VIN KHOA HC K THUT NNG NGHIP MIN NAM
PHNG NGHIN CU H THNG NNG NGHIP
Bo co khoa hc
N TCH NGNH HNG L GO
NG BNG SNG CU LONG
Nghin cu trng hp l thm Khao-Dawk-Mali 105
Tnh Long An v l cao sn Tnh An Giang
t
L Vn Gia Nh
Nguyn Vn Ngi
TP.HCM, 5-2005
1
Trang
1. 1
2. 2
2.1 2
2.2 2
2.3 2
2.3.1 2
2.3.2 3
2.3.3
5
2.3.4 7
3. 8
3.1 8
3.1.1 8
3.1.2 9
3.1.3 14
3.1.4 21
3.2 23
3.2.1 23
3.2.2 24
3.3 30
4 39
40
41
49
2
DANH SCH
Trang
3
4
C
4
4
9
Long An 13
14
15
KDM105, 2003 16
KDM105,2003 17
18
- 18
KDM105, 2003 19
nh
- -
20
21
22
-
24
- 25
26
hng xo,
26
-
27
3
-
28
kg -
29
30
31
32
33
33
33
34
35
36
kinh t 38
gim 38
38
4
:
10
11
23
-2004 37
5
- BVTV : Bo v thc vt
- CCA : Commodity Chain Analysis
- CTLTLA: Cng ty Lng thc Long An
- DRC : Domestic Resource Cost
- DNQD : Doanh nghip quc doanh
- BSCL: ng Bng Sng Cu Long
- EPC: Effective Protection Coefficient
- FF: Financial Fees
- GPr: Gross Profit
- KDM: Khao Dawk-Mali
- NPC: Nominal Protection Coefficient
- NPT: Net Policy Transfer
- PC: Profitability Coefficient
- SPR: Subsidy Ratio to Produccers
- SER: Social Exchange Rate
- T : Taxes
- W : Wages
- UBKH : y Ban K Hoch
- VA: Value Added
6
m Khao-Dawk-Mali 105
66 -
74
tection n
h
TS Ph Trng Khoa Khoa Kinh t - Trng H Nng Lm Tp.HCM
7
COMMODITY CHAIN ANALYSIS OF RICE PRODUCTION
IN THE CUU LONG RIVER DELTA
Case study of aromatic rice variety Khao-Dawk-Mali 105 in Long An Province and
the high yield variety in An Giang Province
ABSTRACT
The study focus on analysis of commodity chain of four
exported rice groups: KDM105, rice grade 5, 10, and 15%. Through
Commodity Chain Analysis (CCA) methodology and application of
Policy Analysis Matrix (PAM) helped us to analyze value chain of
commodity and policy effect on rice production system. Research
result showed that: farmer played essential role in creating 66 - 90%
of value added and received over 74% of profit from rice commodity
chain. The Nominal Protection Coefficient (NPC) and Effective
Protection Coefficient (EPC) were less than 1; these results affirmed
that government had not protected rice commodity chain. The
Domestic Resource Cost (DRC) was less than 1, it proved that
production and exportation of rice had been able to contribute
effectively foreign currency to national budget. The sensitive analysis
showed that DRC was rarely greater than 1; this means that the loss
of rice production comparativeness had not been able to occur.
TS Trng Khoa Khoa Kinh t - Trng H Nng Lm Tp.HCM
8
-Dawk-Mali 105
1.
ng Bng Sng Cu Long l ngun cung ng go chnh cho xut khu ca Vit
Nam. Vic sn xut v xut khu go em li li ch cho ngi trng l, ngi kinh
doanh l go v xut khu. Tuy nhin li ch ca nhng tc nhn tham gia trong qu trnh
sn xut v xut khu go ph thuc rt ln vo chnh sch ca nh nc lin quan n qu
trnh sn xut v xut khu go. Do , vic phn tch ngnh hng (CCA Commodity
Chain Anlysis) s gip cho vic lng ha nh gi tc ng chnh sch thng qua phn
tch cc thng s ca Bng Ma-trn Phn tch Chnh sch (PAM Policy Analysis Matrix).
T cho php xut mt s chnh sch thch hp lin quan n qu trnh sn xut v
xut khu go. Hn na, vic xut khu go mang li ngoi t v cho Vit Nam g phn
ci thin cn cn thng mi. Tuy nhin, vic mang li ngoi t c thc s hiu qu
khng? Nghin cu li th so snh ca vic sn xut v xut khu go s tr li cu hi ,
c th ch tiu Chi ph ni ngun (DRC Domestic Resource Cost) c c lng trong
nghin cu ny.
