Tiếng Anh Chuyên Ngành Thủy Lợi

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TRUONG 1l.;.I HQC
THiN
LQI
BQ M6N TItNG ANH
TIENGANH
A •••
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CHUYEN NGANH THUY LOI
•
ENGLISH FOR WATER RESOURCES
(The second edition)
THUVI'EN
TRUONG
CAO
DANG C6NG NGH~
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•
••
HANQI-2010
•
MVCLVC
Len NOI E>AU 5
UNIT I: WHAT IS WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT? 7
UNIT 2: HYDROLOGY : 13
UNIT 3: FLUID MECHANICS 20
UNIT 4: THE SCIENCE OF STRENGTH OF MATERIALS 28
UNIT 5: IRRIGA nON HISTORY 36

UNIT 6: TYPES OF DAMS 41
VOCABULARY - UNIT 1 47
VOCABULARY - UNIT 2 50
VOCABULARY - UNIT 3 55
VOCAB ULAR Y - UNIT 4 57
VOCABULARY - UNIT 5 59
VOCABULARY-UNIT 6 60
TAl LIJ;:UTHAM KHAo 63
I,
3
LOlN6IDAu
Ti€ng Anh ngay cang dm;ycsir d\lng re)ng rai tren toan th~ gim, d~c bi~t la trong linh V\l'C
khoa hQc k)' thu~t Thliy 19i. Vi v~y, d6i vm cac k)' su, sinh vien Thliy 19i thi ti€ng Anh
chuyen nganh th\fc S\f la cful thi€t trong cong vi~c. Xullt pMt tir nhu cAu tren, Be)mon Ti€ng
Anh thlly cful thi€t pMi xay d\fng me)tt~p hai giang nhfun ph\lc Y\I cho nhiing d6i tuc;mgnay.
T~p hai giang ra diJi gop phfrn trang bi cho nguiJi hQc v6n
til
V\fng co bim trong linh
V\fCThliy 19i noi chung, gilip hQ n~m duqc cach sir d\lng cac thu~t ngfr chuyen nganh tren
co
sa
cling c6 cac vlln de ngfr pMp co han lien quan den mili hai dQc. Qua day, hQ co th€ co
duqc nhfrng kMi ni~m ve cac thu~t ngfr lien quan den chuyen nganh, co kha nmg dQc hi~u
va djch duqc cac tai li~u, sac~, t(lP c~i "\hUy Iqi, d6ng thOi hQ co th€ lam vi~c tT\fCti€p vm
cac chuyen gia nuac ngoai de co the tiep c~n duqc vai nhiing thanh l\fu mm clia tien be)
khoa hQc k)' thu~t.
T~p hai giang g6m 6 bai dQc ve chuyen nganh Thliy lqi duqc bien sO(lncho d6i tuc;mg
sinh vien hQc mon TA3 t(li tmang D(li hQc Thliy 19i. Cac bai dQc duqc suu t~p
til

cac cu6n
giao trinh kMc nhau,
til
cac cu6n sach ph6 bien ve chuyen nllanh Thliy 19i. Sau mili hai dQC
cac thfry, co giao trong Be)mon Ti~ng Anh da xay d\fng h~ thOng hai ~p rllt da d(lng va phong
phu d€ ki€m tra, cling c6 cac ki~n thirc ve tir V\fng,ngfr pMp va cach sir d\lng cac thu~t ngfr da
hQc trong tling linh V\l'CC\l th€. Cac hinh iinh minh hQa di kern lam cho t~p bai giang them
sinh de)ng. Cu6i cung Ia h~ th6ng cac thu~t ngfr va
til
V\fng duqc djch sang ti~ng Vi~t d~ gilip
cac em co th€ hi€u cac hai dQc me)tcach d~ dang va nhanh chong han.
Be) mon Ti~ng Anh xin tran trQng cam an Ban Giiim hi~u, Trung !fun Thu vi~n dil 1(10
dieu ki~n thu~ 19i va cac d6ng nghi~p dil ce)ng tac tich C\fCtrong qua trinh bien SO(lnd€ ~p
bai giang nay
sam
ra dOi ph\lc Y\I kip thOi cho b(ln dQc.
Hy ":Qngcu6n giao trinh "Ti€n~ Anh chuyen nganh ThUy
lQi"
se gi~p cac. em sinh
vien hQCtot, nang cao ky nmg dQc hieu cac tai li~u chuyen ngiinh Thliy 19i bmg tieng Anh,
nang cao kha nmg sir d\lng ti€ng Anh clia minh trong linh V\fCThliy 19i.
Rllt mong nh~ duqc nhieu dong gop quy bau clia b(ln dQc gful xa.
Chlic cac b(ln thiinh cong!
Bi} mon Ti€ng Anh
5
UNIT 1: WHAT IS WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT?
People from different professional backgrounds tend to view water resources
management differently. To the ecologist, water resources management is often connected
with reversing the effects of the deterioration of ecosystems, land degradation, pollution and

