ôn kiến thức luyện kĩ năn làm bài hóa học 9 theo chuẩn kiến thức nguyễn hữu thạc

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1
NGUYfeN
Htru
THAC
- TRAN NGOC THANG
-
NGUYfeN
HOAl NAM
ON
KIEN
THUrc
LUYEN
Kl
NANG
LAM BAI
•
HO A HOC 9
THEO
CHUAN
Klf N
THtfC
Ili'J
VIEM
Ti
f-'H aiNH
IHUA'*
teVL M5
3/|(y
-14
,

NHA XUAT BAN DAI HOC SU^ PHAM
LOI NOI DAU
Cuon sach
"On Men
thitc - Luyen Id nang
lam
bai
(Theo
chudn
kien
tMc)
- Hod
hoc
9" nham giiip
cac
em hoc sinh
lop 9
nam chac kidn
thiic va
nang
cao
ki
nang giai bai tap Hoa hoc thu6c chuong trlnh
Idp
9,
trong d6 c6 chii y nhilu den ki
nang lam bai tap
trac
nghiem.
N6i dung cuon sach gom

4
phSn:
PHANI - ON TAP THEO CHUAN KJEN TfflJC
Phan nay trlnh bay tom tat nhung tdng hop toan bo kien thiic Hoa hoc cua
sach giao khoa Idp 9 theo chuong trinh cai each ciia Bo Giao due va Dao tao,
nham giiip em hoc sinh on tap nhanh va nam kien thiic sau hon.
PHAN II - LUYEN KI NANG THEO CHUAN KIEN THirC
A.
Cau hoi va bai tap
G6m nhi^u bai tap trac nghiem va bai tap tu luan, giiip hoc sinh nang cao
ki nang van dung
kie'n
thiic
di,
giai bai
tap,
nhat la giai bai tap trac nghiem (each
chon dap an diing va nhanh nhat).
B.
Huong
dan
tra
161
cau lioi va giai bai tap
Cac em hoc sinh chi sir dung phan nay sau khi da tra loi cac cau hoi va
giai cac bai tap b phSn A de' ki^m tra
kie'n
thiic va ki nang cua minh, tii do b6
sung nhung
kid'n

thiic va ki nang eon thieu.
PHAN III - Gl6l THIEU
MOT
SO DE
KIEM TRA , ^,
I.
De kiem tra 15 phut
II.
De kiem tra 45 pliiit
PHAN IV - Gldl THIEU DE THI HOC
SINH GIOI L(3P 9
- MON HOA HOC
Hi vong rang cuOn sach nay se giiip ieh nhi^u cho cac em hoc sinh 6n tap
va ren luyen ki nang de chudn bi t6't cho ki ki^m tra cu6'i hoc ki va cu6'i nam.
Chiing t6i ra't mong nhan dupe nhirng y
kie'n
dong gop xay dung cua ban
doe d^ \in xua't ban sau cu6n sach dupe hoan thien hon.
Xin tran trpng cam crn!
CAC TAC GIA
.:;o
fi^/
±iU
Gri'I:;
mki ('
qUi ilm
'.K^
:nlrl<l
ndiD
yrtfilvf'J'i^

PHANI^.
ON
TAP THEO
CHUAN
KIEN
THUTC
Chirong
1
\ryr'.r-^-^Ki
CAC
LOAI
HOP
CHAT
V6
CO
I-OXIT
,.,
,„,,,^,.,
Ojf/f
/a /icT?
chat
cm
oxi vdi mot
ngiiyen
tokhdc.
1.
Phanloqi
a)
Theo tinh chdt
hod hoc cua

oxit:
Chia
thanh b6'n loai oxit;
Oxit
axit
la nhiJng oxit tac dung vdi
bazo
tao thanh mu6'i va HjO.
Oxit
baza
la nhung oxit tac dung
vdri
axit tao thanh mu6'i va H2O.
Oxit
licdng
tinh
la
nhung oxit vira tac dung vdi axit
vCra
tac dung vdi
bazo
tao thanh muoi va nuorc.
Oxit
trung
tinh
(con goi
la
oxit kh6ng tao mu(5i)
la
nhiJng oxit khdng

tac dung vdi nude, axit va
baza.
Thi
du: CO, NO
b)
Theo thanh phdn
nguyen
to tao oxit:
Chia
thanh
hai
loai
oxit:
Oxit
kim
loai:
Nguyen
to tao oxit la kim loai.
' '
Oxit
phi
kim:
Nguyfin to' tao oxit la phi kim.
I
2. Ten goi
Cdch
1:
Ten oxit = Ten
nguyen
td tao oxit (kem hoa tri vdi

nguyen
td cd
nhilu
hoa tri)
+
oxit.
i-v'^x^
n>;'
/ > - • •
.,.,1
•
Thi
du:
FcjO,:
Sat(in) oxit.
Cdch
2:
Diing
tiln
td mono (la
mot),
di (la
hai),
tri (la
ba)
di
chi
sd
nguyen
tit

cua mdi
nguyen
td trong phan
tiJ
oxit.
Thi du: NjO,: Dinita pentaoxit (penta la
nam).
Cdch
3:
Ddi vdi oxit axit con cd ten goi la anhidrit ciia axit tu<mg iJng.
Thi
du:
SO,: Anhidrit sunfuric (axit tircfng ling
la
HjSO^).
3.
Tinh
chdt hoa hoc cua
oxit
bazo
-
Tdc
dung
vdi
oxit
axit:
Tao thanh mudi.
Thi
du:
•

CaO + SO,
^CaSO,
' •
-
Tdc
dung
vdi
axit:
Tao thanh mudi va nude.
Thi du:
MgO + HClMgCl^ + H^O
- Tdc dung v&i nucfc: M6t sO' oxit
bazcf
tac dung
duoc
vdi
nudc,
tao thanh
dung dich
baza
r/i/<iM.•
Na20
+ H20^2NaOH
4.
TTnh
chdt
hoa hoc cua
oxit
exit
-Tdc

dungvdi
oxit
bazcf:laoXhmhmu6i.Thi du:
CO^+CaO-^CaCOj
- Tdc
dung
vdi
nuac:
Da s6' oxit axit tac dung
dugc
vdi nude, tao thanh axit.
Thi
du:
P^O,
+
SH^O
->
2H3PO,
- Tdc
dung
vdi
baza:
Tao
thanh mu6'i
va
niidrc.
Thi du:
SO2 + Ba(OH)2
BaSOj
+ H^O

5.
Tinh
chdt
cua
oxit
laong
tinh
- Tdc
dung
vdi
axit:
Tao
thanh mu6'i
va
nirdfc.
Thi du:
AI2O3
+ 6HC1 ^
2AICI3
+
3H2O
- Tdc
dung
vdi
baza
kiem:
Tao
thanh mu6'i
va
nude.

Thi du:
Aip,
+ 2NaOH2NaA102 + H^O
II. MOT SO
OXIT
QUAN
TRONG
1.
Conxi
oxit
(CaO)
- La cha't ran, mau trang,
nong
chay
b nhiet d6 rat cao. CaO hut
nude
ra't
manh, nen dung lam kho m6t s6' cha't khi.
- La oxit
bazo:
Tac dung vdi
nudc,
vdi axit va oxit axit.
- San xua't CaO: Nung da vdi
(CaCOO
trong 16 vdi:
CaCOj
—^ Cao + CO^ t
2.
Lau

huynh
dioxit
(SO2)
- La chat khi khong mau, mui hac, nang hem khong khi. SO2 hoa long
6 -10"C , hoa ran b
-73"C.
- La oxit axit: Tac dung vdi
nudc,
vdi
baza
va oxit
bazcf.
-DieuchekhiS02:
Trong
phong
thi
nghiem:
TiT mudi sunfit
va
tijr
axit
HjSO^dae,
ndng.
Na^SO,
+
H^SOJoang
->
Na^SO,
+ SO^ t + H^O
Cu +

2H2S04d.n
->
CuSO,
+ SO^ t +
2H2O
Trong
cdng nghiep:
Tijr
luu huynh va
tijf
quang
pirit:
. S
S + O2—^SOj
^.^5
4FeS2
+ 1IO2 —^
8SO2
t +
2Fe203
> .
(Quang
pirit)
>
III.
AXIT
Axit Id hap chdt md phdn ti( c6 mot hay nhieu nguyen
tie
hidro lien kit
vdi

goc axit, cdc nguyen tit hidro nay c6 the duac
thay
the bang cdc nguyen
tit kim
loai.
1.
Phan
loai
^
Dua vao thanh phSn phan
tir,
axit
duac
chia thanh hai loai:
- Axit khong co oxi:
HCl, HjS,
HBr
- Axit CO oxi: HN03,H2S04,H2C03
2. Ten gpi
-
Axit
khong
co oxi: Ttn
axit
=
Axit
+
ten phi kim
+
hidric.

Thi du: HCl: Axit clohidrie.
-
Axit
CO
nhieu
nguyen
/«" oxi:
T^n axit
=
Axit
+
ten phi kim
+ ic.
Thi du:
H2SO4:
Axit sunfuric.
-
Axit
CO
it
nguyen
tic oxi:
T6n axit
=
Axit
+
t6n phi kim
+ cf.
r/z/JM;
H2SO3:

Axit sunfuror. ,
3.
Tinh
chdt
hoa hoc cua
axit
- Axit lam ddi mau quy tim thanh do.
- Nhieu kim loai hoat ddng tac dung vdi axit, tao thanh mud'i va giai
phong
^iW^.Thidu:
Zn + 2HCl->ZnCl2+H21.
Rieng axit
nitric
HNO, va axit
H2S04dac
tac dung vdi hSu he't eae kim
loai
(trilr
platin Pt va vang Au), tao thanh mud'i nhimg
khong
gidi
phong
khi H^.
- Tac dung vdi
baza
va oxit
baza,
tao thanh mud'i va nirde.
- Dua vao tmh chat hoa hoc, axit
duac

phan thanh 2 loai:
Axit mgnh nhu HCl,HN03,H2S04loang
Axit
ye'u
nhu
H2S,H2C03,H2S03
IV. MpT SO
AXIT
QUAN
TRONG
1.
Axit
clohidrie
(HCl)
- Khi hidro clorua HCl tan trong
nudc
tao thanh dung dich axit clohidrie.
- Axit clohidrie ed nhimg
tinh
cha't chung ciia axit: Lam ddi mau quy tim
thanh
do. Tac dung vdi: kim loai,
baza,
oxit
baza
va mudi, tao thanh mudi
clorua.
2.
Axitsunfuric
(HjSOJ

"
" - La chat long sanh, kh6ng mau, nang hon nuorc, tan nhieu trong nudrc va
toa nhiSt.
-
Axit sunfuric lodng: Co tinh chat gi6'ng axit clohidric.
-
Axit sunfuric dqc: Co nhOtig tinh chat hoa hoc rifing:
+ Tac dung voi kim loai: Axit
H2SO4
dac, nong tac dung vdi ta't ca cac kim
loai (trii platin Pt va vang Au) tao thanh mudi sunfat va khong gidi phong khi
H2.
+ Tinh hdo nuac: Hiit nu6c ra't manh nen dung lam khd khi im, lam khan
cac mudi hidrat.
Gay hien tucfng than hoa cac hop chat hiru cor. Thi du: Axit H2SO4 dac
biS'n dudng thanh than:
C12H22Q.1
)
I2C
+
IIH2O
3.
San xudt axit
sunfuric
-
Trong cdng nghiSp, axit sunfuric dupe san xua't bang phuong phap tiep
xiic tir nguyen lieu la luu huynh (S) hay quang pirit
(FeS2).
-
Cac cdng doqn san xudt:

+ San xua't khi
SO2:
Ddt
S
hoac quang pirit: S + '°
>
SO^.
Hoac 4FeS2 +1 lOj ^ 2Fe203 +
SSO^
t
+ San xua't
SO3: 2SO2 + O2
y
>
2SO3
+ San xua't axit sunfuric: SO3
+ H2O H2SO4
4. Nhqn biet axit
sunfuric
va muoi
sunfat
-
Dung thudc thu la mudi bari (BaCl2 hay
Ba(N03)2),
nhan bie't axit
H2SO4
va mudi sunfat bang ke't tua BaS04 mau trdng.
Na2S0,
+ BaCl2 -> BaSO, i + 2NaCl
-

Phan biet axit
H2SO4
va muoi sunfat bang quy tim (chi c6 axit la do quy tim).
V.
BAZO
Baza la hap chat ma phdn ti( c6 mot nguyen
tie
kim loai lien kei vdi mot
hoac nhieu nhom hidroxit (-OH).
1. Phan loqi
Dua vao tinh tan trong mdc cm bazo, chia thanh hai loai:
-
Baza tan duac trong nude (gpi la bazokiem):
NaOH,Ba(OH)2
-
Baza khong tan trong nude (gpi la bazp khdng tan):
Cu(0H)2,
Fe(OH)3
2.
Ten
gpi
, H'iUr^'
Ten bazo = Ten kim loai (hoa tri) + hidroxit. ,
Thidu:
Fe(OH)3:
Sat(III) hidroxit.
3.
Tinh
chdt
hoa hoc

cua
bazo
-
BazP
lam quy tim chuyen thanh xanh, phenolphtalein khdng mau
chuy^n thanh mau do.
-
Tac dung vdi axit - Phan ling trung hoa: ,^
Cu(OH)2
+ H2SO,
^
CUSO4
+
2H2O
-
Dung dich bazo tac dung vdi oxit axit, tao thanh mudi va nude.
-
Dung dich bazo tac dung
vdi
dung dich mudi, tao thanh mudi mdi va
bazP
mdi.
Thi du:
Ba(0H)2
+ NajSO^ -> BaSO, i
+
2NaOH .
-
BazP
khdng tan bi nhiet phan tao oxit bazo va nude. Thi du:

2Fe(OH)3
^^Fe203 +
3H2O
VI.
IVIOT
SO
BAZO
QUAN
TRONG
1.
Natrl
hidroxit
(NaOH)
-
La cha't ran khdng mau, hiit am manh, tan nhieu trong nude, an mdn da
(do vay cd ten la xiit an da).
-
Cd My dii tinh cha't ciia bazo ki^m: Lam xanh quy tim, tac dung vdi
axit,
oxit axit tao thanh mudi va nude. Tac dung vdi mdt sd dung dich mudi, tao
thanh mudi mdi va
baza
mdi.
Thi du: -th
h
•^•mi
m
««t)J>
ofjJ
3NaOH +

FeCl3->
Fe(0H)3 ^ +
3NaCl
-
San xuat NaOH: Dien phan dung dich NaCl bao hoa cd mang ngan:
2NaCl +
2H20^!=_>2NaOH
+
CI2
t +
H2
t
2.
Canxi
hidroxit
(Ca(OH)2)
-
La chat ran mau trang, it tan trong nude. Dung dich bdo hod
Ca(0H)2
trong nude goi Id nicdc voi trong.
-
Canxi hidroxit cd day du nhung tinh cha't ehung cua mdt baza.
3.
Thang pH
Di bidu thi dd axit hoac dp baza ciia dung dich ngudi ta dung thang pH.
-
Nude ca't (nude tinh khiet)
va
cac dung djch trung tinh cd pH = 7.
-

Dung dich baza cd pH > 7: pH cang Idn, luc baza cang manh.
-
Dung dich axit cd pH < 7: pH cang nhd, luc axit cang manh.
VII.
MUOl
Mndi la hop chat ma phdn tu: gom mot hay nhieu nguyen tvc kim loai lien
kit v&i mot hay nhieu goc axit.
1.
Phdnloqi
Dira
vao thanh phan phan
i\x,
mu6'i
duoc
chia thanh hai loai:
-
Muoi
tiling hod: Trong g6'c axit kh6ng c6 nguydn i\x hidro c6 th^ thay
the' bang nguyen tir kim loai. Thi du:
K^SO^,
Na^CO,,
FeCl^
-
Muoi
axit: Trong g6'c axit con nguyfin i\x hidro c6 th^ thay the bang
nguyen
tijf
kim loai. r/jiJM
Na2HP04,
KHSO,,

CaCHCOj)^
2. Ten gpi cua
muoi
Ten mu6'i = ten kim loai (hoa tri) + ten g6'c axit.
r/H
JM Fe^CSOJj:
Sat(III)
sunfat.
CaCHCOj)^:
Canxi hidrocacbonat.
3.
Tinh
chdt
hoa hoc
- Tac dung vdi kim loai: Tao thanh mu6'i m6\a kim loai m6\. Thi du:
Zn +
2AgN03
Zn(NO,
\ 2Ag
4^
- Tac dung vdi axit: Tao thanh mu6'i mdi va axit mdi. Thi du:
AgNO,
+ HCl
AgCl
i +
HNO3
- Tac dung vdi
baza:
Tao thanh mu6'i mdi va
bazo

mdi. Thi du:
Na^CO,
+ Ca(0H)2 ^
CaCO,
i +
2NaOH
- Tac dung vdi mud'i: Tao thanh hai mu6'i mdi. Thi du:
BaCl^ +
Na^SO,
^
BaSO,
i +
2NaCl
- Phan ung phan huy: Nhi^u mu6'i bi phan huy b nhiet d6 cao. Thi du:
2Cu(N03)2
—^
2CuO
+
4NO2
t + O2 t
CaCOj
—^ CaO + CO2 t
4.
TTnh
tan
- TSit ca cac mu6'i
nitrat
d^u tan.
- Cac mu6'i clorua thucmg gap diu de tan, trCr
AgCl,

PbGl2
- Trong s6 cac mu6'i
cacbonat,
chi c6 mu6'i
cacbonat
cua kim loai kiem
tan
trong nu6c. Cac mu6'i
cacbonat
axit
(hidrocacbonat)
d^u de tan.
VIII.
PHAN
QNG
TRAO
061
1.
Ojnh
nghla
Phan ung trao ddi la phan ling hoa hoc, trong do hai cha't tham gia phan
iJng
trao ddi thanh phan vdi nhau d^ tao ra nhung hop chat mdri. Thi du:
Ba(N03
\
Na^CO,
-»
BaCO,
i +
2NaN03

2.
Oieu
kien
de xay ra
phan
tmg
trao
ddi
Phan ling trao doi trong dung dich xay ra khi san ph^m tao thanh c6 chd't
dibay hoi
hogc
chdt khong tan (tao thanh ke't tiia).
IX.
PHAN
BON HOA HOC
Phdn bon hod hoc Id nhifng
muoi
vd ca, trong thanh phdn co chifa mot
trong cdc nguyen to: nita (N), photpho (P),
kali
(K)
hoac
chiia
d6ng
thcri
ba
nguyen t6' tren.
Nhung phan bon hoa hoc thucmg diing la phan bon dan va phan bon kep.
1.
Phan

bon don
Phan bon dan chi chira 1 trong 3 nguyen to dinh duang chi'nh la: dam (N),
lan
(P),
hoac
kali
(K).
-v-Vi
n ' r^t
- Phdn dam (chiia nita): Ure
(CO(NH2)2),
amoni
nitrat
(NH^NO,),
amoni sunfat
((NHJ^SO^)
- Phdn Idn (chiia photpho): Photphat tu nhien
(Ca3(P04)2),
supephotphat
don
iCa(H^PO^\
CaSO,),
supephotphat kep
(CaiU^PO,)^).
-Phdn kali: KC1,K2S04
2.
Phan
bon kep 0'
Phan bon kep chiia hai
hoac

ca ba nguyen t6' dinh duang 1^ N, P, K.
Thi du: Phan NPK (chiia ba nguyen t6' dinh dirong), phan amophot la h6n
hop cac muoi
NH^H^PO,
va
(NHJ^HPO,
(chiia
NvaP).
3.
Phan
vi
iupng
Chiia luang rat nho cac nguyen t6' hoa hoc dudi dang
hgfp
cha't.
Chirong 2
KIM
LOAI
•
I.
TINH
CHAT
VAT LI
- Tinh
cha't
vat If dac tnmg
nha't
cua kim loai la: deo, dSn di6n,
dfin
nhiet

tot (Ag dan dien t6t
nha't
roi den Cu, Al,
Fe ),
c6 anh kim.
- 6 dieu kien thudng, kim loai t6n tai d trang thai ran (tinh the), trCr Hg cf
trang thai long.
- Nhiet do nong
chay
rat
khac
nhau: t'^^(Hg) =
-30"C,
t",(W) =
3410"C
.
D6 cung cua kim loai cung rat
khac
nhau.
- Ngu6i ta con phan bi6t: kim
loai
den (Fe, Mn, Cr) va kim
loai
mdu (g6m
cac kim loai con lai).
II.
TINH
CHAT
HOA HOC
1. Tac dung v6l phi kim

Oxi
Oxit kim loai
Kim
loai +
\o -> Muoi clorua
[Luai
huynh -> Mu6'i
sunfua
2. Tac dung v6i
hidro
Chi
CO
kim
loai
kiem
va
kiem
tho phan ung
vdfi
tao thanh hop
cha't
hidrua
kim
loai
kh6ng ben, d6 bi thuy phan. Thi du:
2Na + ^ 2NaH (natri hidrua)
NaH
+ H20->NaOH + H2 t
3. Tac dung v6i nude
- O

nhiet
do
thudng:
Kim loai ki^m va ki^m th6 phan ung vdi HjO. ,
Thi du: Ca +
2Y{f>
Ca(0H)2 +0^1
- U
nhiet
do cao: Nhung kim loai dung trudrc hidro trong day
hoat
dong
hoa hoc phan ung vdi . Thi du:
Fe +
HjO—^FeO
+ Hj t
4. Tac dung v6i axit
- Tac
dung
vai
axit
thudng:
Nhung kim loai dung
tru6c
hidro phan ung
voi
axit, tao ra mu6'i va
gidi
phong
H2^.

- Tac
dung
vdi
axit
nitric HNO3 vd
axit
sunfuric H^O^ ddc,
nong:
HSu he't
cac kim loai phan ung
(trir
vang Au va platin Pt),
khong
gidi
phong
Hj. Thi du:
Cu +
2H2SO4
(dac) ^ CUSO4 +
S02t
+
2H2O
Zn
+
4HNO3
(dac) -> Zn(N03)2 +
SNOjt
+ 2H2O
5. Tac dung v6i dung djch kiem
Nh6m va kem la hai kim loai

hoat
d6ng va
hidroxit
cua
chung
c6 tinh
ludng
tinh, c6 th^ tac dung
vdri
dung dich ki^m. Thi du:
2A1 + 2KOH + 2H2O ^ 2KAIO2 +
3H2t
^ ;
6. Kim
loqi
mqnh day kim
logi
yeu ra khoi hop chdt
- Day ra
khoi
dung
dich
muoi.
Thi du:
Zn
+
CuSO^
ZnSO^
+ Cu 4^ -
- Day ra

khoi
oxit
d
nhiet
do cao (phan ung nhiet kim loai):
Phan
ling
xay
ra b nhiet d6 cao va toa
nhilu
nhiet, lam nong
chay
cac kim loai. Thi du:
2A1 + Fe^O,
AI2O3
+ 2Fe
Phan
ling
nay thudng
duoc
diing
de di^u che' cac kim loai kho nong
chay.
7. Day
hoqt
dong hoa hoc cua mot so kim
loqi
K
Na Mg Al Zn Fe Pb H Cu Ag Au
Day

hoat
d6ng hoa hoc ciia m6t so kim loai giam dan
Trong
day nay:
- Tijr trai
sang
phai, d6
hoat
d6ng cua kim loai giam dSn. '
- Chi nhung kim loai dung trudc H moi day dugfc Hj ra khoi dung dich axit.
- M6t s(5 kim loai dung dSu day nhu K, Na tac dung
duoc
vdfi
HjO, giai
phong H2.
- Kim loai dung trudc
(trir
K va Na) day dugfc kim loai dung sau ra khoi
dung dich mu6'i.
III.
NHOM
1.
Tinh
chdt vqt li
- Nhom la kim loai nhe, trdng nhu bac, t", =
660°
C.
- Nh6m rat deo, din dien, dSn nhiet tot. De tao thanh hop kim v6i cac kim
loai
khac.

2.
Tinh
chdt hoa hoc
Nh6m
CO
diy du nhung tmh
cha't
cua kim loai (da neu tren). Dac
biet
chii
S la:
Nhom
bi thu
dong
hoa trong
axit
HNO3 ddc,
ngugi
vd trong
axit
H2SO4
ddc,
ngugi.
- Tac
dung
vai phi kim:
4Al + 30^ '°
)2Al203
2A1 +
3S—^AljSj

2AI +
3CI2-^2A1C13
- Tdc
dung
vcfi
H^O: loai bo lop
AljO,
bao vS, Al tac dung vdi H2O:
2A1
+ 6H2O ^ 2Al(OH)3 + t
- Tdc
dung
vdi
axit:
Vdi axit thucmg va
HNO3
loang, nhdm phan
ting
manh.
Thidu:
2A1
+ 3H2SO, ^ A1,(S0,)3 + 1
8A1
+
3OHNO3
(loang) -> SAICNO,), + 3N2O +1 SH^O
- Tdc
dnng
vcd
dung

dich
kiem,
tao
thdnh
muoi
aluminat:
2A1
+ 2NaOH +
ZH^O
^
2NaA102
+ 3H2 T
-
Phdn
i(ng day kim
logi
yeu ra
khoi
hap
chat
-
Phdn
iCng
nhiet
nhdm:
2Al
+
3CuSO,
->
Alj

(SO, \ 3Cu
8
Al
+
3Fe30,
4
Al^O,
+ 9Fe
3.
San
xudt
nhdm
Dien
phan h6n hop nong
chay
cua
AljOj
va criolit:
2A1,03
"P"" >4Al + 30, T
IV. SAT
1.
TTnh
chdtvgt li
- sat m kim loai mau trang bac, = 1539°C. Sat c6
tinh
deo, dan
difin,
dan nhiet t6't.
- Sat CO

tinh
nhi§m
tiir
va khijf
tijf nfin
duoc
diing
trong ddng co
difin,
may
phat di6n va nam cham dien.
2.
Tinh
chdt
hoa hoc
Khac
vdi nhieu kim loai
khac,
sat the' hien hai dang hoa
tri:
hda tri II va
hoa tri IE (tuy thudc vao
di^u
kien phan
ling).
- Tdc
dung
vdi oxi: Tao thanh oxit sat
tilt:
3Fe + 2O2 —^ FCjO, (FeCFe^O,)

- Tdc
dung
vai phi kim: Sat tac dung
vdi
hSu he't cac phi
kim,
tao thanh mu6i.
Thidu:
2Fe
+
3Cl,—^2Fea3
- Tdc
dung
vai
nude:
CJ nhiet d6
thudmg:
Xay ra cham, tao thanh Fe(OH)2 r6i chuye'n thanh FeO.
6 nhiet dd cao (sat ndng do):
Fe + H,0
>FeO
+ H, t
3Fe + 4H,Q
)Fe30,
+
AE.^
t
- Tdc
dung
vcfi

axit:
Tac dung vdi axit thucmg, tao thanh
mud'i
sat(n). Thi du:
Fe +
H
J
SO, ^
FeSO,
+ H2 T
Tac dung
vdi
axit HNO3, H2SO4 dac, nong, tao thanh
mud'i
sat(m).
Thi du:
Fe +
4HNO3
(loang) ^ Fe(N03)3 + NO + 2H2O
sat kh6ng tac dung (bi thu dong hoa) vdi axit HNO3 dac, ngudi va axit
H2SO4
dac, ngu6i.
- Tdc
dung
vdi
muoi:
cua nhOng kim loai kem
hogt
dgng
hem. Thi du:

Fe, +
CuSO,
->
FeSO,
+C\ii
V. HOP KIM CUA SAT
1.
Gang
Gang
la hap kim cua sat va
cacbon
(2-5%)
va mot so
nguyen
to
khdc
nhu Si, Mn,S Gang cung va gion hon sat.
Gang CO hai loai: Gang trdng
dting
d^ luyen thep. Gang xam dung 6i due
be may.
2.
Thep
Thep
la hap kim cua sat va
cacbon
(<
2%)
va mdt
sd'nguyen

td'khdc
nhu
Si,
Mn, S
Thep
CO
nhi6u
tinh
ch& vat
If
quy hon sat nhu
tinh
dan h6i, ciing, it bi an mon.
VI.
SU AN MON KIM
LOAI
VA BAO VE KIM
LOAI
KHONG
BJ AN MON
Suphd
huy kim
logi,
hap kim do tdc
dung
hod hoc
trong
moi trUdng ggi Id
sudn
mon kim

logi.
1.
NhQng yeu to anh hudng den sa an mon kim
loqi
- Anh hucmg cua cac
chat
cd trong m6i tnrcfng.
- Anh hucmg ciia thanh phSn kim loai.
- Anh hucmg cua nhiet
dd.
'
2.
Bao v$ kim
loqi
khong
bj an mon
- Ngan khdng cho kim loai tie'p xuc vdi mdi trudng: son, trang men, bdi
dSuma, ma dien
! - Che' tao hop kim ft bi an mon: thep khdng gi (inox), thep crom Them
chftiJcche'anmon.

