ĐỀ TÀI Nghiên cứu tìm hiểu về Bộ nhớ Ngoài trong HĐH Linux.

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BỘ GIÁO DỤC VÀ ĐÀO TẠO
TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC CÔNG NGHIỆP HÀ NỘI
KHOACÔNG NGHỆ THÔNG TIN
BÀI TẬP LỚN
ĐỀ TÀINghiên cứu tìm hiểu về Bộ nhớ Ngoài
trong HĐH Linux.
Nhóm thực hiện: Nhóm 6
Lớp: ĐH Khoa Học Máy Tính 2 – K7
Trường: ĐH Công Nghiệp Hà Nội
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BỘ GIÁO DỤC VÀ ĐÀO TẠO
TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC CÔNG NGHIỆP HÀ NỘI
KHOA CÔNG NGHỆ THÔNG TIN
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ĐỀ TÀI: NGHIÊN CỨU TÌM HIỂU VỀ QUẢN LÝ BỘ NHỚ NGOÀI TRONG
HĐH LINUX

NHÓM 6
GV hướng dẫn: Th.s Nguyễn Thanh Hải
Nhóm thực hiện gồm các thành viên:
1. Lâm Văn Thư
2. Nguyễn Văn Quân
3. Nguyễn Tiến Trung
4. Hà Trọng Tấn
5. Trần Văn Thịnh

Hà Nội, Ngày … Tháng … Năm ……
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MỤC LỤC
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I. Khái niệm cơ bản.
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97)b)*)N`n'`x=/R/b/A^)'/R/('(
x=/R`nL672):7-)&)S6)8/||/9-'9
~aS6))I1'9@/b/Z|7NM'(
~+:@B9/1)7•7xk)&))A*kA\)bM)A)
*M)A))I1
~+/(/A^)/>/r)&)7•7hn
~+/(/A^)7,`SR-(:)I1)&))A*k
~+/('9U/^7n


II. Phân vùng đĩa cứng.
1) Giới thiệu chung
xVHk-7&_)I1'/RX\/,S)>1)b=
R)&)-'))QH1)&)'9FDuFDVSVD(3)qU2@B
'9:7/A^)j)2)D@U),Sb(-EML/_(XQ
u9)3]=M€('9$•)T)b(A(B)/t)'QA
(B)9)u@D)S3M'@=V1Vuf•g3,S/_(r/8/_ru(
73=))&)78h)ZUA'9@VMVX71VXa‚mƒ-'9
•$5=))&)A(B)-:7M&)XM_))&):7'9-)&)A(B)
'9)T)i)=7))I1%'9•$ML/XY`1N
k„bVzH/(ur3)&):7'9-A(B)'9-

u•3578S)>Y(9')&)'9FD6N/A^)Vh@B
A;X;X;<)b/):S)1-)bMK`&k1
&)6@e'u…13
2) Tên phần chia hệ thống
1()N/N)&)78)16/01)2Vh@B(VHMN^7)I1)&)
)e)&-)&))V9†)&)78)1/A^)/t6()&)M&U-(16(
RY*V-)&)7A*7&7Vh@BL)&)'/RM&)Q78
)1‚D@1/R1()N`1)&):7X-6:7/A^)/tD
/E@UV1•@D-•S
5/b•@D-•6)I1A(B))21=))&):7NEa)&)78)1
y(6/01)2X-/01)2(UNEXxk-:SX=))&):7/U@')
)&)78)1Vzy(A(B)•@D-•
‡‡1)e)&/86)I1678)1)i1M_)I1NE(78)1
y(6/b56)I1(V9NEYA\1d(aj/01)2!a;†Gaj/01
)2GG!†G‚j/01a‚mGG!†ˆaj/01(R(†a‚m6MN:7NE
a‚m†ˆ77S6MN:7NEj/01(R(
}e)&S&)/ENE(78)1y(6/b5/b
‰„j/01)22=X(1VD


