Những đặc trưng và khó khăn của tranh chấp môi trường
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Tên đề tài :
“ Tìm hiểu các đặc trưng của tranh chấp môi trường và
khó khăn do đặc trưng đó gây ra trong quá trình giải quyết
tranh chấp”.
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NỘI DUNG
1. Tình hình tranh chấp môi trường trên thế giới:
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1.1 Một số vụ tranh chấp môi trường có quy mô đa quốc gia như:
eVụ việc tranh chấp giữa Canada và Mỹ (1939 - 1941) việc khói thải độc
hại phát thải từ lò luyện kim Trail ở Canada gây hại tới tiểu bang Washington
(Mỹ). sX)*4!]/!8*!|/33"[ !%$$•>&O/b1D!%W.•* )3H)
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1"#V!%1"41"-8* )3H)[4!:":!"|/!%S!!%n7!"f!%13"-3.1"dhI*D7
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Vụ tranh chấp giữa Argentina - Uruguay về việc xây nhà máy bột giấy
Botnia . "3<0E!8*W8"-1Wi!%!S/FNN5bX!%-!%)*3<T!"+/
/T1D#V!%b3#&U!W,7:"#<!%D%y!1!7833!"8"-1Wi!%/T1D#V!%W9
:"!%1\73U*3H)[Q3`)70T!%b%U*I!""#E!%!%" /1D‚!%1$"-1Wi!%%7
1"T!%8]!"1abWO3[41X83":"j7D)%)7*e7!#$3W9W#7k43D7s7!
`)_31a7%)y„87!…
eTranh chấp về việc xây đập thủy điện trên sông Mekong (2010)
1.2 Các văn bản luật quốc tế về tranh châp môi trường
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2. Tình hình tranh chấp môi trường ở Việt Nam
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6
Hình ảnh: Đoạn “sông chết” – tên mà người dân La Ngà đặt cho con
rạch lớn đổ ra sông La Ngà có họng xả của hai công ty: cổ phần mía đường và
men Mauri La Ngà. (Ảnh: Quốc Ấn)
Nhà máy Cao su Xà Bang„1")i3T!%1*70)G8,7…G8,7K!%
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7
Hinh ảnh: Vụ xả nước thải gây ô nhiễm sông Thị Vải của công ty
Vedan
Công ty Cổ phần bánh mứt kẹo Hà Nội %U*]"jWi381a!%P!I!""#E!%
Wa!0q3]"\y!%#V&U!33"i&U!]")C@b!%rJC%)*+!"j"7!"„1"!%>
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Năm 2009, khí độc do 7 nhà máy ở Thái Nguyên hI1"IX8/R5"‚30!"8
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3. Khái niệm, nội dung và hình thức của tranh chấp môi trường:
3.1 Khái niêm:
Tranh chấp môi trườngX8!"f!%h)!%Wi1%f7331g3"q3b3!"U!b33
3i!%WP!%&U!3#Z`)*Z!8XBj3"X !`)7!Wa!43:"s!%!%n7b]"Q3:"k3T
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`)7!"4h9"i/81nW.X8/:"10!"/U)1")'!%f7333"l1"d1"7/%7
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3.2 Nội dung và các dạng tranh chấp môi trường:
D7!"3"Y:/T1D#V!%3K!%:"10!"1n"8!":"-/:":X)p1"O3
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X)p1bWZ)3.333"l1"d3k1"dbWZ):"10!"1D3"!"4/[P1"#V!%1"41"-!a)
3.e."7&-!%1D7!"3"Y:/T1D#V!%X81D7!"3"Y:"8!"3"j!"81D7!"3"Y:&U!
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Điều 161. Tranh chấp về môi trường
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3.3 Các dạng tranh chấp môi trường
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3"Y:/T1D#V!%3"l*a)X8(
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h)Y11D!%43]"71"3b0•&k!%3")!%33!%)P!18!%)* !833*a)1_/T
1D#V!%e
Thứ hai(D7!"3"Y:%f7331g3"q3b3!"U!b3i!%WP!%&U!3#$33
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! !e6-!%!8*[7%P/3I!"f!%1D7!"3"Y:Ws[P1"#V!%1"41"-%U*D71n33
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4. Đặc trưng và khó khăn do đặc trưng gây ra trong quá trình giải
quyết tranh chấp môi trường.
4.1. Tranh chấp môi trường là xung đột mà trong đó lợi ích tư và lợi ích công
thường gắn chặt với nhau.
Đây là đặc trưng cơ bản nhất của tranh chấp môi trường. D!%Xo!"
