Nghiên cứu trí thức sinh thái địa phương trong các xã hội nghề cá Việt Nam và ứng dụng vào thực tiễn

Tap
chi
Bdo
tang
&
Nhdn hoc,
so
2-2014
NGHI€N
Cl/U
TRI THI/C SINH THAI
f>\(\G
TRONG
CAC XA
HQI
NGHE
CA
VIET
NAM VA
UING
DUNG
VAO
THlTC
TiIn
KENNETH
RUDDLE*
Tii
khoa: Thich
ilng
v6i bien doi, quan
ly

cac
ngii
trifdng,
kiem tra gia thiet,
cong
nghiep
niidc
mim, cac du an
nghien ciiu
cong
dong-bao
tang
Gidi
thieu
Tri
thiic sinh thai
dia
phUdng
c6
vai
tro tiem nang chinh
dong
gop
vao
viec
phac
thao
ra cac
tieu chuan nham
dieu

chinh
va
thich nghi
vdi
bien
doi khi hau
6
cac
ngu
trifdng
dia
phUdng
va cac
cong
dong
lien
d6i. Dieu nay
thUc
sU dac
biet
vi
cac
dieu
kien sinh thai
con
ngifdi
cl cac
cong
dong
ngif

dan Viet Nam
khong difdc
nhUng
ngiidi ngo&i
cong
dong
hieu
ro.
Co
iighia
la
trong phan
16n
cac
tnJdng
hop,
ngiidi
ta
it
biet
den
s\i anh
hUCIng
c6
the
xay
ra va
each
doi pho
vdi

bien
doi
khi
hau cf cap
do
cong
dong.
Ngiidc lai,
hang
ng^y dUdng
dau v6i
viec kiem
song,
nhiing
ngUdi
danh
hit
ca va gia
dinh
ho
vdi
cac
the he
khac nhau
trcl
thanh nhflng
kho
chiJta
dUng thong
tin va tri

thiic thUc
tien
ve
danh
bat ca va
cac
moi
trUdng
na6c
b dia
phUdng.
Cac
quan
sat cua
ho
bao
gom sii
bien
doi ciia
cac
loai muc
tieu
va
moi
trUdng song
cua
chung.
Cac
loai
*

Fuji
Infomatics, Ashiya, Nhdt Ban
nay ciing
v6i moi
triidng song
cua
loai
c6
the
la
nhving
vat chi thi
ciia
khi hau
hien
nay,
hoac
cac
dang
khac
ciia
stt
thay
doi.
De lap
ke
hoach
c6
hieu
qua cho

vi^c
CL^
L lay (III nio
0
cip Ji
cong
dong,
trii6c
tien
can
phai
tim hieu
cac
yeu cau
ve
viec
dung
nguon
tai
nguyen hien
nay. Tuy
nhien,
d Viet Nam,
viec
s\i dung
nguon
tai
nguyen
mot
each

chi
tiet
6 cap do dia
phiidng
vAn
chifa
dUdc biet
den nhieu. Hdn the
niJa,
so v6i
cac
cong
dong
nong nghiep,
cac
cong
dong
ngii
dan v&n chvta
difdc nghien
ciiu
nhieu
(Nguyen Duy Thieu
2002,
2007).
Su
thieu
hut
ve
kien thvtc

do
phai diidc
lap
day
ngay
vi cac
cong
dong
ngiJ
dan c6 the se
phai
doi
mat v6i
vS'n
dc
khi hau
hoac
cac
dang
thay
doi
khac.
De
lam
diioc
di6"u
do,
trong
cac
each nghien

ciiu
tiep
cSn
thUdng
diing
trong khoa
hoc
nghe
ca,
nen
bo
sung them
tri thiic
sinh thai
ban dia ci
cap
do
cong
dong
(vi du Tran
2009).
Khi dUdc svL
dung hdp ly, tri thiic sinh
thai
dia
phUdng
c6
the
hiiu
ich doi v6i

cac
muc
dich
thUc tien
va
dUa
ra
each tiep
can
it
ton kem.
Cach
tiep
can nay
c6
the
cung
cap
thong
tin
nhanh
va tao
dieu
kien
cho
cac
cong
dong
lap
ke

hoach
vi ldi
ich
nen
tang
cua
ho
(Davis
va
Ruddle
19
Kenneth
Ruddle
2010).
Sinh
thai hoc la mot
"nganh
khoa
hoc
khong
chinh
xac", c6
nghia
la ca
'khoa
hoc sinh thai' va tri thiic sinh thai
dia phiidng deu c6 nhiJng
nhiidc
diem.
Tuy

nhien,
nhiing han che
ciia
'khoa
hoc
sinh thai' lai la cd hoi de tri thiic sinh
thai
dia
phufdng
dong
gop mot
each
c6 y
nghia,
nhanh
va it ton kem de
hieu
cac
he sinh thai va sii
phiic
tap
ciia
cac he
sinh thai nay
(Davis
va
Ruddle
2010;
Ruddle
va

Davis
2010).
Tinh hiiu ich
ciia
tri
thiic sinh thai dia
phUdng
ciing
da
diidc
minh
chiing
trong
hoat
dong
ngU
nghiep
va cac san
pham
iii
bien
ciia
Viet
Nam
(Nguydn
Duy
Thieu
2002,
2007;
Ruddle

1986,
2005,
2007;
Ruddle
va
Davis
2010).
Mat
khac,
nhiing
dong
chay
van hoc
tren
khSp
the gi6i ve tri thiic sinh thai
ban dia trong
hoat
dong
nghe
ca da khien
ngUcii
ta
hoai
nghi ve gia tri va
nang
suat
ciia
hoat
dong

nay, dac
biet
la
giCta
cac
nha
khoa
hoc
nghien
ciiu ve
bien
va ngii
nghiep
dUdc
dao tao cl phiidng Tay. 6 mot
khu
viJc
rong
16n thi chu
nghia
hoai
nghi
nay
diidc
minh
chiing
bdi
each
tiep
can

khong
CO
can cii
ciia
mot so"
ngUdi
ling ho
tri
thiic sinh thai dia
phvfdng
gia mao la
cac hoc gia
(Davis
va
Ruddle
2010;
Ruddle
va
Davis
2013).
Viec
thu
thap
dii
lieu
diidc
thiet ke
ngheo
nan va
thUc

hien
khong
tot se
khong
truyen
diidc
sii tii tin
va
hieu
biet
tien bo cho
cong
dong
ngU
dan.
Thong
tin
ngheo
nan thUdng do lUa
chon
sai
nguon
tai lieu tii nhiing ngiicJi
thu
thap
thong
tin ve tri thiic sinh thai
dia phUdng
(Davis
va