]„j/01)22=XV1-D
„j/01)221X(1VD
a„j/01)221XV1-D
5@B•@D-•@1j/01!a;2=†•@D-•V@j/01GG!21
G9)9)._E)78)1&)V9q/N<&)/E978)1
/86u7(1S1SDD@D@3&)78)1)/A^)/&V9r/8q?
3) Hệ thống tập tin Ext2
a) Giới thiệu
;1S'9:7(L21('9:7@))&)'
9,>)/8b/A^)NMN/_1SN)'9:7(Lb

/I1/_@.(6)Š/_)YK)I1)&)U'/RU)N
))I1bMY7'9:7:M
'9FD;/A^)'-/8K(WW-/A^)NMN6)
b)bRKK)A\/_Mr)7B))&)U)N)I1)&)'9FD
M&)
Tính năng Minix EXT EXT 2
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)NLV9@Du@D(DG9@D()iV9@D)i()=
>)@D3p(b(M9)b)21(@D
p@D)b)21Y-R(:7-:n6z6'9:7
)b _  (A (B)X(V)MDX ( FFDX )M@D-)DX )11)D @D-)DX
VS()MX:7A\xk-:S@D)b_/A^)D(A(M9Y)b
6`1/N((B)qX(Y-E)I1b6/01XM)A)-)I,)I1b
~Data block:A^)Vh@B/_Ae@)I1)&):7X1d(@1
V&))&)A(B)X)&))(LX)&)VS()Mƒ
c ) Cấu trúc của hệ thống tập tin Ext2
- Inode
p:7/A^)/U@'L()=>)/A^)Q(@D!@D(
)bM)A))9/E/A^)Vh@B/_Ae=))&)Y-R(:7X-
(p:7)i)b(@D@S=eYS1d()I,)I1:7
o

X\/_(1S/j@:7X\1:7/A^)S:7V1).XM)
A)X)&)`SR6:7XV9A^:76MN--ƒ
E1)i)I1)&)M9@e'/c)=77&)(:7/A^)Ae@D
)I1b!@D)b)21(:7^7)&))|e)|S|)&)M9@e'
)I1:7)|/86X/A^)k(U7q/01)M:7/A^)(L
9-:7*X)|N7D@DVz)i/N(M96/01X/A^)
QVD@D))M%9S)b)21)&)/E1)i@e'uM93jVN-w
)A1/IX)|2@D|@D@D))MXM9S)b)21
/E1)i)I1M9)b)21@1V&))&)VD@D))Mp(VD@D)
)M|K(M9@e'N-wMY/IX(7D@D))M)T)b
_/A^)Vh@B
d) Cấu trúc thư mục
&)A(B)/A^))=>)(),S)b2:)p(A(B))b_
)21)&):7-)&)A(B)M&)

&)A(B)/A^),S@HA:7)bM_/t)'5H)NX(A(B)
(:7)b)21(@1V&))&)(B)qp((B)q)b)=>)=/*X
1d()b1A\V9@D)I1:7-6:7/b%(Nk)b1(
)NA(B)X(c,'/Rk(MN()&)A(B)/_k(V9@D
A*2G1M6/c/A^))S_/jV9@DX@D/A^)U7-
-/A^)Vh@BLeS6)8N7V1
e) Quản trị hệ thống file ext2
Filesystem cachingy(K'V=)I1'9FDDX)1)D/A^)
@./_Ae)&)@e'/A^)@.A\S65Y)I1FDVSVD(/A^)
)1)DX/YM/A^)1(MA(/'(/01XLk-')S
):7-k1*RV-)&)/01-:n1`&k/Q)-/R
/A^))1)D@e'6‚‰'9FFDV/01)kFDVSVD(/&72)
1))&)1&)/Q)a‚‰U(\XFFDVz/A^)-/01
M(&SU/X1SMFDVSVD(/A^)(
'VS))b_@./_•7MDD=))&)FFDV-)&)FD6/01'
S)b_Vh@BMY)81(V9
C

