Tải bản đầy đủ (.docx) (31 trang)

Tiểu luận sử dụng sách giáo khoa trong dạy học sinh học chủ đề Dạy học chuyên đề Tổng hợp và phân giải ở vi sinh vật và ứng dụng

Bạn đang xem bản rút gọn của tài liệu. Xem và tải ngay bản đầy đủ của tài liệu tại đây (296.44 KB, 31 trang )

Đ
1
ẠI HỌC HUẾ
TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC SƯ PHẠM


Tiểu luận
Dạy học chuyên đề Tổng hợp và phân giải
ở vi sinh vật và ứng dụng
Chuyên đề: Sử dụng sách giáo khoa trong dạy học
bộ môn Sinh Học
CHUYÊN NGÀNH: LÝ LUẬN VÀ PHƯƠNG PHÁP DẠY HỌC
BỘ MÔN SINH HỌC
MÃ SỐ: 60.14.01.11

Cán bộ hướng dẫn khoa học Tên học viên:
TS. Đặng Thị Dạ Thủy Trần Đình Nam
Đinh Thị Như Thủy
Lớp: LL&PP DHBMSH - K22

HUẾ - 2014
2
Mục lục



 !
 "
#$%&'()&* "
+, */0 .1234
)54


)5524
/6$ 7
8/-3*91
/56:
!/;1$
</=*8
"/3>?@@ ABC?@D8
4/3>E8
8?*)5F8
8G;3* 8
8@HI
88@J&K>:3IL
8)51*5;BM3N'1;2
8!OHA$'1;2L
3
8<@P
*%Q;Q!
R ?**4
L@HS B-T&*'S-U A
6*BHV=3I7N 3 J4
LG*BH*7N 3 J4
8LI6;E;6*BHV= A&
E% A*9W6*BHAX
L@P&53I%Q;
6*BHN 3 J"
!LY6*BH . 
3K7113WB*EMX
4
Tổng hợp, phân giải các chất ở
vi sinh vật và ứng dụng

I. Nội dung chuyên đề
1.1. Mô tả chuyên đề
 /.

A2 
6;
?M3N'1;2 Y
@B1
Z@
@5$3
K7
[
2
\
?M
F
A]
-U&
S  ^;
J  7  A
)-=N
3 J
B-T
A  *  'S
-U
O7 A
_
?*H%
-UN 
3 J

  +`  S  A
6*  BH  V
=3I7
N 3 J
#*&M
$ N
3 J
a19
FA1 AFA1N
3 J
  ?*  6*  BH
    19
FA1L    
B1_&
13;;Bb
R;BZQ;6*
BHN
3 J
  Y    A
*  9 Q;  6*
BHN
3 J
  G*BH
V  =L
[  K7
3  'I&
*  ;K
;&  *
7Kc*
3  2&

  3
2
  G*BH
  L
[  K7
5  d
1  -T
A  ;  3c&
  
*  7
B1  7&
  
7  &
  `
3  2&
  
;
@5A
  _
_ A
_;
  @P
  
F`3
2
  ?*  3
d  %
  6*
BH  
 3

J  N  ,;
-M
  E
' 5
-3>  
Q

113  S
*  $  B*
EM
A  8  G*
BH  V
=  A  
 *  7
N 3 J
  G*  BH
  
B1_  A
13;;B
e?M$
e[d
  Y  
A  *  9
Q;6*BH
*
7  N  
3 J
A@5
AL  /
__ A

_;
@5  A
  _
_  A  
_;
1.2 Bảng phân công nhiệm vụ
5
@@ O2 A   fc
 @B0+H; g59'$%Q;Q
g5;BJ*%J% AF
'SB;**
/5;2Q&HI^ 7
@V%123*BS:-N&H
A AI7*SQ?^S=:
Fh*i 05
@V%F*1*1'$6&1J^&B;
J
+**3dQ;5*&5;2:
-NI7&j=7 .'
@B-N^
 +  @,  -
@Q
g*,Q A*)50
 .'5QS
g5;BJ*%J% AF
'SB;**
fk& $F*1*1
@-':
8 O23.\ @J
#$%L

e?*H%-UN 3 J
e+`S A6*BHV=3I7N
3 J
e#*N 3 J
e?*H%N 3 J
e7Q;*6*BHB1_&
13;;Bb
eR;BZQ;6*BHN 3 J
eY A*9Q;6*BHV= A
*7N 3 JI .1-T
AB-T
@5lL
e@5A__ A_;
e@HSHH3K7*3d^
6;$%Q; 3 JN,;
-M
e@HS&$AP F`3
2
e  @H  S *    H      Q  
113
e@HS6BHQ113m A;
-=3>N,;-M
6
e@H S`S,;:&  'PJ&E
J= A'^')Q;AN,;
-M
e +**3MFE=P A*9Q;
A
e+**7-=Q;113
e+K7*F*$6BHQ