destruction of wetlands. To the water engineer, water resources management is about dams,
reservoirs, flood protection, diversions, river training, water treatment and reclamation. To the
lawyer, the main issues in water resources management are the ownership of water, systems
of water rights, the priority of use, water markets, water legislation, and international water
law. To the economist, water resources management is connected with economic efficiency,
cost recovery and the attainment of national objectives. It can be truly said that the Water
Resources Management, in all its components, is a multi-disciplinary field.
In recent years, a number of concepts related to water resources are widely used, such as
Water Resources Development, Water Recourses Planning, Water Recourses Management,
and more recently, Integrated Water Resources Management. It is useful to define these
terms, or at least agree on some broad definitions so that those involved in this work have a
common understanding of their meaning.
Water Resources Development: actions, mostly physical, that lead to the beneficial use
of water resources for single or multiple purposes.
Water Resources Planning: planning of the development, conservation and allocation of a
scarce resource (sectoral and intersectoral), matching water availability and demand, taking into
account the full set of national objectives and constraints and the interests of stakeholders.
Water Resources Management: the whole set of technical, institutional, managerial and
operational activities required to plan, operate and manage water resources. In other words,
Water Resources Management can be considered as a process, including all activities on
planning, design, construction and operation of water resources systems.
In recent years, definition of the integrated water resources management has been used.
Integrated Water Resources Management takes accounts of: I. all natural aspects of the water
resources; 2. all sectoral interests and stakeholders; 3. the spatial variation of resources and
demands; 4. relevant policy frameworks (national objectives and constraints); and 5.
institutional levels.
Why Integrated Water Resources Management?
In order to have effective water resources management, the following principles are
required:
7

• National water resources management should be undertaken in a holistic, determined
and sustained manner to meet national development goals and protect the environment.
• Management of specific water resources should be decentralized to an appropriate
level responding to basin boundaries.
• Delivery of specific water services should be delegated to autonomous and
accountable public, private or co-operative agencies providing measured water
services in a defined geographical area to their customers, and/or members, for
appropriate fee.
• Water use in society should be sustainable - with incentives, regulatory controls and
public education promoting economic efficiency, conservation of water resources and
protection of the environment - with a transparent policy framework:
• ~hared water resources within and between nations should be allocated efficiently for
the mutual benefit of all riparian users.
The integrated water resources management will be an effective tool to implement the
above principles.
A. GRAMMAR REVIEW
I. Passive voice:
- In the present simple:
BE
+
P/I
(past participle)
am/ware + P
Il
E.g: Water resources management is defined differently.
- In the present perfect: havel1las+ been +P
Il
E.g: A lot of hydroelectric power plants have been built in Vietnam.
- With modal verbs can/should: can/should +be +P
Il

