Tài liệu Giáo Trình English Grammar 4

TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC ĐÀ LẠT
F 7 G







GIÁO TRÌNH
ENGLISH GRAMMAR 4




LÊ THỊ THIỆP








English Grammar 4 - 2 -
Leõ Thũ Thieọp Khoa Ngoaùi Ngửừ
CONTENT

CHAPTER I: NON- FINITE & VERBLESS CLAUSES 4
I. NON-FINITE CLAUSES 4
II- VERBLESS CLAUSES 4

III- OMISSION IN NON FINITE AND VERBLESS CLAUSES 5
EXERCISES 6
CHAPTER II: ANALYSIS OF SENTENCES 9
I- ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE SENTENCES 9
II- ANALYSIS OF COMPOUND SENTENCES 10
III- ANALYSIS OF COMPLEX SENTENCES 10
EXERCISES 11
CHAPTER III: MULTIWORD VERBS 13
I- PREPOSITIONS AND ADVERB PARTICLES 13
II- PHRASAL VERBS 13
III- PREPOSITIONAL VERBS 15
IV- PHRASAL-PREPOSITIONAL VERBS 16
EXERCISES 18
CHAPTER IV: THE VERB AND ITS COMPLEMENTATION 29
I. INTRANSITIVE VERBS 29
II. INTENSIVE COMPLEMENTATION 29
1. Copulas 29
2. Complementation of adjective phrase as subject complement 31
III- TRANSITIVE COMPLEMENTATION 33
1.Noun phrases as direct object 34
2. Finite clauses as direct object 35
3. Non-finite clauses as direct object 36
IV- COMPLEX TRANSITIVE COMPLEMENTATION 39
1. Non-finite and verbless clauses with subject 39
2. To-infinitive clauses with subject 39
4. Bare infinitive clauses with subject 40
5. ing participle clauses with subject 41
6. -ed participle clauses with subject 42
7. Verbless clauses with subject 43
V- DITRANSITIVE COMPLEMENTATION 44

1. Noun phrase as both indirect object and direct object 44
2. Ditransitive prepositional verbs 46
3. Idiomatic expressions consisting of verb + noun phrase + preposition 46
4. Noun phrases as indirect object + finite clauses as a direct object 47
5. Noun phrases as indirect object + non-finite clauses as direct object 47
EXERCISES 48
CHAPTER V TEXT ANALYSIS 64
I. WATCHING CHILDREN 64
II. FIRST IMPRESSIONS 64
English Grammar 4 - 3 -
Leõ Thũ Thieọp Khoa Ngoaùi Ngửừ
III. THE THOUGHTS OF HENRY WILT 65
IV. AN ENGLISH LESSON 66
REVISION TEST 68
BOOKS FOR REFERENCE 72

English Grammar 4 - 4 -
Leõ Thũ Thieọp Khoa Ngoaùi Ngửừ

CHAPTER I:
NON- FINITE & VERBLESS CLAUSES

I. NON-FINITE CLAUSES
None finite clauses are clauses whose verb element is a non-finite verb phrase,
i.e. consists of non-finite elements such as an ING participle (a), an ED participle
(b), or an infinitive (c and d). Non- finite clauses can be constructed with or without
a subject.
(a) ING participle clauses
:
Without a subject: Feeling rather tired
, I telephoned and said I couldnt come.
With a subject: All the money having been spent
, we started looking for work.
(b) ED participle clauses
:
Without a subject: Covered with confusion
, she hurriedly left the room.
With a subject: The job finished
, we went home straight away.
(c) TO- infinitive clauses

:
Without a subject: The best thing would be to tell everybody
.
With a subject: The best thing would be for you to tell everybody
.
(The subject of an infinitive clause is often introduced by FOR.)
(d) Bare infinitive
:
Without a subject: All I did was tell her the truth
.
With a subject: Rather than John do it
, Id prefer to do the job myself.

