Ôn tập hóa học trung học cơ sở

10
12
14
15
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s
52,00
Crom
Cr
[Ar]3d
5
4s
1
24
95,94
Mo
[Kr]4d
5
5s
1
42
183,85
Vonfram
W
[Ar]4f
14
5d
5
6s
1
74

[226]
Seabogi
Sg
[Ar]5f
14
6d
5
7s
1
106
54,94
Mangan
Mn
[Ar]3d
5
4s
2
25
[99]
Tecneti
Tc
[Kr]4d
5
5s
2
43
186,2
Rheni
Re
[Ar]4f

14
5d
5
6s
2
75
[264]
Bhori
Bh
[Ar]5f
14
6d
5
7s
2
107
55,85
Fe
[Ar]3d
6
4s
2
26
101,07
Rhuteni
Ru
[Kr]4d
6
5s
2

44
190,2
Osmi
Os
[Ar]4f
14
5d
6
6s
2
76
[264]
Hassi
Hs
[Ar]5f
14
6d
6
7s
2
108
58,93
Coban
Co
[Ar]3d
7
4s
2
27
102,91

Rh
[Kr]4d
7
5s
2
45
192,2
Ir
[Ar]4f
14
5d
7
6s
2
77
[268]
Meitneri
Mt
[Ar]5f
14
6d
7
7s
2
109
58,69
Niken
Ni
[Ar]3d
8

4s
2
28
106,40
Pd
[Kr]4d
8
5s
2
46
195,09
Plantin
Pt
[Ar]4f
14
5d
8
6s
2
78
[271]
Ununnili
Uun
[Ar]5f
14
6d
8
7s
2
110

10,81
Bo
B
1s
2
2s
2
2p
1
5
26,98
Nhôm
Al
[Ne]2s
2
2p
1
13
69,72
Galli
Ga
[Ar]3d
10
4s
2
p
1
31
114,8
In

[Kr]4d
10
5s
2
p
1
49
204,4
Tali
Tl
[A]
5d
10
6s
2
p
1
81
113
12,01
Cacbon
C
1s
2
2s
2
2p
2
6
28,09

Silic
Si
[Ne]2s
2
2p
2
14
72,61
Germani
Ge
[Ar]3d
10
4s
2
p
2
32
118,7
Sn
[Kr]4d
10
5s
2
p
2
50
207,2
Chì
Pb
[A]

5d
10
6s
2
p
2
82
[289]
Uuq
114
14,01
N
1s
2
2s
2
2p
3
7
30,97
Photpho
P
[Ne]2s
2
2p
3
15
74,92
Arsenic
As

[Ar]3d
10
4s
2
p
3
33
121,8
Antimon
Ab
[Kr]4d
10
5s
2
p
3
51
209,0
Bismut
Bi
[A]
5d
10
6s
2
p
3
83
115
16,00

Oxi
O
1s
2
2s
2
2p
4
8
32,07
S
[Ne]2s
2
2p
4
16
78,96
Seleni
Se
[Ar]3d
10
4s
2
p
4
34
127,6
Telluri
Te
[Kr]4d

10
5s
2
p
4
52
[209]
Poloni
Po
[A]
5d
10
6s
2
p
4
84
116
19,00
Flo
F
1s
2
2s
2
2p
5
9
35,45
Clo

Cl
[Ne]2s
2
2p
5
17
79,90
Brom
Br
[Ar]3d
10
4s
2
p
5
35
126,9
Iot
I
[Kr]4d
10
5s
2
p
5
53
[210]
Astali
At
[A]

5d
10
6s
2
p
5
85
117
1,008
Heli
He
1s
2
2
20,18
Neon
Ne
1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
10
39,95
Argon
Ar
[Ne]2s
2
2p

6
18
83,80
Krypton
Kr
[Ar]3d
10
4s
2
p
6
36
131,3
Xenon
Xe
[Kr]4d
10
5s
2
p
6
54
[222]
Rn
[A]
5d
10
6s
2
p

6
86
118
63,55
Cu
[Ar]3d
10
4s
1
29
107,87
Ag
[Kr]4d
10
5s
1
47
196,97
Vàng
Au
[Ar]4f
14
5d
10
6s
1
79
[272]
Unununi
Uuu

[Ar]5f
14
6d
10
7s
1
111
65,39
Zn
[Ar]3d
10
4s
2
30
112,41
Cadimi
Cd
[Kr]4d
10
5s
2
48
200,59
Hg
[Ar]4f
14
5d
10
6s
2

