Lớp 10 Ôn tập liên kết hóa học

9
11
13
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s
52,00
Crom
Cr
[Ar]3d
5
4s
1
24
95,94
Mo
[Kr]4d
5
5s
1
42
183,85
Vonfram
W
[Ar]4f
14
5d
5
6s
1

74
[226]
Seabogi
Sg
[Ar]5f
14
6d
5
7s
1
106
54,94
Mangan
Mn
[Ar]3d
5
4s
2
25
[99]
Tecneti
Tc
[Kr]4d
5
5s
2
43
186,2
Rheni
Re

[Ar]4f
14
5d
5
6s
2
75
[264]
Bhori
Bh
[Ar]5f
14
6d
5
7s
2
107
55,85
Fe
[Ar]3d
6
4s
2
26
101,07
Rhuteni
Ru
[Kr]4d
6
5s

2
44
190,2
Osmi
Os
[Ar]4f
14
5d
6
6s
2
76
[264]
Hassi
Hs
[Ar]5f
14
6d
6
7s
2
108
58,93
Coban
Co
[Ar]3d
7
4s
2
27

102,91
Rh
[Kr]4d
7
5s
2
45
192,2
Ir
[Ar]4f
14
5d
7
6s
2
77
[268]
Meitneri
Mt
[Ar]5f
14
6d
7
7s
2
109
58,69
Niken
Ni
[Ar]3d

8
4s
2
28
106,40
Pd
[Kr]4d
8
5s
2
46
195,09
Plantin
Pt
[Ar]4f
14
5d
8
6s
2
78
[271]
Ununnili
Uun
[Ar]5f
14
6d
8
7s
2

110
10,81
Bo
B
1s
2
2s
2
2p
1
5
26,98
Nhôm
Al
[Ne]2s
2
2p
1
13
69,72
Galli
Ga
[Ar]3d
10
4s
2
p
1
31
114,8

In
[Kr]4d
10
5s
2
p
1
49
204,4
Tali
Tl
[A]
5d
10
6s
2
p
1
81
113
12,01
Cacbon
C
1s
2
2s
2
2p
2
6

28,09
Silic
Si
[Ne]2s
2
2p
2
14
72,61
Germani
Ge
[Ar]3d
10
4s
2
p
2
32
118,7
Sn
[Kr]4d
10
5s
2
p
2
50
207,2
Chì
Pb

[A]
5d
10
6s
2
p
2
82
[289]
Uuq
114
14,01
N
1s
2
2s
2
2p
3
7
30,97
Photpho
P
[Ne]2s
2
2p
3
15
74,92
Arsenic

As
[Ar]3d
10
4s
2
p
3
33
121,8
Antimon
Ab
[Kr]4d
10
5s
2
p
3
51
209,0
Bismut
Bi
[A]
5d
10
6s
2
p
3
83
115

16,00
Oxi
O
1s
2
2s
2
2p
4
8
32,07
S
[Ne]2s
2
2p
4
16
78,96
Seleni
Se
[Ar]3d
10
4s
2
p
4
34
127,6
Telluri
Te

[Kr]4d
10
5s
2
p
4
52
[209]
Poloni
Po
[A]
5d
10
6s
2
p
4
84
116
19,00
Flo
F
1s
2
2s
2
2p
5
9
35,45

Clo
Cl
[Ne]2s
2
2p
5
17
79,90
Brom
Br
[Ar]3d
10
4s
2
p
5
35
126,9
Iot
I
[Kr]4d
10
5s
2
p
5
53
[210]
Astali
At

[A]
5d
10
6s
2
p
5
85
117
1,008
Heli
He
1s
2
2
20,18
Neon
Ne
1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
10
39,95
Argon
Ar
[Ne]2s
2

2p
6
18
83,80
Krypton
Kr
[Ar]3d
10
4s
2
p
6
36
131,3
Xenon
Xe
[Kr]4d
10
5s
2
p
6
54
[222]
Rn
[A]
5d
10
6s
2

p
6
86
118
63,55
Cu
[Ar]3d
10
4s
1
29
107,87
Ag
[Kr]4d
10
5s
1
47
196,97
Vàng
Au
[Ar]4f
14
5d
10
6s
1
79
[272]
Unununi

Uuu
[Ar]5f
14
6d
10
7s
1
111
65,39
Zn
[Ar]3d
10
4s
2
30
112,41
Cadimi
Cd
[Kr]4d
10
5s
2
48
200,59
Hg
[Ar]4f
14
5d
10
6s

2
80
[277]
Ununbi
Uub
[Ar]5f
14
6d
10
7s
2
112
phá phá
phá phá phá
1,008
H
1s
1
1
6,94
Liti
Li
1s
2
2s
1
3
22,99
Natri
Na

[Ne]3s
1
11
39,10
Kali
K
[Ar]4s
1
19
85,47
Rb
[Kr]5s
1
37
132,9
Xezi
Cs
[Xe]6s
1
55
[223]
Franxi
Fr
[Rn]7s
1
87
9,01
Beri
Be
1s