Wagner
2003).
Noi
each
khac, sU thanh cong
ciia
viec thu
thap dut
lieu,
thiet ke va thUc hien nghien
ciiu
phu thuoc nhieu vao viec tim va sii
dung dung
ngUdi cap tin.
Hdn the
niia,
dii lieu tot va nghien
ciiu
dUdc thiet ke dUa tren dii lieu do c6 the
phai
chap nhan bi khao sat ky liidng va
phai
dap lai sii phe binh mot each day
thuyet phuc. Noi each khac, ket qua
ciia
cac
giai
doan
thiic dia trong mot nghien
ciiu

phai du manh de
cho'ng
lai sii phe
phan
gay gat tii cong chung noi chung,
ciing
nhii
tii nhiing bo phan dac biet nhii
nhiing
ngiidi iing ho tai chinh, cac quyen
ldi
dUdc dam bao bat di bat dich, hoac
nhiing
ngiidi vi
chiia
dat diidc ket qua
nghien
ciiu
ma bo qua mot nghien
ciiu
tiem nang.
Trong
bai viet nay, triidc tien toi khao
sat each ma toi gin ket
vcli
tri thiic sinh
thai
dia phiidng trong nghien
ciiu
ciia

minh
ve nghe ca va cac xa hoi
nghi
ca d
Viet
Nam tii nhiing nam 80 va 90
ciia
the
ky
XX. Sau do, toi sii
dung
mot so'y
kien
chung CO dUdc tii nhiing kinh nghiem
thUc
ti§n
do de thao luan bo'n each tiep
can
dii an nghien
ciiu
tiem nang ci cac xa
hoi nghe ca
Viet
Nam. Do la viec sii dung
tri
thiic sinh thai dia phiidng trong quan
ly
nghe ca thong qua van chai; phac hoa
sU
thich ling

ciia
dia phUdng v6i bien doi
khi
hau; hieu dUdc nhiing thay doi c6 the
xay ra trong nganh cong nghiep
nifclc
mim; va cuo'i ciing la cac nghien
ciiu
ve
thong tin ket hdp cung cac bao tang,
diia
20
Tap
chi Bdo tdng & Nhdn hoc, so
2-2014
vao nhiing ngiidi danh bat ca va tri thiic
sinh thai dia phiidng ciia cac xa hoi
nghe
ca.
Nghien
ciiu
trvCdc day ve tri thijfc
sinh
thai dia phiiofng cua nhufng
ngifcri
danh bat ca of Viet Nam:
Khai
niem
va
phiidng phap

Trong cac nghien ciiu
thUc
dia cua
Ruddle
ci Viet Nam trong nhiing nam 80
va 90 ctia the ky XX, tri thiic sinh thai
dia
phiidng ciia nhiing ngiidi danh hit ca
CO
vai tro quan trong de xac nhan nhving
khia
canh
chinh trong gia thuyet ciia ong
ve
thdi
gian gio mCia va sii sin c6 ciia cac
loai ca dung de len men (dac biet de san
xuat
nxidc
mam). Vai tro cua tri thiic sinh
thai
dia phiidng trong
viec
lam noi bat
"nhiing
viec
khong
binh thiidng"
hoac
nhiJng phan can xem xet lai hay can

nhac
l^i
cua gia thuyet
ciing
ciln
dii(?c
chii y.
(Ruddle
1986;
Ruddle
va
Lshige
2005;
Ruddle
wh Duvis 2010) Chiing h^n, tri
thiic
sinh
tliai
dja
phUdng
ciiu
nhiing
ngU6i
danh hit ri bi^n
khing
dinh
nhijtng
vftn
do CO ban
ciia

gin thuyet ve
thcii
vy
ciia
cac hoat dfing danh but tai cdc khu
vite gnn brJ trong chu k^ gi6 mCia. Doi \6i
ca com,
nhom
quan trong nhSit ciia cac
loai ca len men, ho ciing da xac nhan ket
qua ve
pham
vi va nghien
ciiu
ban dau
giong
nhii
cong
trinh
da diidc Tham
cong
bo
(1974).
Mot so dac
tinh
khong the giai thich
dddc
thong qua cac binh mau ve
thdi
diem

c6 gio miia. Cac dac
tinh
nay ciing
diidc bao cao thong qua tri thiic sinh thai
dia phUdng, chiing to ring cac dieu kien
ciia dia phildng c6 the
dong
vai tro quan
trong.
Thong
tin nay nhan manh vai tro
quan trong ciia tri thiic sinh thai ban dia
de xac dinh gia thiet
chung
ve cac bo'i
canh
dia phiidng va chi ra nhiing ndi ma
nghien ciiu
khoa
hoc diia tren sii lay mau
ciia
tiing
khu viic rieng biet can phai lam
nhii
vay.
Trong mot nghien ciiu ve ntfcic mdm len
men va cac san
pham
ca len men
khac

ci
Uong
A
(lshige
va
Ruddle
iy»/, i&90).
Ruddle
(1986)
da
khao
sat cac
nguyen
nhan tii nhien va sinh vat hoc ve
tinh
san
CO
cua cac loai sinh vat bien va ciia cac dia
diem
danh bat. Co the ket luan r&ng sii
san
CO
cua ca phu
thuoc
vao chu ky gio
mua va cac loai gio lien tuc tu! ben
ngoai
thdi
den se
quyet

dinh
viQC
san xuat ca
Ix'ii
vi
chiing tao ra viing niidc
troi
(hoac
nitdc
chuyen
dong
thAng diing). Cac viing
n\Xdc
nay khOi
phuc
khj\g
sinli
Kan da bj
Huy you r) cac loM thu9C cac \dp phin tren
ciia bien. (3
Dong
Nam A, quii
trinh
nfty
(liidc gay ru chii yeu bcii giA mila thO'i iii
dA't lien ra bien. Do do, vi tri cua viing
nu6c
troi
ven bien ciing nhu cac
hoat

dong
danh bat ca da thay doi
theo
mCia va
hudng gio thiidng
thdi
trong khu vUc.
Tuy nhien, ci Viet Nam, cac miu binh
chung
cua vung niidc
troi
ven bien do
gio gay ra da bi bop m6o bcii cac
dong
chay,
chat
dinh diidng va
nU6c
ngot
tCi
song
chay
ra, tii miia, do sii
diit
quang
ciia cac loai gio va
dong
chay
gan cac bd
bien c6 dao nam rai rac. 6 nhieu ndi,

21
Kenneth
Ruddle
vung
nUdc troi
do gio miia gay ra c6 the
dUdc
tang
cUdng,
che giau
hoac
hoan
toan bi
phii
nhan bdi cac nhan to' dia
phiidng
nhii
vay.
Khi
hau va
thdi
tiet
ciing la nhan to
chinh
bop meo nhiing dii
doan
cua gia
thuyet.
Dieu dac biet quan trong ci mien
Nam Viet Nam la mot

liidng
nifdc ngot
Idn
cua he thong
song
Me
Cong
do ra bien
trong
suot
mua mUa. Do c6 the la yeu to'
tac
dong
chinh den cac hoat
dong
ciia ca
nham giam bdt do man va tang do due
cua
nu6c
ven bd. Sii chuyen dich ciia
nhiing
cdn
bao 16n ciing c6 anh hiidng den
do man, do due
theo
miia va
theo
khu
viic.
Nhiing hien