Phng php phn tch ngnh hng c Phm Vn nh (1999) s dng
phn tch ngnh hng vi thiu Lc Ngn (tnh Bc Giang) rt ra kt lun v chnh sch
bo h ca chnh ph i vi ngnh ny, v khng nh ngnh hng vi thiu c li th so
snh (DRC = 0,47). PAM c S.Yao (1997) s dng phn tch v so snh li th so
snh ca sn xut l, u nnh, u xanh ph bc Thi Lan nm 1992-1993 v kt lun
rng sn xut la ca Thi Lan vn c li th so snh. Samarendu Mohaty (2003) s
dng PAM nh gi li th so snh sn xut bng vi nm bang ca n vo nm
1996-1997, kt qu ch ra sn xut bng vi khng hiu qu bang Maharashtra, bang c
din tch trng bng vi ln th hai n . Nguyn Trng Uyn (1995) s dng PAM
phn tch chnh sch ca chnh ph tc ng n sn xut l ng Bng Sng Cu
Long (BSCL), tuy nhin hn ch ca nghin cu ny ny l trong tnh ton gi x hi
(gi kinh t) tc gi ch da vo gi CIF ca phn bn v xng du, gi FOB xut khu
go, cn cc yu t khc tc gi u s dng gi th trng.
Tm li, phng php phn tch ngnh hng v s dng PAM t ra hiu qu trong
vic lng ho tc ng chnh sch ca chnh ph n sn xut mt ngnh hng v xc
nh li th so snh ca ngnh . T xut cc chnh sch ph hp cho vic pht
trin ca mt ngnh hng v chnh sch s dng ngun ti nguyn trong nc hp l.
TS Trng Khoa Khoa Kinh t - Trng H Nng Lm Tp.HCM
9
2.
2.1
Mc tiu tng qut: Phn tch tc ng chnh sch ca chnh ph n ngnh hng
l go ng Bng Sng Cu Long.
Mc tiu c th:
- Phn tch ng gp gi tr gia tng v li nhun ca cc tc nhn trong ngnh
hng l go.
- Lng ha tc ng ca chnh sch n ngnh hng l go.
- Xc nh li th so snh ca sn xut l go.
2.2
- iu tra phn tch hiu qu sn xut la mc nng h.
- iu tra phn tch hiu qu ti chnh ca cc tc nhn tham gia trong ngnh
hng l go.
- Phn tch cc thng s bng Ma-trn phn tch chnh sch.
2.3 Ph
+ p dng phng php nghin cu in hnh. Chn l thm Khao-Dawk-Mali
105 (KDM 105) huyn Cn c, Cn Giuc Tnh Long An v cc ging la cao sn
huyn Ph Tn, Tnh An Giang nghin cu phn tch ngnh hng l go.
+ Chn mu iu tra: chn mu i din trong chui ngnh hng iu tra.
+ iu tra theo phiu cu hi son sn.
+ Phng vn chuyn gia: Phng vn chuyn gia hot ng trong lnh vc kinh
doanh go xut khu.
+ S dng phng php phn tch ngnh hng CCA (Commodity Chain Analysis).
2.3.1
+ Doanh thu (P) = S lng sn phm (chnh, ph ) x gi bn.
Ty theo tng ni dung phn tch m gi bn c tnh theo gi th trng, gi kinh t,
gi t sn xut hay chi ph c hi.
+ Chi ph trung gian (IC): l chi ph v nhng yu t vt cht tham gia vo mt qu
trnh sn xut kinh doanh. Chi ph trung gian trong ngnh hng c tnh theo chi ph
vt cht ca lung vt cht to nn sn phm. Sn phm ca tc nhn trc l chi ph
trung gian ca tc nhn ng k sau .
+ Gi tr gia tng (VA: Value aided) = P IC
+ Li gp (GPr) (Gross Profit) = VA (W + T + FF), trong
W (wages): tin lng v ph cp (trong phn tch ti chnh ch tnh lao
ng thu, khng tnh lao ng gia nh).
10
T (Taxes): cc khon thu phi np.
FF (Financial Fees): cc chi ph ti chnh (li vay, ph bo him)
+ Li rng NPr (Net Profit) = GPr A
A: khu hao ti sn c nh.