80
[277]
Ununbi
Uub
[Ar]5f
14
6d
10
7s
2
112
phá phá
phá phá phá
1,008
H
1s
1
1
6,94
Liti
Li
1s
2
2s
1
3
22,99
Natri
Na
[Ne]3s

1
11
39,10
Kali
K
[Ar]4s
1
19
85,47
Rb
[Kr]5s
1
37
132,9
Xezi
Cs
[Xe]6s
1
55
[223]
Franxi
Fr
[Rn]7s
1
87
9,01
Beri
Be
1s
2

2s
2
4
24,31
Magie
Mg
[Ne]3s
2
12
40,08
Canxi
Ca
[Ar]4s
2
20
87,62
Stronti
Sr
[Kr]5s
2
38
137,31
Bari
Ba
[Xe]6s
2
56
[226]
Ra
[Rn]7s

2
88
44,96
Sc
[Ar]3d
1
4s
2
21
88,91
Yttri
Y
[Kr]4d
1
5s
2
39
138,9
Lantan
La
[Ar]5d
1
6s
2
57
[227]
Actini
Ac
[Ar]6d
1

7s
2
89
47,87
Titan
Ti
[Ar]3d
2
4s
2
22
91,22
Zirconi
Zr
[Kr]4d
2
5s
2
40
178,5
Hafni
Hf
[Ar]4f
14
5d
2
6s
2
72
[261]

Rf
[Ar]5f
14
6d
2
7s
2
104
50,94
V
[Ar]3d
3
4s
2
23
92,91
Niobi
Nb
[Kr]4d
3
5s
2
41
180,9
Tantal
Ta
[Ar]4f
14
5d
3

6s
2
73
[262]
Dubni
Db
[Ar]5f
14
6d
3
7s
2
105
1,008
H
1s
1
1
Tên
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Li K Ba Ca Na Mg Al Mn Cr Zn Cr Fe Ni Sn Pb H
2
Cu Hg Ag Pt Au
s

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Cu (I, II); Sn (II, IV); Pb (II, IV).
N (I, II, III, IV, V); S (II, IV, VI).
3
, NH
4
.
4
, SO
3
, CO
3
.
4
.

x
B
y
VD:
2 3
.

OXIT
M
x
O
y
AXIT

H
n
X
B(OH)
m
B
n
X
m
Oxit
bazơ
Oxit
axit
Axit Axit Bazơ
tan
Bazơ
không tan
axit
CaO
Fe
2
O
3
CO
2
SO
2
H
2
SO

4
H
3
PO
4
HCl
HNO
3
NaOH
Ba(OH)
2
Cu(OH)
2
Fe(OH)
2
NaHCO
3
KHSO
4
Na
2
SO
4
K
2
CO
3
Ghi chú:
– M X B
4

.
2
O
3
, ZnO, PbO); oxit trung tính (NO, CO, N
2
O).
3
, H
2
SO
4
) và axit không có oxi (HCl, HF).
s
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OXIT AXIT
AXIT
2
O
+ bazơ
axit +
H
2
O +
+ H
2
O
(1)
(2)
(3)

(4)
(5)
QUÌ TÍM
AXIT
2
O
2
oxit bazơ
(6) (7)
(8) (9)
QUÌ TÍM XANH
P.P ko màu
2
O
OXIT + H
2
O
(bazơ tan)
t
o
(bazơ ko tan)
+ oxit axit
+ axit
(10)
(11)
(12) (13)
+ axit + bazơ
(14)
(15)
(16)

(17)
(1) SO
3
+ H
2
O H
2
SO
4
(2) CaO + H
2
O Ca(OH)
2
(3) CaO + CO
2
CaCO
3
(4) CO
2
+ Ca(OH)
2
(dư) CaCO
3
+ H
2
O
(5) CuO + HCl CuCl
2
+ H
2

O
(6) Fe + 2HCl FeCl
2
+ H
2
(7) HCl + AgNO
3
AgCl + HNO
3
(8) HCl + NaOH NaCl + H
2
O
(9) H
2
SO
4
+ FeO FeSO
4
+ H
2
O
(10) Ca(OH)
2
+ Na
2
CO
3
CaCO
3
+ 2NaOH

