Ap'.!&"\:('&A\.A%9'H_&"`
7Q2Hl2A2q!W)J'/s&A+G*m&:)p':t&"2F'/C*=%2'!&2!%€$B'/%&"3A%m&"'V
~ hƒŠ‹.G3A\&";Am(;A!'AR.2As`I&"'AL(M1%*m&;A….2Aq,d)2q!W)J'/s&A
+GA,1/%2!2>%&'Ae.&R&W)J'/s&A2c&HNO2@&"1Q&"HE*m&:)p'46€3A(&"),R&+(?)
UG;A8&H%9&&!;A'!&AŒ2F&A(?'H_*\('VDhD
%
0ƒ+G&AP&"&"),R&+(?)W)j2A%
'w&"AO;AF!1[)`"%G(/!MW)J'/s&A2c&+G&")I&'A)A,1/%&A(S)&Ap'UG/„&Ap'`
1.1.Các phản ứng xảy ra trong quá trình reforming xúc tác :
4!%"I.2J2;Am&@&"1#A,1/%AF!M1#A,1/%Uc&"AF!MA,1/%A%JM(*%.#AF!`Šh
hD‹"%G(/!2c&2J2;Am&@&";AQM'),3A\&"+G.m&A&A(S)Hd&28&><&"2q!;Am&
@&"2Al&AM&AN&"+9(m&AANk&"+f&Hd&H_A%9'H_&"UGH_>S&2q!:K2'J2`F+G2J2
;Am&@&"
 !"#•
M/ A
n-paran
sản phẩm
cracking

M or A
M/ A
Iso-paran
M or A
Alkyl
cyclopentan
M/ A
A
M or A
M/ A
Iso-paran
M or A
Alkyl
cyclohexan
Aromac Lighter Aromac
M or A
M
A
Alkyl naphthene
isomerizaon
Dehydro-
genaon
Dealkylaon and Demethylaon

 Am&@&";A8&A)yUG3A{2J2AO;2Ap'2F2A@!%:,M&('eM+N)A)Ž&A'AG&A


M
D
M


B`ŠD‹
 Am&@&";A8&A)y2J2AO;2Ap'2A@!3(.+%9(UGA!+%"#&;Am&@&"&"N&"'Q2J2
AO;2Ap''/)&""(!&3A\&">S&&AN%+#-(&M1(%+#-(&Uf(2J2A,1/%2!2>%&'Ae.M1•&
Hd&'9%'AG&AAO;2Ap'&AT!UG2=2>J.'/R&>S.x':K2'J2`Š‹s'AdHE;AJ'
'/(E&W)J'/s&A/#-%/.(&":K2'J2M&"NL('!;Am(A9&2Ad'f(.@2'=(H!W)J'/s&A
'9%2=2`/%&"'AT2'd*m&:)p'&"NL('!'ANL&"1r&"J;*)p'UG&I&"H_A,1/%2!%
A%x2'(d&AG&A'J(*(&A+(R&'Q2:K2'J2€$ƒ
Hình 1. Sơ đồ các phản ứng chính trong quá trình reforming xúc tác[1]
1.1.1. Phản ứng isomehoá:
"NL('!'ANL&"2A(!;Am&@&"A,1/%*%.#A%J'AG&AA!(+%9(
a. Am&@&"*%.#A%J&h;!/!-(&
J2;Am&@&"(*%.#A%J&h;#&'!&UG&hA#:!&+G2J2;Am&@&"'%m&A(?'&AŒ
`4m&"2A%'Ap,&A(?';Am&@&"HE'9%'AG&A2J2(*%.#'V2J22p)'{/(R&"
Bảng 1: Nhiệt phản ứng để tạo thành các isome từ các cấu tử riêng [6]
p)'{ •
~•
M32!+‘.%+
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
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Hình 2: Sự phụ thuộc giữa nồng độ cân bằng của các isome vào nhiệt độ của
phản ứng isome hoá n-pentan và n-hexan
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1.1.2. Phản ứng dehydro hóa naphten thành hidrocacbon thơm.
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;Al!'9%Uc&"&!;A'#& 29&A`
 !"#