113h ;16&'
-N$B-T
@J=3I& $F*1*1'$619
Q;^
8*1*1'$619Q;^
@B;J&1J
II. Mục tiêu chuyên đề:
2.1. Kiến thức, kỹ năng, thái độ
#$% #() @*
@BHFA-=*B-T7
A*'S-UN 3 J
+`S A6*BHV=3I
7N 3 J
OS-='* AM$
N 3 J
@BHFA-=*'S7 A
_N 3 J
aP*6*BHV= A
Q; 3 J
@BHFA-= ;BZQ;6*BH
N 3 J
@BHFA-=3I% A*
9Q;6*BH 3 J
GBHQ113N,;-M
no    -=  *
'p)3;L
#()-&'p
)    6$  7

#p)'1;2L

6;  3*q    19q
,p;
#p)2JL5
2&  5    %q
=*&;1$
  f  P  -=
*    -=
B13I
;1:%
3* A
F1 B-T
  OS  -=  *
6BH3K7
*$d3
2 A$A5
3  K7    3I
$dM
2.2. Định hướng các NL cần hướng tới cho học sinh
2.2.1. Năng lực chung
2.2.2.1. Năng lực tự học
O[K*,2JQL
7
e?*'S-UN 3 J
e+`S A6*BHV=3I7N 3 J
e7& ;BZQ;6*BHN 3 J
e?*6*BHN 3 J
eYB15lQ;6*BHV= A*7N 3
J
e@$A5A%R[RB1_B-= A_;
e@HS5B9 A6BH3K7*3d%6*BHV

= AQ; 3 JN,;-M
e@HSK7*F*$6BHQ113N,;-M
S;16&'-N$B-T
O[J A5-='$192JQL
T
T
Thời
lượng
Nội dung công việc Phương
pháp thực
hiện
Đối tượng
thực hiện
Sản phẩm
 Thu thập thông tin
#*N 
3 J
?*H%N
3 J
7Q;*6*BH
    B1_&
13;;Bb
R;BZQ;6*BH
N 3 J
Y A*9Q;
6*BHV= A
*7N 3 J
  %&
  J  A
W[f#&

9
_B_&
3*  F*1  A
*  r
A'*
^   G*  BH
  
3I  7  N  
3 J
    3I %
  Q;  6*
BH
N 3 J
GBH
_  _  A
_;
8
I .1-T A
B-T
GBH__
A_;
3I*3dW
6*BHV= A
Q; 3 JN,;
-M
  ?*  6  BH  Q  
113  ;  -=  3>

    3I  3
d  A  %

  Q;  6*
BH
Q; 3 J
N,;-M
  E  '
5-^
*    6
BH  Q  
113S*
$  B*  
EM
 Thực hành lên men etilic
và lên men lactic
?dF,
@$A5AB 
NA AV%5A
B.
R$F*1*1'$6 A
d  F,  3  d  5
A
/A  5
A  s  P
&  $
F*1*1
^ F*1*1
5A
  [  d
5A
8 Thí nghiệm về bột giặt
sinh học

%F7Q;
F`32&K7&
5;2P%
35'*;E;F
`-T AF`3
/A  P
&  $
F*1*1
^
9
2
?dF,$
A
@$AP
fP'$6
R$F*1*1P
8 Dự án: Cải tiến và áp
dụng quy trình ủ phân
compost ở một số vùng tại
địa bàn thành phố Huế.
  @H  S  `  S  5
&KmNAI
O$
+**%l
B-T1B*E
MW*;H A*
M3N3K7iB;
@HSE=P A
*9Q;6BHQ
113