II- VERBLESS CLAUSES
Verbless clauses are clauses which contain no verb element, and often also no subject.
They are regarded as clauses because they function in ways, which make them
equivalent to finite and non- finite clauses, and because they can be analyzed in terms
of one or more clause elements. We can usually assume that a form of the verb BE has
been omitted:
Dozens of tourists were stranded, many of them children
.
(= many of tourists were children)
A sleeping bag under each arm
, Mr. Johnson tramped off on his vacation.
(= There was a sleeping bag under each of his arms)
The subject, when omitted, can usually be understood as equivalent to the subject of the
main clause:
The oranges, when ripe
, are picked and sorted. (= when they are ripe)
Whether right or wrong

, Michael always comes off worst in an argument.
(= Whether he is right or wrong)
An adjective (or adjective phrase) can function as a verbless clause:
By then nervous
, the man opened the letter.
The man, by then nervous
, opened the letter.
English Grammar 4 - 5 -
Leõ Thũ Thieọp Khoa Ngoaùi Ngửừ
Long and untidy, his hair waved in the breeze.
An adverb may sometimes replace an adjective functioning as a verbless clause with
little difference in meaning:
Nervously/ Nervous
, the man opened the letter.

III- OMISSION IN NON FINITE AND VERBLESS CLAUSES
Non- finite and verbless clauses are mostly used in formal or written styles of
English because they are more economical and avoid repetition in comparison with
finite subclauses.
*TO- infinitive clauses:
I hope to be present. (= I hope that I shall be present.)
*-ING clauses
: Living in the country, we had few social visits.
(= Since we lived in the country )
*-ED clauses:
The man injured by the bullet was taken to the hospital.
(= The man who was injured by the bullet )
Though defeated, he remained a popular leader.
(with subordinator though)
(= Though he had been defeated )

Verbless clauses:

A man of few words
, Uncle George declined to express an opinion.
(= As he was a man of few words )


************************************
English Grammar 4 - 6 -
Leõ Thũ Thieọp Khoa Ngoaùi Ngửừ
EXERCISES

NON- FINITE AND VERBLESS CLAUSES

I/ Underline and classify the function of the non- finite and verbless clauses in the
following sentences:
1. My favourite thing to do is collecting actors photographs.

2. You must learn to work hard and to deal with difficulties.

3. She sang when allowed to do so.

4. The long journey over, we relaxed in the warm sunshine.

5. He was a delightful companion, always cheerful and considerate.

6. Having been invited to speak, and then being told to keep silent, I shall never
come here again as long as I live.

7. Since I have been especially invited to speak, for you now to tell me I can not do

so is quite unpardonable.

8. Standing here all day, I see many strange faces.

9. Standing here all day is extremely tiring.

10. My greatest pleasure is to listen to chamber music.

11. To listen to chamber music is my greatest pleasure.

12. To speak in public for the first time can be a terrifying experience.

13. His greatest pleasure, climbing mountains, had to be abandoned.

14. While in the army, he learnt a great deal about electricity.

15. I expect everyone to be punctual this evening.

16. Not feeling very well, I decided to stay at home.

17. They pump waste into the water, killing all the fish.

18. Taken daily, vitamin pills can improve your health.
English Grammar 4 - 7 -
Leõ Thũ Thieọp Khoa Ngoaùi Ngửừ

19. To turn down the invitation seems rude.

20. The important thing is not to panic.

21. Not very happy with the result, he said nothing to his girlfriend.

22. His ambition, to be a straight actor, was never fulfilled.

23. Whether busy or not, you have to come to our party next Sunday.

24. Although a very pretty girl, she agreed to marry an ugly man.

25. Walking quickly is difficult for her now.

26. The child crying over there always helps me with my housework.

27. The concert given by the Philharmonic Orchestra was a great success.

28. I will never let you use my bicycle again.

29. In the next berth, she could hear her stepmother breathing heavily.


30. This duty completed, he had three months leave.


II/ The non- finite clauses in the sentences below are open to more than one
interpretation. Illustrate this by expanding each dependent clause in two different
ways:
1. I ran over a dog crossing the square.