x@xn@S)b_)-kV1M)•7FD-/01(R(1=S'
9)US=1S6>)SH)VHFD)A1/A^)-/01(R(N/_n
kUVz=SM?,SV1/Žj(R((r/8V&NA)/b1AL
/c)•7FD(>/01(R(1kVzMY)bFD/A^)-/01)
f) Sự phân mảnh của hệ thống file
'9D/A^)NMNy(U)N9_VH7,(61MY
)87@DF1(D'9FDD
S6,,S1VH7,()I1FDVSVD(-')FDR86j
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xk)=)=>))I1D/A^),S@H@H16)*VL)I1D6
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@e'MYREAL-H)'A*/9@•@X/*xMDD
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5q76‚D@1CX'9:7(t)/ED
Block size %)A)FD= %)A)'59FD=
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~Tính khả dụng
%dE|1S'9/j-‹=)^X(p7, /E@U
DD6(&S7/A^)M_(1-')/d=)I1)>y)A*k
DFV)Mx')S)8M\1/_N(\1ML/'9E
•/&M_X/t)'-7, 5V9\1S@e'67, 
MY/A^)@./N
;/A^)/A11/_MY)87H)'-')M_(1/bM'9
(&SEr/X-')M_(1)iS1M78)2EA|X)•UA
j/01)2EA5\1M_(1MY7B)-@A^1SV9A^FD
)I17, 
- Tính toàn vẹn của dữ liệu:
'9:7D))=7-')@e'-')'9r/
X-)7•71)QU-(2)/-'@e't)/E(2)-')1=
uD-D3
- Tốc độ:
]=)=7-')@e'R81S(8XD)bV9A^@e'/A1
-`&kR*•V-DLD/c9Ab1/8/Q))S_/
)I1L/01)251)b_)Q(1(2)/_9A9)/A/RS)b_
((-”)I1@e'
- Dễ dàng chuyển đổi:
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
5:@•@/_1)S_/jqD6D-/U/A^)e^))I1
('9:7(U(MY)87/E@UU

_)S_/jqDV1DX/K:7y-–'
/sbin/tune2fs –j /dev/hdbx
/dev/hdb1Sy6NE-V92H)I17, )8)S_
/j
5) Hệ thống tập tin Ext4
'9ˆD;q/A^)Vh@Bc=R
K(5A)VH1K@A^)I1j)2-/|(1)=':XN'
N7V1'9:776u;3X'9:776<u;<3X/A^)7&
(-K(o'9:7(SMN^7-MK(L-,)1
'V=>7)'9:7*XM/b-w@Sk/A^)/):S
-j/E+6<Vz7.^7-M9A^)Y-')*X/1@U*-
/A^)(/^/_1SN76
;‡5</A^)7&_@H16FD'9;5)&)8)N;</A^)
)N*RV-;u/A^))Nq;6X)ISN6(-VH):7:
:M3XA;<U1S/j)=>)@e')I1FD'9)•UA-')A
e:7@e'cU1:7'9-)NNMNX'V=9*X/
):S)1-R)&)K6N
a) Giới thiệu
+6q'9:7=7jNL/):S)1X
KN:7X'V=A*/99X-MKA*)(U(ze1)&)76
5NMN)2r))I176/cq(1U@1NVHj/E-
(U(zXA)TU)NMK(L`S(Y-U/6)&))=
—


x&7H)/|@A^j)2(S)-VHp^1S/jM)
A)H)SNL76XS6)8-R`SNMK(L-'V=)I1
76)=7&)*1\N'1SX()&)Ud/Q7
/9(t-76M))‹9/1)I1:7'9o5]xJ•o•oX
5D@D5V˜X@Sk;‡5X/cY&MNU)()-')7&_;‡5<