tiidng
tii
nhien nay diidc
chi
ra qua
each
ling
xii cua nhiing ngiidi
danh bit ca.
Ruddle
(1986)
diia ra gia thuyet rang
qua
trinh
sinh vat hoc cd ban diidc
nghe
ca khai thac de cung cap cho
cong
nghiep
len
men chinh la sU nuoi 16n va di cii c6
chon
loc ciia ca cdm chiia triiong thanh.
Trong chien liidc sinh s6i nay ncl cua
chiing,
nhiing loai ca nay di cU tu: cac
vung ven bd v6i ty le an
thit
v6 cung cao
den cac vung bien xa bd dc de

triing.
Day
\k nhiing ndi ma siic ep it
khac
nghiet
hdn,
ci do
triing
va au
triing
se
dUdc
day
ve phia bd. Gio,
dong
chay
va sii hoi
chuyen dam bao cho
triing,
au
triing
va
cac dang sau au
triing troi dUdc
ve phia
bd.
Do do, pham vi
boat
dong
s6m cua au

triing
dien ra
ci
cac khu viic day bien gan
bd
- nhiing ndi c6 nhieu thiic an la cac
sinh
vat
phii
du. Vi vay,
thdi gian
de
triing
CO the vao thdi
diem
sau khi gio
mua
thdi
tii bien ve dat lien. Vi vay, dac
trUng
boat
dong
theo
miia va moi
trUdng
cung cap cho nganh
cong
nghiep
len men
la

sii tap hdp thiic an cua au
triing
con d
khu
viic bien nong gan bd va nvidc Id c^a
song.
Chang ban,
ngiidi
ta cho rSng
thdi
gian de
triing
d cac bd bien phia
dong
se
dien ra vao
thdi
gian cudi ciia gio mua
dong
hkc; do do au
triing
con c6 the an
thiic
an ci vung
nUdc troi
ven bd do gio
miia
tay nam gay ra.
Phvto'ng phap luan trong nghien
cijfu

nhufng nam 80 va 90 cua the ky XX
De hieu
dUdc
sii san c6 ciia loai
theo
mua, cac dii lieu da thu thap diidc giai
thich
trong
thdi
gian
1985-1986
v6i nhiing
ghi
chep
khi
tiidng
hoc, cac so lieu hai
dvidng hoc sd cS'p
cGng
nhu; cac thong tin
thii
cap ve
boat
dong
ciia ca.
Viec
nay l^m
sang
to cac nhan to tii nhien gay ra viing
nUcic

troi
cue bo dan t6i gia thuyet ve
nhiing
qua
trinh
sinh vat hoc lap lai ciia
cac loai lien quan. (Ruddle 1986)
Mot
nghien
ciiu
kinh
te-xa hoi ciia cac
tinh
Ba Rja - Vung Tau, Binh Thuan,
Khanh
Hoa,
Quang
Nam Da Nang va
Quang
Binh da
dUdc
thiic hien
trong
vong
6 thang cua 2 nam 1995, 1996. Ho sii
dung cac bang hoi c6 bd sung nhiing ban
liet
ke cac muc can kiem tra cho cac
cuoc
phong

van ban cau
triic
v6i cac ben lien
quan. Vdi 403
cuoc
phong
van
thUc
hien
theo
each
nay (Ruddle
1996),
nhiing
ngiidi
sii dung
lvi6i
nang va
lii6i
keo diidc
22
Tap
chi Bdo tdng & Nhdn hoc, so
2-2014
xem
nhil
nhiJng ngiidi am tiidng chu yeu
ve hoat dong cua cac loai. Day la cac cong
cu chinh
ciia

28% tong so' tau thuyen
cung cap nguyen lieu cho nganh cong
nghiep len men. Ben canh nhiing cau hoi
cho thuyen tracing va thuyen vien ve tinh
miia
vu, khi hau, thdi ky gio miia, vi tri
danh
hit va cac thong sd tii nhien ve khu
viic
danh bat, cac thanh vien
ciia
tieu
nhom dac biet nay dUdc hoi nhiing cau
hoi dac biet lien quan den
kich
c9 ca, miia
danh
bat, cac vat chi thi (nhii hoat dong
cua
chim bien) ve sii c6 mat cua ca
trich
nho va cac loai diing de len men. Dii lieu
ve thdi vu thu diidc tii nhiing cuoc phong
van
nay difdc lap thanh bang theo thang
va xep loai theo
mCia
"to't" va "thuan ldi"
xet ve dung cu danh hit, loai, dia diem
danh

bat va toe do danh bat cac loai diing
cho viec len men,
Sii
dung tri thiic
siiili
thiii
diu phU<jrng
de thich vfng
vert
bien doii khi hau
Hau het nghien cijtu vii xuat ban
pham mang tinh khoa hoc wi bien ddi
khi
htiu deu tap trung vao cac h% sinh
thai
v^ vi tri tren c^n ci "ban cau Bac",
trong khi cac he sinh thai va qua trinh
song d nUdc
ciia
"ban cau Nam" lai
khong dUdc
chii
y nhieu. Do do, hieu biet
khoa
hoc ve tac dong
ciia
khi hau va sii
bien ddi khac
ciia
ngU trUdng nhiet ddi

va cac xa hoi nghe ca con kha ngheo nan.
Hdn the
niia,
sii am hieu ve cac tac dong
dac biet ma bien ddi khi hau ket hdp vdi
sii
thay ddi cua cac mo
hinh
til nhien
khac
gay ra trong khu vUc
nghe
ca bi
han che va kho dii
doan
(Maina va cac
tac gia
2013).
Dieu nay do cac mo hinh
hdp nhat ket ndi cac qua
trinh
tii nhien
va sinh
thai
v6i cac dac diem kinh te cua
cac xa hoi
nghe
ca can diidc cai thien,
dac biet d cac cap do dia phUdng ndi
nhiing

ngiidi danh bat ca phai chiu diing
sii
anh hudng ciia bien ddi khi hau va
cac tac
dong
kem
theo.
Hdn the niia,
phan 16n tac
dong
ciia sii bien ddi den
nhiing
ngiidi lien quan
triic
tiep
nhii
nhiing
ngiidi danh bat ca va d nhiing
ngiidi
lam cac
cong
viec
lien quan cl ca cac
ngii
triidng nho va cac ngxX triidng nhiet
ddi
ven bd van can phai diidc
khao
sat
(xem