E.g: + Shared water resources should be allocated efficiently for the mutual benefit
of all riparian users.
+ Water resources management can be viewed differently.
II. Infinitives
- Infinitives are used to express purpose. They answer the question why ?
E.g: A number of hydroelectric power plants have been built to meet the energy
demand.
- Infinitives are used after certain adjectives.
E.g: It is useful to define the terms related to water resources management.
8
+ clause
III. Words of purposes: for, to, in order to, so that
for + N
to
+
V
in order to
so that
E.g: They wentfor a walk.
We come here
to
learn English.
We must eat in order to live.
They went early so that they could get good seats.
B. COMPREHENSION CHECK
I. Answer the following questions
I. What is the view of ecologists on water resources management (WRM)?
2. What is the view of water engineers on WRM?
3. What are the concepts related to water resources?
4. What do these terms mean? Match the term with its definition.

Terms
Definition
I. Water Resources Development
a. a process involving all activities of planning, designing,
constructing and operating water resources systems
2. Water Resources Planning
b. actions resulting in beneficial use of water resources
for one or more purposes
3. Water Resources Management c.
plans to develop, conserve and allocate a scarce
resource; to match availability and demand; to consider
all
the national objectives
and constraints and
the
interests of stakeholders
5 What are the contents of the integrated WRM?
6. How many principles are required to have effective WRM?
II. True, false. Correct the false ones.
I. People from different professional backgrounds have the same view on WRM.
2. To the water engineer, WRM is about dams, reservoirs, flood protection, diversions, river
training, water treatment and reclamation.
9
3. Water Resources Development: actions that result in the beneficial use of water resources
for only one purpose.
4. It is said that WRM involves planning, design, construction, operation of water resources
systems.
5. The government should decentralize management of specific water resources to an
appropriate level responding to basin boundaries.
6. In order to meet national development goals and protect the environment, we should

undertake water resources management determinedly and sustainably, holistically.
C. PRACTICE
I. Translate the text into Vietnamese
II. Word formation:
I. Write the other parts of speech of the words below:
No
Verb
Noun
Adjective
14 attain
13 plan
12 construct
II
8 protect
9 pollute
10 definition
7
6 develop
5 conserve
manage
2 efficient
3 operate
4 allocation
15 reclaim
10
2. Fill in tile blank witll tile words above.
\. Presently the definition of s development is commonly used.
2. Water resources management includes all activities of planning, design, c .
and
0 •••.••

of water resources systems.
3. We must c water resources and
p
our environment.
4. P is a serious problem in many big cities.
5. To the economist, water resources management is connected with economic
e .
of water use.
III. Match a word in column A with an explanation in column
n
A
B
\. reclaim
a. to put something into effect; to carry out something
2. objective
b. suitable; acceptable
3. integrated
c. to transfer power from central government to local government
4. attain
d. distribution of something to somebody for a special purpose
5. allocation
e. to make land fit for farming, egoby bringing water to it or draining it
6. decentralize
f. all the animals and plants in an area, and their relationship to each
other and their environment
7. ecosystem
g. rules; general, scientific laws shown in a way a thing works
8. appropriate
h. purpose, goal, something aimed at
9. principles

i. to succeed in getting something, esp with effort
10. implement
j. with various parts or aspects linked closely together
IV. Make the sentences passive
I. People from different professional backgrounds can view water resources management
differently.
2. The government should decentralize the managemeqt of specific water resources to an
appropriate level.

;
.
11
3. Activities on land pollute rivers, streams and seas.
4. People have used the concept "Integrated water resources management" recently.
5. The government should pass some laws to help protect our environment.
V. Sentence building
1. It! be! important! conserve! water resources .