+ Phn tch ti chnh
Phn tch ti chnh da vo khung tnh ton bng 1
C
(%)
C
(%)
I. Chi ph trung gian
- Sn phm
chnh
- Mua nguyn vt liu
- Chi vt t v dch v bn
ngoi
- Sn phm
ph
- Chi ph qun l khc (bao
gm chi ph v l ph ngn
hng)
II. Gi tr gia tng (VA)
- Lng nhn vin (W)
- Thu (T)
- Chi ph ti chnh (FF)
-Li gp (GPr)
+ Khu hao (A)
+ Li rng
Tng cng
Tng cng
2.3.2 -
Theo ti liu ca UBKH Nh nc (1993) v Phm Vn nh (1999) th Bng Ma-
trn phn tch chnh sch (PAM) c din gi nh sau:
Ma-trn phn tch chnh sch l bng chit tnh cc ch tiu kinh t ca mt ngnh
sn phm ty theo ngun gc ca chng xut pht t li nhun c th (t nhn) nh mt
doanh nghip, mt c nhn hay ca ton x hi. Hu ht s khc bit ca hai cch tnh
trn u do tc ng ca chnh sch gi c. PAM cho php thit lp cc phng n khc
nhau la chn chnh sch gi, cng ngh v u t cho cc ngnh sn phm. PAM cho
php xc nh tc ng ca chnh sch i vi hiu qu sn xut v cc chnh sch tc
ng n th trng u ra ca sn phm cng nh th trng u vo ca qu trnh sn
xut. Bng PAM to ra mt qui trnh tnh ton c th ghi nhn nhng nh hng ca
cc yu t trong mi giai on ca h thng ngnh hng. Cc yu t ca PAM da trn
phng trnh cn bn sau:
11
Li nhun = Doanh thu Chi ph
Phng trnh ny c th vit di dng tng qut:
Li nhun = E.P
q
.Q [E.P
t
.I
t
+ P
n
.I
n
+ X] (3.1)
Trong :
E : T gi hi oi.
P
q
: Gi sn phm u ra.
P
t
: Gi yu t vt t hng ha ngoi thng c (tradable goods).
P
n
: Gi yu t hng ho (yu t u vo) khng ngoi thng c (non-tradable
goods), gi l h s ti nguyn trong nc.
Q : sn lng sn phm u ra.
I
t
: S vt t hng ho ngoi thng c.
I
n
: S lng yu t u vo khng ngoi thng c.
X : Chi ph do nhng yu t khng hon ho ca th trng.
-
Doanh thu
ng
trong n
Gi th trng
A
D
G
J
Gi x hi
B
E
H
K
Chuyn dch
C
F
I
L
C = A - B; F = D E; J = A - (D+G); K = B (E+H); L = J-K = C (F+I)
H s bo h danh ngha (Nominal Protection Coefficient)
NPC
A/B
H s bo h hiu qu sn xut (Effective Protection
Coefficient)
EPC
(A-D)/(B-E)
H s ti nguyn trong nc (Domestic Resource Cost)
DRC
H/(B-E)
H s li nhun (Profitability Coefficient)
PC
J/K
T l tr gi ngi sn xut (Subsidy Ratio to Producers)
SPR
L/B
T l u t theo gi t nhn (Private Cost Ratio)
PCR
G/(A-D)
H s chuyn i do tc ng ca chnh sch (Net
Policy Transfer)
NPT
J-K
Phng trnh (3.1) c th c tnh theo gi th trng (gi t nhn, gi c th -
private price) hoc theo gi x hi (hay gi bng shadow price). Bng PAM c biu
din gm 3 hng, 4 ct (bng 2). Hai hng u phn tch theo gi th trng (gi t nhn)
v gi x hi (gi kinh t, gi bng) c tnh theo cng thc (3.1), hng th 3 gi l tc
ng ca chuyn dch (Effects of Divergences) l hiu s ca hng 1 tr i hng 2 v
cng c th gi l hng h qu ca s can thip ca chnh ph
12
T bng Ma-trn phn tch chnh sch ny c th tnh cc h s phn tch tc ng
chnh sch ca chnh ph theo bng 3.
Cc h s NPC, EPC, DRC, PC, PCR so snh vi 1. Ty trng hp cc h s ny
ln hn 1, nh hn 1 hay bng 1 ta c nhng kt lun v tc ng chnh sch ca chnh
ph n ngnh hng. Ring cc h s SPR, NPT c so snh vi 0.
2.3.3 Ph x hi, gi
Chi ph c hi ca mt yu t u vo sn xut c xc nh nh l mt thu nhp
ca yu t khi tham gia vo hot ng sn xut khc gn nht.
Trong sn xut nghip ni chung v sn xut
l ni ring, lao ng c chia thnh lao ng thu v lao ng nh. nh gi chi ph
c hi ca lao ng c th da vo nng sut bin ca lao ng. Mt s nghin cu
ngh s dng gi lao ng trn th trng nh l chi ph c hi ca lao ng (Thi Anh
Ha, 1993). Theo Nguyn Th Cnh (2002) chi ph c hi ca lao ng trong nng nghip
bng vi mc lng ca lao ng khng c tay ngh cc khu cng nghip. Trong
nghin cu ny chi ph c hi ca lao ng (lao ng thu v lao ng gia nh) c tnh
bng gi lao ng thu trong sn xut l.