Ruddle
2013 va cac tai lieu tham
khao
trong do). Vi vay, van de cap
bach
la
can sii dung tri thiic sinh
thai
dia phiidng
lap day nhiing
khoang
trong vc thong tin
do nham tao ra cac nen tang chinh xac de
di4u chinh cAc
quyet
dinh chinh
ydch
cOip
qudc
giu cho phu hpp v6i ho^n
canh
dia
phiicmg.
Cyac
chfnh
sach
qudc
gia nay ncu
khong diia v^o cac trudng hdp dia phiidng
se kh6 c6

dUdc
sii chinh xac.
Bien ddi khi hku c6 the c6 tac
dong
khac
den cac loai ca, dan den nhiing thay
ddi
ve vi tri dia ly va sii
phong
phii
ve
loai.
Dieu nay doi hoi sii thay ddi ve cd
ca'u loai, cac chien lUdc thu
hoach,
ky
thuat
che bien, sU phan pho'i va tiep thi,
dan den thay ddi ket ca'u chi phi do thay
ddi
ve
thdi
gian di
chuyen
den vi tri danh
bat va nhu cau ve nhien lieu. Hdn niia, c6
nhiing
thay ddi d cac
hoat
dong

ngiidc
23
Kenneth Ruddle
dong
va xuoi
dong
cua he thong
nghe
ca,
cung
nhu trong cac hoat
dong
xa hoi Hen
quan. Chang han, nhiing yeu cau ve tai
chinh doi hoi sU thay ddi ve nguon
cung
cap chinh thiic va khong chinh thtfc
(Ruddle
2011).
Ngii
dan can nguon tai
chinh de c6
cong
cu mdi va cac trang thiet
bi
khac
nhSm
ddi pho v6i nhiing thay ddi
ve ket cau loai va
boat

dong
ciia cac loai
ca. Cac dieu kien tiep thi va sii che bien
ca ciing se thay doi. Nhu cau lao
dong
va
dieu kien
viec
lam ciing
khac
triidc, mot
so'
cong
viec
bi mat di va mot so'
cong
viec
mdi
xuat hien. Chinh
sach
can phai
diidc
dinh
hinh lai do he qua cua
nhiing
thay
ddi,
ma nhiing thay ddi nay ch^c
chin
se

xay ra lien tuc trong cac he tho'ng
nghe
ca
va ci cac nhan to'lien quan.
Phan Idn cac tac
dong
cua bien ddi khi
hau se viia cu the,
vvfa
thay ddi cue bo do
sU
ket hdp lai ciia cac
ngii
triidng
trong
dieu kien khi hau Viet Nam va cac dang
thay doi
khac
c6 tac
dong
tieu
ciic
len cac
nga
triicing
da bi khai thac qua
miic
va bi
6
nhifim.

Dieu n^y se c6 tac
dong
triic
tiep
va
gian tiep ve mat
kinh
te len an
ninh
lUdng
thUc
thong qua cac he sinh
thai
c6
mat xich v6i nhau. Tuy nhien, diia vao
tinh
de bi tdn
thUdng
cao v6i bien ddi khi
hau,
chic
ban chi c6 nhiing van de dot
xuat
hoac
lien quan den tham hoa bien
ddi
khi hau mdi
dUdc
chii y. Cac qua
trinh

bi
tac
dong
cham
hdn
nhU
niidc bien dang
va sii bien ddi dan ve san xuat
nong
nghiep
va ngii
nghiep
c6 the se bi Id di.
(FAO 2010)
Tinh
hinh dang phiic tap hdn vi ci Viet
Nam ngUdi ta it chii y den bien doi khi
hau va sii thich
iing
vdi bien ddi khi hau
ci
cap do dia phUdng. (Nguyen Van
PhUdng va Vii Thu Hanh, khong ro
ngay
thang) Ngiidi ta de xuat
ring
can phai
nang cao hdn niia nhan thiic thong qua
viec
tap trung vao

cong
dong
de thiic hien
cac nghien ciiu trUdng hdp nham xem xet
lai
hien trang va dUa ra nhiing giai
phap
dia phUdng, ciing nhU tang cUdng vai tro
cua xa hoi dan sii trong cac
boat
dong
thich
ling
v6i bien ddi khi hau. (VNWP
2010) Hdn niia la ci Viet Nam hieu qua
ciia bat ky sU doi pho nao v6i bien ddi khi
hau ciing deu hi gi6i han bcii nhieu nhan
to' bao gom thieu nhan vien, thie'u cac
nguon lUc tai chinh, vat cha't va
viec
thi
hanh khong nhat quan. Them vao do, can
phai
cai thien cha't ludng va so lUdng ciia
cac can bo, nhan vien chiu trach nhifim
bao ve moi trUdng t\i cap trung Udng t6i
dia phUdng v^ 6 moi viing mien. (Nguygn
Van PhUdng vk Vu Thu Hanh, khong ro
ngay
thang) Sd^ lUdng va nang lUc cua cac

can bo, nhan vien ciia cac cd quan nha
nUdc
lien quan den
viec
bao ve moi
trUdng
con kem; them vao do, sU
tinh
thong va nhan thiic ve bien ddi khi hau
giiia
cac bo, cac
tinh
va cac cap chinh
quyen lai khong
gio'ng
nhau.
Sii
dung
tri
thiJfc sinh
thai
dia phtfofng
' trong
viec
quan ly
Nhu
mot he qua cua bien ddi khi hau
va cac thay ddi khac, vi
tri,
thdi

gian va
24
Tap
chi Bdo tdng & Nhdn hoc, so
2-2014
ky
thuat cua hoat
dong
danh bat hang
ngay
va danh bat lau dai ciing se thay
ddi.
Dieu nay phan anh nhiing bien ddi
trong
cau true va
boat
dong
ciia cac loai
ca. Ket qua la, cac the che quan ly dia
phUdng va cac quyen ve nguon tai nguyen
lien
ddi ciing se
hoac
thay ddi
hoac
hi de
doa do sil thay ddi
each
cii xii mang
tinh

xa hoi.
Cach
iing
cd hoi chu nghia cua
ca nhiing
ngii
dan dia phiidng va
ngii
dan
ben ngoai dan den xung dot do nguon tiem
nang
viidt
qua cd hoi sii dung. Uieu nay
doi hoi phai cd nhiing thay doi trong
viec
quan ly chinh thiic
nghe
ca. Tom lai, cac
chinh
sach
va quy dinh ciia ca chinh
quyen
trung
lidng va dia phiidng se trd
nen lac hau va khong
phii
hdp vdi cac
thong so' da thay ddi ve sinh vat hoc va
sinh
thai

hoc ciia
nghe
ca. Tiidng
tii,
quan
ly
dia phiidng va hoat
dong
danh hit giiia
cac ca nhan cun^ se tha^ ddi de
phii
hdp
v(ii
nhrim
(ti(^u
kiOn
mdi
ciia
dia
phuong.
Qua nhiing dieu kien nay c6 the thAy
tinh
linh
boat
ve the che vii quan ly la
nhQng hdp phan cd ban ciia
viec
quan ly
tot
de phu

h<?p
vdi sii bien
dong
ciia bien
ddi
khi hau. NhCing
ngiidi
ra quyet dinh
can
CO
sii quan ly
linh
boat
va phan
iing
nhanh vi khong phai
liic
nao ho cung cd
the diia tren
kinh
nghiem ve phong tuc
tap quan de lam
viec.
Dac biet, can can
cii
vao vai trd
ngay
cang
quan trong ciia
nhiing

tri thiic sinh
thai
dia phiidng cd
gia
tri
de tang kha nang thich
iing
cua xa
hoi
nong thdn va cac khu viic
kinh
te
trddc nhiing bien ddi khong the dii bao
trUdc
va sii c6'
riii
ro
ngay
cang
gia tang.
Nd
ciing bao gom ca cac dac diem cd ban
va quan trong
khac
ve quan ly, dac biet
de dam bao khong cd nhdm nao hi tach ra
khdi
nhip dieu phat
trien
cua xa hoi, dam