2. We! study! hard! so that! serve! country .

3. A number! principles! be! required! in order! have! effective water resources management.

4. Shared! water resources! should! allocated! efficiently! for! mutual benefit! users .

5. Fresh water! must! recognized! a scarce commodity! and managed! accordingly .

12
UNIT 2: HYDROLOGY
Hydrology, the scientific study of the water on the Earth, includes their occurrence,
distribution in space and time and their relation to people and the natural environment. Water

is constantly circulating through the water cycle, where evaporation from the oceans and land
produces clouds, leading to the precipitation of rain and snow. This replenishes soil moisture
and underground rock stores, and feeds streams and rivers which flow back into the sea.
Hydrology studies all aspects of the movement of water on the surface of the Earth and within
the underlying soil and rocks.
Water is essential for all forms oflife, but for human beings, it is particularly important.
We can not exist without drinking water, particularly needing clean water to drink; it is vital
for growing vegetables and other crops; as well as for cooking, bathing, washing and for
sanitation. Industry also relies on water as a raw material for manufacturing and for
generating hydroelectricity through water power. Furthermore, rivers are used to dilute
industrial and domestic wastes. As societies become more industrialized, demand for water
continues to grow, yet water is natural resources, and its supply is fixed. Hydrologist works
towards planning the sustainable development and management of these finite water
resources, including planning for extreme events such as floods and droughts.
As a branch of geophysics, hydrology has the objective of measuring and understanding
the physical and chemical processes which control the movement of water through the water
cycle. It includes the study of water's interaction with both the natural environment and with
human activities. Hydrologists are concerned primarily with water movement within the land
phase of the water cycle, yet this represents only 0.6 percent of the world's water; 2.1 percent of
it is locked up in glaciers and sheets, and. 97.3 percent is held in the oceans. Hydrology
overlaps with the scientific study of water in oceans and atmosphere, but these are primarily the
responsibility of oceanography and meteorology. However, considerable overlap also exists
with other sciences, including geology, physics, chemistry, ecology, and biology, because
hydrology is concerned not just with the quantity of water in rivers, but also its quality.
Rainfall and river flow are both unevenly distributed in space and time, and this affects
the availability of water resources. In Britain, the heaviest rainfalls occur in the hilly regions
of Wales, the Lake District, and the Highlands of Scotland, yet the greatest population density
is in the central and south-eastern counties, where rainfall, and hence river flows, are lowest.
On a worldwide scale, imbalances in spatial run-off are even greater. Temporal differences
also cause significant problems, with availability of water in rivers being least in the drier

summer months, when demand for water supply is greatest for watering gardens and for
irrigation. Hydrologists work with engineers to counteract these spatial and temporal
imbalances through design and construction of reservoirs and water transfers, such as the
13
aqueducts transferring water from the Lake District to Manchester, or from the Welsh
mountains to Birmingham.
Hydrology developed originally as a branch of civil engineering, with most efforts
going into provisions of reliable, clean water supplies to rapidly growing urban centers.
Further developments in hydrology helped engineers to design the major irrigation schemes of
India, Africa, and the Southeast Asia, and water- power schemes through out the world.
However, hydrology has now developed into a major science in its own right, concentrating
on the study of all aspects of the distribution and behaviour of water on the land, with
increasing emphasis on water quality and ecological aspects of water.
Hydrology is used to predict the likely effect of natural or artificial changes to rivers
and groundwater flows. Thus, converting farmland to roads or factories reduces infiltration,
and hence produces more rapid run-off of rainfall into rivers and increases flooding. When
forests are cleared to grow crops, there is again more rapid run-off, and hence less recharge of
soil and groundwater stores, which sustains river flows during dry periods. Similarly, global
warming, a consequence of the release of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, is producing
climatic changes which have an effect on rainfall, and hence run-off patterns. Hydrologists
work with climatologists to assess the impact of these anticipated changes by developing
mathematical models of rivers basins, by using their knowledge of the individual processes
within the natural water cycle. These numerical models are used to predict the impact of
changes of land use, or climate, on rivers and aquifer flows, and hence on water resources.
Although water has such a great impact on all aspects of life on earth, it is too often
taken for granted in developed countries, where people tend to be most aware of it only during
extreme events such as droughts and floods, and where a lot of water is often wasted - even in
drier areas. In developing countries, however, many thousands of people died each year from
events such as floods and famines induced by droughts. Hydrology has a vital role to play in
helping to alleviate problems associated with these extreme conditions, and in planning the