23GI4/T1D#V!%b33[ !1"7/%7`)7!"4b&c1"7/%7tXBj3"1#1"t
'!"#$!%1$XBj3"3")!%3l73i!%WP!%b3l7h9"ieBj3"3l73i!%WP!%b3l7
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Khó khăn gặp phải khi giải quyết tranh chấp
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1D7!"3"Y:b:"I&)!%"s7W#B33I"7XBj3"bW.X8XBj3"3l71n!%
3!"U!b1n!%1g3"q3b8WP!%1"V3K!%:"I[I4XBj3"3l7
3i!%WP!%bXBj3"h9"ibXBj3"3l70_WT!%e
Ví dụ: Tồn đọng rác tại Sơn Tây- Hà Nội:(tháng 4 năm 2009)(%7*1-3g!%8
3l7!"8/*8[9D3!|/1D !W,7[8!h9x)U!<!bWT!%WI!%#V&U!Xp:
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12
4.2. Tranh chấp môi trường thường xảy ra với quy mô lớn, liên quan đến
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người khác và không thể xác định cụ thể, chính xác cả hai bên vào thời điểm
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16
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18
4.3. Vị thế của các bên trong tranh chấp môi trường thường không cân bằng
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19
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j3"h)!%Wi1e
Khó khăn khi giải quyết vấn đề môi trường
• 2[Y11#<!%hq!%Z,1"a%f733[ !X8/i11D!%!"f!%1DE!%-X$!3l7
`)1Dt!"%I`)*a11D7!"3"Y:eDE!%-!8*38!%[i3XiDr"<!E33`)_3%7
:"I3",)!"Z):X231n/k31 ):"11Dd!]!"1ab%I/W.!%"Œb&/_
`)7!1U/1$1_3Wi1S!%1D#E!%]!"1a1"#V!%W#B3W‹*X !1D#$3/_`)7!
1U/Wa!3"Y1X#B!%/T1D#V!%0_!%eD!%!"f!%"8!3I!"!"#p*bu#)
1"av3l7`)1Dt!"%I`)*a1h)!%Wi11"#V!%!%" !%Z:"j7[ !%U*1"41"-
3"/T1D#V!%e-3<"i3"[ !%U*1"41"-]"T!%3",)1D3"!"4/Z
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• G !3-!"W.t,1"a[ ![,"-1"#V!%[,hy/!"–b/8"H)"a11D!%1D7!"
3"Y:/T1D#V!%[ ![,"-1"#V!%X8/i11p:1"d3"q]"T!%:"I3"^X8/i13
!"U!bWZ)!8*0•&'!Wa!02%U*[q3hm31D!%&#X)p!b&+&8!%1-WZ)]4!
3"33:"H!1•hY)%U*]j3"Wi!%(
VD: Cơ sở sản xuất bánh mì ra đời, làm đảo lộn cuộc sống người dân(
7Wt!"[8DH!!"0!"0_!%1D!%!i1"8!"e1n1D#$3CJ>=e
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1a!%P!bhI"<!.!%„1nFXs!#$!%…b/c&H)„6…b]".ƒ~X8/]"T!%]"j
1D!%!"8[8!"!%i1!%-1]".1"Eb!"41Wi1S!%37eŽ!%8*1nC~5"0!%X8
1"VWd/%7[!"/tbp!3")*d!!%)* !X4)bhy1Ibhy/*H/o3I]"):"_e
)i30_!%%7Wt!"[8!"1nW.[,WIXi!eI!"8WZ)[4!"ZW#V!%"T"Y:ƒ
20
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4.4. Tranh chấp môi trường có thể nảy sinh ngay từ khi chưa có sự xâm hại
thực tế đến các quyền và lợi ích hợp pháp về môi trường.
D7!"3"Y:1D!%33Xo!"23]"3X83"^!I*0!"]"`)*Z!XB"B::":
3l7W#<!%02[,hU/"-e"3$W.b1D7!"3"Y:/T1D#V!%3.1"d!I*0!"1n
DY10$/b!.]"T!%3"^hI*D7]"`)*Z!8XBj3""B::":3l733[ ![,hU/"-
/83s!hI*D7]"/$E1D!%1t!"1D-!%[,Wy&‚7hU/"-e
t!"1D-!%[,Wy&‚7hU/"-W#B3"d)X881"VWd/!I*0!"1D7!"
3"Y:1"41"-3"#7hI*D7b!"#!%3.3<0EWd3"D|!%1"41"-3"Q33"Q!0•hI*
D7!a)]"T!%W#B3!%S!3"O!],:1"Vb1q3X8]"T!%3"^&2780)*W!3I/1j!"