bao quyen ldi bat di bat dich ciing
nhii
tinh
minh
bach
ve sii dung tai nguyen
trong
mot dia phiidng.
Hdn
the
niia,
ciing cin cd sii quan ly
cheo
cac khu viic vi bien ddi khi hau se che
ngii
va ket ndi
viec
sii dung tai nguyen
thong qua cac he sinh
thai
ed mlt xich voi
nhau.
Dac biet, nhiing xung dot vdi cac khu
viic
khac
vi cac chien lutdc bao ve bd bien,
cac he thd'ng kiem
soat
nxidc, dap ngan
niidc va hd chiia niidc de thich

iing
vdi bien
ddi
khi hau d cac khu viic
khac
nhau ciia
nen
kinh
te cd the cd tac
dong
cd hai len
nghe
ca ciing can diidc phan
tich
ro.
NhCdig dieu nay tdn tai d nhieu
quoc
gia da cd cac he thong quan ly cac nguon
tai n^yen bidn ven bo eta
(,tU(?c
ki^m
nghiem
theo
thdi
giun. Cue he thong ndy
diia
ra nhiing
each
tiep cSn
khac

da
dii(^c
thii
thach va cac kc
hoach
chi
tiet
du
thiet
ke cue h9 thd'ng mdi
phuc
vu cho
viec
quan
ly
vi cac he thong dd da thich
itng
vdi
nhiing
dac diem ciia cac ngU
trUdng
nhiet
ddi gan bd va cac moi
trUdng
van hoa.
(Ruddle va Hickey
2008;
Ruddle va Satria
2010) Van chai cua Viet Nam la mot vi du
tuyet

vdi cho dieu nay; dd
\k
mot he thd'ng
da tdn tai hdn 300 nam ciia quan ly
nghe
ca
cong
dong.
(Nguydn Duy Thieu va
Ruddle 2010; Ruddle 1998; Ruddle
2009;
Ruddle va Tudng Phi Lai
2009)
25
Kenneth Ruddle
Su"
dung tri
thiic
sinh thai dia phiidng
de danh gia nhiing tac dong tiem an
cua
bien doi khi hau doi vdi cong
nghiep niidc mam va van hoa an
uong cua ngiidi Viet Nam
Nude mam la loai gia vi quan trong
nbat trong van hda an udng ciia ngUdi
Viet Nam.
(Isbige
va
Ruddle

1987, 1990;
Ruddle
2007;
Ruddle
va lshige
2005)
Mac
dCi rat nhieu loai d bien va
nUdc
ngot
cd
the sii dung de lam
nUdc
mSm, nhUng
loai
nUdc
cham
ngon
nhat
dUdc
lam tii
cac loai ca cdm.
(Ruddle
2007;
Ruddle
va
lshige
2005)
Ca cdm trong vdng ddi cua
minh

chii yeu
song
d vung
nUdc
gan bd,
(Ruddle
1986; Tham 1974) la nhUng ndi
de bi tac
dong
bdi bien ddi khi hau va mdi
trUdng.
Do dd, bien ddi khi hau tac
dong
den Viet Nam cd the tac
dong
Idn den
cong
nghiep
nUdc
mam, nhat la anh
hudng chinh den van hda an udng ciia
ngudi Viet Nam.
Muc tieu quan trong hdn cua dii an
nghien ciiu so la lam
sang
to cac va'n de cd
the xay ra lien quan den sU Ua thich va
chap
nhan loai
nude

chain nao ciia ngUdi
tieu
dung. Vi bien ddi khi hau, cd the phai
diing
nhieu loai ca hdn de lam
nUdc
cham
ciing nhu sii dung thay the cac loai gia vi
khac
nhau trong van hda am thiic Viet
Nam. Chiing ta can thiic hien dieu nay
hkng
each
khao
sat nhiing ngUdi danh ca,
nhiing
ngUdi lam
nUdc
mlm, cac
chuyen
gia nau an, nhiing ngUdi tieu diing d thanh
thi
va
nong
thdn ve sU tac
dong
ciia nhiing
thay ddi va
thai
dd cua ho dd'i vdi

viec
thay
the cac loai ca lam
nUdc
mam, ve sU thay
the loai va san pham.
Cd hai nhdm chinh trong cac muc tieu
cua mot du an nghien ciiu nhU vay. TrUdc
tien
la tac
dong
xa hoi len nhUng ngU dan
do ho cd nhu cau
chuyen
ddi cac khu viic
danh bat; nhiing anh hudng ve
kinh
te va
xa bdi dd'i vdi ngU dan, gia dinh ho va
nganh
cong
nghiep
danh ca.
Thii
hai la sU
thay ddi quan ly phu hdp vdi nhiing ngUdi
danh bat ca, ngUdi san xuat va tieu thu
nUdc
mam. Can cd cac nghien ciiu ve
viec

tieu
thu nhlm danh gia phan
iing
ciia ho
dd'i
vdi nhu cau thay ddi cac loai gia vi (nhU
chuyen
sang
diing xi dau)
hoac
sii dung
nUdc
mam nhan tao
gio'ng
nhU d Thai Lan.
(Ruddle
va lshige
2005)
Mac du bat cii loai ca nao ciing cd the
dUdc
len men de lam
nUdc
mam va
pate
theo
sd thich do cac dac diem hda hoc vdh
cd ciia
tiing
loai ciing nhU cac qua
trinh

sinh
vat hoc ciia nhiing loai cd thd khai
thac khong thay ddi ve hinh thiic vdi sd
lUdng Idn, nhUng d Viet Nam chi cd mot sd
loai
d bien
dU(?c
sii dung.
(Ruddle
1986;
Ruddle
va lshige
2005)
Ngoai
trii
ca
trich
Idn
(thuoc
chi ca bac ma), ca
trich
md (ca
mdi
khong rang va ca mdi diu) va ca
song
Idn
(thuoc
chi ca nuc), cac loai ca
dUdc
diing

la ca
trich
cdm (ca mdi va ca trich).
Nhiing
loai ca nay thUdng bdi d gan cac
vung mat
nUdc
ven bd va di vao cac viing
ciia
song
nUdc
Id, va ddi khi la vao viing
nUdc
ngot. Chlng han, ca trong con va
trUdng
thanh (ho ca cdm) la nhiing loai ca
nhd
sd'ng
d bien
dUdc
tim thay d cac viing
26
Tap chi Bdo tdng & Nhdn hoc, so
2-2014
niidc nong rong 16n gan bd va cvLa
song.
(Ruddle 1986) Phan 16n ca cdm hi danh
bat trong
vong
vai km

tinh
tii bd bien vi
chiing
thiidng tap trung ci nhiing khu viic
niidc nong. Vi the, cac loai ca nay rat de bi
ton
thiidng
do ap
liic
ve nhiet gay ra bcii sii
am len toan cau.
De tien hanh mot nghien ciiu nhU vay,
can phai dieu tra thiic dia ci cac
cang
ca
chinh,
do la nhiing trung tam san xuat
nU6c
mam quan trong nhU Phan Thiet, Nha
Trang va
Phii
Quoc.
Nhiing ngUdi danh ca
la
nhiing
vi du tieu hieu. Ho chuyen ve danh
hit
cac loai thiidng diidc diing de len men
hien
nay nhU ca