CH
3
”D

vH8,;Am&@&"2Al&A2q!/#-%/.(&"k 
%
M&I&"H_28&><&"2q!.#',+:,2+%;#&'!&+G

~ ‚M2c&2q!:,2+%A#:!&2Ao+G ‚`AN&"'=2H_;Am&@&"1#A,1/%AF!:m,/!&A!&A
.G28&><&"2q!;Am&@&"HI&";A8&AF!2FH(S)3(?&2A),E&AF!'AG&A:,2+%A#:!&UG
'/%&";Am&@&"M&I&"H_2q!&!;A'#&2AN!>C2A),E&AF!2Ao2c& ‚`ANUY,M&AL;Am&
@&"1#A,1/%AF!&!;A'#&2F'=2H_2!%.G'/%&"W)J'/s&A/#-%/.(&"'!*’&AY&HNO2
&A(S)A,1/%2!2>%&'Ae.UGA,1/%`%;Am&@&"'A)&A(?'.9&AM&"NL('!;Am('(d&AG&A
;Am&@&"&=('(d;'/%&"&A(S)'A(d'>C;Am&@&"HE&AY&HNO2H_2A),E&A%J2!%2[&
'A(d'`
"%G(/!2c&2F2J2;Am&@&"1#A,1/%A%J;!/!-(&'9%%+#-(&M'),&A(R&AG.
+NO&"3A\&"HJ&"3E`


~


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~
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
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&
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&”

&

&
”



1.1.3.Phản ứng dehydro vòng hoá n-parafin:
ANe&"'/s&A'w&"W)J'2F19&"
       Am&@&"1#A,1/%Uc&"A%J&h;!/!-(& :m,/!3AFAe&*%Uf(;Am&@&"2q!
&!;A'#&`Aok&A(?'H_2!%.f(2F'AE&AY&HNO2A(?)*)p'A,1/%2!2>%&'Ae.HJ&"3E`
A('t&"2A(S)1G(.92A2!2>%&'/%&";!/!-(&MA<&"*=28&><&"'9%A,1/%2!2>%&'Ae.
2z&"HNO2't&"+R&MH(S)HF'AEA(?&k*=+(?)'/%&">m&"
 !"#

Bảng 2: nh hưởng của nhiệt độ và chiều dài mạch cacbon tới hằng số cân
bằng của phản ứng dehydro vòng hoá parafin [ 1]
Am&@&" 

3 ˆ

3 •

3
&h
ˆ


→
ˆ

ˆ
”

DM•`

h
Mˆ• DMˆ•`

&h
•

ˆ
→
•

•
”


ˆM `
h
DM•• ~MD`
ˆ
&h
•

•
→
ˆ






”

•M•`
h
D~M  M•`
•
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~
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
→
ˆ
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D
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•
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
M`
h~
ˆ M M•`
•
A('t&"&A(?'H_MA<&"*=28&><&"2q!;Am&@&"1#A,1/%Uc&"A%J;!/!-(&'t&"
+R&/p'&A!&AM&A!&AAe&*%Uf(2m;Am&@&"1#A,1/%A%J&!;A'#&`AN&"'=2H_;Am&
@&"1#A,1/%Uc&"A%J +9(/p'&A9,Uf(*T 'A!,Hw(J;*)p' A%x2'o*=A,1/%'/R&
A,1/%2!2>%&&"),R&+(?)`t&"+NO&"A%9'H_&"2q!;Am&@&"'A!,Hw('V Hd&
32!+‘.%+M3A(1r&":K2'J2/


B
D
‘+

B
D
c&3A(1r&":K2'J2'‘+

B
D
+G'VHd&D
2!+‘.%+`=2H_;Am&@&"'t&"3A('t&"*=&"),R&'{2!2>%&'/%&";A8&'{;!/!-(&M
H(S)HF1•&'f(AG.+NO&"A,1/%2!2>%&'Ae.'/%&"*m&;A….;Am&@&"2z&"'t&"+R&`
=+(?)'/%&">m&"'AEA(?&/—H(S)&G,`
Bảng 3: Dehydro vòng hoá parafin trên xúc tác Pt Loại RD.150 ở điều kiện t
0