2. To see her alone would be very indiscreet.

3. Though shouting as loudly as possible, the rescuers could not hear us.

4. Dressed in white robes, we thought the visitors looked like priests in some
strange ceremony.

5. I regret speaking to you so bluntly.

6. Walking fast after breakfast could be fatal.

7. He was so ill as to be obliged to give up work altogether.
English Grammar 4 - 8 -
Leõ Thũ Thieọp Khoa Ngoaùi Ngửừ

8. It will take several hours to finish this.

9. Whether here or not, his application will have to be considered.

10. Always afraid of snakes, we shut every door and window at night.

English Grammar 4 - 9 -
Leõ Thũ Thieọp Khoa Ngoaùi Ngửừ
CHAPTER II:
ANALYSIS OF SENTENCES

To analyse a sentence is to break it up into its component parts and to show the
mutual relations of those parts. Each clause contains one finite verb, so if we know the
number of finite verbs we know the number of clauses in a complex sentence or a
passage.
There are three kinds of sentences:
+ Simple sentences
: -The baby cried loudly.
-I wrote a letter to my cousin.
+ Compound sentences
: The baby cried and shouted his mothers name.
I wrote
a letter to my cousin, but he didnt reply it.
+ Complex sentences
: Although the baby cried loudly, nobody heard him.
I wrote a letter to my cousin so that I could tell him about my
conclusion.


I-
ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE SENTENCES

A simple sentence is one that has only one finite verb
. Every sentence can be
divided in two main parts: the subject and the predicate.

- SUBJECT: the part of the sentence which names what we speak about.
The chief part of the subject may be a noun or a noun equivalent
.
- PREDICATE: the part of the sentence which makes a statement about
the subject. The chief part of the predicate is a finite verb
including its
complementation or not.
Ex
: These roses smell sweet.

Walking
can help improve your health.

Seven sentence patterns of the simple sentence
:
1. S V We / were dancing.
2. S V C We / were / tired.
3. S V A We / were dancing / at Queen discotheque.
4. S V O Who / knows / the answer ?
5. S V O C The director / made / us / disappointed.
6. S V O A Please put / this box / under the cupboard.
7. S V O O My sister / showed / me / her boyfriends photo.




English Grammar 4 - 10 -
Leõ Thũ Thieọp Khoa Ngoaùi Ngửừ

II-

ANALYSIS OF COMPOUND SENTENCES

A compound sentence is made up of two (or more) co-ordinate clauses joining by
conjunction(s). These clauses are of equal importance.
Ex
: Bring your book here and open it at page 4; but dont begin reading.
In compound sentences the subject or the auxiliary verb, or both, may be omitted in
the second sentence if they are the same as those in the first sentence.
Ex
: You must come tomorrow and (you must) bring your book with you.
- Number of clauses: 2 * you must come tomorrow
(Both are main clauses) * (you must) bring your book with you
- Connecting word: but

III-
ANALYSIS OF COMPLEX SENTENCES

- A complex sentence normally has one independent clause (principle clause) and
one or more dependent clauses (subordinate clauses).
E.g.: Although she was tired
, she walked up to the third floor because she wanted the
exercise.
1 2 3
1,3: dependent clauses
2: independent clause.
- To analyse a complex sentence is:
1) To find out the number of clauses.
2) To identity the principal clause and all the subordinate clause(s), then indicate
their functions in the sentence.
3) To make remarks on the connecting words in order to determine the nature of

clauses.
E.g
:
1- The boy, who was crying as if his heart would break, when I spoke to him, said
that he was hungry because he had had nothing to eat for two days.

Clause Kind of
clause
Function Connecting
words
The boy said Principle Makes a statement
who was crying Adjective Qualifies boy who
as if his heart would break Adverb Modifies was crying as if
when I spoke to him Adverb Modifies said when
that he was hungry Noun Object of said that
to eat Non finite
To-
Postmodifies nothing


English Grammar 4 - 11 -
Leõ Thũ Thieọp Khoa Ngoaùi Ngửừ
infinitive

Branch diagram
: Principle clause


Noun cl. Adverb cl. Adjective cl.
Adv. cl. Adv. clause

2- She knew, as she conversed in superstitious whispers with Mrs. Rose, who has
taught her all she knew that she had made the mistake of her life in coming to this
nightmare of a country with her unborn child.

Clause Kind of clause Function Connecting
words
1. She knew Principle Makes a statement
2. as she conversed Rose Adv. cl. of time Modifies knew as
3. who her all Adj. clause Qualifies Mrs. Rose who
4. she knew Adj. clause Qualifies all
5. that she had made child Noun clause Object of knew that
Or: all she knew Noun clause Object of knew

EXERCISES
Analyse the following sentences:

1. An observant person who sees the carcass of a small animal lying on the ground
will probably find, if he returns to the spot the next day, that the object has
disappeared.