(11) Cu(OH)
2
CuO + H
2
O
(12) Ba(OH)
2
+ SO
2
BaSO
3
+ H
2
O
(13) Fe(OH)
3
+ 3HCl FeCl
3
+ 3H
2
O
(14) Fe + CuSO
4
Cu + FeSO
4
(15) MgCl
2
+ 2NaOH Mg(OH)
2
+ 2NaCl

(16) BaCl
2
+ Na
2
SO
4
BaSO
4
+ 2NaCl
(17) Na
2
CO
3
+ 2HCl 2NaCl + CO
2
+ H
2
O
o
t
s
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1
(A) Na, Ca, H. (B) Ag, Mg, Cu. (C) Na, K, Cu. (D) K, Ag, H.
2
(A) Cu. (B) C. (C) Fe. (D) Al.
3
(A) NO
3
. (B) SO

4
. (C) PO
4
. (D) OH.
4
(A) Zn
2
Cl. (B) ZnCl. (C) ZnCl
2
. (D) ZnCl
3
.
5
(A) CuOH. (B) Cu
2
OH. (C) Cu(OH)
2
. (D) Cu(OH)
3
.
6
2
(SO
4
)
3
là
(A) II. (B) I. (C) III. (D) IV.
7 không đúng?
(A) K

2
O. (B) AlSO
4
. (B) KBr. (D) Mg(NO
3
)
2
.
8 không đúng?
(A) MgSO
4
. (B) KCO
3
. (C) NaCl. (D) Al
2
O
3
.
9
(A) Cu(OH)
2
. (B) HNO
3
. (C) MgO. (D) Na
2
SO
4
.
TOPPER. Chú ý
2

O, K
2
O, CaO, BaO.
2
O
3
không
2
SO
4
3
, H
2
SO
4
2
.
s
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A
4
, HCl, CO
2
, Ca(OH)
2
, HNO
3
, CuO, Zn(NO
3
)

2
, KHSO
4
,
P
2
O
5
OXIT
AXIT
OXIT AXIT OXIT BAZƠ
B
(1) CaO + SO
2

(2) CO
2
+ NaOH (dư)
(3) MgO + HCl
(4) K
2
O + H
2
O
(5) SO
2
+ H
2
O
(6) Fe + H

2
SO
4

(7) Fe(OH)
2
+ HCl
(8) Mg + Cu(NO
3
)
2

(9) HCl + Na
2
CO
3

(10) KOH + Mg(NO
3
)
2

C
(a) Ca CaO Ca(OH)
2
CaCO
3
.
(b) C CO
2

Na
2
CO
3
NaCl.
D
(a)
S SO
2
SO
3
H
2
SO
4

SO
2
H
2
SO
3
Na
2
SO
3
SO
2
Na
2

SO
4
BaSO
4
Na
2
SO
3
(b)
Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
Fe(OH)
3
FeCl
3
Fe
2
O
3
(1) (2) (3)
(5)
(7) (8) (9)
(6)
(10)
(4)
(1)

(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
s
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+ axit
+ O
2
+ phi kim
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
2
OXIT
PHI KIM
OXIT AXIT
+ H
2
+ O
2
K Ba Ca Na Mg Al Zn Fe Ni Sn Pb (H) Cu Hg Ag Pt Au

2
SO
4 2
.

m
n
M
V
n
22, 4
M
.V
– C
M
VD:
2
2,24
0, 04 (mol).
56
2,24
0,1 (mol).
22, 4
s
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M
M
n
C =
V
VD:
4
4

4
:
4
CuSO
16
n 0,1 (mol).
160
M
0,1
C 0,5 (mol/l) hoÆc M.
0, 2
0,5

ct
dd
m
C % = .100 %
m
– m
ct
– m
dd
– m
dd
= m
dung môi
+ m
ct
.
VD:

dd
= 15 + 45 = 60 (gam).
15
C % = .100 % %.
60
25
cC + dD
A
+ m
B
= m
C
+ m
D
VD:
a. PTPƯ: Mg + O
2
MgO
o
t
2
Mg O MgO
m m m
2
O
m 15 9 6 (gam).
s
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E
(A) Mg. (B) Cu. (C) Al. (D) Fe.