= 496
0
C , p = 15 KG /Cm
2
. tốc độ không gian thể tích truyền nguyên liệu V/
H / V bằng 2,0 – 2,6 . Tỷ số H
2
/ RH = 5 [ 1]
,1/%2!2>%&'Ae.M‚3A=(+NO&"
‘&"),R&+(?)
H_2A),E&A%J‚
&h
•

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D~M• •M
&h
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ˆM ˆ•M
#A
,1/%Uc&"A%J;!/!-(&HE'9%A,1/%2!2>%&'Ae.+G._''/%&"&AP&";Am&@&"W)!&"
'/^&"&Ap'2q!/#-%/.(&":K2'J2`AL;Am&@&"&G,.G2A%;A};>(d&Hw(._'+NO&"+f&
2J2AO;2Ap'2F'/C*=%2'!&'Ap;2q!&"),R&+(?)'AG&A2J2A,1/%2!2>%&'Ae.+G2J22p)
'{2F'/C*=%2'!&2!%`€Ul1Q'/C*=%2'!&2q!&h
•
•2c&/C*=%2'!&2q!'%+)#&•ƒ`
 !"#D

Am&@&":m,/!N)'(R&UG'9%'AG&A2J21•&:)p'2q!>#&"#&Uf(*=+NO&"2T2H9(M
&AF..#',+1l&A:)&"W)!&AM&d)&AN&"),R&+(?)2A%;A};`A˜&"A9&kˆ 

M&d)
&"),R&+(?)+GMDg1(.#',+A#:!&'As;Am&@&"Uc&"A%J:m,/!2c&3AFAe&&P!`
AN&"&d)'!'t&"&A(?'H_+R&'/R& 

M'AsA(?)*)p'A,1/%2!2>%&'Ae.'V2J2AO;
2Ap''/R&+9('t&"+R&&AL;Am&@&"HI&";A8&A%J+G.'A!,Hw(2p)'/K22q!.92A!+3,+`
Hình 3.Cân bằng n-C
6
– benzen Hình 4 .Cân bằng n-C
7