2. Anxious to finish all the typing that had accumulated, the secretary told the
manager, when he was going to leave the office, that she decided to work
overtime until she completed the work without having lunch and he, a very kind
man, agreed and asked if she had anything to eat.


3. She couldnt remember how many times she had sat her window and said to

herself that although busy Bob would come to meet her.


4. When she used the leather trap, she displayed a strength that even the biggest,
most loutish boy dreaded for not only did she fail his hands until they swelled to
English Grammar 4 - 12 -
Leõ Thũ Thieọp Khoa Ngoaùi Ngửừ
red, aching paws, but she tongue-lashed him with a virtuosity that threw her
classes into an ecstasy of silent delight.


5. Richard, though he had not previously answered any questions when the teacher
asked him, now said that he knew the answer to this one because it was in the
lesson that he had just read.


6. When the teacher asked what part of speech a word was, John said, I can tell
you the answer, if you will give me a sentence in which the word is used.


7. James controlled himself, for he did not want to betray his surprise, and his
whole future depended on success at this interview.



8. As dawn approached, the sky grew red, the crowds became quieter, the cold was
making itself felt somewhat less acutely, and an atmosphere of steady calm
replaced the extremes of indifference on one hand and uncontrolled abandon on
the other.

9. I explained to everyone when being asked for help that I was not a healer and
that I did not know if my roots might help but that if they wished me to try to heal
Bob I would do so.



10. The general idea is that a home is at the right temperature if, while indoors, you
can wear clothes which are the exact opposite of those appropriate for the
season.










English Grammar 4 - 13 -
Leõ Thũ Thieọp Khoa Ngoaùi Ngửừ
CHAPTER III:
MULTIWORD VERBS

I- PREPOSITIONS AND ADVERB PARTICLES
Compare the following sentences:
My car started rolling down the hill.
I can dive off the top board.

My cars just broken down.
Well have to put the party off.
In the first two sentences, down and off are prepositions. Like all prepositions, they are
used with objects: down the hill, off the top board. In the last two examples, down and
off are not prepositions. (Down has no object in the third sentence; in the fourth, the
party is the object of put, or of put off together, not of off.) Down and off, in these cases,
are used rather like adverbs, to change the meaning of the verb (broken down = stopped;
put off = postpone), and they are called adverb (or adverbial) particles.
On the whole, the same words can act as both prepositions and adverb particles: up,
down, on, off, through, past, etc. However, the two groups are not exactly the same. For
example, at, for, from, into, of, with are not used as adverb particles; away, back, out are
not used as prepositions.The adverbial particles most commonly used to form part of a
phrasal verb are: up, down, in, out, on, off, away, back.

II- PHRASAL VERBS
When a verb is used with an adverb particle, the combination is called a phrasal verb.
There are a very large of these in English. The meaning of a phrasal verb is often very
different from the meanings of the two words taken separately. In order to understand
the meaning of a phrasal verb, you may have to refer to the dictionary. Phrasal verbs
can be intransitive (not followed by a direct object) or transitive (followed by a direct
object).
Examples of phrasal verbs:
(intransitive)
break down get up sit down turn up (=arrive, appear)
(transitive)
bring something up (= mention it)
kick somebody out (= expel him)
put something off (= postpone it)
put somebody up (= accommodate him)

throw something away
turn something down (= refuse it)
When a phrasal verb has a direct object, the two parts of the verb can usually be
separated: the adverb particle can be put before or after the object.
English Grammar 4 - 14 -
Leõ Thũ Thieọp Khoa Ngoaùi Ngửừ
Well have to put off the party / put the party off.
Why dont you throw away that stupid hat / throw that stupid hat away ?
Could you put up my sister / put my sister up for three nights ?
However, when the object is a pronoun (e.g. her, us, this), the adverb particle can only
go after the object.
Well have to put it off (Not: *put off it.)
Could you put her up ? (Not: *put up her.)