Chirong
3
PHI KIM - SO LJOC VE
BANG
TUAN
HOAN
CAC
NGUYEN
TO HOA HOC

I.
TINH
CHAT
CUA PHI KIM ' • ' ' t
1.
Tinh
chdtvqtiT
- C5
dieii
kien thucfng, phi kim
t6n tai 6 ba
trang thai:
+ Trang thai
ran: Cacbon,
liru
huynh, iot, photpho
'
+
Trang thai long: Brom (Brj).
+ Trang thai khi:
Clo
(CI2),
nito (N2),
oxi
(O2),
hidro
(H2)
-
Phi
kim

dan
dien,
dSn
nhiet
ra't
kem. Nhiet
d6
nong
chay
tha'p.
2.
Tinh
chdt
hoa hoc
-
Tdc dung vcfi kim
loai:
Tao
thanh mu6'i.
Thi du:
Fe +
S—5%FeS
-
Tdc dung vai kim oxi: Tao
thanh oxit axit.
Thi du:
S + O2—^^SOj
-
Tdc dung vai hidro: Tao
thanh

hop chat
khi.
Thi du:
CI2+H2 ^2HC1
- Miic
do
hoqt
dong
cua phi kim: Th^
hien
6
miic
d6
phan
ling
vdi
hidro
va voi kim loai.
Flo
la
phi kim
hoat
ddng manh nha't,
sau do la
oxi,
clo,
liru
huynh
II. CLO
1.

Tinhchdtvqtli
-
Clo la cha't
khi
mau
vang
luc,
nang
hon
khdng khi.
-
Clo
It
tan
trong nude. Dung dich
clo tan
trong
nu6c goi la nude clo.
-
Qo la chat
khi
rat d6c,
khi
thd
nhi^u
clo se bi
ngat
va c6
thd
dan

deh
tCr
vong.
2.
Tinh
chdt
hoa hoc
-
Clo
phan
ihig vai hdu het kim
loai:
Tao
thanh
muoi
clorua. Thi du:
3Cl2+2Fe—5^2FeCl3
-TdcdiingvaiZ/^;
+
-^2HC1
ChA
y: Clo
kh6ng phan ving true tie'p vdi
oxi.
-
Tdc dung vai HjO -
Tinh
tdy mau cua clo:
CI,+H20->HCi
+ HC10

H6n
hop gom
CI2, HCl, HCIO
tan
trong
nu6c goi la nitdc clo.
Nu6c
clo c6
tinh
tdy
mau la do
HCIO khong
ben,
khi
bi
ehieu
sang no
phan
huy:
HClO^^HCl
+ 0
Oxi
nguyen tu
c6
tinh
oxi hoa ra't
manh,
no t^y mau,
diet trung.
-

Tdc dung vai
baza:
+
Clo tac
dung voi
dung dich
NaOH
lodng va ngugi, tao
thanh nudre
Gia-ven:
Clj
+
2NaOH
->
NaCl
+
NaClO
+
H^Q
(NuiJc Gia-ven)
+ Khi
clo tac
dung vdi dung dich
bazo dac,
nong,
tao
thanh
mud'i
clorat:
3CI2

+
6K0H
—5%.
KCIO3
+
5KC1
+ mp
-
Day
brom,
iot ra
khoi
muoi:
Cl2+2KBr^2KCl
+
Br2
3.
Oleucheclo
a) Dieu che'clo trong phong thi
nghiem
Diing
chat
oxi
hoa
manh nhu Mn02, KMn04 d^
oxi hoa
dung dich
HQ dac.
Thidu:
4HC1

+
MnO,
—^
MnCl,
+ 2H,0 +
CI,
t •'
16Ha +
2KMn0, —^2KCI
+
2MnCl2
+
SH^O
+ SCI, T
b) Dieu che clo trong cong
nghiep
*
Dien phan dung dich NaCl
bao hoa c6
mang ngan
x6'p d^
ngan
each cue
am
(catot) va cue
duong (anot):
2NaCl
+ 2H,0 CI, T + H, T +
2NaOH
III.

CACBON
1. Cac
dqng
thu
hinh
cua
cacbon
Hien
tucfng
m6t
nguyen
t6' hoa hoe ton tai cf m6t s6'
dang
don chat khae
nhau
goi la
hien
tuang thii hinh.
Cdc
dang
dan
chdt
khdc
nhau
cua cung mot nguyen to hod hoc goi Id cdc
dang
thii hinh ciia nguyen to do.
Nguyen
t6 cacbon (C) t6n tai
or

ba
dang
don cha't (ba
dang
thu
hinh) chinh
la
kim cuang,
than
chi va
cacbon
v6 dinh hinh.
a) Kim cUffng: Ca'u tao mang tinh the dac biet: M6i nguyfin tir C each
deu 4 nguyen tir C khac.
Kim cucfng rat cimg, nhimg don, trong su6't, kh6ng mau, sang la'p lanh.
b) Than chi: Mau xam sam, mem, dSn dien t6't. Dugc dung lam ru6t
but chi, lam diSn cue.
c) Cacbon vd dinh hinh: Than g6, than da, than xuong, m6 hong: mau
den, x6'p, c6 tinh ha'p phu nen dung trong mat na ch6'ng doc.
2.
Tinh
chdt
vqt li
- Cac dang thii hinh cua cacbon d^u ra't kho nong chay, kh6ng tan trong
nu6c nhung tan nhi6u trong kim loal nOng chay.
- Than g6, than xuong c6
tinh
chdt
hap
phu mau trong dung dich.

3.
Tinh
chdt
hoa hoc
6 nhiet do thucmg, cacbon kha
tro.
Khi
d6't
nong no phan img vdi nhi^u cha't. •
- Tdc dung vai oxi: C + —^ CO,
- Tdc dung voi
kim
logi. Cacbon tac dung vdi m6t
s6'
kim loai. Thi dii:
Ca + 2C >CaC; (canxi cacbua)
- Tdc dung vai
oxit
kim
logi. Cacbon khii duoc nhi^u oxit kim loai. Thi dii:
2CuO
+
C—^2Cu
+
CO2
T
- Tdc dung voi hidro. Tao thanh metan:
C + 2H, >CH,
IV.
CAC

OXIT
CUA
CACBON
1.
Cacbon
oxit
(CO)
- CO la chat khi khfing mau, kh6ng mui, ra't d6c.
- Khi CO chay cho ngon lia mau xanh, toa nhieu nhiet:
2CO
+
O2
—^2C02
+
565kJ
- Khi CO khur dugtc nhi^u oxit kim loai.
Thi
du:
Fe^O,
+ 3CO —^ 2Fe +
3C0^
t
- Khi CO la oxit trung tinh (oxit kh6ng tao mu6'i).
2.
Cacbon
dioxit
(COj)
- La chat khi khdng mau, nang hon khOng khi.
- Khi
CO2

la oxit axit: Tac dung
vdi
nude, tac dung
vdi
bazo va tac dung
vdri
oxit bazcr.
- Dieu chekhi CO2: Cho da v6i (CaCO,) tac dung vdi axit HCl: f
CaCO, +
2HC1
->
CaCIj
+CO^"[
+
H^O
V.
AXIT
CACBONIC
VA
MUOl
CACBONAT
1.
Axit
cacbonic (H2CO3)
- Axit H2CO3 la axit khong ben, dl bi phan h6y: ' '' .
HjCO,
^HjO + COj t
- La axit yS'u nen nhigu axit day dugc axit HjCO, ra khoi mu6'i cacbonat.
Thidu:
CaCO,

+ 2HC1
-> CaClj
+
H^COj
H2O
CO,
.iVfv,<v,v
2.
Muol
cacbonat
- Mudi cacbonat
trung
hod dugc ggi la cacbonat (Na2C03, CuCO, ).
- Mudi cacbonat axit dugc ggi la hidrocacbonat (NaHCO,,
Ca(HC03)2).
- Phan 16n cac mudi cacbonat khong tan trong nude, trii mudi cacbonat
cua kim loai kilm va amoni. . . ,
- Phdn Idn cac mudi hidrocacbonat di
tan
trong nude.
- HSu het cac mudi cacbonat va hidrocacbonat deu di bi phan huy
b
nhiet
do cao (trir mudi cacbonat cua kim loai kiem).
Thi
du:
CaCO, —^ CaO +
CO,
t ' "
2NaHC0, —i^Na^CO,

+ CO, T
+
H,0
VI.
SILIC -
CONG
NGHIEP
SILICAT
1.
Trqng
thai ta nhien
cua
silic
Trong tu nhien, silic khdng tdn tai d trang thai tu do, tdn tai d dang hgp
chat, pho bien la: thach anh Si02, dat set trang (cao lanh) Al2O3.2siO2.2H2O.
2.
Tinh
chdt cua
silic
- Silic la cha't rSn, mau xam, khd ndng chay, dSn dien kem. Silic Id chdt
ban dan.
- Silic la phi kim hoat ddng ye'u: Khdng phan ling vdi
H2
va dung dich
axit loang.
- Silic phan ung tuong dd'i manh vdi dung djch kiim:
Si + 2NaOH +
H20^Na2Si03+2H2
tic '
- 6 nhiet dd cao, silic phan ling dugc vdi:

Mot sd phi kim nhu: Si +
2CI2
'" > SiCl4
^ Mdt sd kim loai nhu: Si + 2Mg Mg^Si (magie
silixua)
3.
Silic
dioxit
(SiOj)
-
Si02
la
oxit axit, kh6ng tan trong
mdc,
nhimg
tac
dung
vdi
oxit
bazo
va
vdri
ki^m tao thanh
miioi
silicat.
Thi du:
SiOj
+
CaO
->

CaSi03
- SiOj tan trong axit flohidric:
SiOj
+
4HF
^
SiF,
t +
2H2O
Phan
ling
nay dugc iJng dung
de
khac
chiJ,
khac
hinh
tren
thuy
tinh.
4.
So
lapc
ve
cong
nghiep
silicat
Cong nghiep silicat
gom: San
xua't

do
g6'm,
thuy
tinh
va xi
mang
ti^
cac
hop chat tuf nhien cua siHc
va cac
hoa chat khac.
a)
San
xudt
gom,
sic (bat, dia, a'm, chen, chum,
vai )
Nguyen lieu
gom:
Da't
set,
thach anh
(SiOj).
Nhao
v6i
H2O
cho deo, tao
hinh,
sa'y kh6
va

nung cr nhiet
do cao
trong 16 gom.
b) Sdn xudt
xi
mdng
- Nguyen lieu
gom: Da
voi, da't set, cat
(SiOj
iSn tap chat).
-
Cac
cong doan chinh:
+ Nghien nho
da
v6i roi
tron
v6i da't set dang
biin
thanh m6t h6n hgfp.
+ Nung h6n hop trong 16
6
1300
-
1400"C, thu dugc clanhke ran.
+ Nghien clanhke ngu6i
vdri
thach
cao

thanh
b6t
min,
do la xi
mang.
Thanh
ph& chinh cua
xi
mang
1&
canxi siUcat
va
canxi aluminat.
c)
Sdn
xudt thuy
tinh
- Nguyen lieu chinh
gom: Cat
thach anh
(cat
trang),
da v6i
(CaCO,)
va
s6da
(Na2C03).
Thanh
phSn chinh cua
thuy

tinh
thircmg
la
NajSiO,
va
CaSiO,.
De'
c6
thuy
tinh
chiu
nhiet
can
them
bo
oxit
(B2O3),
thiiy
tinh
quang
hgc pha le
th6m
chi
monooxit
(PbO)
hoac
bari
oxit
(BaO).
VII.