F không
(A) Zn và HCl. (B) Fe và CuSO
4
. (C) Cu và HCl. (D) Zn và Pb(NO
3
)
2
.
G không
(A) Fe + HCl (B) P + O
2

(C) Fe + Cl
2
(D) Cu + H
2
O
H
o
t
o
t
Al
2
S
3
Al Al
2
O
3

AlCl
3
Al(OH)
3
Al
2
O
3
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
I
(a) 1,2 gam magie. (b) 3,36 lít khí CO
2
J
khí H
2
2
sinh ra.
K
L
(a)
Fe
FeCl
3
Fe(OH)
3
Fe
2
O
3
Fe

2
(SO
4
)
3
FeCl
2
Fe(OH)
2
FeSO
4
Fe
(b) C
CO
2
CaCO
3
CaO
Ca(OH)
2
Ca(HCO
3
)
2
(1) (2) (3) (4)
(5) (6) (7) (8)
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
M
2
4 %.

4
0,1 M.
s
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VD1:
2
b. Tính V?
c. Tính a?
a. PTPƯ: Fe +2HCl FeCl
2
+ H
2
b.
– Theo PTPƯ ta có:
2
2,24 (lít).
c.
– Theo PTPƯ ta có: n
HCl
= 2n
Fe
= 0,2 (mol).
Fe
5,6
n 0,1 (mol).
56
2
H Fe

n n 0,1 (mol).
0, 2
a M.
0, 2
1
N
2
b. Tính V.
o
s
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O
b. Tính a.
P
2
SO
4
10 %, sau
khí H
2
)
c t
dd
m
C% .100%
m
s
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VD2:
2

a. PTPƯ: Mg + 2HCl MgCl
2
+ H
2
(1)
Zn + 2HCl ZnCl
2
+ H
2
(2)
b.
Ta có: m
A
= 24x + 65y = 8,9 (*)
– Theo PTPƯ (1) ta có:
– Theo PTPƯ (2) ta có:
*) và (**
73,03 %.
2
H
4, 48
n 0,2 (mol).
22, 4
2
H Mg
n n x (mol).
2

H Zn
n n y (mol).
24x 65y 8,9 x 0,1
x y 0,2 y 0,1
Mg
24.0,1
%m .100 % %.
8,9
26, 97

2
x + y = 0,2 (**)
s
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Q
2
SO
4
2
R
2
O
3
H
2
SO
4
2 M.
s
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S
b. Tính V.
T Cho 2,24 lít khí CO
2
b. Tính m.
VD3:
2
c. Tính m.
a. PTPƯ: 1Ba(OH)
2
+ 2HCl BaCl
2
+ 2H
2
O
b.
Ta có: ;
2

2
.
2
sinh ra.
Theo PTPƯ:
20,8 (gam).
2
Ba(OH) HCl
n 0,1.1 0,1 (mol); n 0,15.2 0,3 (mol).

2
Ba(OH)
n
0,1
0,1
1 1
HCl
n
0,3
0,15
2 2
2
Ba(OH)
HCl
n
n
1 2
2 2
BaCl Ba(OH)
n n 0,1 (mol).
s
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Câu
1
D
2
C
3
C
4

C
5
C
6
C
7
B
8
B
A
OXIT
AXIT BAZƠ
OXIT AXIT OXIT BAZƠ
CO
2
, P
2
O
5
CuO HCl, HNO
3
NaOH, Ca(OH)
2
KCl, BaSO
4
, Zn(NO
3
)
2
KHSO

4
B (1) CaO + SO
2
CaSO
3
(2) CO
2
+ 2NaOH (dư) Na
2
CO
3
+ H
2
O
(3) MgO + 2HCl MgCl
2
+ H
2
O
(4) K
2
O + H
2
O 2KOH
(5) SO
2
+ H
2
O H
2

SO
3
(6) Fe + H
2
SO
4
FeSO
4
+ H
2

(7) Fe(OH)
2
+ 2HCl FeCl
2
+ 2H
2
O
(8) Mg + Cu(NO
3
)
2
Mg(NO
3
)
2
+ Cu
(9) 2HCl + Na
2
CO

3
2NaCl + CO
2
+ H
2
O
(10) 2KOH + Mg(NO
3
)
2
2KNO
3
+ Mg(OH)
2
C (a) 2Ca + O
2
2CaO
CaO + H
2
O Ca(OH)
2
Ca(OH)
2 2
CaCO
3
+ H
2
O
(b) C + O
2