Theo Nguyn Th Cnh(2002) th chi ph c hi ca vn
bng li sut cho vay trn th trng. Thi Anh Ha (1993) s dng li sut cng b ca
ngn hng c iu chnh lm pht nh l chi ph c hi ca vn. Trong nghin cu ny,
chi ph ca vn c tnh bng li sut ngn hng cho vay ngn hn nng thn (0,95%
thng, hay 11,4% nm 2003) c iu chnh lm pht (3% trong nm 2003) theo cng
thc sau:
g
gi
r
1
r: li sut thc (hay li sut iu chnh) (%/nm).
i: li sut danh ngha (li sut chnh thc) (%/nm).
g: t l lm pht.
: Theo Herdt l Lacsina (1976) (c trch bi Thi Anh
Ha, 1993), chi ph c hi ca t c tnh theo ba cch. Cch th nht xem chi ph c
hi ca t bng 0, ngha l khng c l chn no khc ngoi sn xut ma v trong
nm, nu khng sn xut th xem nh b hoang. Cch th hai, xem gi thu t nh l
mt chi ph c hi ca t. Cch th ba, ly thu nhp t vic sn xut cc cy trng cnh
tranh vi cy trng hin ti l chi ph c hi ca t. Trong nghin cu ny, chi ph c hi
ca t c tnh theo gi thu t v ti cc im nghin cu ch c canh sn xut l v
c hin tng cho thu t (trng l) ca mt s nng dn trong vng.
13
: Theo Pedro Belli (2002), t
gi hi oi x hi (SER) hay t gi bng c tnh nh sau:
+ Trng hp thu nhp khu thng nht, SER c tnh theo cng thc:
SER = wP + w*P*
w v w* l quyn s.
w = /(+), w* = 1-w
: co gin theo gi ca nhp khu.
: co gin theo gi ca hng xut khu.
P: gi nh xut khu nhn.
P* = P(1+t) : gi nh nhp khu phi tr, t l mc thu nhp khu thng
nht.
+ Trng hp thu nhp khu theo nhiu mc:
SER = w
1
P
1
+ w
2
P
2
+ w
3
P
3
+ . . . + w
x
P
x
w
i
m
= -
i
d
i
/(
i
s
i
-
i
d
i
) v
w
i
x
=
i
s
i
/(
i
s
i
-
i
d
i
) v
w
i
m
: quyn s ca mc gi mt hng nhp khu th i.
w
i
x
: quyn s ca mc gi mt hng xut khu th i.
i
: co gin theo gi ca cu nhp khu mt hng th i.
i
: co gin theo gi ca cung xut khu mt hng th i.
(1)
T gi hi oi chnh thc
-
(2)
Gi tr xut khu
-
(3)
Gi tr nhp khu
-
(4)
Tng gi tr xut nhp khu
= (2)+(3)
-
(5)
T trng xut khu
= (2)*100/(4)
%
-
(6)
T trng nhp khu
= (3)*100/(4)
%
-
(7)
Doanh thu thu xut khu
-
(8)
Thu xut khu
=(7)*100/(2)
%
-
(9)
Doanh thu thu nhp khu
-
(10)
Thu nhp khu ngm
=(9)*100/(3)
%
-
(11)
T gi hu hiu
(12)
Vi xut khu (Px)
=(1)*[1+(8)/100]
-
(13)
Vi nhp khu (Pm)
=(1)*[1+(10)/100]
-
(14)
Quyn s
(15)
Vi xut khu (Px)
=(5)*(2)/[(5)*(2)+(6)*(3)]
%
-
(16)
Vi nhp khu (Pm)
=(6)*(3)/[(5)*(2)+(6)*(3)]
%
-
(17)
T gi hi oi x hi (SER)
(15)*(12)+(16)*(13)
%
-
(18)
H s chuyn i
(17)/(1)
-
(19)
Ph thng ngoi hi
[(17)-(1)]*100/(1)
%
-
14
Vi php tnh gn ng, gi nh co gin ca cung v cu ngoi hi l nh nhau, trong
trng hp , quyn s hon ton ph thuc vo t trng nhp khu trong tng ngoi
thng:
w
i
= M
i
/(M
i
+ X)
Khi phn tch khng cn bit co gin m ch cn bit gn ng v t s gia chng, nu
nhn tt c cc co gin vi h s chng hn, th gi tr tt c cc quyn s v ca
SER s khng thay i, v cch tnh ny c Dhakal v Jerkins tnh ton SER n
d vo t gi hi oi th trng nh bng 4.
2.3.4
Phthu
KDM
gom)
ph
C
Long An
BVTV
kinh doanh
08
C
15
Ph
Ph
An Giang (ANGIMEX)
01 doanh
C
01 doanh
C
BVTV
Giang
01 doanh
C
3.