@HSI-=0 A
*6BHA
@HS6BHQ
113    ;  N  ,;
-MC$^D
?*$I-N$
6*BHQ113
+**6&*
*7-=
  a-M
*  
B;&5,;
  a-M
*  $
F*1*1
^ F*1*1
5*
/J'$19
B
10
+K7*F*
$6BH3K7S
;17-=&
F1 3Q;3d
R$F*1*15*
#$19B
2.2.2 .2. NL giải quyết vấn đề:
a*35'*F '$6PE;F`-T AF`3
2&P'$65;B'$%
a*350$Q; JB*EMSF$^A3

d 1T3I
a*35F7JB16BH A7-=113N3I;
H&K7*F*$6BHS;16&F1;1A .
B-T
2.2 . 2. 3. NL tư duy sáng tạo
)5-L
e/'$*E'SP'$6P
e+-;B;*$I-N$6BH A6Q;Q
113
eaP&**5B9*$B*EMN,;-M
e/:t$lB-T1B*EM
e?*'5&Km A 3 J-N-$A1$ *
Q113B1 K>:B*EMu
)53*91
e@$'$-=P 313*F`-T AF`32j
11
= .5l
eR9'$19 A5'$195*
e+K7F*$6BHj= .`SQ;,;-Mu
2.2 . 2. 4. NL tự quản lý
- GPFL
eJ%-=*$I-N$6*BH2JQ;F
e]5'$T;LJT;FS1*1 5Q&5
*
e%;1A&*F*ZB*;9;1
e]5'$*$F,&0$1 2Q&55*
e]5'$'P
GP^L
e/v_ AB;1V&=*P5B1 2w-5
5*

eHx 6= Ap; E;*A B1^S1A
AQ
2.2 . 2. 5. NL giao tiếp
@B;1V&;3y'E;*^
)5`i A5i 7
)5;1$E;*23B1^& .*1 & .-Tb
2.2 . 2. 6. NL hợp tác:
- /A _1^E;*A 
- /A  .*1  t
12
2.2 . 2. 7. NL sử dụng CNTT và truyền thông (ICT)
e[>_B_H'$6;
e@BHFAF*1*1%Fh
e[>*06;
e[>*6;&$F,
2.2 . 2. 8. NL sử dụng ngôn ngữ
e[>*JEA
e[> )1'1;2S $F*1*1%
e[>EI19&1J&P&$BH
2.2.3. Các năng lực chuyên biệt
2.2.3.1 . Quan sát:
G;3*B;&H&3Mr&t JB56;6;$QL
e[Mr6*BHV= A3I7N 3 J
et J * 3 J-T7B1T3IL7IBM&F*
zSAb
e3I3Mr %V= AQ; 3 J A15l
3K7
G;3*35 J&-=
eG;3**-=KB;B16*BH__ A__)
eG;3*-=KB;B1P F`32

eG;3*'5&'PJ AHB9B-TN' 55
,;
eG;3*5B9*$B*EMN,;-MC$^D
13
2.2.3.2 . Tìm mối liên hệ
eIE;*$I&*$A A'$6P
eI6;E;*IB-T .6BHQ113
eI6;E;6*BHQ; 3 J . Q
113
2.2.3 . 3 . Thu thập, xử lý số liệu:
g>:3IP
2.2.3 . 4 . Năng lực tiên đoán dựa trên cơ sở khoa học
e?^35'*;E;*tP1F7*S At>CF
`DA'*;
e?*$I-&d&b-N9$6*BHQ;
3 J&W^-N$6Q;6*BH
e]51*35*Q;6*BH3K7$B-T
2.2.3.5 . Hình thành giả thuyết khoa học:
[>Q113^M3N'1;2 Aj= .'N
,;-M3{;96IM AF1 .B-T
2.2.3.6 .Thí nghiệm:
@$'$P&BHFAP
G;3*P
+**'$6P
fP'$6&'$J
III. Bảng mô tả các mức độ mục tiêu của chủ đề
Nội Mức độ nhận thức Các NL
14
dung hướng tới
trong chủ

đề
Nhận biết Thông hiểu Vận dụng
thấp
Vận
dụng
cao
ND1.
Tìm
hiểu về
môi
trường,
các
kiểu
dinh
dưỡng

quá
trình
tổng
hợp
một số
chất ở
vi sinh
vật.
    -=  ,
p; AF
*B-T
7 3 J
JF$*'S
  -U  N  