1. Type 1: Intransitive phrasal verbs

One common type of multi-word verb
is the intransitive phrasal verb consisting of a
verb plus a particle, as exemplified in
The children were sitting down. He is playing around.
Drink up quickly. Get up at once.
The plane has now taken off. Did he catch on ?
The prisoner finally broke down. He turned up unexpectedly.
When will they give in ? The tank blew up.
Most of particles are place adjuncts
or can function as such . Normally, the particle
cannot be separated from its verb (*Drink quickly up), though particles used as
intensifiers or perfectives or referring to direction can be modified by intensifiers (Go
right on).
A subtype of intransitive phrasal verb has a prepositional verb as its particle, the

particle behaving as a preposition with some generalized ellipsis of its complement:
He walked past (the object/place)
In some instances, the particles form the first element in a complex preposition:
Come along (with us/me)
They moved out (of the house)
Phrasal verbs vary in the extent to which the combination preserves the individual
meanings of verb and particle. In instances like give in (surrender) catch
on(understand), and turn up (appear), it is clear that the meaning of the combination
cannot be predicted from the meanings of the verb and particle in isolation.

2.Type 2: Transitive phrasal verbs

Many phrasal verbs can take a direct object:
We will set up a new unit. They are bringing over the whole family.
Find out whether they are coming. She is bringing up her brothers children.
Drink up your milk quickly. They called off the strike.
They turned on the light. I cant make out what he means.
They gave in their resignation. He looked up his former friends.
He cant live down his part.

As we see from the examples here and in intransitive phrasal verb(Type 1), some
combinations (drink up, give in) can be either transitive or intransitive, with or without a
difference of meaning .
English Grammar 4 - 15 -
Leõ Thũ Thieọp Khoa Ngoaùi Ngửừ
With most transitive phrasal verbs, the particle can either precede or follow the
direct object:
They turned on the light. ~ They turned the light on.
although it cannot precede personal pronouns: They turned it on and not *They turned on
it (expect, rarely, with contrastive stress.). The particle tends to precede the object if the

object is long or if the intention is that the object should receive end-focus.
Many transitive phrasal verbs have prepositional adverbs:
They dragged the case along (the road).
They moved the furniture out (of the house).
In these examples the particles have literal meanings. We can contrast
She took in the box (brought inside).
She took in her parents (deceived).

As with the intransitives, transitive phrasal verbs in the extent to which they form
idiomatic combinations. For example, the verb and particle in put out the cat preserve
their individual meanings in that combination and in a wide range of other
combinations (e.g.: put + down/outside/away/aside; take/turn/bring/push/send/drag +
out). There are fewer alternative combinations that the verb and particle in turn out the
light can enter (turn + on/off/down/up; switch + on). Finally, in put off (postpone) the
verb and particle are fused into a new idiomatic combination, which does not allow for
contrasts in the individual elements.
Note.
With put N out we can compare put N straight and other complex transitive
constructions.

III- PREPOSITIONAL VERBS

The preposition in a prepositional verb must precede its complement. Hence, we can
contrast the prepositional verb call on (visit) with the phrasal verb call up (summon):
They called on the man. They called up the man.
They called on him. *They called up him.
*They called the man on. They called the man up.
*They called him on. They called him up.

On the other hand, the prepositional verb allows an inserted adverb after the verb and a

relative pronoun after the preposition:
They called early on the man. *They called early up the man.
The man on whom they called. * The man up whom they called.

In general, prepositional verbs, such as call on or look at, plus their prepositional
complements differ from single-word verbs plus prepositional phrases, as in They called
at the hotel and They called after lunch, in that they allow pronominal questions with
English Grammar 4 - 16 -
Leõ Thũ Thieọp Khoa Ngoaùi Ngửừ
who(m) for personal noun phrases and what for non-personal noun phrases but do not
allow adverbial questions for the whole prepositional phrase:
They called on the man. ~ Who(m) did they call on ?
~ *Where did they call ?
They looked at the picture. ~ What did they look at ?
~*Where did they look ?
They called at the hotel (or after lunch). ~ *What did they call at (or after)?
~ Where (or when) did they call ?

Many prepositional verbs allow the noun phrases to become the subject of a passive
transformation of the sentence:
They called on the man. ~ The man was called on.
They looked at the picture. ~ The picture was looked at.
Other prepositional verbs do not occur in the passive freely, but will do so under certain
conditions, such as the presence of a particular modal:
Visitors didnt walk over the lawn.
~The lawn wasnt walked over (by visitors).
Visitors cant walk over the lawn.
~The lawn cant be walked over (by visitors).