3.1 Dawk
An
3.1.1 S l
(i) S lc qu trnh pht trin ging l KDM Vit Nam
Theo Bi Ch Bu (2000), KDM l ging l nc tri ca Thi Lan, c du
nhp vo Vit nam trong nhng nm 1980. Ging l ny c th canh tc trong v ma
chnh v (thng 7 thng 12), hoc trng lp v (cui thng 8 n u thng 12). Ging
l KDM tr v cui thng 10, l ging cm quang, c th tr vo thng 1. y l ging
c go mm, ht di, hm lng amylose thp n trung bnh, cm c mi thm. Nng
sut vng BSCL c th t t 3-4 tn/ha. Gng ny c B NN & PTNT (B NN&
CNTP trc y) cng nhn l ging quc gia nm 1994.
pht trin
Ging l KDM c th m rng din tch canh tc vng ng bng ven bin cao
gm cc tnh nh Long An, Sc Trng, C Mau, Bc Liu. Trong cc tnh ny th Long
An l tnh c din tch trng l KDM nhiu nht. Hin nay cc tnh nh Tin Giang, Bn
Tre cng bt u canh tc ging KDM v hiu qu sn xut ca ging ny. Ring tnh An
Giang th vng ni huyn Tnh Bin cng ang canh tc ging l KDM105, y l vng
16
m x nghip M Cc thuc Tng Cng ty Lng thc Min Nam ang u t pht trin
vng nguyn liu l KDM105. iu ny cho thy tim nng pht trin ging l ny l
c BSCL (hnh 1), tuy nhin cn c s h tr ca chnh quyn a phng, nht l
khuyn nng cc tnh, huyn trong vic trng trnh din th nghim ging m rng
din tch trng ging l KDM105.
Trong tnh Long An, KDM105 c trng ch yu hai huyn Cn c v Cn
Giuc. Tuy nhin din tch trng ging l ny cng gii hn mt x nh Long Phng,
Tn Tp v ng Thnh (huyn Cn Giuc), Long Hu ng, Long Hu Ty (huyn Cn
c) vi din tch gieo trng hng nm cn hn ch, 450 ha huyn Cn Giuc v
1.095 ha huyn Cn c (bng 5).
Bng 5: Din tch trng ging KDM105 nm 2003 tnh Long An.
273
300
273
Trong
X Long Phng
100
150
250
X Tn Tp
150
150
X ng Thnh
173
173
833
40
230
1.103
Trong
X Long Hu ng
646
40
100
786
X Hu Ty
187
0
130
317
1.106
40
560
1.676
3.1.2
C cc knh tiu th l go KDM105 nh sau (hnh 2):
(1) Nng dn Hng xo Tiu th ti Tp. HCM.
(2) Nng dn - Hng xo Nh my xay xt Tiu th ti Tp.HCM.
(3) Nng dn Cng ty xut khu tiu th Tp. HCM/ Xut khu.
(4) Nng dn Hng xo Nh my xay xt - Cng ty xut khu Tiu th ti
Tp.HCM/Xut khu.
(5) Nng dn Hng xo Cng ty xut khu Tiu th ti Tp.HCM/Xut khu.
17
Hnh 1: Vng c tim nng pht trin ging l KDM v mt s ging l a phng
()
18
(1), (2), (3) tiu th phn ln l, go KDM105 ni . Knh (3) v (4)
c chn phn tch li ch v chi ph ca cc tc nhn trong ngnh hng, v hai knh
ny kh ph bin trong vn xut khu go KDM105.
(Ghi ch: S 5 ghi trn s l lng l % so vi tng s l nng dn sn xut ra (lng go qui ra l)
ng i ca go
ng i ca l
Trong ngnh hng l go KDM105 ch c 4 tc nhn chnh: Nng dn, hng xo
(h thu gom), nh my xay xt v cng ty kinh doanh l go xut khu.
: cung cp l KDM105 cho hng xo v
cng ty kinh doanh xut khu go. Phn ln l KDM105 c bn cho hng xo, cng
ty kinh doanh go xut khu trong tnh, s lng bn cho hng xo ngoi tnh ch mua
khong 10% lng l c sn xut. Ngoi ra, nng dn l ging cho v sau t 150-
200kg/ha, chim 6% sn lng l, t khi h dnh l KDM105 cho tiu dng gia nh.