3 J
+`S&
v  6*  BH  V
=3I7N
3 J
-=*3
d A1-T
V=*7 
3 J^SV
=
  f  P
-=  9  3;1
3 J9
^  '  )
FIB
  f  P
-=  9  3;1
9  5;  A1
  P
r  )
-=  A
r;F1
S    F
*'S
-U  N  
3 J
  f
P  M
3N  '1;
2  Q;

*  %
  W
6*
BH
V
=  Q;
3
  #  6;
3*&313*
  #p  )
  19&
^
  #p  )
,p;
  ) 5
fGR+
ND 2:
Quá
trình
phân
giải các
chất ở
vi sinh
vật
    -=  _|
Kc  *  A  1
-T    
3I7Q; 
3 J
-=;H

%      A
F  7  Q;  ;
  @BH  FA
-=F7
Q;6*BH
N 
3 J
  a  F
;H%
N 
3 J
+-;B;
3I P&3M
r2;
;H
%

  f
P
-=

  -
i
Q;  *
19  r
  #(  )
313*
  /
fGR+
  ) 5

5
l
15
H %  ^  N  
3 J
j&
5
d
ND3.
Mối
quan hệ
giữa
quá
trình
tổng
hợp và
phân
giải,
những
ứng
dụng và
tác hại
từ quá
trình
này.
  H  J  I
6;    E;  6*
BH  V  =  A
    Q;  
3 J

    3I  %
  W  6*  BH
V  =  A  
N 3 J
  a  F
-=  6*
BHV=
AN
3 J
@BHFAM
3N  '1;  2
Q;  *  %
  A  *
9  W  6*
BHV=
A    
Q;    3
J
f
P
*
-=
5$

6;
  #(  )
Ps
V=
  /
fGR+

  ) 5
5
l
ND4:
Thí
nghiệm,
thực
nghiệm
một số
ứng
dụng
của quá
-=
  S  $  A
5    
__&_
; AP
.  F  `  3
2
R$-MBH
V  6*  Q;  6*
  @$  A
*  ;1  *
5  
AP
[13*
_  _  A
_;
]51*'$
6  P

  .
  g*  ,
  '
0  S  
_  _
A   _
;
f
P
*
-=
5$

6;
  ) 5
P  &
5

  ) 5
5  1*&
-;  
$
  ) 5
16
trình
phân
giải ở vi
sinh vật
BH__
A_;

  /  '    3I
%    Q;  
_  _  A  
_;
F  `  3
2&P
J  
5l
ND5:
Ứng
dụng
quá
trình
phân
giải với
việc sản
xuất
phân
compos
t từ rác
thải
hữu cơ
  +`  S  5
&'PJQ;
AIO$
  @H  B9  
B-T  1  B*  
EMN' 5
5,;
GBHQ

113  B  ^
 AN,;FA
AIO$^
BC$^D
g*,  3
J A6*BHA1
;  ;  A1  6*
BHQ
  ?*  $  I  
-N$6*BH
  f  P
%Q;
6*  BH
Q;
  3  J
B1  6
BH    
113
  f  P
*$I
-N  $
6*  BH  Q
A7-=
113
[Mr^;
6  BH  Q

113
  a  P
E  9

$  B1
6  BH  Q
  
;  C$
^D
+
K76
BH

6*
BHQ

r
T


.
B-T
  ) 5
6;  3*&
  J

  ) 5
;1  $&
=*
  ) 5
56:
  ) 5
**
IV. Công cụ đánh giá

Nội dung 1: Tìm hiểu về môi trường, các kiểu dinh dưỡng và quá trình tổng
hợp một số chất ở vi sinh vật.
17
AJL#^*3* AA?}

&19 3 J^S*BSB
B-T .A0-=P_1M ,~-3;L
CO

D
8
a}

s&!q #O

a}

s&\q [}

s\&q ?;?