trich
(ca moi), ca cdm, ca
trich
me va ca
song
Idn. Ho c6 the se hoi ve
cac loai muc
tieu,
cong
cu chinh
dUdc
sii
dung; dia diem, miia va do sau ciia
nxidc
ndi
danh bat, bat cii thay doi nao ma ho quan
sat
dUdc
trong vai
thftp
ky qua.
Cac diJ
ligu
dja ly bAt nguon tvi nhiing
thong tin thu dii0c tii nga dan se
dudc
lap
ban do; cac thong so' vkt ly
nhii
diidng

danf,' ,san va nhiet dO niidc ciing diroc
them vao nhiing ban dd n^y.
Ngiidi
ta cd
the tiep cftn cac dii lieu khoa hoc ve
nghe
ca de cd diidc thong tin khoa hoc ve cac
loai
muc
tieu,
dac biet ve hoat
dong
ciia
chiing
nhii
vi tri, moi trUdng
song,
miia
vu,
kha nang chiu dUng/Uu tien tU nhien,
dac biet lien quan den cac bien so' khi
hau,
nhiet do nUdc bien, do man va do
due cua nUdc. Cac thong tin khoa hoc sau
do se
dUdc
xem xet trong mdi tUdng quan
vdi
thong tin thu
dUdc

tii
each
tiep can tri
thifc
ciia nhiing ngUdi danh bit ca. DUa
tren
nhiing dieu viia phan
tich,
ngUdi ta
se xac dinh va md ta nhiing thay ddi gia
thuyet
ve
boat
dong
cua ca.
Sau dd, ho tien hanh phan tich nhiing
each
ngU dan
iing
phd vdi bien ddi, dac
biet la ve vi tri danh bat, nhiing thay ddi
ve
cong
cu va ky thuat, kha nang tai
chinh
cua nhiing ngUdi danh bit ca va sU
hd
trd de thiic hien nhiing
viec
nay.

Nhiing
each
iing
x^ ciia cac ngU dan dd'i
vdi
viec
quan ly
nghe
ca se
dUdc
phan
tich,
dac biet nhan manh vao vai trd quan
ly
tiem nang cua van chai.
He qua cd the cd ve mat
kinh
te, xa hoi
va van hda an uong can phai
dUdc
khao
sat. Ve van de nay, can tap trung dac biet
vao nhiing ngUdi lam nUdc mim. Chiing ta
cd the hoi ho ve nhiing thay doi nguon
cung cap, khd khan ve nguon cung va sU
chuyg'n doi dia diem danh bit c6 the xay
ra.
('nng
nhii
vipc ho cd afin

sang
sii dung
thay
thd cac loai
khac
hay khong. Cac ky
sU
cong
nghe
thuc phslm va cac chuyen gin
vc ngliQ
thuflt
nA'u ftn dUOC dat uhijing cau
hdi
sau ve tac
dong
tiem ^n ciia nhiifng
thay
ddi da md ta d tren den khau vi, mau
sac va cac dac
tinh
khac
ciia nUdc mIm do
sii
thay the cac loai ca lam nitdc mam.
NgUdi
ta se tien hanh khao sat cac nhdm
ngUdi
tieu dUng d thanh thi va nong thdn
de tim hieu chinh xac xem ho thich loai

nUdc mam nao va ho cd sin
sang
chap
nhan thay ddi ve san pham ciing nhU thay
the cac gia vi
khac
hay khong.
Ket qua cua mot nghien ciiu nhU vay
se (1) tang cUdng tri thiic diia tren bien
27
Kenneth Ruddle
doi khi hau ci
nghe
ca ven bd; (2) nang cao
tri
thiic ve sU thay the loai trong
cong
nghe
thUc pham de san xuat nutdc cham;
va (3) cai thien tri thiic ve nhiing gia vi
diidc ngiidi tieu diing lia thich va van boa
an
uong.
Tri
thiJfc
sinh thai dia phifcfng d
cac
nghien
ciJfu
thong tin cong dong

diia
vao bao tang
Neu cac dii an ve bien doi khi hau
trong
cac xa hoi
nghe
ca
dUdc
quan ly va
thiic
hien bcii cac ben khong
thuoc
cong
dong
ngU dan thi se khong dem lai ket
qua thiet thiic. Cac dii an nghien ciiu can
phai
dUdc
thiic hien bdi cac thanh vien
thanh
thao cua cac xa hoi
nghe
ca, ciing
vdi
cac
chuyen
gia bao tang
boat
dong
vdi

tu
each
la tU van va
cd'van
cho ngUdi dan.
(Ruddle
2013)
Ndi
mot
each
ngln gon thi trUdc tien
nhiing
thanh vien
dUdc
liia
chon
ciia mot
hoi
nghe
ca se tap hdp cac dii lieu can
thiet
cho dii an nghien ciiu ciia ho, sau dd
thiic
hien va giam sat sU thich nghi ciia
cong
dong
ddi vdi nhiing tac
dong
cua
bien doi khi hau anh hUdng den cac

boat
dong
nghe
ca va danh ca. Diia tren nhiing
dii
lieu dd, ngUdi ta se
khao
sat sU thich
iing
cua cac
boat
dong
trong xa hdi
nghe
ca. Sau dd, cac thanh vien
cong
dong
se
tiep tuc
phac
thao
each
thich Ung cua ho
trong
cac hoat
dong
danh bit va lap ke
hoach
thiic hien mot dil an.
Vi

cd the phan Idn ngU dan cdn chUa
quen
vdi cac dii lieu
dUdc
thu thap diia
tren
tri thUc sinh
thai
dia phUdng cua
chinh ho nen can phai dinh hUdng va to
chiic mot khda dao tao ngin de giiip moi
thanh
vien hieu biet day du ve cac muc
tieu
va phUdng
phap
sil dung
tri
thiic sinh
thai
dia phUdng.
Viec
nay can
dUdc
thiic
hien trong vai
ngay
dau tien khi bit tay
vao du an. Can bd thiic hien
viec

dao tao
ciing nen tiep tuc ciing dii an de tra ldi cau
hdi
va tu van cho cac thanh vien cua hoi
nham giiip ho thu thap va sii dung dii
lieu.
Tuy nhien, ngUdi nay khong bao gid
dUdc
nam vai trd lanh dao trong dii an.
Sau khi thu thap dii lieu, cac thanh
vien du an se td
chUc
lai va nghien cUu
cac dii lieu dd. Vdi nhiing dii lieu cd
dUdc
cua toan the hoi, ngUdi ta thao luan y
nghia va ham y cua cac thong tin thu
dUdc.
Cac thanh vien nhdm
khao
sat cac
bien
phap
thiic te (trong kha nang hien
cd ciia hdi) cd the
dUdc
thiic hien de
nganh
cong
nghiep

ca va sU quan ly
nghe
ca thich nghi vdi bien ddi khi hau.
ViSc
nay
dUdc
bao cao va thao luan trong toan
the hiep hdi, do dd moi y kien deu
dUdc
khao
sat va tap hdp lai trong bao cao
chon
loc ciia nhdm.
Nhdm du an sau dd se cd mot ke
hoach
hanh
dong
cu the de dUa y tudng vao hien
thiic
va bao cao ddn vi quan ly dia phUdng
phii
hdp de xin y kien, phe chuan va ho
trd.
Ciing vdi cac nhan vien, can bd ciia
bao tang, nhdm dU an trd thanh nhiing
ngUdi
dong
phac
thao va td chiic cac trUng
bay