2
2s
2
4
24,31
Magie
Mg
[Ne]3s
2
12
40,08
Canxi
Ca
[Ar]4s
2
20
87,62
Stronti
Sr
[Kr]5s
2
38
137,31
Bari
Ba
[Xe]6s
2
56
[226]
Ra

[Rn]7s
2
88
44,96
Sc
[Ar]3d
1
4s
2
21
88,91
Yttri
Y
[Kr]4d
1
5s
2
39
138,9
Lantan
La
[Ar]5d
1
6s
2
57
[227]
Actini
Ac
[Ar]6d

1
7s
2
89
47,87
Titan
Ti
[Ar]3d
2
4s
2
22
91,22
Zirconi
Zr
[Kr]4d
2
5s
2
40
178,5
Hafni
Hf
[Ar]4f
14
5d
2
6s
2
72

[261]
Rf
[Ar]5f
14
6d
2
7s
2
104
50,94
V
[Ar]3d
3
4s
2
23
92,91
Niobi
Nb
[Kr]4d
3
5s
2
41
180,9
Tantal
Ta
[Ar]4f
14
5d

3
6s
2
73
[262]
Dubni
Db
[Ar]5f
14
6d
3
7s
2
105
1,008
H
1s
1
1
Tên
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Li K Ba Ca Na Mg Al Mn Cr Zn Cr Fe Ni Sn Pb H
2
Cu Hg Ag Pt Au

s
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8
cation (ion +)
M
m+
+ m.e
VD:

n 8 – n) electron
anion (ion –)
8 –n).e X
–(8–n)
VD:
Al
Al
3+
+ 3e
1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
1

1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
– 3e
F + 1e
F
–
1s
2
2s
2
2p
5
1s
2
2s
2
2p
6

không
khác nhau.
– O).
)

1,7 0,4 <
< <
< 1,7 <
< <
< 0,4
Na
+
+ Cl
–
NaCl
H + Cl H Cl







Cl + Cl Cl Cl

s
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cation và anion.
MgCl
2
… silic…
cao.
*
**
*)
1
(A (B
(C (D
2
(A) Na
+
, Mg
+
, Al
+
. (B) Na
+
, Mg
2+
, Al
4+
.

(C) Na
2+
, Mg
2+
, Al
3+
. (D) Na
+
, Mg
2+
, Al
3+
.
3
(A
(B
(C
(D
4
(A (B
(C (D
s
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5
(A
(B
+
và ion O
2-
.

(C
+
và ion Cl
–
.
(D
+
và ion Cl
–
.
6
(A
(B
(C
(D
7 không
(A
(B
(C
(D
8
(A) hai phi kim khác nhau.
(B
(C
(D
9
2
(A) ion. (B
(C (D
A

(A) K
2
O. (B) N
2
. (C) H
2
S. (D) MgCl
2
.
B không
(A) O
2
. (B) NH
3
. (C) HF. (D) NH
4
Cl.
C nào dư i đây không
A) Na
2
O. B) H
2
S. C) CaCl
2
. D) KCl.
D
(A) HCl, Cl
2
, H
2

. (B) NH
3
, HCl, NH
4
Cl.
(C) NaCl, NH
4
NO
3
, H
2
O. (D) H
2
S, HF, NaF.
s
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E NO
3
–
, SO
4
2–
, CO
3
2–
, Br
–
, NH
4
+

là
(A) 32, 50, 32, 36, 10. (B) 32, 50, 30, 36, 10.
(C) 30, 46, 30, 34, 11. (D) 32, 48, 30, 34, 10.
F
(A (B
(C) ion. (D
G đơn v đi n lư
A
B
C
D
H
không
(A) 3. (B) 4. (C) 5. (D) 2.

I
(A) 2. (B) 3. (C) 4. (D) 5.
J
(A (B (C) Iot. (D
K
(A (B
(C (D
s
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VD:

NaH, CaH
2 2 2
O

2
, Na
2
O
2
).
VD:

VD:
3
và HNO
3
.
– Trong NH
3
: x + 3.(+1) = 0 x = –3.
– Trong HNO
3
: (+1) + x + 3.(-2) = 0 x = +5.

VD:
+
, Ca
2+
, Cl
–
3
–
x =+5.
VD:

2
(SO
4
)
3
0 0 0 0
2 2
Cl , N , Cu, Fe
2 1 2 1 2 1 2
2 2
3 4
CuO, HNO , H SO , H O

1
NH
4
+
(amoni)
-1
OH
-
NO
3
-
(nitrat)
NO
2
-
(nitrit)
HCO

3
-
MnO
4
-
(pemanganat)
-2
CO
3
2-
(cacbonat)
SO
4
2-
(sunfat)
SO
3
2-
(sunfit)
CrO
4
2-
(cromat)
Cr
2
O
7
2-
-3
PO