Other examples of prepositional verbs

: ask for, believe in, care for, deal with, live on,
long for, object to, part with, refer to, write about.
Like phrasal verbs, prepositional verbs vary in their idiomaticity. Highly idiomatic
combinations include go into (a problem), investigate, come by (the book), obtain.

IV- PHRASAL-PREPOSITIONAL VERBS

Some multi-word verbs consist of a verb followed by two particles:
He puts up with a lot of teasing (tolerates)

As with prepositional verbs, we can analyse these as transitive verbs with the
following noun phrase as direct object. They allow pronominal questions and under
certain conditions can occur in the passive:
He cant put up with bad temper. ~ What cant he put up with ?
~ Bad temper cant be put up with for long.

As with single-word transitives and prepositional verbs, we cannot insert an adverb
immediately before the object:
*He puts up with willingly that secretary of his.
though it is possible to do so between the particles:
He puts up willingly with that secretary of his.
We look forward eagerly to your next party.

English Grammar 4 - 17 -
Leõ Thũ Thieọp Khoa Ngoaùi Ngửừ
In relative clauses and questions, the particles are positioned after the verb:
The party we were looking forward to so eagerly.
Who(m) does he put up with willingly ?
or (less commonly) the final particle can be brought into initial position:
The party to which we were looking forward so eagerly.

With whom does he put up willingly ?

Like phrasal and prepositional verbs, these multi-word verbs vary in their
idiomaticity. Some, like stay away from (avoid), are easily understood from their
individual elements, though often with figurative meaning, e.g.: stand up for (support).
Others are fused combinations, and it is difficult or impossible to assign meaning to any
of the parts: e.g.: put up with (tolerate). There are still others where there is a fusion of
the verb with the first particle or where one or more of the elements may seem to retain
some individual meaning. For example, put up with can also mean stay with, and in
that sense put up constitutes a unit by itself (cf.: stay with, put up at, and the transitive
phrasal verb put up in I can put you up). Similarly, check up on (his record),
investigate, is analysable as consisting of the prepositional verb check on plus the
intensifying up. We also have the single-word verb check, and therefore three transitive
verbs of similar meaning, together with the intransitive check and check up.


Other examples of phrasal-prepositional verbs: break in on (the
conversation), interrupt ; cut down on (expenses), curtail; get away with
(such behaviour), avoid being reprimanded or punished for; look down on
(somebody), despise; look in on (somebody), visit; look up to (somebody),
respect; walk out on (the project), abandon.
English Grammar 4 - 18 -
Leõ Thũ Thieọp Khoa Ngoaùi Ngửừ
EXERCISES
CHAPTER 3: Phrasal verbs, prepositional verbs, phrasalprepositional verbs.

Exercise 1.
The structure of the verb phrase can be analysed in a number of ways, including the
following:
a. Verb + particle eg sat down

b. V + prepositional phrase ,, ran across the road
c. V. + particle + prepositional phrase ,, set off on a journey
d. V. + prepositional adv. ,, ran across
e. V. + prep. adv. + prep. phrase ,, go across to the bakers
f. Transitive phrasal v. + object ,, find out the truth
g. Prepositional v. + object ,, looked at me
h. Phrasal-prepositional v. + object ,, put up with him

Indicate, by a, b, c, etc., in which the of those eight ways the verb phrase in each of
sentences below can be analysed:
1. I went into the dining room.
2. We went into the matter carefully.
3. We must call in the police.
4. The police will call in a car.
5. I rushed out of the house.
6. I rushed out.
7. I drove out to my friends.
8. They all trooped off.
9. They all set off down the road.
10. He flew across the Atlantic.
11. We flew across in no time.
12. How long can one do without
water ?
13. Has anyone rung up ?
14. Has anyone rung me up ?
15. Dont come down.
16. Dont give up.
17. Dont give me away.
18. You must face up to your

19. You must come up to my office.
20. We must make up for lost time.

21. Will you come up for a cup of tea ?
22. The train has passed over the bridge.
23. It has passed over safely.
24. The selection committee has
passed you over.
25. My hat has fallen off.
26. The plane has taken off.
27. The actor took the President off
beautifully.
28. Go onto the platform.
29. Go on to the next town.
30. You must cut down on
cigarettes
responsibilities.
Exercise 2.
Replace the object in each of these sentences by the corresponding pronoun; then give the whole
new sentence:

1. Back up the hill.
2. Back up your friends.
3. Call off the game.
4. Come off my bed.
5. Get over the wall.
6. Get this meeting over.
English Grammar 4 - 19 -
Leõ Thũ Thieọp Khoa Ngoaùi Ngửừ
7. Swim across the river.