SO
LUpC
VE
BANG
TUAN
HOAN
CAC
NGUYEN
TO HOA
HOC
Bang
tudn hodn
cac
nguyen
to hod hoc
ducfc
sap xep
tlieo chieu tang dan
cua
dien tich
hat
nhdn nguyen
tu.
1.
Cdu
tqo
cua bang
tudn
tioan
a)

6
nguyen
to: M6i
nguydn t6'
hoa hgc
dugc x^'p
vao
m6t
6.
Trong
m6i
6
nguyen
to
ghi:
ki
hieu
hoa
hgc, ten nguyen t6', s6' hieu nguyen tir (thu: tu
cua
6) va
nguyen
tur
kh6'i.
^
Chu
ki nho
j
Chu
kl

1dm
b)
Chu
ki
Chu
kl g6m
cac
nguyen
t6'
c6 cCing s6' Idp electron trong nguyen tu.
S6'
thir
tu ciia chu ki bang s6' lop electron trong nguySn tu.
Bang
tuan
hoan
c6 7
chu
ki:
•'
Chu
ki
1
CO
2
nguye n t6'
(H va He)]
Chu
ki
2 va

3
CO
8 nguye
n
t6'
Chu
ki
4 va
5
CO
18 nguyen t6'
Chu
ki
6 va
7
CO
32 nguyen t6'
(Chu ki
7
chua tim du 32 nguyen t6',
day la
chu ki dang
xay
dung).
* '
c)
Nhom
Nhom
gom cac
nguyen

to ma
nguyen
ti( c6 so
electron
lap
ngodi ciing
bang
nhau.
Bang
tuan
hoan
c6 8
nhom
A (lA
VIIIA)
va 8
nhom
B.
S6'
thii
tu cua
nhom
A
bang s6' electron
a
\dp ngoai cung ciia nguyen tCr.
2.
Su
bien
ttiien

tudn
tioan
ve
cdu
tqo
va
tinti
ctidt
- Trong
mot chu ki
theo chieu tang dan cua dien
tich
hat nhan:
+ So' electron
Idrp
ngoai ciing tang din ttr 1 de'n
8
(trir
chu ki
1).
+ Tinh kim loai giam din,
tinh
phi kim tang din. ,,
^
- Trong
mot
nhom tix tren xu6'ng dud'v.
+
So'
Idfp

electron ciia nguyen ti!r tang dan
->
tinh
kim loai tang din,
tinh
phi
kim giam din.
3.
Y
nghlo
cua bang
tudn
hodn
- Tir
vi
tri trong bang
tuin
hoan suy
ra
ca'u
tao
nguyen ti!r
va
tinh
chat cua
nguyen to.
- Tir cl'u
tao
suy
ra vi

tri ciia nguyen t6' trong bang
tuan
hoan
va
tinh
cUat
cua
nguyen
to.
Chircmg
4
HIDROCACBON
-
NHIEN
LIEU
v4
I.
KHAI
NIEM
VE HOP
CHAT
HUTU
CO
-
H(/p chat km ca la hap chat
ci'ia
cacbon
(triT
CO, COj,
HjCO^

va cac
mudi
cacbonat, )-
-
Hod hoc hiai ca la
ngcinh
hod hoc chuyen nghien
ciru
cac hop chat huu co.
-
Phan loqi cdc hap chat
hi?u
ca: Com hai
loai:
+
Hap chat hidrocacbon: Trong phan tir chi chua hai nguyen t6' la cacbon
va
hidro. Thi dii: C\\,
C^W^^,,
QH^
+
Dan xud't hidrocacbon: Trong phan tu, ngoai hai nguyen t6' hidro va
cacbon con chiia cac nguyen to khac
nhu" oxi,
nito,
clo,
II.
CAU TAO
PHAN
TLf HOP

CHAT
HCU
CO
I
1. Hoa trj va
lien
ket
giCra
cac
nguyen
tCf
-
Trong phan tu hop chat huu co, cac nguyen tir diroc sSp
xfi'p
theo trat tu
nhat dinh.
-
Cac nguyen tu trong phan tir
lien
ket vai nhau theo
diing
hoa tri cua
chiing:
Hoa tri
ciia
C la
IV,
cua H la I va cua O la
II.
2.

Mqch
cacbon
Cac nguyen ti!r cacbon trong phan tij hop chat huu co khong nhihig
lien
ket v6i nguyen
tijr
cua nguyen to khac ma con lien ket trite tiep vai nhau tgo
thdnh mgcli cacbon.
Phan
biet ba dang mach cacbon:
-
Mgch thang (con goi la mach khong phan nhanh). Thi du:
CH,
-
CI I2
-
CH2
-
CH3
(butan)
-
Mgch phan nhdnh (co mot
hoac
nhieu nhanh). Thi du:
CH3
-
CII
-
CH2
- CH -

CH2
- CH3
CH3
CH3
-
Mgch vdng (vong ba canh
hoac
nhieu canh). Thi dii:
CH2-CH2
I I (xiclobutan)
CH2
-
CH2
3.
Cong
thijfc
phan
tu
va
cong
thCfc
cdu
tqo
-
Cong
thi'fc
phan
li((CTPT):
Cong thirc phSn tir cho biet:
+

S6' nguyen
tijt
CLia
m6i nguyen to co trong phan tu.
+
Phan
tir
kh6'i(PTK).
Thi
du: CTPT cua
rucfu
etylic la
QH^^O:
Trong phan ttt co 2 nguyen tir C,
6 nguyen tir H va 1 nguyen
tijf
O.
Phan
tu
kh6'i
= 2.12 + 6.1 +16 = 46
(dvC).
-
Cong
thicc
cdu tgo
(CTCT):
C6ng thirc ca'u tao cho bie't:
+
Thanh phan phan tu va phan tur

khd'i.
+
Trat tu
lien
ket
gifla
cac nguyen
tir
trong phan
tijr.
"
Thi
dii:
CTCT
ciia
ruou
etylic:
H-H
• '
H
- C - C - O -
H,
vie't gon:
CH,
-
CH^
- OH ^
H-H
,H-^-••;':>
III.

METAN
(CH4.
M = 16)
1.
Trqng
thai ta
nhlen
va
tinh
chdt
vat If ' 2
'"^^-'"'^^
-
Trong tu nhien, metan co nhieu trong cac mo khf (khi tu nhien), trong
cac mo dAu (khi mo dSu hay khi dong hanh), trong cac mo than (khi mo than)
trong
bim ao (khi bun ao), trong khi bioga
-
Metan la chat khi khong mau, khdng mdi, nhe hon khong khi, ra't it tan
trong
nude.
2.
Tint!
chdt
hoa hoc
-
Tdc diing vai oxi:
Phan
ling
chay cho ngon

lijra
mau xanh va toa nhieu nhiet.
CH4
+
2O2
—^COj +
2H2O
+ Q
-
Tdc diing vai clo - Phan i(ng the:
Phan
ling
xay ra khi dugc chieu
sang.
CH,
+
CL
-^CH,C1 +
HCl
Clo CO
the Ian luot the he't 4 nguyen tir
H,
tao thanh
CCI4.
.
3. Qng
dung
cua
metan
-

DCing
lam nhien lieu trong c6ng
nghifip
va trong ddi sd'ng.
.A.
.
-
Dung lam nguyen lieu trong c6ng nghiep hoa cha't •: '^
IV.
ETILEN
(C2H4,
M = 28)
1.
Tinh
chdt
vgt
IT
Etilen
la cha't khf, kh6ng mau, kh6ng mui, ft tan trong
nude
va nhe hon
khSngkhf.
2.
TTnh
Chdt
hoa hoc
Tfnh
chat dac trung cua etilen cQng nhu
cila
cac hidrocacbon kh5ng no

khac la phan
ling
c6ng (vao
lien
ket ddi).
-
Phan ling cong hap hidro:
Phan
ling
xay ra khi dugfc dun n6ng va c6 Ni
xiic
t5c:
CH2=CH2
+
)CH3-CH3
(etan)
-
Phan
I'fng
cgng brom: Etilen lam mat mau dung dich
nude
brom 6
nhifit
d6 thucmg:
CH2=CHj
+
Bii
>CH,Br-CH,Br
(dibrometan)
-

Phan
I'mg
vffi nitdc: Xay ra khi dun nong va c6 axit loang
xiic
tac:
'
CH,=CH,+H,0 ^" )CH,-CH,-OH
(ruau etylic)
-
Plidn ifng chdy (oxi hoa
hoan
toan):
QH, + 30^ —^
2CO2
+
2H2O
+ Q
- P//JA/
/irzg
triing hap: Tao thanh polime:
nCH2=CH,
>
-f CHj
-CH^^
(polietilen -
PE)
3.
LTng
dung
cua

etilen
-
Dung lam nguyen
lieu
trong tong hop
hiru
co.
-
Dung de
kich
thich hoa qua mau chin.
V.
AXETILEN (C2H2, M = 26)
Axetilen
la
chat
khi khong mau, khong
miii,
it tan trong nirdc, nhe hon
khdng khi.
1. Tinh
chdt
hoa hoc
Axetilen
la hidrocacbon khdng no nSn
tinh
chat
dac trimg la tham gia
phan
ling

cCng hop:
-
Phan
I'mg
cong hidro: Co the cong hai na'c:
CH = CH + H,
'^^'y^^'
)
CH^
=CH2
CH^
=CH2
+ H,
>
CH, -
CH3
-
Phan itng cong brom: Axetilen lam mat mau dung dich
nuoc
brom:
CH
= CH + 2Brj
>
CHBi^
- CHBr,
(tetrabrometan)
-
Phan ling cong nu&c:
Phan
ling

xay ra khi c6 mud'i HgS04 xuc tac:
CH
= CH + H,0
"^-""^
>CH3 - CHO
(andehit axetic)
-
Phan
i'mg
chdy:
Phan
ting
chay
cho ngon
lijra
mau xanh va toa nhieu nhiet:
2C2H2+5O2—^4C02+2H20
+ Q
2.
Lfng
dung
cue
oxetllen
-
Dung lam nhien
lieu
cho den xi oxi - axetilen.
-
Diing
lam nguyen

lidu
trong tong hop hCru co.
3.
Oieu
Che
axetilen
-
Tdng hop true tie'p: 2C + ^"'"^ >C,H,
-Tirmetan: 2CH, """"^ >C,H,+3H,
-
Thiiy
phan
canxi
eacbua:
-
CaCj + 2Hfi -> C^Hj T + CaCOH)^
VI.
BENZEN (CA. M = 78) ^ '
1. Tinh
chdtvqt
li / 5;fi,, 0
-
Benzen la
cha't
long, khong mau,
linh
d6ng, co
mCii
dac trung.
-

Benzen nhe hon
nude,
khong tan trong
nude,
nhung tan nhieu trong cac
dung m6i hiJu co.
-
Benzen la dung moi hoa tan
dugc
nhieu
chat
nhu cao su,
cha't
beo
-
Benzen kha doc.
2. Tinh
chdt
hoa hoc
Phan
tu
benzen
co 3 lien kit dan xen ke 3 lien ke't doi, lam cho
benzen
vCra
CO
kha
nang
tham gia
phan

ung the' (gi6'ng
metan)
vCta co kha
nang
tham gia
phan
ung cong (giong etilen va axetilen).
-
Phan
I'aig
the brom: Brom long, \uc tac hgtFe: V ,
C,H,
+ Br - Br >C,H,Br + HBr '' " "
(brom
benzen)
-
Phan itng cgng hidro:
Phan
ling
xay ra khi dun nong va co Ni
xiic
tac:
C,H,
+
3H2
>C,H„
(xiclohexan)
3.
Lfng
dung

cua
benzen
-
Dung lam nguyen
lieu
trong
edng
nghiep de' san xua't phdm nhu6m,
duoc
pham,
chat
deo,
thuoe
trir
sau
,j6
; •
-
Dung lam dung m6i hoa tan nhieu
cha't.
'
"
1
VII.
DAU MO VA KHI
THIEN
NHIEN
1.
Ddu
mo

-
Ddu mo la
cha't
long
sanh,
mau nSu den, khdng tan trong nude va nhe
hon nudrc.
-
DSu mo chira trong cac
"tiii
ddu" nam sau trong long da't goi la mo ddu.
Khi
khai
thac
ngudi ta khoan xu6ng cac tui ddu di ddu tu phun Itn
hoac
diing
bom
hiit
len.
-
Thanh
phan
cua dau mo: Hidrocacbon long c6 hoa tan hidrocacbon rdn
va khi.
-
Khi chung ca't ddu tho Idn lugt thu
duoc
(theo nhiet do soi tang ddn):
Khi

dot, xdng, ddu tliap (ddu
liCa),
ddu diezen, ddu
mazut.
Phan
con lai sau khi chung ca't la mazut. Tir mazut tach dugc: ddu nhcfn,
vazolin,
parafin. Cudi cung la hdc in dung lam
nhua
rai ducmg.
2.
KhT
thien
nhien
-
Khi thien nhien cd trong cac md khi nam dudi long dat. Thanh phdn chu
yeu cua khi thien nhien la
metan
(90 - 95%).
-
Khf thien nhien
dugc
dung lam nhien
lieu,
nguyen
lieu
cho nhieu
nganh
cdng nghigp va trong ddi
sd'ng.

VIII.
NHIEN LIEU
-
Nhien
lieu
thdng thudng la nhiJng
chat
chay
dugc, khi
chay
tda nhiet va
phat
sang.
-
Nhien
lieu
thudng la nhung vat
lieu
cd sSn trong thien nhien nhir cui,
than da, ddu md, khi dot
hoac
dieu che tir cac nguyen
lieu
thiSn nhien nhu
con dot, khi than
1.
Cac log!
nhien
lieu
-

Nhien lieu ran: Than md, gd
-
Nhien lieu long: Gom cac san pham che' bie'n i\x dau mo (xang, ddu
thap), c6n.
-
Nhien lieu khi: Gdm khi thien nhien, khi dau mo, khi 16 cao, khi than.
2. Cach
su
dung
nhien
lieu
Mudn
sir dung nhien
lieu
hgp If va cd hieu qua cao cdn phai:
-
Cung cap du oxi
hoac
khdng khi de nhien
lieu
chay
hoan
toan.
-
Tang dien
tich
tie'p xuc cHa nhien
lieu
vdi khdng khi
hoac

oxi de su
chay
xay ra
nhanh
va deu khdp.
-
Dieu chinh lugng nhien
lieu
de duy tri sir
chay
b mirc dd cdn thiet
phii
hgp vdi nhu cdu sir dung, nham tan dung nhiet lugng do su
chay
tda ra.
Chirofng
5
DAN
XUAT CUA
HIDROCACBON
- POLIME
I. RUpU ETYLIC
(CH3
-
CHj
-
OH) vt iov
s a' J
1. Tinh
chdtvgt

li a ,
rv
Ul
>£
-
La
cha't
Idng, khdng mau, sdi b
78,3'^C.
-
Rugu etylic nhe hon
nude,
tan v6 hgn trong mcac va la dung mdi hoa tan
dugc
nhi^u hgp
chat
hdu co.
-
Ti le % ve the tich cua
rUffu
etylic trong hSn hop vdi nitdc ggi Id do ricau.
Till
du: Tren chai rugu cd ghi do rugu la 25", cd nghia trong chai rucm cd 25%
th^
tich
la rugu etylic (nguyen cha't) con lai la 75% the
tich
la HjO.
2.
Tinh

chdt
hoa hoc
' •
-
Phdn img chay: A
QH^O
+
30,
—^2C02
+
mfi + Q V
^
V 5
-
Phdn I'mg thev&i kim loqi natri: Nhd cd nhdm -OH trong
phan
tur, rugu
tac dung vdi Na, giai phdng Wj.
2CH3
-
CH2
- OH + 2Na ->
2CH,
- CH^ - ONa +
H^
T ' i i
-
Phdn
I'cng
vdi axit

luTu
co:
Phan
ung
este
hoa (xem phdn sau). Y
3.
Dieu
Che
rupu
etylic
Co 2 phuong
phap
quan
trong:
-
Plutang phdp len men
rifcni
tit cac chat tinh bot, tiCcdc chat ducng. Thi du:
QH.,0,
) 2C,H,OH + 2CO,t
(dircmg
glucoza)
Phuang phdp hidrat hod etilen (etilen hgp nude):
HjO
+
CHj
=CH,-^^^
CH3
- CHj - OH