CO
dinh va lUu
dong,
cac tai lieu
giao
due va truyen thong
khac
ve cac van de
28
Tap
chi Bdo tdng & Nhdn hoc, so
2-2014
cua
bien
doi khi hau ciing
nhii
s\ thich
ling
dia
phiidng
vdi bien ddi khi hau.
Ket luan
Nghien
ciiu
dUdc
thiet ke td't va tien
hanh
than trong trong cac xa hdi danh
hk ca
CO

the mang lai nhiing thong tin cd
ban difdi hinh thiic tri thdc sinh
thai
dia
phadng. Khi lap ke
hoach
thich
iing
vdi
bien ddi khi hau ciing
nhii
nhiing thay
doi cua dia
phUdng
do nhieu nguyen
nhan
khac
nhau, nhiing tri thiic nay cd
the
la vd gia. Tri thiic sinh
thai
dia
phiidng
dac biet quan trong d Viet Nam,
tao
nen
nhiing bien ddi ve chat cho cac dut
ieu nghien ciiu
nghe
ca, ciing

nhii
bd
sung them tU lieu cho nguon dii lieu dang
tin
cay ve nhiing xa hoi danh bit ca vd'n
con it ve sd lUdng.
Tuy nhicn, neu nhiing nghien cOtu khai
thac tn thifc sinh
thai
dia
phUdng
diidc
thiet
kd
ngheo
nan vii thiic hi^n khdng
tot
thi se
ngay
cang
cd hai hdn
vigc
chiing
ta
khdng
thiic hi^n bA't cii dut an niio.
COng
viec
vk kien thiic diit^c xay
dUng

khong lot khig'n cho ngiidi ta nghi ngd tri
thi(c
sinh
thai
dia
phiidng,
dac biet Id
giiia
cac nha khoa hoc nghien
ciiu
vc
nghe
ca. Mac dii hien nay vdi
each
tiep
ckn tham gia cua cac
nghien
ciiu phat
trien,
viec
phai cd mot chiit chi phi cho
ngddi dan khi trao ddi ve
viec
sii dung tri
thiic
sinh
thai
dia
phUdng
gan nhU la bit

buoc;
tuy nhien,
nhieu
ngUdi
van thay do
du
nhieu
va it
thuyet
phuc
khi thiic hien
viec
nay. Gan day, dieu nay
dUdc
Davis
va
Ruddle
(2010)
iing
hd thong qua
nhiing
ldi binh luan " [Bai viet] de cap
den sii vd cCing cua cac de tai nghien cifu
[tri
thUc sinh
thai
dia phUdng] Dieu
quan trong la ham y [bai viet]
hoan
toan

khdng tuan
theo
cac dac
tinh
chi phd'i
ciia sU diing din ve chinh tri, thuyet
tUdng
ddi van hda, sU
chdng
lai khoa hoc
va
dUdc
thiic hien
theo
hudng it ddi
khang nhat. Bai viet lap lai chinh xac
quan diem ma toi thudng tuyen bd', cd
nghia la khdng cd bS't cii tac
dong
trung
tinh
nao den cac nghien cifu lien quan
den van hda ifng dung Tac gia da
chinh xac khi nhan manh vao khoa hoc
nghiem
tiic,
cac tieu chuan quan trong
va phUdng
phap
luan rd rang. Dd la

nhiing
thif
ma rat nhieu ngUdi dang sir
dung tri thiic sinh
thai
dia phUdng -
tham chi ca cac quan niem c6 anh hudng
ve *quy tie' • thUdng Id di. (Email ciia
Terry N.
Tobia.s
giii
Anthony Davis
ngSy
12/12/2013).
TAI
LIEU
THAM KHAO
1. Davis, Anthony and Kenneth
Ruddle
(2010),
"Creating
Confidence:
Rational
Skepticism and
Systematic
Enquiry in
Local
Ecological
Knowledge
Research",

Ecological Applications 20 (3), 880-94.
2. Davis, Anthony and John
Wagner
(2003),
"Who
Knows?
On the Importance of
Identifying
'Experts' When
Researching
Local
Ecological
Knowledge",
Human
29
Kenneth
Ruddle
Ecology: An Interdisciplinary
Journal
31(3), 463-89.
3. FAO (2010), Report of the
APFIC/FAO Regional Consultative
Workshop Securing sustainable small-scale
fisheries:
Bringing
together
responsible
fisheries
and social development, Bangkok,
Thailand,

6-8
October
2010, RAP
Publication
2010/19,
FAO Regional Office
for Asia and the Pacific, Bangkok.
4. lshige, Naomichi and Kenneth Ruddle
(1987),
"Gyosho
in Southeast Asia - A study
of fermented aquatic products",
Bulletin
of
the
National Museum of Ethnology 12(2),
235-314.
5. lshige, Naomichi and Kenneth
Ruddle. 1990.
Gyosho
to Narezushi no
Kenkyu
(Research
on fermented fish
products and Narezushi), Iwanamishoten
(in
Japanese),
Tokyo.
6. Maina,
Joseph,

Hans de Moel,
Jens
Zinke,
Joshua Madin, Tim McClanahan
and Jan E. Vermaat (2013), "Human
deforestation outweighs future climate
change
impacts of sedimentation on coral
reefs", Nature Communications DOI.
10:1938/ncomms
2986.
7. Nguyen Duy Thieu (2002), Cong dong
ngU
ddn a Viet Nam, Nxb. Khoa hpc xa hoi,
Ha
Noi.
8. Nguyin Duy Thieu (2007), "Nghien
ciiu
cac
cong
dong ngU dan cl Viet Nam",
Tap chi Ddn tgc hoc, so 2, 45-57.
9. Nguyin Duy Thieu and Kenneth
Ruddle (2010), "Vietnam: The van chai
System of Social Organization and Fisheries
Community Management", Managing
Coastal and Inland Waters: Pre-existing
Aquatic Management Systems in Southeast
Asia,
Kenneth Ruddle and

Arif
Satria
(edited). Springer Publishing Company,
Dordrecht,
129-160.
10. Nguyin Van PhUdng and Vii Thu
Hanh
(undated), "Strengthening Legal and
Policy Frameworks for Addressing Climate
Change
in Asia: Vietnam", Unpublished
draft
report. Environmental Law Section,
Hanoi
University of Law, Hanoi.
11.
Ruddle, Kenneth (1986), "The supply
of marine fish for fermentation in
Southeast Asia",
Bulletin
of the National
Museum of Ethnology 11(4), 997 1036.
12. Ruddle, Kenneth (1996), "A
socio-
economic
survey of fisheries in Viet Nam",
Report to
JICA.
Saitama
City,

Japan: ICNET.
13. Ruddle. K (1998), "Traditional
Community-Based Coastal Marine Fisheries
Management in Viet Nam" Ocean and Coastal
Management 40 (3), 1-22.
14. Ruddle, Kenneth (2005), "The Use and
Management of Small Clupeoids in Viet Nam"
Indigenous
Use and Management of
Marine
Resources, Senri Ethnological Studies 67,
Nobuhiro Kishigami va
James
M.
SaveUe
(edited), Osaka: National Museum of
Ethnology,
215-236.
15. Ruddle, Kenneth (2007), "Fermented
Marine
Food
Products in Vietnam:
Ecological Basis and Production", Food and
Foodways in
Asia,
Cheung. S C.H., Tan, C.
B.
and Tam S. (edited), Routledge
Press,
London, 13-22.