4
3-
(photphat)
s
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L
2
, H
2
(A) +3, -2, +1, +1. (B) 0, 0, 0, 0.
(C) +2, -2, +1, +1. (D) +3, -2, 0, 0.
M
2
, C, N
2
(A) 0, 0, 0, 0. (B) +2, -2, 0, 0.
(C) 0, 0, +4, +1. (D) +2, -2,+4, +1.
N
(A) 0. (B) +1. (C) +2. (D) -2.
O
2
O
3
, AlCl
3
(A) 0, +2, +3. (B) 0, +3, +3. (C) +3, +3, +3. (D) 0, -3, -3.
P
2
, Na
2

O, Na
2
O
2
n lư
(A) 0,-2, -1, -2. (B) 0, -2, -2, -2. (C) -2, -2, -2, -2. (D) 0, -1, -1, -2.
Q
4
2-

là
(A) +2. (B) +4. (C) +6. (D) -2.
R
2
-
và NO
3
-
(A) +1, +3. (B) +3, +5. (C) +5, +7. (D) +3, +7.
S
3
2-
, HSO
3
-
, SO
4
2-
và HSO
4

-

(A) +4, +4, +6, +6. (B) -2, -1, -2, -1.
(C) +4, +4, +4, +4. (D) +6, +6, +6, +6.

T
x
O
y
là
(A) (B) (C) +y. (D) –y.
U
x
là
(A) -2x. (B) +(2x-1). (C) +(1-2x). (D) +5x.
2y
.
x
2y
.
x
s
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VD1:
+
Na Na
+

+ 1e
1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
1
1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
–
–
Cl + 1e
Cl
–
1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
5

1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
Na
+
+ Cl
–
NaCl
VD2:
2
.
2+
Ca Ca
2+
+ 2e
1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
1

1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
–
–
2Cl + 2.1e
2Cl
–
1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
5
1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p

6
2
Ca
2+
+ 2Cl
–
CaCl
2
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V
(a) K và Cl. (b) Na và O. (c) Mg và F. (d) Al và O.
W
a. Na
+
(Z = 11), Al
3+
(Z = 13), Fe
3+
(Z = 26).
b. F
–
(Z = 9), O
2–
(Z = 8), Cl (Z = 17).
X Cation R
+ 6
.
s
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.
.
VD3:
H

F

H

F
H

F
+

VD4:
2
O.

H

O
2
O là
H
O
H

2
O: H – O – H

H

O
+

s
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VD5:
2
, PCl
5
.
2
.
S
O
O
O = S O
5
.
P
Cl
C
l
C
l
C
l
C
l

P
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
*
**
*)
–
".
5
, SF
6
…
Y
4
, H
2
, SO
2
, N
2.
Z
2
, Cl
2
, NH
3

, H
2
O.
a
2
O
2
, CO, HNO
3
, H
2
SO
4
.
b
sau: NH
3
, CO
2
, Cl
2
.
s
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Câu
1
C
2
D
3

B
4
B
5
C
6
B
7
B
8
A
9
B
A
C
B
A
C
B
D
B
E
A
F
C
Câu
G
B
H
D

I
C
J
B
K
B
L
B
M
A
N
C
O
B
P
A
Q
C
R
B
S
A
T
B
U
B
V
(a)
(b)
K

+
+ Cl
–

KCl

Na
Na
+
+ 1e
1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
1
1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
O + 2e
O
2–
1s
2
2s

2
2p
4
1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
2Na
+
+ O
2–

Na
2
O

K
+
+ 1e
1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p

6
4s
1
1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
Cl + 1e Cl
–
1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
5
1s
2
2s
2
2p

6
3s
2
3p
6
K


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(d)
Al
Al
3+
+ 3e
1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
1
1s
2
2s
2
2p

6
O + 2e
O
2–
1s
2
2s
2
2p
4
1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
Mg
2+

+
2e
Mg
1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2

1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
F¯
+
1eF
1s
2
2s
2
2p
5
1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
Mg
2+
+ 2F¯
MgF
2
2Al
3+
+ 3O
2–

Al
2
O
3
W
a. Na
+
: 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
Al
3+
: 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
Fe
3+
: 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s

2
3p
6
3d
5
b. F
–
: 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
O
2–
: 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
Cl : 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p

5
X R là Na
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
1
Y
CH
4

4H

C
+

H
C
H
H
H
C
H
H
H
H
CTCT:
H

2
H

H

+

H
H
CTCT: H–H

(c)

s
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OS
O
O
2
S
+
CTCT:
S=O
O
N
N
N
N
+
CTCT: N

H
2

Cl
2
NH
3
H
2
O
H H
H H
N
H
H
H
Cl Cl







Cl – Cl
N
H
H
H
O

H
H
H – O –H
H
2
O
2

CO
HNO
3
H
2
SO
4
C
O
H O
N
O
O
H O
N
O
O
H – O – O – H
C
O
O
H

O
H
O
S
O
H –O
H –O
S
O
O
Y
SO
2
N
2
Z
a
b

3
, CO
2
, Cl
2