II. AXIT
AXETIC
(CH3COOH)
1. Tinh
chdt
vgt li
-
La
chat
long, khdng mau, vi
chua
(giam an la dung dich axit axetic
loang cd nong dd 2 - 5%).
-
Axit
axetic sdi or 118"C, tan v6 hgn trong nUdc. Hy-
2.
TTnh
chdt
hoa hoc
v
-
Tinh axit:
Axit
axetic la axit yeu, lam dd quy tim.
-
Tac dung vdi kim loai
hoat
ddng, giai phdng
H2:

2CH3COOH
+ Zn ^
(CHjCOO)^
Zn +
H2
t
- Tac dung vdi oxit
baza
va
baza,
tao mu6'i va nude:
2CH3COOH
+ CaO ^ (CHjCOO)^ Ca + H^O
CH3COOH
+ NaOH ^ CHjCOONa + HjO
- Tac dung
vori
mu6'i
cacbonat,
tao mu6'i
axetat:
2CH,COOH +
CaCO,
-> (CH^COO)^ Ca + CO^ t + H^O
- Tac dung vdd rugu etylic -
Phan
I'fng
este
hod.
Phan

img c6 axit
H2SO4
dac lam xuc tac:
CHjCOOH + qHjOH < >
CH3COOC2H,
+ H^O
(este
etyl
axetat)
Chat tao thanh sau phan ung la
este.
3. Oieu Che axit
axetic
-
Phitang
phap
len men
gid'm
(lam gipfm an):
CH,
- CHj - OH + O2 ) CH3 - COOH + H^O
(dd
rirou
loang) (gia'm an)
- Trong
phdng
thi
nghiem.
Cho natri
axetat

tac dung \6\t
H2SO4:
2CH3COONa + H^SO, ->
Na^SO^
+
2CH3COOH
- Trong
cong
nghiep:
Til khi butan (C4H,(i):
2C,H,„ + 50, )4CH3COOH + 2Kfi
III. CHAT BEO
Chat beo chinh la chinh la mo ddng vat va dau thuc vat.
1.
Tinh
chdt vqt IT
Chat beo nhe han mdc, khong tan trong nirdrc, tan nhi^u trong cac dung
moi
hCru co nhu
benzen,
xang, rucm etylic
2.
TTnh
chdt hoa hoc
- Chat beo la h6n hop nhieu
este
cua glixerol
C3H,(OH)3
va cac axit beo
nhu

C,7H3,COOH (axit
stearic),
C,7H3,COOH (axit oleic)
- Tinh
chat
quan trong nha't cua
cha't
beo la
phan
i(ng
thuy
phan:
(C„H3,COO)3C3H,
+3H,0-^^C3H,(OH)3 +3C,7H3,COOH
(cha't
beo)
(glixerol)
(axit
stearic)
-
Thuy
phan
chdt
beo
bang
dung
dich
kiem.
Tao thanh glixerol va
mud'i

cua axit beo.
(C,7H3,COO)3C3H, + 3NaOH ^ C3H,(OH)3 +
3C„H3,COONa
(muoi
natri
stearat)
Hdn
hap mu6'i ciia cac axit beo la thanh phdn chinh cua xa phong. Vi vay
phan
ting
thuy phan
cha't
beo bang dung dich ki^m goi la
phan
iing xd
phdng
hod.
- De Idu
trong
khong
khi,
chdt
beo hi 6i, co mid hoi. Do la do tac dung
cfia h(ri nude, oxi va vi khu^n trong khong khf.
IV. GLUCOZO
C6ng
thu-c phan
tijr:
C^HiA
(M = 180).

1. Trang thai ta nhlen -
Tinh
chdt vqt If
- Glucozo
CO
nhi^u trong m6t so bo phan ciia cay, dac biet trong qua nho
xitn
CO
ten la
ditdng
nho.
- Glucozo la
cha't
ke't
tinh
mau trang, vi ngot, de tan trong nude.
2.
TTnh
Chdt hoa hoc ^
- F/jaVuiTzg
ojc//joa
g/wcozcr Dilng dung dich AgjO trong
amoniac:
QH„0, + Ag,O^^QH„0, + 2Ag i
(glucozd)
(axit
gluconic)
Phan
ung nay trudc day
diing

trong cong
nghe
trang gucfng ntn goi la
phan
icng
trdng
gUffng.
Hien nay pham vi ung dung da mb rdng, goi chung la
phan
ling
trdng
bqc.
-
Phan
i(ng len men ritmi: * .tsV
QH^O,
—^ )2C,H,0H + 2C0, t ^ ,
V. SACCAROZO
Cdng thiic phan tCr:
Ci2H220,i
(M = 342).
1.
Trgng
thai ta nhien -
TTnh
chdt vgt IT '
-
Saccarozd
cd nhieu trong thuc vat nhu: mia, cii cai dudng, cay thd't nd't
nfin

cd ten la
dudng
mia hay
dudng
kinh.
,
-
Saccarozd
la
cha't
ke't
tinh
mau trdng, vi ngot, de tan trong nude. , ^,
2.
TTnh
chdt hoa hoc
-
Saccaroza
khong
co
phan
itng
trdng
bac. Nghla la nd khong bi
Ag20
trong
dung dich NH, oxi hoa.
-
Phan
vtng

thuy
phan:
(saccarozo)
(glucozo)
(fructozd)
Fructozo cd cdng thiic ca'u tao
khac
glucozo.
Fructoza
ngot hdn glucozo.
VI.
TINH
BOT
VA
XENLULOZO
Cong
thiic
phan tu:
-
Tinh
b6t:
(QH,„0,)n
vdi n = 1200 - 6000. ''^'^ ' \
-
Xenlulozo:
(QH,„0,)„
v6i n = 10000 - 14000.
1. Trgng
thai
ta

nhien
- Tinh
chdt
vqt
li
-
Tinh
b6t c6 nhieu trong cac
loai
hat,
cii,
qua nhu: lua, ngo
-
Xenlulozo la thanh phan chu yeu cua soi bong, tre, g6,
niia
,!»fi
-
Tinh
b6t la chat ran, mau trang, kh6ng tan trong
nude
lanh, tan trong
nudrc nong tao thanh ho tinh bot.
-
Xenlulozo la chat ran (dang sgi) mau trang, kh6ng tan trong nude.
2.
Tinh
chdt
hoa
hoc
-

Phan I'fng thiiy phan:
Tinh
b6t va xenlulozo bi thuy phan trong dung
dieh
H2SO4
loang, tao thanh glucozo:
(QH.„03)„
+ nH,0
)nQH„0,
-
Phan itng dgc tritng cua iot vdi tinh hot: Nho dung dieh iot
(I2)
vao
tinh
bdt thay xua't hien mau xanh dae trung. Dun nong, mau xanh bien ma't, de ngu6i
mau xanh lai xua't
hifn.
VII.
PROTEIN
Protein (con goi la chat dam) la thanh phSn chinh cua te bao ca th^ d6ng
vat va thuc vat.
1.
Thanh
phdn
va
cdu
too
phan
tCf
-

Phan
tir protein g6m C, H, O, N. Ngoai ra c6 the c6 S, P, Fe
-
Phan
tu
khoi
rat \6n: tir hang van de'n hang
trieu
dvC.
-
M6i phan tur protein gom nhieu doan mach, chiing c6 the' xoan lai
hoac
cuon tron. M6i doan mach g6m nhi^u "mat
xich"
lien
ke't vdi nhau. M6i mat
xich
la mot phSn cua phan i\x amino axit.
Amino
axit don gian nha't la axit
aminoaxetic
H2N
- CHj - COOH.
2.
Tinh
Chdt
hoa
hoc
-
Phdn

icng
thuy
phdn:
Protein + H^O
"'"•"^'^^
> H6n hop amino axit
-
Su dong tu: Khi dun nong, protein dong tu lai thanh cue. Thi du: Long
trang trung hay rieu cua khi bi dun nong chiing d6ng tu lai.
-
Suphdn huy nhiet: DO't nong protein (thi du d6't chay toe, I6ng ga) no bi
phan
hiiy,
tao ra nhimg cha't khi c6 mui khet.
VIII.
POLIME
-
Polime Id nhiing hap chdt c6 phdn tit khoi rat Idn, do nhieu mdt
xich
lien
kei vdi nhau tao nen.
-
Diia
vao nguon g6'c tao thanh, polime dugc chia lam hai
loai:
Polime
thien
nhien: Co sSn trong thien nhien nhu
tinh
b6t, xenlulozo,

cao su thien nhien, protein.
Polime long hop: Do con
ngu&i
dieu ehe' tCr cae chat don gian nhu
polietilen
(PE),
poli(vinyl
clorua)
(PVC),
tonilon
1.
Cdu
tqo
phan
tOf
polime
-
Phan
tii
polime
duge
ca'u tao
tijr
nhieu mat
xich
lien
ke't vdi nhau.
-
Phan
tur polime c6 th^ la mach thang (mach khdng phan nhanh) nhu

PE, xenlulozo; mach phdn nhdnh nhu
tinh
b6t; mgng khong gian nhu eao su
luu
hoa.
2.
Tinh
chdt
-
Polime thucmg la chat ran, kh6ng bay hoi. Kh6ng c6 nhiet d6 nong
ehay
xac dinh.
-
Win he't cac polime khdng tan trong
nude
hoac
trong cac dung mdi
thdng thudng.
C5
nhiet d6 eao, polime de bi phan
hiiy.
3.
iTng
dung
cua
polime
a) Chdtdeo
Chdt
deo la
loai

vat
lieu
duge
san xuat tir polime ma c6 tinh deo,
tiie
la
CO
khd ndng bien dgng khi chiu tdc dgng ben ngodi va van giU nguyen hinh
dgng
sau khi ngitng tdc dgng.
+
Thanh phdn chinh c\xa cha't deo la polime. Ngoai ra con ed chat deo
hoa, cha't don, cha't phu gia.
+
Chdt deo c6 uu diem: Nhe, b^n,
each
dien,
each
nhiet td't, de gia cdng
b)
Tff
To
gdm hai
loai:
to tu nhien va ta hoa hgc.
+
Tor
tu nhien: Co sSn trong tu nhien nhu: bdng, day, tg tam, len Idng
ciru,
+

Tff hod hgc: San xua't bang cac phuong
phap
hoa hgc. To hoa hgc gdm
2
loai:
to nhan tao va to tdng hgp.
Tc/
nhdn tgo (con ggi la to ban tdng hgp)
duge
san xua't tfr cac pohnie
thien
nhien bang phugng
phap
ehe' bie'n hoa hgc. Thi du mdt s6' to
duge
che bien
hoa hgc
tiit
xenlulozo nhu to visco, tg
axetat
T(/
tSng hap
duge
san xua't tir cac polime tdng hgp nhu to
nilon,
to capron,
lentdnghgp
c) Cao su
Cao su la
polime

(tu nhidn
hoac
t6ng hop) c6
tinh
dan hoi, nghia la c6
khd
ndng
bien
dgng
khi
chin
tdc
dgng
ben
ngodi
(nen hay keo) vd Igi trd Igi
dgng
ban dan khi
thoi
tdc
dgng.
Cao su
dugc
phan thanh hai loai: cao su thien nhi6n va cao su t6ng hop.
+ Cao su
thien
nhien
la polime c6
cOng
thiic -f C^^\,

duoc
la'y tii mu
(nhua)
cay cao su.
+ Cao su
tong
hop
duoc
san xua't tijr polime t6ng hop nhu cao su
buna
(tdng hop tir ruou etylic).
De tang ti'nh dan hoi va nhung tinh
nSng
quy
khac,
ngucfi ta ch6' hoa cao
su vdi luu huynh de
duoc
cao su htu hod.
Cao su
CO
nhi^u tinh
chat
quy nhu dan h6i, khOng tha'm nude, khdng tha'm
khi,
each,
difin,
chiu mai mon ntn
duoc
diing nhilu trong dofi

sO'ng
va trong
c6ng
nghiep.
PHAN
II
LUYEN
KINANG
THEO
CHUAN
KIEIM
THUTC
A.
CAU HOI VA BAI TAP
Chirongl
CAC
LOAI HOP CHAT V6 CO
I.
TRAC
NGHIEM
KHACH
QUAN
1.1. Thanh ph& % cua oxi trong hop
cha't
nao sau day la \6n
nh^t?
A.
NaOH. B.
H2SO4.
B. CuO. D. CaCOj.