CO
2
CO
2
Na
2
CO
3
+ H
2
O
Na
2
CO
3
+ 2HCl 2NaCl + CO
2
+ H
2
O
Câu
9
C
A
B
C
D
E
A
F

C
G
D
s
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D
(a)
(1) S + O
2
SO
2
(2) 2SO
2
+ O
2
2SO
3
(3) SO
3
+ H
2
O H
2
SO
4
(4) SO
2
+ 2NaOH (dư) Na
2
SO

3
+ H
2
O
(5) 2Fe + 6H
2
SO
4
Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ 3SO
2
+ 6H
2
O
(6) H
2
SO
4
+ 2NaOH Na
2
SO
4
+ 2H
2
O

(7) SO
2
+ H
2
O H
2
SO
3
(8) H
2
SO
3
+ 2NaOH Na
2
SO
3
+ H
2
O
(9) Na
2
SO
3
+ 2HCl 2NaCl + SO
2
+ H
2
O
(10) Na
2

SO
4
+ BaCl
2
BaSO
4
+ 2NaCl
(b)
(1) Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ 3BaCl
2
3BaSO
4
+ 2FeCl
3
(2) FeCl
3
+ 3NaOH Fe(OH)
3
+ 3NaCl
(3) 2Fe(OH)
3
Fe
2
O

3
+ H
2
O
(4) Fe
2
O
3
+ 3H
2
SO
4
Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ 3H
2
O
(5) Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ 6NaOH 3Na
2
SO

4
+ 2Fe(OH)
3

(6) 2Fe(OH)
3
+ 3H
2
SO
4
Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ 6H
2
O
o
2 5
450 500 C
V O
0
t
H
(1) 2Al + 3S Al
2
S
3

(2) 4Al + 3O
2
2Al
2
O
3
(3) Al
2
O
3
+ 6HCl 2AlCl
3
+ 3H
2
O
(4) AlCl
3
+ 3NaOH Al(OH)
3
+ 3NaCl
(5) 2Al(OH)
3
Al
2
O
3
+ 3H
2
O

0
t
0
t
0
t
I
(a) n
Mg
= 0,05 mol.
(b)
(c) n
NaOH
= 0,005 mol.
2
CO
n 0,15mol.
J
a. Fe + 2HCl FeCl
2
+ H
2

b. n
Fe
= 0,1 mol.
2
H
n 0,1mol.
K

(a) C% (NaCl) = 20%
(b) C
M
(NaCl) = 0,5 M
L
(a) (1) 2Fe + 3Cl
2
2FeCl
3
(2) FeCl
3
+ 3NaOH Fe(OH)
3
+ 3NaCl
(3) 2Fe(OH)
3
Fe
2
O
3
+ 3H
2
O
(4) Fe
2
O
3
+ 3H
2
SO

4
Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ 3H
2
O
(5) Fe + 2HCl FeCl
2
+ H
2
(6) FeCl
2
+ 2NaOH Fe(OH)
2
+ 2NaCl
(7) Fe(OH)
2
+ H
2
SO
4
FeSO
4
+ 2H
2
O

(8) FeSO
4
+ Mg MgSO
4
+ Fe
o
t
s
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L
(b)
(1) C + O
2
CO
2
(2) CO
2
+ Ca(OH)
2

dư
CaCO
3
+ H
2
O
(3) CaCO
3
CaO + CO
2

(4) CaO + H
2
O Ca(OH)
2
(5) Ca(OH)
2
+ 2CO
2
Ca(HCO
3
)
2
0
t
M (a) m = 131,625 gam. (b) m = 2 gam. (c) m = 3 gam.
N a. 2Al + 6HCl 2AlCl
3
+ H
2

b. V = 6,72 lít.
c. m = 19,2 gam.
O a. NaOH + HCl NaCl + H
2
O
b. a = 2.
P a. % m
Cu
= 70,33%; % m
Al

= 29,67%.
b. m
dd
= 147 gam.
Q a. 2Al + 3H
2
SO
4
Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ 3H
2

Mg + H
2
SO
4
MgSO
4
+ H
2

b. % m
Al
= 52,94%; % m
Mg

= 47,06%.
R a. Al
2
O
3
+ 3H
2
SO
4
Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ 3H
2
O
CuO + H
2
SO
4
CuSO
4
+ H
2
O
b. = 38,93%; % m
CuO
= 61,07%.

S a. Fe dư, m
Fe dư
= 2,8 gam.
b. V = 1,12 lít.
T a. CO
2
+ 2NaOH Na
2
CO
3
+ H
2
O
b. m = 18,6 gam.
2 3
Al O
% m