Nh vy, lng l KDM105 c sn xut ra hu nh c bn ht ra th trng (94%
sn lng l).
tc nhn quan trng trong khu tiu th
l go KDM105, h mua 74,8% lng l trong vng. Phn ln h l ngi a phng
( ti x hoc huyn) v thng mt x c t 2-3 hng xo thu gom s lng ln l
KDM105 trong vng (200 - 300 tn/nm). Phng thc kinh doanh ca h l mua t
Nng n
(100%)
Nh my
xay xt
ng ty kinh doanh
xut khu go
trng
nc ngoi
Th trng
Tp.HCM
Hng xo
Go 52,1%
La 74,8%
L 9,3%
La 4%
L 18,7%
o (qui l
2,4%)
o (qui l
14,1%)
o (qui l 1,6%)
ng
khc
lm
ging
L 6%
L 9,9%
o
16,3%)
19
bn on. Ch c mt vi nng dn c din trng l KDM105 ln th hng xo ng tin
trc cho nhng h ny v thng mi hng xo c t 10-15 h nh vy. Vic thu mua
l phn ln l mua l kh, nhng trong thi gian gn y cc hng xo c khuynh
hng mua l ti ti rung nng dn. Gi l ti thng thp hn gi l kh t 300-
400/kg. Theo cc hng xo, vic mua l ti m bo cht lng go khi xay xt. V h
cho rng, khi l KDM105 c phi kh c th b trn vi mt s ging l khc c
hnh dng ht l tng t. iu ny lm nh hng n cht lng go KDM105 v uy
tn kinh doanh ca h trn thng trng. L KDM105 sau khi c thu mua v, cc
hng xo thng bn li cho nh my xay xt (25% lng l h thu mua, hay 18,7% so
vi tng sn lng l sn xut trong vng), hoc xay xt v cung cp cho cc ch va
go Thnh ph H Ch Minh (mi hng xo c t 3 n 4 im tiu th go Thnh
ph H Ch Minh), mt phn go bn cho cng ty kinh doanh go xut khu.
H va xay xt gia cng, va l ngi thu mua l t
hng xo. hot ng xay xt u n trong nm, h thng cho cc hng xo thu kho
tr l, chi ph thu kho ny c cng thm 10/kg l vo chi ph xay xt. y l
hnh thc lin kt trn c s kinh t, hai bn u c li. Ph hng xo khng cn phi xy
kho, ph nh my xay xt lun c nguyn liu l xay xt quanh nm. y l mi lin
kt t nguyn c hnh thnh trn li ch v nhu cu kinh doanh. iu ny cn c cc
nh lm chnh sch lu tm, cc lin kt ch hnh thnh v bn vng khi n c nhng c
s kinh t lin kt. y l im ng lu khi cc tnh, huyn xy dng cc m hnh
lin k trng ca chnh ph.
ch yu l Cng ty Lng thc Long An
(CTLTLA), tc nhn ny thu mua la trc tip t nng dn thng qua cc hp ng thu
mua c k kt t u v. S lng l mua di dng cc hp ng ny chim 70%
trong tng s lng l KDM105 m cng ty thu mua, phn cn li l mua t cc hng
xo v nh my xay xt. Phn ln lng go KDM 105 ca cng ty l tiu th ni a,
chim 90% s lng go cng ty tiu th nm, 10% cn li xut khu di dng cc
container l (nm 2003). Mc d lng go KDM105 xut khu t, nhng gi xut khu
rt cao, cao hn gi xut khu go 10-15% tm t 1,5-2 ln trong cng thi im xut
khu. Mc d CTLTLA ch thu mua 9,3% lng l c sn xut ra, nhng tc nhn c
vai tr trong vic nh gi thu mua l KDM105 tnh Long An. Nh cc hp ng tiu
th u v vi gi sn l 2.700/kg, nn cc hng xo khng th mua thp hn gi ny,
nh m nhng nm qua nng dn sn xut l KDM105 huyn Cn c, Cn
Giuc lun c li.
20
Nm
Ch tiu
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
ng lng go tiu th ni
a (tn)
20.800
44.027
45.953
22.780
27.142
o KDM105
16
12
35
194
236
bn bnh
qun(1/tn)
6.102
6.689
5.053
4.463
5.889
Jasmine
577
386
138
116
251
bn bnh qun
/tn)
3.909
3.316
2.770
3.717
4.295
Bng 6 cho thy CTLTLA ch n vic kinh doanh l go KDM105, lng
go KDM105 m cng ty tiu th ni a tng nhanh, c bit l trong nm 2003 mc
tiu th ni a t 236 tn. Gi go KDM105 cng cao hn 1,5-2 ln so vi go Jasmine
k c ni a v xut khu. y l mt li th ca go KDM105 so vi mt s go thm
khc.
c th thy c li th ca vic kinh doanh l go xut khu cht lng cao
m Vit Nam ang hng n, chng ti tp trung phn tch hiu qu kinh doanh l go
KDM105 theo knh phn phi xut khu, tc l theo hai knh sau:
Nng dn Cng ty kinh doanh go xut khu.