1.2. Ne'u dung dung dich KOH lam
thuO'c
thir thi phan
biet
dugc
2 dung dich
mu6'i nao trong cac cap
sau?
A. KCl va
Ba(N03)2.
B.
CaCl2
va
K2SO4.
C. NaCl va Zn(N03)2. D.
FeCl,
va
Na2S04.
1.3.
Phan
tir kh6'i cua hop
chat
X la 80 va thanh phdn % vl khO'i lucmg cac
nguyen t6' trong hop
chat
X la: 40% S, 60% O (oxi).
C6ng
thiic phan tu cua hop
cha't
X la

A. SO2. B.
S2O3.
C. SO3. D.
S3O2.
1.4. Cho phuong
trinh
hoa hoc:
Fe + X->FeClj+H2 t
Xla .
A.
HCl. B. CI2.
C.BaCl2.
D. KCl.
1.5. NaOH la m6t
bazo
ki^m.
Dung djch NaOH c6
A.pH
= 7.
B.pH>7.
C. pH < 7. D. pH = 0.
1.6. Tir cac
chaft:
Fe, FeS,
CaCO,,
HCl,
KCIO3
c6
th^
di^u

che'
dugc
cac
chat
khi:
A.
SO2,
H2S,
O2,
CI2.
B. CO2,
H2,
H2S,
02-
C. CO2, SO2, O2,
CI2.
D. SO2,
H2S,
CO2, H2.
1.7. phan biet hai dung dich
H2SO4
va
NaOH
c6 thi dung thuO'c thu la
A.
giay quy tim. B. dung dich
KCl.
; •
C.
dung

dich
KNO3.
D.
dung
djch
K2SO4.
1.8. Khi
luu
huynh
dioxit
dugc tao thanh
tijr
cap chat nao sau day?
A.
NaCl
va
H2SO4
dac. B.
Na2S04
va HCl.
C.
Na2S03 va HQ. D. CaS04 va
HNO3.
' ' > li^»
1.9. Day gom cac chat lam due nude v6i
trong
la
A.
SO2,
N2,

CO2,
CO. B.
SO2,
CO2,
SO3.
C.
NO2,
CO,
SO2,
CO2.
D.
NO2,
H2,
CO2.
1.10. Dan
tur
tir
0,448
lit khi CO2 (d dkic) vao
dung
dich
chiia 150ml
dung
dich
Ca(0H)2 0,1M.
Mu6'i
thu duoc la
A.
CaCOj. B. Ca(HC03)2.
C. CaC03 va Ca(HC03)2. D. Ca A, B, C d6u

diing.
1.11. hoa tan hoan toan 4 gam m6t
oxit
cua
kim
loai
hoa
tri
U, dn 98 gam
dung
dich
H2SO4
5%.
Cong
thitc phan
tit
cua
oxit
la
A.
CuO. B. ZnO.
C. MgO. D. CaO.
1.12.
Oxit
tac
dung
vdi
dung
dich
axit

H2SO4
loang, tao ra h6n hop hai
muoi
la
A.
AI2O3.
B. FeO.
C. ZnO. D.
Fe304.
1.13.
Oxit
CO
tinh
chat
luomg
ti'nh
la
A.
CuO. B.
AI2O3.
C.
Fe203.
D. CaO.
1.14. Cho
phuofng
trinh
hoa hoc
H2SO4 + X ^ BaS04
i+
+ Y t

Cha't X va Y Idn
lugt
la:
A.
BavaC02.
B.
BaC03
va Hj.
C. BaCO, va
CO2.
D. Ba(OH)2 va H2.
1.15. Co ba hop cha't la CuO, Na2C03 va CaCO,
dung
trong
ba lo bi m^t nhan.
Chi
cSn
dung
m6t thud'c
thii
duy
nha't di phan biet ba cha't trSn la
dung
dich
A.
HCl.
B.
H2SO4.
C.NaOH.
D.NaCl.

1.16. Co ba mu6'i la BaClj,
CUSO4,
BaCOj dung trong ba lo bi mat nhan.
Chi
dung m6t
thuoc
thijr
duy nhat de nhan bie't ba muoi
tr6n
la dung dich
A.
NaOH.
B.NaCl.
C.
K2SO4.
D.
HCl.
-
1.17. Cho chu6i bien hoa sau:
Cu(0H)2
—^ A-> B->
CuSO,
^^Cu(0H)2
Cac
chat
A, B, C Mn lugt la '
A.
CuO, Cu,
NaOH.
B. Cu, CuO, Na2S04.

C. CuO,
CUCI2,
NaOH.
D. CuO, Cu,
H2O.
'
1.18. Axit sunfuric dac c6
ti'nh
hao nude. Co the dung no lam kh6 khi nao
sau day?
A.
Khi amoniac (NH3). B. Khi do
(CI2).
C. Khi caebonic
(COj).
D. Ca B va C.
1.19. Trung hoa 200ml dung dich
H2SO4
0,1M bang dung djch
NaOH
10%.
Kh6'i
lugng dung dich
NaOH
cAn dung la
A.
12 gam. B. 18 gam. '
^
. ,^
C. 16 gam. D. 14 gam. j ,^ ,

1.20. Nhung
oxit
eo
th^
di6u
che'
dugc
tCr
phan ling phan huy la
•
j
A.
CuO, FeO,
NajO.
B. CuO,
Fe203,
MgO . ? > '
C.
K2O,
ZnO,
AI2O3.
D.
NajO,
CuO, FeO.
1.21. Day hop
chat
gom cac
chat
tham gia phan ung nhiet phan la
A.

NaOH,
Fe(0H)2, Ca(0H)2. B.
Mg(OH)2,
FeCOH),, KOH.
C.
Cu(OH)2,
Mg(0H)2, Zn(0H)2. D. Ba(OH)2, KOH, Cu(0H)2.
1.22. Hoa tan 25 gam cha't X vao 100 gam HjO,
dugc
dung dich c6 kh6'i
lugng rieng D = 1,143 gam/ml.
Nong do phSn tram (C%) va the
tich
dung dich thu
dugc
la ^
A.
20% va
109,36
ml.
B. 10% va 109,4
ml.
•;
C. 20% va
120,62
ml. D. 18% va
109,36
ml.
1.23. De dieu che Cu(0H)2 ngucfi ta dung cac hoa
chat:

~
?
A.
Cu,
HCl,
NaOH.
B. CuO,
HCl,
NaOH.
;
C. Cu,
H2SO4
(d.n),
KOH.
D. Ca B va C deu dugc.
1.24.
TrSn
dung djch chiia 0,2 mol
CuClj
vdi dung dich chiia 20 gam
NaOH.
Khd'i
lucfng ket tua thu duoc la (biet hieu
suat
phan
ling
la 80%)
A.
19,6 gam. B. 17,20 gam.
C. 15,68 gam. D. 14,84 gam.

1.25. Cho lucmg du NaOH vao dung dich h6n hop hai mu6'i FeClj va
AlCl,
d6'n
khi phan
ling
hoan toan. Loc la'y kS't tua, nung ngoai kh6ng khi de'n
khd'i
lircmg
kh6ng doi, thu duoc
A. FeO,
AI2O3.
B.
FcjOj,
AI2O3.
C.
Fe304,
AI2O3.
D. Fe203, Al.
1.26. Nhiet phan
hidroxit
ciia
kim
loai
X, thu duoc
oxit
c6 cOng
thiic
phan
tit
X2O3,

trong do
%X
= 52,94%. Cong
thiic
phan tu cua
hidroxit
la
A.
Fe(0H)3.
B.
A1(0H)3.
C.
Cr(OH)3. D.
Mn(0H)3.
1.27. Cap dung dich nao sau day phan ung vdi nhau tao
ra
hop cha't mdi?
A.
NaCl va
H2SO4.
B.
BaCl2
va
HNO3.
C.
CaCl2
va
K2SO4.
D.
KNO3

va NaOH.
1.28. Dung dich mud'i
Cu(N03)2
c6 iSn
lirgng
rat nho mudi AgN03. De
loai
bo AgN03, thu mudi
Cu(N03)2
tinh
khie't cSn dung bot
kim
loai
A.
bac.
B.
nhdm.
C. sat. D. ddng.
1.29. Cho 5,6 gam mdt
oxit
kim
loai
X tac dung
vira
du vdi axit HCl, thu
duoc 11,1 gam mudi clorua cua
kim
loai
X.
Kim

loai
X la
A.
natri.
B.
canxi.
C. ddng. D. magie.
1.30. Nhiet phan hoan toan 10 gam canxi
cacbonat,
thu duoc chat ran A.
Cho A vao
nude
va khua'y cho tan het, thu duoc 800 ml dung dich X.
Ndng
dd mol cua dung dich X
1&
A.
0,125M. B. 1,25M.
C. 0,10M. D. 1,32M.
1.31. Sue khi
CO2
vao 80 gam dung dich NaOH 25%, tao thknh hdn hop
mudi
axit va mudi trung hoa theo ti 16 sd
mol
la 2 : 3.
Th^
tich
khi
CO2

(d dktc) cdn dung la
A.
7
lit.
B. 6,9
lit.
C.
6,5.lit.
D. 8,2 Jit.
II.
BAI
TAP TU
LUAN
1.32. Khu hoan toan 32 gam mdt
oxit
sat chua rd cdng
thiic
bang khi CO du
d
nhifet do cao. Sau
khi
phan
ling
kdt
thilc,
khdi
lirong
cha't ran cdn lai 22,4 gam.
a) Xac dinh cdng
thiic

hoa hoc cua
oxit
sat.
b)
Chat khi sinh ra duoc dSn vao dung djch
nude
vdi trong du. Hay
tinh
khdi
lugng kdt tua sinh ra.
1.33. Hai la kem cd
khdi
luong nhu nhau, mdt la ngam trong dung dich
Cu(N03)2,
mdt la ngam trong dung djch Pb(N03)2. Sau mdt
thdi
gian phan
ling
nhu
nhau, lay hai la kem ra
khdi
dung dich, can la kem
thii
nhat thay
khdi
luong
giam 0,65 gam.
a)
Vidt
cac phuong

trinh
hoa hoc.
b)
Hay cho biet
khdi
luong la kem
thii
hai tang hay giam bao nhiSu
gam?
1.34. Ngam 16,6 gam hdn hop bot hai kim
loai
Al va Fe trong dung dich
HCl
du.
Phan
ling
xong, thu duoc 11,2
lit
khi
H2
(dktc).
,
a)
Viet
cac phuong
trinh
hoa hoc. a/
b)
Tinh
khdi

lugng mdi kim
loai
trong hdn hop dau.
c)
Bang phuong
phap
hoa hoc nao cd the lay rieng Fe ra
khdi
hdn
hop?
1.35. Mdt dung djch hoa tan 3,25 gam sat clorua tac dung vdi dung dich
bac nitrat du, sinh ra 8,61 gam ket tua.
Hay
tim cdng
thiic
phan tir cua mudi sat da dung.
1.36.
Khir
hoan toan 16 gam
oxit
sat bang khi CO d nhiet dd cao. Sau khi
phan
ling
kdt
thiic,
khdi
lugng cha't ran giam 4,8 gam.
a)
Tim
cdng

thiic
phan tir cua
oxit
sat.
^.^^^^^
b)
Chat khi sinh ra dugc dan vao binh dung dung dich NaOH du. Hay
cho biet
khdi
lugng cua binh tang hay giam bao nhieu
gam?
c)
Tinh
Xhi
tich
khi CO (dktc) can
diing
cho phan
ling
khii
het
oxit
sat
ndi
tren, biet rang phai dung du CO tdi 10%.
1.37. Ngam mdt la nhdm (da danh
sach
Idp
oxit)
trong 250 ml dung dich

AgN03
0,24M.
Sau mdt
thdi
gian phan
ling,
lay la nhdm ra, rCra
sach,
lam kho,
can lai thay
khdi
lugng la nhdm tang them 2,79 gam.
a)
Viet
phuong
trinh
hoa hoc.
b)
Tinh
khdi
lugng nhdm da phan
ling
va lugng bac sinh ra.
c)
Tinh
ndng dd mol cua cac cha't trong dung dich sau phan
ling
(the
tich
dung dich thay ddi khdng dang ki).

1.38.
Di xac djnh thanh pMn cua FcjO, trong quang hematit, ngu6i ta lam
thf nghifim nhu sau:
Cho lu6ng khf CO du di qua 10 gam b6t quang nong do. Phan iJng xong,
la'y chat ran con lai dem hoa tan trong dung dich axit H2SO4 loang, thu duac
2,24 lit khf (dktc).
a) Giai thich each lam va viet phuomg trinh hoa hoc.
b) Ti'nh thanh phSn phSn tram theo kh6'i lugng cua FcjO, trong quang.
c) Can bao nhifiu ta'n quang noi tren de san xua't duoc 1 ta'n gang chua
96%
sat?
1.39.
Cho 10 gam b6t h6n hop cac kim loai g6m Al, Mg va Cu vao dung
dich HCl du. Phan ling ket thiic, thu dugc 10,08 lit khi (dktc) va
1
gam chat
ran kh6ng tan.
a) Viet cac phuofng trinh hoa hoc.
b) Tinh thanh phan phan tram theo kh6'i lugng m6i kim loai c6 trong
h6n hgp.
1.40.
Co 3 la nho kim loai la Cu, Zn va Fe. M6i la c6 kh6'i Iirgng m gam.
Ngam rieng m6i la kim loai vao mot coc dung dung dich CUSO4 du. Sau mot
thcri gian la'y cac la kim loai ra, rira nhe, lam kho va can lai.
- Hay cho biet khoi lugng cac la kim loai thay ddi the nao?
Giai thich va viet cac phuong trinh hoa hoc.
- Nd'u ngam m6i la kim loai tren trong c6'c nho dung dung dich AgNO,
du, sau do tiep tuc lam nhu tren.
Hay cho biet khdi lugng cac la kim loai thay ddi
the'

nao?
Giai thich va viet cac phuong trinh hoa hoc.
1.41.
Khdi lugng ciia 5 lit khi A (dktc) la 7,59 gam. Dot 3,4 gam khi A, thu
dugc 2,24 lit khi luu huynh dioxit (dktc) va 1,8 gam nude.
a) Tim cdng thiic hoa hgc cua A.
b) Vie't cac phuong trinh hoa hgc.
c) Ti'nh the tich oxi (dktc) cSn thiet de dot chay hoan toan 5 lit khi A.
Chirong
2
KIM
LOAI
( /
I TRAC NGHIEM KHACH QUAN
2.1. Day gdm cac kim loai dugc xep theo chilu tinh hoat ddng hoa hgc tang
dAn:
A. Na, Zn, K, Pb, Cu. B. Cu, Pb, K, Na, Zn.
C. Cu, Pb, Zn, Na, K. D. Cu, Na, Pb, Zn, K.
2.2.
Day gdm nhirng kim loai deu khdng phan ling vdi dung dich axit
H2SO4 loang la
A. Fe, Cu, Al. B. Cu, Ag, Au.
C. Ag, Zn, Al. C. Fe, Au, Zn.
2.3.
Cho phuong trinh hoa hgc:
Al
+
X^Cui + Y
X va Y lin lugt la
A. CUSO4 va Al2(S04)3. B. AlCl, va CUSO4.

