Lớp 10 Nguyên tử và bảng tuần hoàn

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s
3 1.
11
13
14
17
18
52,00
Crom
Cr
[Ar]3d
5
4s
1
24
95,94
Mo
[Kr]4d
5
5s
1
42
183,85
Vonfram
W
[Ar]4f
14
5d
5
6s

1
74
[226]
Seabogi
Sg
[Ar]5f
14
6d
5
7s
1
106
54,94
Mangan
Mn
[Ar]3d
5
4s
2
25
[99]
Tecneti
Tc
[Kr]4d
5
5s
2
43
186,2
Rheni

Re
[Ar]4f
14
5d
5
6s
2
75
[264]
Bhori
Bh
[Ar]5f
14
6d
5
7s
2
107
55,85
Fe
[Ar]3d
6
4s
2
26
101,07
Rhuteni
Ru
[Kr]4d
6

5s
2
44
190,2
Osmi
Os
[Ar]4f
14
5d
6
6s
2
76
[264]
Hassi
Hs
[Ar]5f
14
6d
6
7s
2
108
58,93
Coban
Co
[Ar]3d
7
4s
2

27
102,91
Rh
[Kr]4d
7
5s
2
45
192,2
Ir
[Ar]4f
14
5d
7
6s
2
77
[268]
Meitneri
Mt
[Ar]5f
14
6d
7
7s
2
109
58,69
Niken
Ni

[Ar]3d
8
4s
2
28
106,40
Pd
[Kr]4d
8
5s
2
46
195,09
Plantin
Pt
[Ar]4f
14
5d
8
6s
2
78
[271]
Ununnili
Uun
[Ar]5f
14
6d
8
7s

2
110
10,81
Bo
B
1s
2
2s
2
2p
1
5
26,98
Nhôm
Al
[Ne]2s
2
2p
1
13
69,72
Galli
Ga
[Ar]3d
10
4s
2
p
1
31

114,8
In
[Kr]4d
10
5s
2
p
1
49
204,4
Tali
Tl
[A]
5d
10
6s
2
p
1
81
113
12,01
Cacbon
C
1s
2
2s
2
2p
2

6
28,09
Silic
Si
[Ne]2s
2
2p
2
14
72,61
Germani
Ge
[Ar]3d
10
4s
2
p
2
32
118,7
Sn
[Kr]4d
10
5s
2
p
2
50
207,2
Chì

Pb
[A]
5d
10
6s
2
p
2
82
[289]
Uuq
114
14,01
N
1s
2
2s
2
2p
3
7
30,97
Photpho
P
[Ne]2s
2
2p
3
15
74,92

Arsenic
As
[Ar]3d
10
4s
2
p
3
33
121,8
Antimon
Ab
[Kr]4d
10
5s
2
p
3
51
209,0
Bismut
Bi
[A]
5d
10
6s
2
p
3
83

115
16,00
Oxi
O
1s
2
2s
2
2p
4
8
32,07
S
[Ne]2s
2
2p
4
16
78,96
Seleni
Se
[Ar]3d
10
4s
2
p
4
34
127,6
Telluri

Te
[Kr]4d
10
5s
2
p
4
52
[209]
Poloni
Po
[A]
5d
10
6s
2
p
4
84
116
19,00
Flo
F
1s
2
2s
2
2p
5
9

35,45
Clo
Cl
[Ne]2s
2
2p
5
17
79,90
Brom
Br
[Ar]3d
10
4s
2
p
5
35
126,9
Iot
I
[Kr]4d
10
5s
2
p
5
53
[210]
Astali

At
[A]
5d
10
6s
2
p
5
85
117
1,008
Heli
He
1s
2
2
20,18
Neon
Ne
1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
10
39,95
Argon
Ar
[Ne]2s

2
2p
6
18
83,80
Krypton
Kr
[Ar]3d
10
4s
2
p
6
36
131,3
Xenon
Xe
[Kr]4d
10
5s
2
p
6
54
[222]
Rn
[A]
5d
10
6s

2
p
6
86
118
63,55
Cu
[Ar]3d
10
4s
1
29
107,87
Ag
[Kr]4d
10
5s
1
47
196,97
Vàng
Au
[Ar]4f
14
5d
10
6s
1
79
[272]

Unununi
Uuu
[Ar]5f
14
6d
10
7s
1
111
65,39
Zn
[Ar]3d
10
4s
2
30
112,41
Cadimi
Cd
[Kr]4d
10
5s
2
48
200,59
Hg
[Ar]4f
14
5d
10

6s
2
80
[277]
Ununbi
Uub
[Ar]5f
14
6d
10
7s
2
112
phá phá
phá phá phá
1,008
H
1s
1
1
6,94
Liti
Li
1s
2
2s
1
3
22,99
Natri

Na
[Ne]3s
1
11
39,10
Kali
K
[Ar]4s
1
19
85,47
Rb
[Kr]5s
1
37
132,9
Xezi
Cs
[Xe]6s
1
55
[223]
Franxi
Fr
[Rn]7s
1
87
9,01
Beri
Be