-toluen
trong phản ứng dehydro trong phản ứng dehydro
vòng hoá [ 1] vòng hóa [ 1]
1.1.4.Phản ứng hydrocracking parafin và naphten:
Am&@&"A,1/%2/!23(&"8,+G;Am&@&"2/!23(&"Uf(*T2F.x'2q!A,1/%;Am&
@&"1u"X,.92A'9%'AG&AA!(;!/!-(&3AJ2`8,+G;Am&@&"3A\&".%&".)=&2q!W)J
'/s&A`k2J2H(S)3(?&&Ap'HC&A2F'AE:m,/!2/!23(&"*8)'9%3AlUG*m&;A….&AŒUG
"(m.'AE'l2A*m&;A….+b&"UGHI&"'AL(2z&"+G."(m.A(?)*)p'A,1/%€Us'(R)'=&
'/%&";Am&@&"ƒ`%UY,A(?)*)p'*’"(m.M;Am&@&"&G,:m,/!3AJ2AY.UG2Aq,d)
HNO2:K2'J2>k(2A@2&t&"!:('2q!:K2'J2`ŠD‹
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.
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;
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1.1.5. Nhóm phản ứng tách các nguyên tố dị thể.
d)'/%&"&"),R&+(?)2F2J22Ap'2A@!MMB'As*’:m,/!2J2;Am&@&"'J2A2J2
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
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1.1.6. Phản ứng tạo cốc:
T'9%2=2'/%&"W)J'/s&A/#-%/.(&"+G3A\&".%&".)=&&AN&"1%*T'Ne&"'J2
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”;*)p'A,1/%
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D‚Hd&‚*%Uf('/^&"+NO&":K2'J2'/%&"3A%m&"'AL("(!&'Vˆ'AJ&"Hd&&t.`
 !"#ˆ
CH3
CH3
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'Ae.1%2m&'/k;Am&@&"1#A,1/%AF!`(S)&G,Hc(Ab(2J2&AG2\&"&"A?2[&2F._'
2AdH_H(S)3A(E&W)J'/s&A;ArAO;HEA9&2AdHNO2'=(H!W)J'/s&A'9%2=2HI&"'AL(
2A%A(?)*)p'*m&;A….2!%`
1.2. Cơ chế phản ứng reforming xúc tác :
1.2.1. Cơ chế phản ứng reforming hydrocacbon parafin:
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&!;A'#&™!/#&”
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t&"+NO&"A%9'A%J2q!2J2;Am&@&"2F"(J'/C'/%&"3A%m&"Hd& 32!+‘.%+Š‹
™”D
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-H2
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Tạo ion cacboni
M A Đóng vòng
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hình 5:Sơ đồ tổng quát reforming n-C
7
H
16
[2]
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A#:!&'AG&A>#&5#&kAs&Aˆ`
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hình 6:Sơ đồ quá trình chuyển hóa n-hexan thành benzen[2]
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1.2.2. Dehidro hóa naphten
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&G,` % HF '/%&" 1#A,1/% AF!;!/!-(&'ANL&"'9%'AG&A&!;A'#&'/Nf2'(R&M*!)HF
2A),E&AF!'AG&AA,1/%2!2>%&'Ae.
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1.2.3 Dehidro hóa đóng vòng parafin
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 !"#
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'AG&A Uc&" *J) UG 1#A,1/%AF!'AG&AA,1/%2!2>%&'Ae.`
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1.2.4 Phản ứng đồng phân hóa parafin
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'AG&A
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'A˜&"
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3(?&/#-%/.(&";Am&@&"&G,3A\&"1(u&/!`A!,UG%HF2J2A(1/%2!2>%&*’'A!.
"(!;Am&@&"A,1/%AF!UGA(1/%2/!23(&"`%HF;Am&@&"HI&";A8&AF!'/%&"W)J
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
1.3. Nhiệt động học của phản ứng và điều kiện phản ứng:
      6}''A\&"*=&A(?'H_&"A^22q!._'*=;Am&@&"W)!&'/^&"'/%&"WK!'/s&A
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Bảng 4: Các thông số nhiệt động học các phản ứng hydrocacbon C
6
[17]
Am&@&"
;[ 
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'/%&"3A(;Am&@&"A,1/%2/!23(&"'%m&A(?'M2J2*=+(?)2z&"2A%'Ap,A(?)@&"&A(?'2q!
;Am&@&";AQ'A)_22Al&AUG%&I&"H_:,2+%A#:!&'/%&"&"),R&+(?)Us&FAp;'AQ&A(?'
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2q!A‰&AO;&G,"(m.`
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UG&A(?'H_;Am&@&"2!%€ 
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A,1/%M&d)J;*)p'A,1/%2G&"2!%M*T+n&"H^&"2=2'/R&>S.x':K2'J22G&"l'`
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*m&;A….HNO2A%G&+9(Ur&";Am&@&"`
 !"#D
60
70
80
90
100
0 1 2 3 4 5
Áp suất thiết bị
Hiệu suất phản ứng ->100%
RON85
RON95
RON102
RON104
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*)p';Am&@&"UG%J;*)p';Am&@&"'9(&AP&"'/C*=%2'!&3AJ2&A!)`
hình 7: Hiệu suất phản ứng và áp suất tại những trị số octan khác nhau.
9(J;*)p'2!%2A%'/Nf2M'/C*=%2'!&2F'AEHNO2't&"3A('t&"&A(?'H_.x21r
H(S)&G,"8,/!*T.p'.J'A(?)*)p'1%;Am&@&"A,1/%2/!23(&"'t&"+R&`ANUY,W)J
'/s&A'ANL&"HNO2'AT2A(?&kJ;*)p''Ap;HEH9'HNO2A(?)*)p';A!+b&"'t&"+R&`),
&A(R&MJ;*)p'/(R&";A[&2q!A,1/%;Am(Hq2!%HE'/J&A*T'9%'AG&A&AP&"AO;2Ap'
3A\&"&%2F3Am&t&">C;%+(.#AF!'9%'AG&A2=2`
/%&"'AT2'dMW)J'/s&A2F'AEHNO2'(d&AG&A'/%&"3A%m&"&A(?'H_ ÷ 
%