Nng dn Hng xo Nh my xay xt Cng ty kinh doanh xut khu.
Nng
dn
Cng ty kinh doanh
l xut khu
Th trng
nc ngoi
ng xo
L
L
L
go
Nh my
xay xt
go
21
3.1.3
Vi nng sut l 3tn/ha, gi bn bnh qun 2.975/kg, nng dn c li rng 6,064
triu ng/ha k c cng lao ng gia nh) (bng 7), y l mc li kh cao. u t cho
mt ha l KDM105 cng khng cao, khong 3,1 triu ng/ha (khng k cng lao ng
gia nh), ch yu l lao ng v sc ko thu (chim trn 50% trong tc
im sinh hc ca ging la ny buc ngi sn xut phi tn chi ph nhiu cho lao ng
th cng, nht l nhng h p dng bin php cy. Ring i vi nhng h s (s kh) th
khng s dng nhiu cng lao ng th cng, tuy nhin khu thu hoch (ct l) vn phi
s dng lao ng th cng, v ging l ny c chiu cao cy kh cao nn khng th s
dng my ct. y cng l mt hn ch ca vic c gii ha khu thu hoch trong sn
xut l KDM 105.
x
Khon mc
VT
S lng
(1)
Nng sut
Kg/ha
3.077
(2)
bn
2.975
(3)
Doanh thu = (1) x (2)
9.154.075
(4)
Tng chi =(4a)+(4b)+(4c)+(4d)+(4e)+(4f)+(4g)+(4h)
3.107.972
(4a)
-ng
311.000
(4b)
- n bn
705.000
(4c)
-c BVTV
185.000
(4d)
-t t r tin
35.000
(4e)
-ng thu
1.360.000
(4f)
-y ko thu
340.000
(4g)
-y li ph to ngun
24.000
(4h)
-li vay
147.972
(5)
Li rng (k c lao ng gia nh)=(3)-(4)
6.046.103
(6)
thnh khng tnh cng L gia nh=(4)/(1)
1.010
(7)
Gi thnh k c chi ph L gia nh =
1.420
Nu tnh trn mt tn l KDM105, doanh thu l 2.975.000 th chi ph trung gian chim
13,5%, ch yu l chi ph v ging, phn bn, thuc BVTV v gi tr gia tng chim
86,5% (bng 8). Trong tng gi tr gia tng th phn b cho lao ng thu chim 17,2%,
dch v lt chim 4,3%, li vay l 1,9%, thy li ph to ngun 0,3%, cn li li gp
chim 76,4%.
22
K
()
C
(%)
()
C
(%)
401.689
13,5
-
2.975.000
100,0
-
101.072
25,2
-
229.119
57,0
(1000kg x
-
60.123
15,0
II. Gi
2.573.311
86,5
-
441.989
17,2
-
110.497
4,3
-
7.800
0,3
-
48.000
1,9
-
1.965.025
76,4
0
0
1.965.025
100,0
2.975.000
100,0
2.975.000
100,0
L nguyn liu c thu mua, hng xo tn thm cc khon chi ph sau:
: Mt tn l hng xo phi mt chi ph bao b l 49.600.
: bc xp ln xe ch v kho (thu) bnh qun 11.600/tn l v
chi ph bc vc go ( xay xt t 1 tn l, tv 560 kg go) ln xe l 5.040. Chi ph ny
hng xo chi tr lc bc xp ln xe, khi bc xp xung xe th nh my xay xt hoc cc
va go Tp. HCM chi tr chi ph ny.
: gm vn chuyn t ni thu mua n kho (thu), hng xo tn
thm 21.600/tn l v vn chuyn go ln Tp. HCM vi chi ph l 39.200 (cho 1 tn
l xay xt, tc 560 kg go). Vic vn chuyn l KDM105 t ni sn xut n nh my
hi kh khn do phi qua ph vi chi ph 10/kg l. Nu c cu th s gim chi ph
nyv qu trnh vn chuyn s nhanh chng hn. Ring huyn cn Giuc c cu Th
B gp phn lm cho vic kinh doanh l go KDM105 tt hn v gim s chia ct th
trng v s c nhiu thng li t ni khc n thu mua hn, tc tng s cnh tranh
trong vn mua bn th nng dn c li hn.
: Kho ca cc nh my cho cc hng xo thu, thc t th cc hng xo
khng tr trc tip cho ch nh my m c tnh vo chi ph xay xt, thng hng xo
phi tr thm cho nh my 10/tn l lu kho. Ngoi ra hng xo tn thm chi ph in
23
thoi, bnh qun 11.000/tn l. Ring chi ph khu hao, ch yu l khu hao cn ng
h. Thng mi hng xo thu gom c 1 cn ng h loi 60-100kg, ch s dng trong 3
nm. Chi ph khu hao ny l 460/tn l.