1s
2
2s
2
4
24,31
Magie
Mg
[Ne]3s
2
12
40,08
Canxi
Ca
[Ar]4s
2
20
87,62
Stronti
Sr
[Kr]5s
2
38
137,31
Bari
Ba
[Xe]6s
2
56
[226]

Ra
[Rn]7s
2
88
44,96
Sc
[Ar]3d
1
4s
2
21
88,91
Yttri
Y
[Kr]4d
1
5s
2
39
138,9
Lantan
La
[Ar]5d
1
6s
2
57
[227]
Actini
Ac

[Ar]6d
1
7s
2
89
47,87
Titan
Ti
[Ar]3d
2
4s
2
22
91,22
Zirconi
Zr
[Kr]4d
2
5s
2
40
178,5
Hafni
Hf
[Ar]4f
14
5d
2
6s
2

72
[261]
Rf
[Ar]5f
14
6d
2
7s
2
104
50,94
V
[Ar]3d
3
4s
2
23
92,91
Niobi
Nb
[Kr]4d
3
5s
2
41
180,9
Tantal
Ta
[Ar]4f
14

5d
3
6s
2
73
[262]
Dubni
Db
[Ar]5f
14
6d
3
7s
2
105
1,008
H
1s
1
1
Tên
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Li K Ba Ca Na Mg Al Mn Cr Zn Cr Fe Ni Sn Pb H
2

Cu Hg Ag Pt Au
s
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Nguyên
Proton (p)
Electron (e)
0
–
P = E = Z.
A = Z + N

A
Z
X

= P +N+E = 2Z +N = A + Z

electron
electron
Obitan (AO)
(K, L, …, Q)
n có n

s p d f
1 3 5 7
2 6 10 14
n
2
2n

2
electron
s
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Nguyên lí Pau–li:
VD:
–
–
–
Sai
VD: C (Z = 6) N (Z = 7):
1s
2
2s
2
2p
2
1s
2
2s
2
2p
3

1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p …

1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p
i
n

e
l
e
c
t
r
o
n

v
à
o
4
s

t
r
c

3
d
2
, p
6
, …
s
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VD:
16 14 18

8 7 8
A, B, D.
16 18
8 8
A vµ D.
A
1
A
2
…
A
n
*
x
1
x
2
…
x
n
(*
1
+ x
2
+ … + x
n
= 100 %)

1 1 2 2 n n
X

1 2 n
A x A x A x
A
x x x
–

VD:

Z = 6: 1s
2
2s
2
2p
2
.
Z = 20: 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
4s
2
.
Z = 22: 1s
2

2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
2
4s
2
.
1
(A) proton và electron. (B
(C) electron. (D) proton, nơtron, electron.
2
(A) A = Z + P. (B) A = Z + E. (C) A = Z + N. (D) A = 2E.
3
(A) (B) (C) (D)
12
6
X.
18
6
X.
18
12
X.
14

7
X.
s
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4
(A) 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s … (B) 1s 2s 2p 3s 4s 3p 3d …
(C) 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d … (D) 1s 2s 3s 4s 2p 3p 3d …
5
(A) 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
3
. (B) 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
1
.
(C) 1s

2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
1
3p
2
. (D) 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
2
.
6
(A
(B
(C
(D
7
(A) 1s
2
2s
2

2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
10
4s
1
. (B) 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
9
4s
2
.
(C) 1s
2
2s
2
2p

6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
8
4s
3
. (D) 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
5
4s
1
.
4
ns
2 9
ns
2
(n-1)d

5
ns
1 10
ns
1
.
8
(A
(B
(C
(D
26 55 26
13 26 12
X, Y vµ Z ?
s
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chu kì.
.
VD: Na (Z = 11): [Ne] 3s
1
; Ca (Z = 20): [Ar]4s
2
.
Ô nguyên
Chu kì
Nhóm


*).

VD:
– Al (Z = 13): 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
1
cùng
s
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R).
I).
E).

KL).
Bz).
Tính phi kim (PK).
Ax).
– Tính phi kim.
– Tính axit.
><
R, KL, Bz
I, E, PK, Ax
N1
N2 N3

N4
N5
N6
N7
N8
CK1
CK2
CK3
CK4
R, KL, Bz
I, E, PK, Ax
H He
Li Be B C N O F Ne
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
K Ca
R, KL,
Bz
I, E,
PK, Ax
R), (KL), (Bz
R), (KL), (Bz
I), (E), (PK), (Ax
I), (E), (PK), (Ax
x thì
x
8 – x
VD:
Nhóm IA IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Na

2
O MgO Al
2
O
3
SiO
2
P
2
O
5
SO
3
Cl
2
O
7
4 3 2 1
SiH
4
PH
3
H
2
S HCl
s
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9
(A
(B

(C
(D
A
(A) 5. (B) 7. (C) 9. (D) 16.
B
(A
(B
(C
(D
C
(A) 2. (B) 3. (C) 4. (D) 1.
D
(A (B
(C (D
E


Tính phi kim
F
A B) F, C, O, Li.
C) D) F, O, C, Li.
s
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G
(A) I, Br, Cl, F. (B) I, Br, F, Cl.
(C) F, Cl, Br, I. (D) Br, I, Cl, F.
H
2
(A) Magie. (B) Nitơ. (C) Cacbon. (D) Photpho.
I