8. Put across this message.
9. Run in the race.
10. Run in the engine.
11. Step up this ladder.
12. Step up production.
13. You take affter your father.
14. I took to John at once.
15. You can take over my job.
16. Dont turn on the light.
17. The dog turned on the stranger.
18. Turn down this street.
19. Turn down his proposal.
20. Now wind up your watch

Exercise 3.
Say whether the adverb, in brackets, could fit into position a, b, c or d. Note that more than one
position may be possible.

1. They looked
a
at
b
the picture
c
(carefully)
2. They turned
a
on
b
the gas

c
(slowly)
3. They turned
a
the gas
b
on
c
(slowly)
4. Hes catching
a
up
b
with
c
the leaders
d
(quickly)
5. Go
a
on
b
to the end
c
(right)
6. The negotiations have
a
broken
b
down

c
(completely)
7. The crowd made
a
for
b
shelter
c
(hurriedly)
8. The Spartans brought
a
their children
b
up
c
(strictly)
9. Ill look
a
into
b
your complaint c (immediately)
10. He puts
a
up
b
with
c
any inconvenience
d
(patiently)

Exercise 4.
Change the position of the word underlined, if it is mobile:

1. The Spartans brought up
their children strictly.

2. Lester gradually caught up
with the leaders.
.
3. I dont want to break up
the party.

4. The meeting broke up
in disorder.
.
5. We must hurry to make up
for lost time.
.
6. Please send this telegram off
urgently.

7. Please get that parcel off
at once.
.
8. Why dont you take off
your coat?

9. We must find out
the answer somehow.

English Grammar 4 - 20 -
Leõ Thũ Thieọp Khoa Ngoaùi Ngửừ
Exercise 5.
Put into the passive, supplying the by-phrase only if it contains relevant and essential
information.
1. I will bring up this question at our next meeting.

2. We shall then deal with it more fully.

3. Have you looked into this matter?

4. The facts do not bear out your argument.
.
5. No one has ever looked after this house properly.
.
6. Is anybody attending to you?

7. They have turned down my application.

8. Thieves broke into the National Bank last night.
.
9. The citizens set upon any foreigner, however innocent.

10. You must get on with this job immediately.


Exercise 6.
Transform each of the sentences below in the following way:

I was looking for that book ~
That is the book I was looking for.

1. We were just talking about that article.

2. Queen Elizabeth slept in this bed.

3. I want to back out of that agreement.
.
4. I want you to break down those figures.
.

5. I think we should leave this sentence out.
.

6. We have not yet dealt with this paragraph.
.

English Grammar 4 - 21 -
Leõ Thũ Thieọp Khoa Ngoaùi Ngửừ
7. We must now see to this matter.
.

8. I was looking forward to that film.
.
9. We must cut down on these expenses.
.

10. You should get on with this job first.

.


Exercise 7. *Word order after phrasal and prepositional verbs


I. Replace the words in italics by a suitable pronoun, making any necessary changes in
word order.
The applicant filled in the form.
The applicant filled it in. (Phrasal verb)
John takes after his father.
John takes after him. (Prepositional verb)
1. Companies do a great deal of research in order to find out exactly what their customers
want.
.
2. The motorist ruled out one particular route because the road had a poor surface.
.