C. CUSO4 va AISO4. D.
Al2(S04)3
va CUSO4.
2.4.
Kim loai nao sau day khdng bi oxi hoa trong khdng khi d nhiet dd thudng?
A. sat. B. Nhdm. , .
C. Magic. D. Bac. b ,.
,
i\
2.5.
cap chat nao sau day xay ra phan ling hoa hgc? , ; S:
A. bac va dung dich CUSO4. B. sat va dung dich
ZnClj.
;
C. kem va dung dich VtCl^. D. ddng va dung dich HCl.
2.6.
Cho chudi bien hoa sau:
Al ^> AlCl,-> XY ^ AI2
(SO4),.
Cac cha't X va Y Ian luot la
ori:)
MS
A.Al203vaAl. B. A1(0H)3 va AI2O3. A^r
C.
A1(N03)3
va AI2O3. D. AI2O3 va A1(0H)3.
2.7. Hai kim loai khdng tac dung vdi axit H2SO4 dac, ngudi la .
A. AlvaFe. B. Cu va Fe.
C. AlvaZn. D. AlvaCu.
2.8. Co ba cha't d dang bdt la AI2O3, Al va Fe dung trong ba Ig bi ma't nhan.

Thudc thijr
de'
phan biet ba chat trdn tren la ^ ^
A. kim loai Cu. B. dung djch NaOH du.
C. dung dich HCl. D. dung djch H2SO4 dac.
2.9.
Cap chat nib sau day khong t6n tai trong dung dich?
A.
NaOH va
K2CO3.
B.
KOH
va
CUSO4.
C.
CaCO,
va
HCl.
D.
Ca
B
va C. /
2.10.
Co cac
kirn
loai:
Ba, Cu, Fe,
Al
va Na. Nhung
kirn

loai
tac dung dugc
vdri
nude
cho khi bay len la
A.
Ba,
CuvaAl.
B. Ba,
Al
va Fe.
C.
Al,
Na va Ba.
D.
Na, Cu va Fe.
2.11.
Phan
ling glua Zn va
PbS04
kh6ng xay ra dugc vi
A.
Zn hoat dong kem Pb.
B.
PbS04
la
mu6'i
khdng tan trong nudrc.
C. ZnS04 la mu6'i khong tan trong nude.
D.

Zn tac dung vdi nude.
2.12.
Hop chat
oxit
cua kim
loai
X hoa tri
III,
trong do kim
loai
X chie'm
52,94%
\6
khO'i
lugng.
Oxit
nay c6 kha nang phan ung vdi cap cha't nao sau
day?
A.
Dung dich
HCI
va dung dich
KOH.
B.
Nudrc
va dung dich
NaOH.
C. Dung dich
H2SO4
loang va dung dich

NaCl.
D.
Dung dich
HCI
va dung dich
CaCl2.
2.13.
Co bon dung dich mu6'i la FeS04,
Fe2(S04)3,
CuClj
va
Al2(S04)3
dung
trong
4 Ig mat nhan. Kim
loai
c6 th^ dung de phan biet b6'n dung dich muoi
tren
la
A.
natri.
B. dong.
C. kem. D. nh6m.
2.14.
Cho 1,8 gam kim
loai
M hoa tri
III
phan
irng

het vdi dung dich axit
H2SO4
du, thu dugc 2,24 lit khi H2 (d dktc). Biet hieu
sua't
phan ling bang
100%.
Kim
loai
M la
A.
crom. B. sat.
C. nhdm. D. mangan.
2.15.
Cho mdt thanh kem cd
khdi
lugng 50 gam vao dung djch dong sunfat.
Sau mdt
thdi
gian phan
ling
ket
thiic,
khdi
lugng la kem la
49,82
gam.
Khd'i
lugng kem da phan
ting
la

A.
15,85 gam. B. 17,55 gam.
C. 12,46 gam. D. 11,70 gam.
2.16.
Cho thanh kem vao 100 ml dung dich sat(II) sunfat c6 nong do x
mol//.
SaU
khi
phan
ling
k€t
thiic,
khdi
lugng thanh kem giam 2,25 gam. Gia
tri
ciia
x la
A.
2. B. 2,5.
C. 3. D. 3,5.
2.17.
Hoa tan a gam mdt
kim
loai
X trong 200 gam dung dich
HCI
7,3% vua
thu
dugc dung dich
A,

trong do ndng do
ciia
muoi
tao thanh la 11,96% (theo
j^hd'i
lucmg).
Kim
loai
X la
A.
nhdm. B. canxi.
C. mangan. D. dong.
2.18.
Hoa tan mdt lugng du bdt nhdm vao 200 ml dung dich
H2SO4
IM.
Sau
khi
phan ung xay ra hoan toan, thu dugc 3,36
lit
khi
H2
(d dktc).
Hieu
sua't
cua phan ung la
A.
80,12%. C. 75,0%.
C.
70,64%.

D. 85,21%.
2.19.
Cho 16 gam hdn hgp hai kim
loai
Al va Fe phan ung het vdi 200 ml
dung dich NaOH
IM.
Thanh phin %
ciia
Al
va Fe trong hdn hgp Ian lugt la
A.
3,75% va 66,25%. B. 66,25% va 33,75%.
C. 32,65% va 67,35%. D. 67,35% va 32,65%.
2.20.
Cho mdt thanh sat cd
khdi
lugng 50 gam vao 400 ml dung dich
CUSO4.
Sau mdt
thdi
gian,
khd'i
lugng thanh sat tang 4%. Cho biet toan bd
dong thoat ra deu bam het vao thanh sat.
Khd'i
lugng dong thoat ra la
A.
18 gam. B. 15 gam.
C. 17 gam. D. 16 gam.

2.21.
Dien phan hoan toan 2,55 gam bdt nhdm
oxit
ndng chay. Khi thu
dugc du dot chay he't lugng cacbon la >•{ .
A.
0,35 gam.
B.
0,45 gam. >ii)^ '
C. 0,56 gam. D. 0,46 gam.
2.22.
Cho 200 ml dung dich axit sunfuhidric
H2S
IM phan ung hoan toan
vdi
300 ml dung dich NaOH
IM.
Dung dich thu dugc cd cac chat ,^ , ,
A.
NaHS va
NaOH.
B. NajS va
NaOH.
,}
A}Ll
C. NaHS va Na2S. D. NaHS, Na2S va NaOH.
2.23.
Cho X gam
MgCO,
phan ung vdi dung dich HCI du. Cho toan bd khi

thoat ra vao dung dich
nude
vdi trong du, thu dugc 20 gam ket tua. Biet hieu
sua't
phan ung la 100%. Gia
tri
ciia
x la , : ;
A.
16,8. B. 17,2. ,, ,
C. 15,9. D. 18,4.
2.24.
Tir
AljO,
c6 thi dieu che Al bang each
A.
dien phan
AljO,
nong chay.
B.
dien phan h6n hop nong chay g6m
AI2O3
va criolit.
C.
dung
CO
hoae
Hj
khir
AI2O3

nong chay.
D.
hoa tan
AljO,
bang dung dich
HCl,
r6i di6n phan dung dich
AICI3.
2.25. Co the dieu che canxi bang phuong phap
A.
dung Na day
Ca
ra khoi
CaCl2
nong chay.
B.
dung khi
CO
hoac khi
H2
kbit
CaO
d nhiet
dd
cao.
C.
nhiet phan CaO 6 nhiet do cao. ^
D.
dien phan
CaCl2

nong chay.
2.26. Hoa tan hoan toan 1,35 gam kim loai X bang dung dich
H2SO4
loang,
thu
dugc 1,68 lit khi (d
dktc).
Kim
loai X la
A.
kem. B. sat.
C.
nhom. D. magie.
2.27. Cho luong CO di qua ong sii dung 20 gam bgt CuO nung nong. Sau
m6t thdi gian tha'y kh6'i lugng cha't ran trong ong sii con lai la 16,8 gam.
Phan
tram khoi lugng
CuO
da bi
khuf
la
A.
80%. B. 70%.
C.
60%. D. 90%.
2.28. Cho 10 gam bgt sat vao 500 ml dung dich
FeCl,
c6 nong d6 x mol/lit.
khua'y
deu den khi phan ling xay ra hoan toan, tha'y

khd'i
lugng bgt sat con lai
la
8,6 gam.
Gia
tri cua x la
A.
0,15. B.0,10.
C.
0,25. D. 0,28.
2.29. Hoa tan 3,2 gam oxit
X2O,
bang mot lugng
vijra
du dung dich
H2SO4
10%,
thu dugc dung dich mu6'i sunfat c6 nong d6 12,9%.
Cong
thiic phan
tCr
cua oxit la
A.
AI2O3.
B.
Cr203.
C.
Mn203. D. Fe203.
2.30. De dilu che
natri

kim loai, ngudi thucmg dilng phuong phap
1.
dien phan dung dich
NaCl
c6 mang ngan.
2.
dien phan
NaCl
nong chay.
3. dien phan
NaOH
nong chay.
4.
diing K day Na ra khoi dung dich
NaCl.
5. khil oxit Na20 bang khi CO 6 nhiet d6 cao.
Nhung
phuong phap dung dugc la
A.
1,3,4,5.
B. 2, 3,4.
C.
2, 3. D. 1,4, 5.
2.31. Hoa tan 3,94 gam BaCO, bang 500 ml dung
dich
HCl 0,4M. The
tich
dung
djch
NaOH

0,5M can de trung hoa
axit
du la
A.
180
ml.
B. 200
ml.
'.r
C.
360
ml.
D. 320 ml.
2.32. X la dung
dich
chiia
0,1 mol
AICI3
va Y la dung
dich
chiia
0,32 mol
NaOH.
D6 tir tit Y vao X.
Khoi
lugng ke't
tiia
thu dugc khi d6 he't Y vao X la
A.
7,8 gam. B. 6,24 gam. ,

C.
7,12 gam. D. 5,98 gam.
II.
BAI TAP TIJ
LUAN
2.33. Cho 69,6 gam
Mn02
tac dung vdi
axit
clohidric
dac, du, thu dugc mSt
lugng
khi X. Dan khi X vao 550 ml dung
dich
NaOH
4M (D = 1,25
g/ml),
thu
dugc dung
dich
A.
Tinh
nong do phan tram, nong do mol
ciia
cac cha't trong dung
dich
A.
Bie't
the
tich

dung
dich
thay doi khong dang ke.
2.34. Dot chay hoan toan 7,2 gam than d nhiet d6
thich
hgp, thu dugc h6n
hgp
khi
A gom CO2 va CO.
Dan
h6n hgp khi A vao 6'ng dung CuO (du) nung nong. Khi phan
ling
xong,
cho toan bg lugng khi thu dugc vao
nu6c
v6i trong (lay du), thu dugc a
gam ke't tua.
a)
Vie't
cac phuong
trinh
hoa hgc.
b)
Tinh
a.
2.35. Nung 3,1 gam
tinh
the
natri
cacbonat ngam nudrc den

khoi
lugng
khong
doi, dugc cha't ran c6
khoi
lugng la 2,65 gam.
Hay
xac
dinh
c6ng
thiic
hoa hgc cua
mu6'i
natri
cacbonat ngam nudrc.
2.36. Nung 10,23 gam h6n hgp hai
oxit
la CuO va PbO v6i cacbon du.
Toan
bg lugng khi CO2 sinh ra dugc dan vao
binh
dung dung
dich
Ca(0H)2
du.
Phan iJng ke't
thiic,
thu dugc 5,5 gam ket
tiia.
a)

Viet
phuong
trlnh
hoa hgc.
b)
Tinh
thanh phSn % theo
khoi
lugng cua
m6i
oxit
kim
loai
trong h6n hgp.
2.37. Hgp chat huu co A c6 thanh phSn theo
khoi
lugng cac nguyen t6' nhu
sau: 53,33%C, 15,55%H va 31,12%N.
a) Xac
dinh
cong
thiic
phan tir cua A.
Biet
rang hgp chat nay c6 phan tir
khg'i
bang 45 dvC.
b)
Cho bie't
nito

trong hgp chat nay c6 hoa tri
III,
hay
vie't
cong
thiic
ca'u
taoctiaA.
2.38. Dot
chay
hoan
toan 6,72 lit h6n hop khi A g6m CO va CH4, phai
dung vira Mt 6,72 h't oxi.
a) Tinh thanh phan phan tram
theo
thi tich va
theo
khdi
lugng cua cat
chat
trong hdn hop A. Cac the tich d^u do d dktc.
b) Ha'p thu toan bo khi CO2 tao thanh
or
phan ung
trtn
vao binh
chiJa
300 ml
dung dich
Ba(OH)2

0,75M,
tha'y xua't hien m gam ket tua
trSng.
Tinh m.
2.39. Ci di^u kien
chuin
3,36 h't h6n hop khi g6m
metan
va etilen c6 kh6i
luang 3 gam.
a) Ti'nh thanh ph^n
phSn
tram cua cac
cha't
c6 trong hdn hop
theo
the
tich
va
theo
khd'i
luong.
b) Khi dan 1,68 lit h6n hop khi nay di qua dung dich nudfc brom, nhan
thay dung dich bi
nhat
mau va
khdi
lucmg binh
chiJa
dung dich nay tang them

m
gam.
Ti'nh
m,
bie't
rSng
phan ung xay ra
hoan
toan.
2.40. Cho A la hdn hop 3 khi: CH4, C2H4 va
C2H2.
Dan 5,6 lit hdn hop A vao binh dirng dung dich brom du, sau phan
ling
khdi
lugng binh tang 5,4 gam.
Khi
ra khoi binh (khi khdng tac dung vdi nude brom)
dugc
dot
chay
hoan
toan cho 2,2 gam COj.
Ti'nh
thanh phan phan tram
theo
khdi
lugng mdi
hidrocacbon
trong hdn
hgp.