development and management of the world's limited freshwater resources.
A. GRAMMAR REVIEW
Passive Voice
I. Form:
II. Uses
BE +PII (Past participle)
1. When the agent of the action is unknown:
Ex: My wallet was stolen last night. (We don't know who stole the wallet)
2. When the agent is unimportant:
Ex: The new students' centre was eompleted last week.
3. When the agent of the action is obvious from the context:
14
Ex: I was born in March of 5. (Everyone knows that it was my mother bore me then)
4. To emphasize (put importance on) the recipient (receiver) of the action:
Ex: Only Jane was injured in the accident.
5. To connect ideas in different clauses more clearly:
Ex: Pharmacologists would like to study the natural 'pharmacy' known as the rainforest, if
this can be done before clear-cutting destroys it.
6. To make generic statements, announcements, and explanations:
Ex: Something should be done about the traffic jams in this town.
B. COMPREHENSION CHECK
I. Answer the following questions
I. What does hydrology study in general? As a branch of geophysics? As a branch of civil
engineering?
2. What is included in the task of hydrologists?
3. What is primary concern that is taken by hydrologists?
4. Does hydrology study what is covered in other sciences? Why?
5. What proves that hydrology has now developed into a major science?
6. Who do hydrologists cooperate with to assess the global warming, climate changes, etc?
7. Which role does the hydrology play?

II. Decide if the following statements are True or False
I. Hydrology is a science that studies all aspects of water movement only on the surface of the
earth.
2. If hydrology is considered as a part of geophysics, it will also study water's interaction with
both the natural environment and with human activities.
3. Hydrology doesn't have any relation with other sciences such as geology, physics,
chemistry, ecology and biology.
4. Hydrology always gives exact prediction on the effects of natural or artificial changes to
river and groundwater flows.
5. Global warming which is produced by green house gases into the atmosphere is also one of
reasons for climatic changes.
15
6. Hydrology plays a crucial role in helping to alleviate problems associated with these
extreme conditions and in planning the development and management of the world's limited
freshwater resources.
III.
Choose
the
best answer
I. Water's importance mentioned in particular in the text includes:
A. drinking water
C. water for industry
B. water for growing vegeiables and other crops
D. all the mentioned above
2. The number of 97.3 percent refers to:
A. the world's water
C. glaciers and sheets
B. water in the oceans
D. water movement
3. Why does hydrology overlap with other sciences?

A. Because it studies water in oceans and atmosphere
B. Because it is concerned with water's quality
C. Because it is concerned with river water's quality and quantity
D. Because it is concerned with the quantity and quality of water
4. According to the text, the imbalances that hydrologists and engineers have to counteract
consist of:
A. temporal differences
B. spatial and temporal imbalances
C. water supply
D. design and construction of reservoirs and water transfer
5. As a branch of civil engineering, hydrology .
A. provides reliable, clean water supplies
B. makes some efforts on providing reliable, clean water supplies
C. makes all efforts on providing reliable, clean water supplies
D. makes almost all efforts on providing reliable, clean water supplies
16
C. PRACTICE
I. Match a word in column A with a definition in column B
I. aquifer a. the protection of public health by removing and treating waste,
dirty water etc
2. aqueduct b. scientific study on movement of water on the surface of earth
and within the underlying soil and rocks
3. evaporation
c. to make a liquid weaker by adding water or another liquid
4. circulate
d. a structure for carrying water, usually one built like a bridge
across a valley or low ground
5. run-off
e. the act of a liquid changing into a gas, especially a steam
6. river basin