UGJ;*)p'ˆM ÷ !'.`(S)3(?&2Ao2A),E&AF!._';A[&!/%.!'(22c&&d)'AT2A(?&k
&A(?'H_2!%Ae&UGJ;*)p'3A%m&"!'.'As2F'AE2A),E&AF!"[&&ANA%G&'%G&
&!;A'#&'AG&A!/%.!'(2'9(28&><&"Uf(&AP&"W)J'/s&A+G.U(?2kJ;*)p'2!%'VD÷ 
!'.'AsUY&'=2;Am&@&"A,1/%2/!23(&"2!%M.@2H_2A),E&AF!'AG&AAO;2Ap''Ae.
"(m.€>m&" ƒMUY&'=2;Am&@&"3A{A%9''l&A:K2'J2UGA(?)*)p'A,1/%'Ap;`"NO2+9(M
kJ;*)p''Ap;€•M ÷M !'.ƒH_2A),E&A%J2J2AO;2Ap''Ae.2!%MA(?)*)p'A,1/%2!%M
;Am&@&"A,1/%2/!23(&""(m.M&AN&"+9(&A!&A2AF&"3A{A%9''l&A:K2'J21%*T'9%
'AG&A2=2`
 !"#

Bảng 5: Đặc trưng vận tốc và hiệu ứng nhiệt của những phản ứng reforming
quan trọng:
%9(;Am&@&"
Y&'=2
'Ne&"H=(
œ&AANk&"2q!*T't&"J;
*)p''w&"2_&"
(?)@&"

&A(?'
,1/%2/!23(&" Ap;&Ap' Y&'=2't&" b!&A(?'UV!;Am(
#A,1/%AF!'9%
Uc&"
Ap;
A\&"m&AANk&"'f(*T
"(m.&Ab'/%&"UY&'=2
A)&A(?'
(*%.#AF!2q!
;!/!-(&
A!&A (m.UY&'=2 b!&A(?'l'
(*%.#AF!
&!;A'#&
A!&A (m.UY&'=2 b!&A(?'l'
#A,1/%AF!
;!/!-(&
AJ&A!&A (m.H_2A),E&AF! A)&A(?'
#A,1/%AF!
&!;A'#&
$p'&A!&A (m.H_2A),E&AF! $p''A)&A(?'
A(?'H_;Am&@&"HNO22A^&HE+G.28&><&""(P!*T't&"A%9''l&A:K2'J2UG
*T't&"UY&'=2;Am&@&"3A{A%9''l&A3A(&A(?'H_'t&"`
A%m&"&A(?'H_'Vˆ÷ 
%
UG'ANL&"+G"(P!•UG 
%
`AN&"W)J
'/s&AA%9'H_&"kJ;*)p''Ap;UG&A(?'H_3AJ2!%'9%/!*m&;A….2F'/C*=%2'!&2!%
&Ap'`A(:K2'J2>C.p'A%9''l&A'/%&"W)J'/s&AA%9'H_&"&A(?'H_'ANL&"HNO2"(m.'V
'VHE1),'/s'/C*=%2'!&3A\&"Hw(`

A%m&"UY&'=2'AE'l2A+G'VM~Hd& ;A[&'AE'l2A&"),R&+(?)+b&"'/R&'AE
'l2A:K2'J2'/%&"._'"(LM'ANL&"1r&"&Ap'+G'V÷`R&+T!2A^&UY&'=2*!%2A%
&AP&";Am&@&"A,1/%2/!23(&":m,/!'/%&""(f(A9&2A%;A};UG&AP&";Am&@&"
1#A,1/%AF!'9%Uc&":m,/!H9',R)2[).%&".)=&`Am&@&"'Ae.AF!UG(*%.#A%J
3A\&">Cm&AANk&">k(UY&'=23A\&""(!&&R&&AP&";Am&@&"&G,H9'28&><&"&"!,
2m3A(UY&'=23A\&""(!&2!%`
y+?.%+"(P!A,1/%UGA,1/%2!2>%&&"),R&+(?)'A!,Hw('VDHd&M&AN&";Aw>(d&
&Ap'+G'V Hd&•`y+?&G,'Asm&AANk&">p'+O(Hd&;Am&@&"'Ae.AF!M't&";Am&@&"
A,1/%2/!23(&"UG+G."(m.UY&'=2;Am&@&"`(J'/C+T!2A^&'ANL&"k"(f(A9&'Ap;HE
 !"#