3. Whos looking after your house while youre away?
.

4. Employees working in research departments are forbidden to give away confidential
information.
.

5. We might have known he would blurt out the news to everybody!
.

6. I looked at the problem quite differently
.

7. His publishers will soon be bringing out his latest collection of essays.
.

8. The Company has put forward several new proposals
.
English Grammar 4 - 22 -
Leõ Thũ Thieọp Khoa Ngoaùi Ngửừ

9. You should put away the medicine where the children cant get at the medicine.
.

10. The Council has decided to try out new defensive barriers along the centre of the
motorway.
.

11. Accountants seem to develop a remarkable facility for adding up a long column of
figures.
.

12. If the dog isnt kept chained up, he goes for everyone who enters the garden.
.

13. Dont come here stirring up trouble!
.

14. I took to your friend as soon as I met him
.

II. Replace the pronoun in italics by the words at the end of the sentences, making any

necessary changes in word order. If you think there are two possibilities, state both.

The applicant filled it in. (the form)
The applicant filled the form in.
or The applicant filled in the form.
The applicant filled it in. (the long and complicated application form)
The applicant filled in the long and complicated application form.
1. The Minister brushed them aside. (all objections)
.

2. The Minister brushed them aside. (objections made by members of the Opposition)
.

3. The Embassy refused to hand him over. (the man who sought political asylum)
.

4. It is not yet clear who will take it on. (the job)
.

5. It is not yet clear who will take it on. (the captaincy of the English touring team)
.

English Grammar 4 - 23 -
Leõ Thũ Thieọp Khoa Ngoaùi Ngửừ
6. He always wraps them up in a cloud of obscurity. (his arguments)
.

7. The State should not interfere in matters where it cannot bring it about. (an
improvement).
.

8. Insurance companies expect clients shortly to be putting them in after the recent floods.
(some very heavy claims).
.

9. To become competitive in world markets, British manufacturers must keep them down to
the absolute minimum. (their production costs).
.

10. The industrial spy handed them over. (the confidential papers he had obtained).
.

11. They are trying them out in America. (many new synthetic products).
.

12. No one brought it up (the question).
.

13. No one brought them up. (the questions everyone most wanted to hear asked).
.

14. I read it quickly through. (the letter I had just received).
.

Exercise 8. Replacing words with phrasal or prepositional verbs


Replace the words in italics, using the verbs indicated at the head of the exercises
together with an adverbial or prepositional particle, and making any necessary changes in word
order. (NB. In some cases, two particles are required.)

I. TURN:
1. The manager refused his request for a day off.
.

2. I waited half an hour for my friend, but he didnt come
.

3. Its about time we went to bed.
English Grammar 4 - 24 -
Leõ Thũ Thieọp Khoa Ngoaùi Ngửừ
.

4. Would you lower the gas when the kettle boils?
.

5. His landlady evicted him for not paying his rent.
.

6. The police told the suspected thief to empty his pockets.
.

7. Crowds of people had to be refused admission to the theatre.
.

8. This popular sport car is now being produced at the rate of a thousand a week.
.

9. Our visit proved to be a waste of time because fog reduced visibility.
.

10. After being hit by a huge wave, the rowing-boat capsized.
.

11. Although the dog appeared to be friendly, it would attack anyone who tried to fondle it.
.

II. GET:
1. We wondered how he was progressing in his new job.
.

2. I dont think I shall complete all this work this afternoon.
.

3. She is so upset at her husbands death that I dont think she will ever recover from the
shock.
.

4. She put the book in a place where the child couldnt reach it.
.

5. As its got to be done, we may as well have done with it.
.

6. He says that his lack of success is beginning to depress him.
English Grammar 4 - 25 -
Leõ Thũ Thieọp Khoa Ngoaùi Ngửừ
.

7. You must really apply yourself to some serious work.

.

8. I see no way of avoiding the problem.
.

9. The business partnership flourished despite the fact that they didnt agree well
personally.
.

10. It must be nearly ten oclock!
.

III. TAKE:
1. The teacher said I ought to start learning French.
.

2. He resembles his father in many ways.
.

3. The son assumed control of the business on the retirement of his father.
.

4. The man looked so respectable and honest that I was completely deceived.
.

5. He undertook so much work that he couldnt really do it efficiently.
.

6. The secretary wrote the letter in shorthand as the manager dictated it to her.
.

7. When he discovered the truth, he retracted all he had previously said.
.

8. That teacher has a way with children: they seem to like her immediately.
.

9. I dont wish to occupy too much of your time.
.

10. The shopkeeper agreed to deduct five per cent from the bill.