767&_)I1D</c='76MDDoW
S••JX)&)-&p/&@=D<A(Kj/EXMN>))I11/U
7&_-'D<%DDoJX)b)21'9:7D<X)9)./c
/A^)7&-S?••JS?••X4DS69Vz,)=7)*VL
U8Ae)I1bqDV1D<S<••Q)TY&QVzVh
@BD<X1Sxk}‰ˆˆGX6‰@@
b) Khả năng nâng cấp mở rộng
B)6/86)I176<)b_L('9'7*
578S)>YVz:-RK(LY)bV•L76<
- Hệ thống tập tin lớn:
aA^76S6,(UM)A)'
9:7o5]'_(LU)I1'9'7X7A*7&7
/*K@A^/A^)Vh@B/_/U@')V9A^M9-V1/bVh1
)e1=))&)1()N))&)@e'-)&)M9V6@e'
5A)/,SX76)b&p)=7/-MKp^V9A^M9
-:6<J"76<X1Sxk(LV9A^M96/No<XA\
7&_76<`SN/E(L/d-V9M9<J1/RSy(
,)1KH))I1'9:7-)'/:7()&)'`x
V9M9<JX76<)b_p^'9:7-M)A)9/16/N~
u<J™3
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SDVu;]3-M))‹M9<%]
G1M1S/jV9A^M9@e'<JXA)N7D)iVh1))
&))&)1()N/N)&)M9V6@e'A*2G6@e'dUV6
M9X(Yb(X-…1&)A\(/c/A^)6(-L78)9)I1)=>)
V6  M9  /_  A  e      `1  Q  =  )  )&)  N blockcounter,
s_free_blocks_count, s_blocks_count, và s_r_blocks_count

%_qM/E1)i)&)M91S/j'9:7/A^)/K6U7)X
M97:Mu’]a3)T/A^)S6)8/_p^)&)/E1)iM9=<Jxk
NX’]a7,&’]a/_p^V9M9*X).>)/bk76<
)T/A^))11t)@.'U)i)b76<Vh@B’]aXb)b_)
)=7p^U:M))I1)1'9:7-o<
),|/t1yUV1)>1U)Q<J1Sxk/A^)p^o<
"9)/'UX('9:7;]V•7(=WK(/_(DFV)M
/8S/I-o??o8V-'9:7o<M9uo<š]3


- Đặc điểm:
G1M(LU/A^)U1LV9M9X@A^'9:7
-w)ZEU)NLV9A^)I1)&)b(M9'9:7
xJ](t)/Eu
C
SD3M)A)b(M9XD<)b_)b=
C
•o<“


b(M9RSUM)A)'9:7


›
C
“
<J
SDt)?o5]
&)7&7)-=/RSVh@BKb(V6M9u;5‰œ]43X
)bD)=))&)76oxK;5‰œ]4X'9:7D<

/A^)7,)1Rb(V6M9pb(V6M9()B()I1)&)
b(M9)bb()=>)(Y)b_/A^)Ae(M9/01@S=9
-D<' 9 :7 -M) A)M9<%]X (M9V67, @S=
b(1  d(o<  b(M9X  t)J  4]MY  1  /01  R  S  (  K)&)
b(9/1

M9U)NU)2

X)7•7p^)'9:7/8S
/IX;]
- Chống phân mảnh trực tuyến:
t)@.M•:•((/7,(AV1(\1('
9FD-wE7,()Y)B&7,(Du-@AD<@DF13
/A^),S@H/_h-')/bb_@.)Y)BS/_&7,((FD6
zt))' 9 FDY)B S)b_)9 7,( )&):7)&,
t)'9:79-(p:7X)Y)BSU1(@DU(\
-7,j)&)(2)/N7&7-@DU(\Vh@BRM97,jG1
/bb  V1)•7)&):7    @e  '9)-      )1)D1  -b1)&)  1
Š/_M9@DU(\9).Xb@)S_M9)|q@DU(\)
)&)@D9)
- Cải tiến độ tin cậy:
):S=`1Q/9-D-(e@MNb=
7jNxk-:SX)&)7&_D</1/tRpH)--')@Sk/):S
)I1/E@U:76b_@•@NMN/E@U:7Lo<VAbVz
MY/A^)RA\@.XxkN)Y')A1)8@.R@A^
/N(2)A-:S
t)@./cVh@BM•:A:Mu…13-‚‰!aX-w)be/E
@U:7p='6/01)2aU/86)I1 -'Vz7&'
-)I/&pyVHMN^7)I1NMNV6@e'X6)b)&)78q1
uD@@1)S3/A^)j)2)DR)=7/XVzM_(1j_-”)I1@e