s\&q
;?s!&\
;B-T7BAB-THu
FR3 J*BSBB-TA^'S-UHu
r;F1&r)-= Ar1Q; 3 JAAHu
AJL
;vQ;6*BHV= A*7AHuRH3;1u
FRH3;16*BHV=*791%=_|FA1Kc*u
O1AA3Mr3;L

bbbb
'$_
•aB1_
bbbb•Cf13_D

ebb
bbbb
'$_3_
•/
bbbb•bbb•_1_
Nội dung 2: Quá trình phân giải các chất ở vi sinh vật
AJ8LO1AAFLG*BH3I7N 3 J
?7F, [d €|Kc*
aB1_
•_
@F
g_13_
#
/
AJLfP*-= AJ,3;L
18
;@B* 'S8sAH^ ,;
I‚A1A J911-T&S-*193*F*1&A
& JFh‚bRJ93;1I‚9^S` A^;‚u
Nội dung 3: Mối quan hệ giữa quá trình tổng hợp và phân giải, những ứng
dụng và tác hại từ quá trình này.
Đọc các đoạn thông tin sau và trả lời các câu hỏi bên dưới
Thông tin 1:
@B1'3IBk;AFQ;!\\BB-T=l':3Bj3I
BkA)H-T;*-=7•B_3B1@;;11; A

CArtemisia annuaD
@; H*AQ;I$BcW@;;11; AA6*
v1-T;m$A*-=_WA6;$ V=
B;;;B_3•Aƒ6; A%^;23{lASA
•B_3[;^-T;mSA_A A1$FA1_B-=
CSaccharomyces cerevisiaeD  R  -;  Q  7  _  ;  _  *  V  =  3
•B_3 A13K7B1*r_mA9*AKIƒZ\„
31 .-M**$W@;;11; A A'Z0.7S3
K7AE;
a-M*A;-=>3K79R H$.'i_
9C3_…1B}_†1BO_;D& 2 .353K7N6
AHFN* o1.^M-=E;B,lAF3I
Bk‡ˆ;#_;3 ArQ;^%Amj8;19S
917_B-=;_*V=L;190A;V3I_Q;7
_Fh-M*F$S;) 3K7…;B_3B113;_
C‰aaD&;19;A-;_;1B;__3;3_C•][DQ;@;;11;
A A1$FA17_SV=‰aaA;1B;__& A;19IA-;
19
_1B1_a!\Q;@;;11; A A17_S1K^;6;8FJ
S;1B;__A;;B_3
Cr
L~~ _3__3…B__…B~_~'1;1~B1F11_~ 3 ;;11_D
AJ!LG*BH3K7$d325;B`SA1Q; 3
JuE32A1-=% A16BH3K7^Bu
AJ<L [Mr^;6BH3K7$dBuŠ&-=SQ;
-M*3K7AAHu
AJ"L@BS 2Q;-M*3K7$dA^B A*
$d32W 3 J^-$A1u
20
Thông tin 2:

Vi sinh vật giúp xử lí ô nhiễm môi trường
?j .35);3I A6*BH,^;A35;)*197
lB-T&_2;B2.3*R3>*
Q 3 JB-T-=1AF*Eh6$BS 7
l &B*A*B -'(J'‹'P&$'P
-;A-=
Công nghệ không có hóa chất
?32m-=%W'*B1$F$ AF16
&&Œ3 A;91.IBrE)0& 3>*
Q 3 Jm A;^ ;BZB76;B2B1 F1 B-T&
;6B•BB16;Bv&**%l&K>P AZI
l&^06$BS 77lB1 &B*
@Wr$dQ;*A*3K7P;-T&*A'1;2
RO^;2*=7CR#OŽ?R;Dm%A
6BH3K7$d32;)O; CO•]!DSK>PB-T
N*rQ3&`FAr3c&*B;@W*Q 3 JE
P&*A'1;291B;*$d 3 A'(J3K7,_ 3
9J;1M&cS^;*7l3;9-UE
P&'9 .1-T& J ABr&9135Fh3*1r
 .35^`Q;C*D&1&%)W;&Q;*
? 3 J;-=%&*B1K>P 
&3K7*3d5B-T&91&r*
3*&* j7F,lfP31 .*-M*'*F9
P6 A$')-=wAB1E-SVFJQ;
3> 3 JB1K>PlB-T
21
R;BZQ; % 3 JB1F1 B-TmB•
@&9R; % A% 3 JB1K>:
lB-TZ`'^') ?M3N90&B;$F,P1
*%Zo1A&$rF 9EB&:

%Q;-TB1*F1 B-T-;;1
CrL L~~B_1'1;1 ~ ~R3 ;K1_1
B1\8!~R3 ;K1_1B1\<D
AJ4L@93;12 3B1F1 B-TA
'^;7u
+**L]13>*Q 3 J-=S2&JW5
1`91B;W*QI 3 J.&^')-U91A*$
d32cK>:lB-T
AJXL?M3NQ;AAHu
+**L@W*Q 3 JEP&*A'1;291B;*$d 
3 A'(J3K7,_ 39J;1M&cS^;*7
l3;9-UEP&'9 .1-T& J A
Br
AJ\LŠ-=SQ;-M*AAHu
+**L
ŠSLfP31 .*-M*'*F9P6 A
$')-=&-=*B1K>P &3K7*3
d5B-T&91&r*3*&* j7F,
l
-=SL$r5^BH&M3N J79
0Z$'k
22
Thông tin 3:
+I7IB15d J
 @HHlI7IB15d;3cB$. AB1
 L

+I7Im-=*B;B73.;W0J<\@W'
*B;aflatoxinH'1!)3;&-T;m*"19I
7I'*^-NK7$3%'i_ A)37Q;;3c&;0A

;13IA‚A)$B8\\19I7I[5lI
7IB13BNA 71A0
RP    N  +%  ^  4„  B  &\\\  t    3  5  d  'S  B;  ^
ltricothecene&  8„  3I  t  -M  5  -  c;  H&  c;  9&  $  9  F,
lochratoxin•‘+^4„3ItFm0 -M^lrT
19IT-2 và ochratoxin
+I3B;Q$Aaflatoxin&3;^Aochratoxin&rubratoxin Acinitrinq
V9`Bc&A-;J&91B;AF2I^;1$FA1
9F,$F1B;&7-U7&^S> 1B3I.;01
A_11
  E*9Q;I7IB;L
 fV-M$FA1;L
@JwF,3-1L
8/A')'*Q; J&%$Il,L
 A1Z9Q;I^;L
23
! /A;V193:FH-T&B;BI1933L
< /AP1I .%)L
" /A-9* ;B1%)L ]135_Q;7I
4 3II7I^' -L
X OJ6IjAA7353B-N&3%3K7B%&3E;&
%vQ;K-M&F$9FK-M
CrL L~~1 1~'_~'_1~!\11;1
B1;1 ;D
AJL @B13K7 A319&7I^SlWE
rA1u
+**L@B15$3K7-T;7^8rl6;B27&
^AL
l1Arc19L 'Fv&'P'1Ar&-;
19',&`-;^d;1&*197I^rIW7-Fusarium,

AspergillusKJ A*BS
lB1'1'F165BE%)LQ$A1d
B1%)Z;1C•„Dm_5BE1`1d''PB1'1;17
 A1
lB1r'1)
@B1319&7I-T*3WEMd &d;1&P
*3*`BT
AJLEF*A1^S*SZW;I7IL
+**L
24
#SB;&'I$d AP=
#S31* ABW'>Bj&32B1'1
[>7^;2SII
[>*F* J:SII-&*3*&71K^;
+$'d0)'cmF,lI7I
Thông tin 4:
Vi khuẩn salmonella gây bệnh thương hàn
R'd[;1_;^H6_ .B1& A-MF$A^SF1
-T&3c J& A^C`FA;0DB1A0E-TF,l 
'd3;1_;^S`F3I-MA
@B%'F,lFA3I;1&Vr& 9AB&
Vi khuẩn E.coli gây bệnh tiêu chảy
R'dA*5B1BQ;c;w-Q;
 JR'dA^Sl A1*19, J&r C$ 
'-='>BjFh1B_D&B;&B*&*3I&3E; A*19 B*
B11B1$c'-=7'>BjB 'F*B;
•E-TFH-T&l€1^St$BI19^;L
;F&&&^S)cPH-TF'i3;0
;\A^SB7`NBy_&NE-T;1V& ANE-T
Al,mF,3$3’ HFJ-^w^S> 1&1`

2J3ITNE-T^3%'i_$
Vi khuẩn V.cholerae gây bệnh tả.
R'dA*BSIB1B-T-U-TB-T'
CO•"D•B-TP=-B1 &%)&B1* JFSC*&
;&3ZFSD&7AB19&d'd^S3I-= AA$
80@&c9lF,FNC4\?~!cD&FN1*7
-T AB-T;K
R'dR1_B;_AQ9PB;F#l 'd&-T
F^FSAi A0&;^t$7 
25

×