: Ch yu l lao ng gia nh, cc hng xo phn ln l nhng h gia
nh trung nin (35-45 tui) v c 2 ngi tham gia hot ng thu gom (thng l v
chng), chi ph c hi ca lao ng gia nh l 30.000/ngy. Tnh trn mt tn l l
32.000, tuy nhin trong hch ton ti chnh, chng ti khng a chi ph ny vo, xem
nh phn thu nhp t kinh doanh l go n cha thu nhp ca lao ng gia nh.
ch yu l vn lu ng, c tnh trn chi ph trung gian vi li sut
vn vay l 0,95% thng (li sut cho vay ca ngn hng) v tnh cho 3 thg kinh doanh
l KDM105.
(mua
la t nng dn, xay xt go tiu th ti Tp.HCM),
()
C
(%)
()
C
(%)
3.024.600
85,0
-Go 560x
5.550 /kg
3.108.000
87,3
-
1000kg x 2.975 /kg
2.975.000
98,4
- Bao b: 31ci x 1.600/ci
49.600
1,6
-Tm:92 kg x
2.667/kg
245.364
6,9
535.647
15,0
- Bc vc + vn chuyn
77.440
14,5
-Cm: 75kg x
2.633/kg
197.457
5,5
- Xay xt
110.497
20,6
-
11.000
2,1
-Tru:273kg
x 34/kg
9.282
0,3
- Thu kho
10.000
1,9
-
91.557
17,1
-
197.027
36,8
460
0,2
196.567
99,8
3.560.121
100,0
3.560.121
100,0
Hot ng thu gom - ch bin l KDM105 em li cho hng xo li gp
197.027/tn l chim 36,8% gi tr gia tng, v thu nhp rng l 196.567/tn l,
chim 99,8% li gp (bng 9). Vi mc thu gom t 200-300 tn l/ 1 v em li cho
hng xo thu nhp t 50 -70 triu ng/nm. y l mc thu nhp kh cao nng thn.
Thc t cho thy cc h gia nh kinh doanh go KDM105 Cn c, Cn Giuc l
nhng h kh gi a phng.
24
Hin nay cc hng xo c xu hng mua la ti, gi mua l ti thp hn l
kh t 300-400/kg l, tuy nhin phi tn thm chi ph phi l 25.000/tn. Mua la ti
c li l m bo c cht lng la khi mua, v hng xo n tn rung nng dn
nh gi cht lng v thng lng gi c. y l hng kinh doanh tt, hng xo c
gng kim sot cht lng u vo ngay trn ng rung. iu ny rt c li cho hng
xo v go h cung cp lun c cht lng tt, to uy tn trn th trng. Tuy nhin vic
mua bn l ti cha ph bin, v nng dn thng phi kh tr l li, ch gi cao
mi bn.
T 1 tn l KDM105, qua xay xt t l thu hi go nguyn l 56%; cm 7,5%, tm
9,2% v 27,3% tru. Doanh thu ca hng xo cho vic tiu th 1 tn l KDM105 qua
xay xt l 3.560.121, trong doanh thu t go chim 87,3%, t cm chim 5,5%, t
tm chim 6,9%, cn li tru chim 0,3%. Trong tng doanh thu, chi ph trung gian chim
85% v gi tr gia tng l 15% (bng 9). Trong tng gi tr gia tng do hng xo to ra, th
phn bc xp, vn chuyn, xay xt, thu kho, ph in thoi chim 56,2%, phn cn li l
li gp chim 36,8%. Nu hng xo mua l v bn ngay cho nh my xay xt hng
chnh lch 100/kg, th cch kinh doanh ny hng xo ch c mc li gp l 23.800/tn,
sau khi khu tr cc khon chi ph (bng 10). Tuy nhin cch ny hng xo ch s
dng khi h ang thiu vn, cn vn ngay quay vng kinh doanh.
.
()
C
(%)
()
C
(%)
3.024.600
98,4
-L 1000 kg
x 3.075/kg
3.075.000
100,0
-
1000kg x 2.975 /kg
2.975.000
98,4
- Bao b: 31ci x 1.600/ci
49.600
1,6
50.400
1,6
- Bc vc + vn chuyn
21.600
42,9
-
5.000
9,9
-p (GPr)
23.800
47,2
460
1,9
23.340
98,1
3.075.000
100,0
3.075.000
100,0
Nh my xay xt huyn Cn c phn ln l my xay xt dng ci v s
dng ng c du diesel. Tuy nhin, v mt k thut m bo cht lng go cho tiu th
ni (go 5-10% tm). Ring cc nh my xay xt thuc cng ty kinh doanh go xut