'NS1pk@.'M_(1-”uFV)M3/_7&'-Vh1)e1U
:7'9
e(9`1,()/9-=))&)/E@U:79)/
&):-Vh1pU:7V1MbEpu)73x@A^Ae‚‰!a
L(2)^7X('FV)M/8S/I)I1/E@U:7D@A^5])b_(=
q/N<\/_U1(:7(/A^))žVU)Vzž&kFV)MVzK6
RSN)b(A^)&)M9:7/A^))1VvXVz)8`1R
`&k/_Vh1)e1b
V9/t)/_(X-@B78(L)I1/E@U:7X/A^)r•-
V6@e')I1D</c/A^)/E01V•‚=Re1S/jX/1/A^)
hXt)/1/A^)NMN/_)r))rD<VzL/E@U
- Kiểm tra tổng thể:
x')6(V6@e'M_(1j`&-/E@UD<Vz)7•7/E
@US@•@7&'1pV1VbX-VzH
—
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AL-@e'=Sq/01)2&)(Y)I1b(@e'/A^)6(78M_(1
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- Các điểm mới
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A\()(D/A^)U1M:7/A^)U(X-/A^)6(-@D)I1
/E@UD</8/A^)@./_A@e')I11Y,SX)ZU/A^)Vh
@B/_(L\1XDMŸS6/NCK(N7D
&)76ˆG-<L(&SM&))8)&)):7:)I1:7q(&S)IXD
2H/_@e'L(&SM&)Y(=1S)M)(D/A^)p^/N
1Y,SXk@=-N\1)I1:7)TMY)8):7:/N(2)1Y,S
&)@D)I1/E@UD</A^))1()&)76y)&))=7(/N(
)o<)(p@D]/N(SK6(pM:7)b1S/j]/N(/A^)
MLUM:7r/8/A*)U1x')/N(8AMY_S1
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
/A^)X-jV9/N(/c/A^)&-M_(1+62)I1)&)A\
@D/A^)'d(JX/b@.)@DA\-@.
)@D)‹
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
III. Sự cấp phát bộ nhớ
1) Cấp phát lưu động
e7A*2)/*=)-'))=77&)1
e)A*u713M)A))9/Ep)A*)b_)21)
&)(Nka/bX(2)/)I1(71((/A^)UL(V9A^
)A*5)&)2) multiplepartitionXM()A*H@X(Nk/A^)
H1)Qq/^-u7`DD3-/A^)U7-)A*H@/b%Nk
/bMN>)X)A*/bV•V)(NkM&)&)2)S/A^)Vh@B7j
NL'/R!]mGou/A^)Qˆ53†bMY/A^)Vh@B,&)
2)N7D/A^)(Y(VHj^7)I1A^)/d)A*0u/A^)Qx53†
b/A^)Vh@Be(YA\hnDM9RAALL/,S)Z)b

_2@B)(YA\)1Vv\1*(VH7,/U8>S/A^)Vh
@B)-')`nuVD)o3
5A^)/d7,)A*)9/EX'/Re()Ne
78)I1V•V-/c/A^)Vh@B]1/8XV•)b
)eNkA\Vh@B-/A^))A(M9)I1V•)bX(
MY1 (hole). %(Nk/N-)8X)>1k(MN((D
/I)NkSN)>1k(=S()pX)>1)i)=77&y
)q/A^)S6)8X-')ekVHi*/bV•V@./_|1(c
e)8A*1
%eNk/K:7'9/bX)>/A^)/t-/^
-'/R/A1-Mu(61))3eS6)8)I1(p
Nk-jV9MY1V•)b-')`SN/ENk/A^)
)=77=%(Nk/A^))=77&MY1Xb/A^)U7-
X-M/bb)b_)U1+$%(NkMN>)Xb7b 
)I1bX)&'/R)b_(/8S-(NkM&)q/^-
"=M€\/_(X)>1)b(@1V&)-R)&)M)A)M9V•)b
-/^-'/R/b)b_/t/^/bDV1(::7E)
]/A^))=77&)Nk)MMN>)XeS6)8)I1NkN7
D)b_MY/A^)|1(cXMY)b)MV•)b)I1(/I
/_ANk/b'/R)b_M/b/^)M()M/IV•VX
t)b)b_S)&)`c9@A/^-/_D(')b1SMY
eS6)8|*-R-NkM&))b_/A^)rt7
C

b)XL=M€\/_(/A11)>1)b(:7)&) MY1
uD3M))‹M&)1&)Mr7%(Nk/N-S6)8X'
9k(MN(1(D/I)NkSND/b`&XbVz)1
|17878/A^))=77&)Nk/1/N†78)ZUU
):7D%NkMN>)Xb7bM9)I1bX)&(1SV1/b
/A^)/tLU-:7DN(D(8MReDM&)XeD