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h)!%Wi1/T1D#V!%!a)]"T!%3.[4!:":!%S!3"S!],:1"Ve
j&Wd3"Y:!"p!0$/W#B333* )3H)3l733[ !W#<!%021D!%33
)1D7!"3"Y:/T1D#V!%W9W#B3331"‹/:"!1-s7!`)_31aE77*%"
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Khó khăn khi giải quyết tranh chấp môi trường
• H!:"I1"23"4!!%" /1m33T!%13W!"%13Wi!%/T1D#V!%Wdh3
W,!"W#B3]"I!S!%Wy&‚7813Wi!%Wa!/T1D#V!%3)I&2!1D#$3]"1a!
"8!"1"23"4!Wd],:1"V!%S!3"O!e)*!" !t&2!3"#7W#B31"23"4!
! !0•]".]"S!1D!%`)Y1Dt!"W!"%b&2["p)`)Ib]"T!%X#V!%1D#$3
W#B3!"f!%023_h7*D7[Y1!%Ve43W#7D7!"f!%X)p!3qb0_X4)Z1"41"-
8T!"+//T1D#V!%3l7&2!X8]".]"S!e
VD(L)7*1DEX-&2!hU*&2!%CCWp:1"l*W4!1D !T!%y]!%1n
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1n]"&2!W#B31"‹/W,!"8W!"%e
4.5. Giá trị thiệt hại trong tranh chấp môi trường thường rất lớn và rất khó
xác định.
;Z)!8*[Q1!%)P!1n1"231aX8"p)`)I&"8!"%U*"-W_$/T
1D#V!%1"#V!% DY1!%" /1D‚!%bW7&-!%8[a! Wg$!"Z)3Y: Wi]"3
!"7)b%P/1"41"-1D231a:b1"41"-%!1a:b1"41"-1D#$3/Q1b1"41"-XU)
&8b1"41"-Z]!"1ab1"41"-Z0!"1"b1"41"-Z180I!b1"41"-Z1j!"
24
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3XBj3"!8*1"#V!%WP!%1"V3c!%[,hU/"-1D !&4!Di!%b]Š1"y%1D,
1"41"-X$!b/)_!:"k3"PX-]"T!%:"IX83")*4!W<!%I!e
;_$1"41"-p13"Y1b1"41"-1D#$3/Q1%P/&4!1j3"!T!%0I![,
%I/!S!%0)Y1bWH/[,"l*"-X8/%I/0_X#B!%33X81"l*0I!b%70m3[,
3"a1b0_!%#V:"I!%"^43&!%n!%0I!h)Y1•1"41"-!"#1"V%7![,I!"
"#E!%1a:1"y3"Wa!]"0I!h)Y180!""-11DEX-[t!"1"#V!%b!S!%0)Y1
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]"\yX8!"f!%1"41"-XU)&88WdX-!"f!%&3"q!%8[4!"/9!1j!"ƒe
Khó khăn trong giải quyết tranh chấp môi trường
• 43h3W,!""8!"!"U!`)IX8DY1]".]"S!e(2hU/"-Wa!1"8!":"H!/T
1D#V!%!8*0•I!""#E!%Wa!1"8!":"H!/T1D#V!%]"3„1"y:"I!q!%&U*
3")*Z!…btp*%1D,1"41"-1"#V!%X8DY1X$!b43h3W,!""8!"!"U!`)I
X8DY1]".]"S!e
j&k(;_$43hI1"ID70T!%",I„FNNR…b!%83T!%1*y&7!
3s!3.!"Z)&7!"!%"4:]"33K!%3."8!"hI1"ID7&s!%0T!%!8*e"#
p*b43h3W,!"1"41"-81D3"!"4/3l7/Ž&7!"!%"4:X8T3c!%]".
]"S!]"S!81_!DY1!"Z)1"V%7!83T!%0q3e
D!%]"W.331D7!"3"Y:&U!02b]!"1abX7Wi!%b1"41"-/7!%1j!"
3[41".7b43h3W,!"%1D,1"41"-%O:]"T!%/Y*]".]"S!1"t1D!%1D7!"
3"Y:/T1D#V!%b1"41"-1"#V!%/7!%1j!""Ž!"B:bW7!hy!8!"7)8DY1]".
Wdh3W,!"/i133"D-3"Dsb3"j!"h3bWO3[41X8!"f!%1"41"-%!1a:bXU)
&8
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W,!"33XBj3"[,hU/"-e6W.b!a)3"^W<!1")H!:&k!%33`)*W,!"
3")!%3l7:":X)p1!"#"4!!7*1"t3"#7:"c"B:e
• ".W!"%WH*Wl!"f!%1"41"-%U*! !W_$/T1D#V!%3K!%!"#I!"
"#E!%Z/O1]!"1a~h9"iWs"\:"I&271D !!"f!%3S!3q]"7"‚3!"Y1
25