Biet
rang cac the' tich deu do d dktc.
2.41. Hdn hgp khi A gdm CO va mot
hidrocacbon.
De ddt
chay
hoan
toan
6,72 lit khi A dung het 39,2 lit khdng khi.
Phan
ung tao thanh 8,96 lit CO2 va
1,8 gam H2O.
Xac dinh cdng thirc phan tii cua
hidrocacbon
va thanh phan tram
theo
the tich cac khi cd trong hdn hgp A.
Biet
rang oxi
chiem
20% the tich khdng
khf, cac the ti'ch khi do d dktc.
2.42. Ddt
chay
3 gam mdt
chat
huu cof A, thu
dugc
6,6 gam CO2 va 3,6
gam H2O.

a) Xac dinh cdng
thiJc
phan tir cua A,
biet
= 60 dvC.
b) Vie't cdng thirc cau tao
(riit
ggn) cd the' cd cua A.
Chirang 3
PHI KIM - SO LUOC VE BANG
TUAN
HOAN
CAC
NGUYEN TO HOA HOC ' ^
I TRAC
NGHIEM
KHACH
QUAN
^ *
3.1. Cho cac cap
cha't
sau, cap
chat
nao
khdng
phan
ling
vdi
nhau?
'•

A. CI2 va NaOH. B.
Fe203
va CO.
C. CI2 va O2. D. CO2 va
CaCOH),.
3.2. Hgp
cha't
X la oxit cua
cacbon,
trong phan
tijf
chiia
57,14%
oxi ve
khdi
lugng. Khd'i lugng mol ciia X la 28 gam.
Cdng thiic phan tit oxit X la:
A.CO2. B.CO.
C. C2O. D.
C2O3.
3.3. Hay
chgn
cau cd ndi dung sai trong cac cau sau:
A. Phi kim cd the phan ung vdi
nhieu
kim loai.
B. Phi kim cd the phan ung vdi phi kim
khac.
C. Nude
Gia-ven

la hdn hgp hai mudi NaCl va NaClO.
D.
Trong cdng nghiep, khi clo
dugc
san xua't tCr mudi an (NaCl).
3.4. Tir cac
cha't
sau: MnO^,
CaCO,,
HCl va
Na2S03
cd the' di^u che'
dugc
cac
cha't
khi:
A. CO, CO2, H2S. B. CI2, H2, SO2. '-^^^ m^-'
C. CO2, H2S, CI2. D. CI2, CO2, SO2. '
3.5. Sau thi nghiem, khi clo con du
dugc
loai bd
bang
each
cho sue vao
A. dung dich HCl. B. dung dich NaOH
C. dung dich H2SO4. D. dung dich NaCl.
3.6. Khi nita san xua't
dugc
trong cdng nghiep thudng cd l§n lugng nhd cac
khi

CO2, CO va hai nude. De thu khi nita nguyen
chat
cin diing phuang phap
hoa hoc:
A. Ddt
chay
hdn hgp.
B. Cho hdn hgp qua nude vdi trong.
C. Ddt
chay
hdn hgp rdi cho san ph^m iSn lugt qua nude vdi trong va
axit H2SO4 dac.'
D.
Cho hdn horp qua CaO mdi san xua't. \
3.7.
Nhan
dinh nao sau day la dung
nhat?
, |
A.
Cacbon
la
cha't
khir.
B.
Cacbon
la
cha't
oxi hoa.
C.

Cacbon
la phi kim rft tra v6 mat
hoat
ddng hoa hoc. ^' -
D.
Cacbon
vCra cd ti'nh khijr vira cd
tinh
oxi hoa.
3.8. Chon phuong phap thich hop di dieu che khi clo trong phong thi nghiem:
A. Dun nhe dung dich HCl dac v6i MnOj.
B. Di6n phan
NaCl
nong
chay.
C.
Dien phan dung dich
NaCl
bao hoa.
D. Dun nhe
NaCl
vdi dung dich
H2SO4
dac.
3.9. Phan
utig
hoa hoc nao sau day khOng xay ra?
, A.
SiOj
+ 4HF ^ SiF, t + 2Hfi

B.
SiOj
+ 4HC1 ^ SiCl^ T + 2Ufi
C. CI2
+H20^HC1
+ HC10
D. 3CO + Fe^ 0, ^ 2Fe + SCO^ T
3.10. Cho phuong
trinh
phan iJng:
4C + Fe30,—^? + ?
Hoan thanh phuong
trinh
phan ung va cho bie't
cacbon
trong phuong
trinh
dong vai tro gi?
A. Nhien lieu dot chay la'y nhiet. B. Chat oxi hoa.
C.
Cha't
khii
va
chat
oxi hoa. D.
Cha't
khir.
3.11.
Hay chon nhan dinh sai trong nhung nhan dinh sau:
A. C6ng nghiep silicat gom san xuat dd gdm sii, thuy

tinh,
xi mang tCr
cac hop chat thien nhidn ciia silic va cac hoa chat khac.
B. Thanh ph^n chinh ciia thuy
tinh
la h6n hop
natri
silicat
(NajSiO,)
va
canxi silicat
(CaSiO,).
C. Khdng
dugfc
dCing chai, lo bang
thiiy
tinh
de chiJa, dung dung dich axit.
D. Thanh phdn chinh cua xi mang la canxi silicat va canxi aluminat.
3.12. Bidt nguyen
tijr
X c6 ca'u tao nhu sau:
Dien
tich
hat nhan la 15+, c6 3 Idp electron, Idp ngoai ciing c6 5 electron.
Dua vao bang tuSn hoan biet
dugc
nguyfin td X la
A. nito. B. clo.
C. photpho. D. lim huynh.

3.13. Cac nguyen td
dugc
sap xdp trong bang tuSn hoan cd nhung dac
Aiim:
A. Dien
tich
hat nhan nguyen t^ tang dSn.
B. Sd Idp electron trong nguyen t^ bang sd
thiJ
tu cua chu ki.
C. Sd electron Idp ngoai cung ciia nguyen tii bang sd
thii
tu ciia nhdm A.
D. Ca A, B, C d^u diing.
3.14. Cho 12,8 gam
kirn
loai
hoa tri II tac dung vdi khi clo du, thu dugc
27 gam mudi.
Kim loai dd la " ,^ J .
A. ddng. B.
magie.
.
C. kem. . D. canxi.
3.15. Dung dich chiJa 980 gam
H2SO4
tac dung he't vdi
NaHCO,
du, thu
dugc

V lit khi
cacbonic
(d dktc). Biet hieu sua't phan ihig la 90%.
Gia tri cua V la '
A. 412,6. B. 403,2.
C. 396,8. D. 430,6.
3.16. Oxit ciia nguyen td R cd
khdi
lugng mol la 44 gam.
Nguyen
td oxi
chiem 72,72% thanh phan
khdi
lugng cua oxit.
Cdng thiic phan tii ciia oxit la (J
JO
>
A.
P2O5.
B. SO2. ;
C. CO2.
D.N2O.
3.17. Hoa tan hoan toan 31,2 gam hdn hgp gdm
NajCO,
va
CaC03
bang
400 ml dung dich HCl 1,5M tha'y thoat ra V lit khi CO2 (6 dktc).,,,,
Gia tri cua V la
A. 4,46. B.6,72.

C. 5,87. D. 8,14.
3.18. Cho ludng khi clo qua dng sii dung 1,12 gam bdt kim loai M d nhiet
dg cao. Sau khi phan ting ke't thiic, thu
dugc
3,25 gam mudi.
1.
Kim loai Mia
A. sat. B. nhdm. O
C. mangan. D. canxi.
2. De' cd dii lugng khi clo tham gia phan ung tren cAn bao nhieu lit dung
djch
HCl 6M tham gia phan ung vdi bdt
MnOs
du?
A. 0,2 lit. B. 0,02
lit.

C. 0,12
lit.
D. 0,03 lit.
3.19. Hoa tan 4,48 lit khi hidro clorua (d dktc) vao 42,7 ml nude, thu
dugc
dung dich axit clohidric. Ndng dd % va ndng dd mol cua dung dich thu
dugc
la:
A. 1,46% va4,7M. B. 1,46% va 0,47M.
C. 14,6% va 4,7M. D. 14,6% va 0,47M.
3.20. Dan 11,2 lit hdn hgp khi CO va CO2 (d dktc) vao 100 ml dung dich
Ca(0H)2,
thu

dugc
mudi duy nha't khdng tan, cd
khdi
lugng 10 gam.
1.
N6ng
d6 mol cua
dung
djch Ca(OH)2 la
A.
2,0M. B. 1,0M.
C. 1,2M. D. 0,9M.
2. Thanh
phdn
%
theo
th^
tich
cua CO2
trong
h6n hop ban dau la
A.
20%. B. 50%.
C. 15%. D. 35%.
3.21. D6't
chay
photpho
trong
binh chiia 6,72 lit khi O2 (d
dktc),

thu
duoc
14,2 gam
diphotpho
pentaoxit.
Kh6'i
lugng
photpho
tham
gia
phan
ung la
A.
8,1 gam. B. 6,8 gam.
C.
7,4 gam. D. 6,2 gam.
3.22. Khi
nhiet
phan
14,2 gam h6n hop gom
canxi
cacbonat
va
magie
cacbonat,
thu
diroc
3,36 lit khi CO2 (or
dktc).
Thanh

phSn
% khdi
luong
cac
cha't
trong
h6n hcrp la
A.
70% CaCO, va 30% MgCO,. -
B. 60%
CaCOj
va 40% MgCO,.
C.
70,42%
CaCOj
va
29,58%
MgCO,.
D.
60,52%
CaCO, va
39,48%
MgCOj.
3.23. Hoa tan a gam m6t
oxit
sat cSn 150 ml
dung
dich HCl 3M. Ne'u kh& a gam
oxit
do

bang
khi CO
nong,
du, thu
duoc
8,4 gam sat.
C6ng
thiic
phan
tir cua
oxit
sat la
A.
FeO. B.
Fe203.
C.
Fe304.
D.
Kh6ng
xac djnh
duoc.
3.24. Cho
268,8
lit h6n hop khi CO va H2 or
dktc
khir
sat(III)
oxit
6 nhiet do
cao. Kh6l

luong
sat thu
duoc
la
A.
448 gam. B. 462 gam.
C.
521 gam. D. 428 gam.
3.25. Cho 200 ml
dung
dich NaOH IM
phan
irng
he't v6i 200 ml
dung
dich
chiia 38 gam h6n hop hai
mu6'i
Na2C03
va NaHCO,.
1.
Thanh
phSn
% cua
Na2C03
va NaHCO, l^n
lucrt
la
A.
57,79%

va
44,21%.
B.
44,21%
va
55,79%.
C.
60,80%
va
39,20%.
D.
52,70%
va
47,30%.
2.
N6ng
d6 mol cua
dung
djch sau
phan
ling la
A.
1,0M. B. 1,2M.
C.
2,1M. D. 2,0M.
3.26. D6't h6n hop g6m 5,6 gam b6t sat va 1,6 gam b6t luu huynh trong m6i
trUcffig
khfing c6 khdng khi, thu
duoc
h6n hop

chat
ran A.
Cho h6n hop A phan
ling
hoan
toan v6i dung dich HCl IM du, thu dugfc
h6n hop khi B. Thi tich dung dich HCl IM da tham gia phan
ling
la
A.
0,4
lit.
B. 0,2 lit.
C. 0,3 lit. D. 0,1 lit.
II.
BAI TAP TlJ LUAN
3.27. a) Trong
c6ng
nghifip, tir 1kg quang
pirit
nguydn
cha't
c6 the' dieu che
duoc
bao nhieu kg dung dich axit H2SO4 98%?
Biet
hieu
suat
toan b6 qua
trinh

sdn
xua't
la 90%.
b) Neu
each
lam d^ pha che' dung dich H2SO4 c6 ndng d6
3,75M
tit
lucmg axit da san xua't
duoc.
3.28.
Bie't
A la oxit cua sat kim loai. Khuf
hoan
toan 1,6 gam A can 627 ml
hidro
(dktc).
Neu la'y toan b6 lugng kim loai vtta thu
duoc
6
trdn
cho tac dung vdi
dung dich HCl du thi thu
duoc
0,448
lit hidro (dktc).
Xac dinh
c6ng
thiic phan tir cua A. . ' ^ •
3.29. TrOn iSn 50 ml dung djch NaOH 0,1M v6i 30 ml dung dich NaOH

0,5M
duoc
dung dich A.
Them
60 ml dung dich
AICI3
0,1M vao A.
Ti'nh
nong d6 mol ciia cac
chat
thu
dugc
sau phan
ling
(cho rang th^ tich
cha't
ran kh6ng dang k^).
3.30. Cho tir tir dung dich
HNO3
vao 6'ng nghiem
chiJa
dung dich NaOH,
sau phan
ling
thu
dugc
dung dich D.
a) Viet cac phuong
trinh
hoa hoc.

b) Hay cho
biet
cac
cha't
tan c6 the' c6 trong dung dich D.
c) Cho 50 gam dung dich
HNO3
12,6% phan
ihig
het v6i 100 gam dung
dich NaOH.
Tinh
ndng dS % dung dich thu
dugc
sau phan
ling.
3.31. Hoa tan 7,8 gam h6n hgp 2 kim loai A (hoa tri II) va B (hoa tri III)
bang
dung dich H2SO4 loang viTa du, thu
dugc
8,96 lit khi H2 (dktc).
a) Tinh kh6'i lugng mu6'i khan thu
dugc
khi c6 can dung dich sau phan
ling.
b) Xac dinh ten va kh6'i lugng m6i kim loai trong h6n hgp,
biet
rang s6'
niol
kim loai hoa tri III

bang
hai
\An
s6 mol kim loai hoa trj II va nguyen
tijr
khfi'i
ciia kim loai hoa tri II
bang
- nguyen tir kh6'i cua kim loai hoa tri III.