8MRS/A^)/_U1(D*>)SX'9)b_)8M_(1
')b1SMY)beNk/1/^-')bMYSH@
8/,S-/A^)MN^7U)b_|1(ceS6)8)I1=M€Nk/1)\
/^S
5IB)S(_')B_)I1vấn đề cấp phát lưu trữ động b)X
)&6`1/N)&)(|1(c(S6)8M)A)n q(@1V&)DH
@bR)&)`SN-=/RS&))NA^)firstfit, bestfit, -worstfit (/U
d=3e)&A\/A^)Vh@B/_H1)Q(DH@q:7)&)D)b
V•
- First fit.=77&D/86)&(/Ix')k(MN()b_r/8t)
q/8:7Dt)*((MN(FVFA)/cMN>)>1)b_@q-')
k(MN(1SM)>1k(=S(DH@/I
~Best fit.=77&D|=)&(/I>17k(MN(
@1V&)/bXqM@1V&)/b/A^)Vr7VN7DM))‹NA^)SU1(
D@A1q1|=
~Worst fit=77&D=A^)UX)>17k(MN(
@1V&)qMb/A^)Vr7N7DM)A)NA^)SU1(D@A1
q1=X)&()b_e)*RV-D@A1q1|*qN7):
DVF
e(Y7|-q1kSk)first fit-best fit9*worst fit
-')(\1-:@BAe
2) Cấp phát liên kết link
~'9:7)I1H)M&'(:76MNuM3R:7
)b_/A^)6MN(@D!@D)b(A\)21V9A^:7/A^)6
MNb5U(:76MN=/*X)i-')U((B)qA(B)X
/bV9@D)i@D(96MNX-KV9/N()I1)&):76MN
J

@D%(6MNEb1|X)b01M(:76MNE&X,'/R
(V9/N(A^:76MN-|)=77&)I1@DMV9/N(S

)b&EuA\^7:7E&3
~%_:76MN66/A^)Q1@M-)b_)i/A^)Vh@B
('9:7/*†MY)bMKU)&)1@Me1)&)'9:7
56(e1X)&)1@M)i)b_|6:7MY_U(1@M)
(A(B)/_Kq1VH=')I1(-Zt7),SA(B)
~M_6MNM&)dU'9:7)I1VS()M
u1SVFM3GS()Me:7)b)21(6:7M&)%,'
/Rrt7(VS()M>))S_/j(/A\@w@DXb
1SN6)I1:76MNy@)I1bX)b01Vh@B6)I1:7
/)X-ML/U`&k76@E)U6/A\@wa(VS()M
MYH)VH)i(@DX6)b_U)&)VS()Me1)&)'9:7
&)VS()M)b_)i=M€M_:7X1S)e:7MY
dU&)VS()MA\=1S/A^)@.L-k)>MY)b)&)U
A)I11@M5S6X)>Vh@B(V9MY1/01X/A^))=77&)
@D-)&)M9@e')I1)>X-/,S(S6,,S17j`&
k)S_/j6/A\@w@DL-k,'97ML/U`&
k76@E)Mbt7(VS()M
W

KẾT LUẬN
A-:S1)b_=SqM1/\/NSX/N\/_('UX/K
)b=RN_-76M&)1X/A^),S@H-7&_6'L
)&))YS78(R(-)&))&,'1SXV1*K(dU-7&_X
/A^)Vh@BK6NX6)&)(&S)&,X)&)(&S)IX
/N)&)NE@/X(&SDU)X(&SX)&)(&S‰5-:()6)
)&)V6(&SƒS1SX/A^)D(_A^)I1VH)1Vv)/dX
/A^)7&_L)/d-/A^)I-k(•7xeK
S)6NX'9ˆD/A^),)=7X'/&72)8)I1A\
Vh@B'/RVzS)7&_A*1
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