2
O
5
(A) RH
5
. (B) RH
3
. (C) RH. (D) RH
2
.
J
(A
(B
(C
(D
K
(A) M < X < Y < R. (B) Y < M < X < R.
(C) R < M < X < Y. (D) M < X < R < Y.
L
(A) NaOH, Mg(OH)
2
, Al(OH)
3
. (B) Al(OH)
3
, Mg(OH)
2
, NaOH.
(C) Mg(OH)
2

, Al(OH)
3
, NaOH. (D) NaOH, Al(OH)
3
, Mg(OH)
2
.
s
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–
–
–
2Z N A Z.
N
1 1,52
Z
VD1:

VD2:
trong X.
)
Vì Z
X
< 82 nên ta có Z N 1,52Z
2Z + N 3,52Z
Thay ( 18 3,52Z 5,11 Z 6
Vì Z nguyên nên Z = 6.
Z = 6
2Z N 82
2Z - N=22

Z 26
N 30
56
26
X
N
1 1,52
Z
s
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M

N
O
P
Q
2
s
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VD3:
– Mg (Z = 12): 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
– Cl (Z = 17): 1s

2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
5
– Ca (Z = 20): 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
4s
2
a
ns
b
a + b Nhóm
3 – 7 IIIB – VIIB
8 – 10 VIIIB
11, 12 IB và IIB
VD4:
– Fe (Z = 56): 1s

2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
6
4s
2
s
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R
K (Z = 19), Cr (Z = 24).
S
T
U
V
A
+ Z
B
s
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– Chú ý: x
1
+ x
2

+ … + x
n
= 100
x
1
, x
2
, …, x
n
1 1 2 2 n n
X
1 2 n
A x A x A x
A
x x x
VD5:
35,48.
là
(A) 27 %. (B) 50 %. (C) 54 %. (D) 73 %.
là 100 – x.
Đáp án D
35 37
17 17
Cl vµ Cl.
35
17
Cl
37
17
Cl

Cl
35.75,77 37.24, 23
A 35, 48.
100
63 65
Cu vµ Cu.
63
Cu
63
Cu.
65
Cu
Cu
63.x 65.(100 x)
A 63,54
100
s
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W

X
Y
là X
1
và X
2 1 2
2
1
và X
2

12
6
C
13
6
C
40
18
Ar (99,63 %);
36 38
18 18
Ar (0,31 %) vµ Ar (0, 06 %).
7 6
3 3
Li vµ Li.
6
3
Li.
1 2
X X
n : n 1 : 3.
Z
trong HClO
4

(A) 8,43 %. (B) 8,79 %. (C) 8,92 %. (D) 8,56 %.
trong 1 mol HClO
4
.
.

4
:
trong HClO
4
.
a
trong H
3
BO
3
37
17
Cl
35
17
Cl.
37
17
Cl
37
17
Cl
37
17
Cl
4
HClO
M
37
17

Cl
10 11
B vµ B.
11
B
16 1
O vµ H).
s
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x thì
x
8 – x
VD7:
2
O
5
(A (B) cacbon.
(C (D) photpho.

2
O
5
3
.
R
= 14 (đvC) R là nitơ Đáp án C
R
R
R
M

%m .100 % 82,35 %
M 3
b
3
. Trong oxit mà
c
3
d
2
np
4
.
s
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Câu
1
D
2
C
3
A
4
C
5
B
6
A
7
A
8

A
9
C
A
B

Tính phi kim
M
a. P = N = E = 12
b.
X
12
24
N
b.
Al
13
27
Câu
B
B
C
B
D
D
E
F
D
G
A

H
C
I
B
J
A
K
C
L
B
E
O
O
8
16
P Z
A
= 12; Z
B
= 8
s
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Q
A
, Z
B
A
=19, Z
B
= 8

R
a. Na (Z = 11): 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
1
S (Z = 16): 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
4
K (Z = 19): 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
4s

1
Cr (Z = 24): 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
5
4s
1
A
).
A
).
A
).
B
).
S
A
).
T
A
).
U

2
2s
2
2p
5
V
Z
A
= 15, A là photpho (P); Z
B
W
a.
A A B B
A B A B
A B
2(Z +N )+2Z N 140
2.2Z 2Z 2.N N 44
Z Z 11
A
C
= 12,011
b.
A
Ar
= 39,9864
X
Li
3
6
= 7 %.

s
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Y
1
và X
2
Z C
4
Cl
17
37
Cl
17
37
= 0,2423.37 = 8,9651
4

1.M
HClO4
= 1 + 35,5 + 16.4 = 100,5
Cl
= 35,5
Cl
17
37
trong HClO
4
=
8,9651
100,5

.100% = 8,92 %
a
b
2
O
5
c
b. X là S
d
c.
3
X(XO )
%m 40%
11
B (81 %)
11
B trong 1 mol H
3
BO
3
(0,81mol)
11
B (8,91 gam)
3
BO
3
(61,81 gam)
11
B trong H
3

BO
3
(14,42 %)