30
Tap
chi Bdo tdng & Nhdn hoc, so
2-2014
16. Ruddle, Kenneth
(2009),
"Vietnam
Fisheries Management: Remembering the
Source",
Samudra The Triannual
Journal
of
the International Collective in Support of
Fishworkers, Report No 54,
10-13.
lY.Ruddle, Kenneth
(2011),
"Informal"
Credit
Systems
in Fishing Communities:
Issues
and Examples from Vietnam",
Human
Organization 70 (3),
224-32.
18. Ruddle, Kenneth
(2013),
"Chmate
change

and intangible
cultural
heritage: A
community-museum research and
education project
based
on local
ecological
knowledge". Museum and Cultural
Heritage: Facing Climate Change, Vo
Quang Trong, Nguyen Duy Thieu, Kenneth
Ruddle, Tu Thi Loan and Vo Hoang Lan
(edited), Social
Sciences
Pubhshing
House,
Hanoi,
116-132.
19. Ruddle, Kenneth and Anthony Davis
(2010),
"What is 'Ecological' in Local
Ecological
Knowledge?
Lefisons from
Cnnnda and Vietnam", Society and Natural
Resources. 24(9), 1-15.
20. Ruddle, Kenneth and Anthony Davis
(2013),
"Local
ecological

knowledge (LEK)
in
interdisciplinary research and
application: a
critical
review", Asian
Fisheries
Science, 26,
79-100.
21.
Ruddle, Kenneth and Francis R.
Hickey
(2008),
"Accounting for the
Mismanagement of Tropical Nearshore
Fisheries", Environment,
Development
and
Sustainability,
10 (5),
565-89.
22. Ruddle, Kenneth and Naomichi
lshige
(2005),
Fermented
Fish
Products in
East
Asia, International
Resources

Management
Institute,
Hong Kong.
23. Ruddle, Kenneth and
Arif
Satria
(2010),
Managing Coastal and Inland
Waters: Pre-existing Aquatic Management
Systems in Southeast Asia, Springer
Publishing
Company, Dordrecht.
24. Kuddle, Kenneth and Tuciug Phi Lai
(2009)
, The Van chai of Vietnam: Managing
Nearshore Fisheries and
Fishing
Communities, International
Resources
Management
Institute,
Hong Kong.
25. Tham, A.K.
(1974),
"Stolephorus
resources
in the South China Sea",
Symposium on coastal and high
seas
pelagic

resources
Proceedings
of the
IPFC
15th
SeRfiion, edited by Anon, Bangkok:
Indo-Pucific Fisheries Council, 182 191.
26.
TrAn
Via
Vinh
(2009),
"Whales m the
fipiritual
hfe of coastal
lifihmg
villugea in
Binh
Dinh
Pi-ovince", The Van chai of Vietnam:
Managing Near-shore Fisfieries and
Fishing
Communities, Kenneth Ruddle and Tuong Phi
Lai
(edited), International
Resources
Management
Institute,
Hongkong,
77-85.

27. (VNWP) Vietnam Water Partnership
(2010)
, Report on chmate
change
activities in
Viet
Nam, Vietnam Water Partnership, Hanoi.
(Le
PhUdng Thdo dich)
Tap
chi
BAO
TANG
& NHAN HOC
SO
2(6)-2014
D!A
CHI TOA
SOAN
Bao tang Dan toe
hoc
Viet Nam
dirdng
Nguy§n
Van
Huyen,
quan Cau Gia'y, Ha
Noi
Dien
thoai:

084.43756 2193-21'8
Fax: 084.438360351
Email:

TONG
BIEN
TAP
PGS.TS.
V6 Quang Trong
PHO TONG
BIEN
TAP
PGS. TS.
Nguyen Duy Thieu
HOI
DONG
BIEN
TAP
PGS. TS. V6
Quang
Trong
(Chu
tich)
TS.
Lltu
Hiing
PGS. TS.
Nguy§n
Van
Huy

TS. Le
Thi Minh
Ly
PGS. TS.
Nguyen Duy Thieu
OS. TS.
Ng6 Oirc Thinh
PGS, TS.
Vi/ong XuSn Tinh
BllN
TAP
Pham Thi Thuy Chung
VQ
Phirang
Nga
L6
Phuong
Th^o
TRiNH
BAY BlA
Patrick Hoarau
Tai
khoan
Bao
tang
Dan
toe
hoc
Viet Nam
TK:

049 100
147
0721
Ngan
hang
TMCP
Ngoai
thuong
Viet
Nam
Chi
nhanh
Thang
Long
98
Hoang
Quoc
Vi6t
Cau
Gia'y,
Ha N6i
SO
CHUYEN
DE VE
VAN
HOA
BIEN
MUC
LUC
NGHIEN

CQU
TRAO
DOI
Nguyen
Duy
Thieu
Tivi
oong
ngvi
d&i\-ig
hiia Jau V16t Muiu
iii
gui-
nlJu
nhan
hoc bao tang
3
Kenneth
Ruddle
Nghien
ciJu
tri
thtlc sinh thai dia phUdng trong
cac
xa
hoi
nghe
ca
Viet
Nam

va
ling dung
vao
thuc
tien
(Le
PhUOng
Thdo
dich)
19
Pham
Thj
Hong
Van
Ap dung
dong
quan
ly
trong quan
ly
khai thac
vh
bao ve nguon Idi thiiy san vung ven
ba
32
Nguyin
VSn
Khang
Ngii r.u vn phvWiig pliap khai thac thiiy san
h

Vi^t Nam;
Khui
thac thuy san b^ng ludi keo
46
Hoang
Minh
TiTdng
Van
h6a bien Thanh Hoa
58
Nguyen
Thanh
Ldi
Tin
ngUflng thci oA voi ci Ba Ria
-
Vung T^u
66
NHiN
SANG
BAO
TANG
BAN
V6
SiTuan,
Bui
Quang
Nghj, Nguyin Thj My Ngan
Bao tang Hai ditdng hoc
77

Pham
Thi Thuy
Chung
Bao tang thuy sinh New England
83
TIN
TlJfC
HOAT
DONG
86
TOM
TAT
CAC
BAI
NGHIEN
ClJfU
CHINH
BANG
TIENG
ANH
90
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