f. to move around within a system, or to make something do this
7. hydrology
g. the scientific study of the Earth's atmosphere, especially its
patterns of climate and weather
8. sanitation
h. an area from which all the water flows into the same river
9. dilute
i. rain or other liquid that flows off the land into rivers
10. meteorology
j. a layer of rock or soil that can absorb or hold water
II. Change the sentences into passive voice
1. People use rivers to dilute industrial and domestic wastes.
2. Temporal differences also cause significant problems.
3. Converting farmland to roads or factories reduces infiltration and produces more rapid run-
off of rainfall into rivers and increases flooding.
4. People destroy forests to grow crops.
5. Global warming is producing climatic changes.
6. Hydrologists and climatologists assess the impact of these anticipated changes.
7. Hydrologists and engineers together counteract these spatial and temporal imbalances.
8. Chemical processes control the movement of water interaction.
III. Fill in the blank with a suitable word
In general hydrology is defined as a major science. It studies every side of
the (I) of water on the (2) of the Earth and within the underlying soil
and rocks. Besides, hydrology is also considered as a branch of (3) and .civil
engineering. As a branch of the former, hydrology is studied to measure and understand the
physical and chemical processes. The movement of water is kept under (4) of these
processes. Furthermore, the study of water's interaction with both natural environment and
with human activities is not beyond the scope. As a branch of civil engineering, hydrology
pays due attention to (5) of reliable, clean water supplies to rapidly growing
centres. What's more, hydrology is also used to give prediction to the possible .

(6) of natural or artificial changes to river and ground water flows. Finally, hydrology plays a
(7) role in assisting in solving problems related to these extreme conditions and
in planning the development and management of the world's limited (8)
resources.
IV.
Fill in the blank with one suitable word in the box
potentially
artificial
groundwater
aquifer between
flooding infiltration
recycling hydrologist
1. When a water-bearing rock readily transmits water to wells and springs, it is called
an .
2 refers to the process in which water has penetrated the soil or bedrock and
moves through rocks that have a high pore space.
3. The water comes from and surface water including lakes, rivers, recharge
ponds, and even waste-water treatment systems.
4. Water resources are sources of water that are useful or useful to humans.
5. Irrigation is the application of water to the soil usually for assisting in growing
crops when there is not enough water for crops or land.
6. Soil moisture is the water that is held in the spaces soil particles.
7. The water cycle is a process that is constantly the Earth's supply of water.
8. The heavy rain has led to serious .in some areas.
9. A practitioner of hydrology is a .
V. Word formation
1. Water is vital for growing vegetables and other crops, as well as for cooking, bathing and
for (sanitary)
2 work with engineers to counteract these spatial and temporal imbalances.
(hydrology)

3. Converting farmland to roads or factories reduces (infiltrate) and produces
more rapid run-off of rainfall into rivers and increases (flood)
4. Hydrology has a vital role in planning the development and management of the
world's freshwater resources. (limit)
5. Hydrology studies all aspects of the of water on the surface of the earth and
within the underlying soil and rocks. (move)
6. Global warming is producing changes which have an effect on rainfall, and
hence run-offpattems. (climate)
7. Hydrology has now developed into a major in its own right. (scientific)
8. The uneven distribution of rainfall and river flows affects the of water
resources. (available)
9. Water has with people and the natural environment. (relate)
10. We canno!. without drinking water. (existence)
18
VI. The picture below describes the water cycle. Look at the picture and read the
following text about water cycle. Fill in the blank with a suitable word


-
t
Evaporation
Wat ••
Vapour
\~
Oc.an
Riv.r
-
-
t
Transphatiotl

flrom plants)
t
-
Groundwdter
Flow
P,.dpifallon:
(Ralnfalll
!;
i ;
/

/
•.•.
//
The water cycle is the way the Earth uses and recycles water. It's controlled (I) the
sun, which produces energy (2) the form of heat. This heat energy causes the
water in the world's (3), lakes, and even puddles in your backyard to warm and
evaporate.
When water is heated, it changes from a liquid to a gas. This gas is called (4), and
the process is called evaporation. When plants give off water vapor, it's called (5).
When water evaporates, it rises into the cooler air, collects, and forms clouds. There, the
water vapor molecules cool down and change back into liquid water. This is called
condensation.
As more and more water vapor cools into the clouds, the water droplets that form the clouds
become larger and larger. These droplets get so big that the swirling winds in the atmosphere
can no longer hold them up. The (6) fall from the sky.
19
UNIT 3: FLUID MECHANICS
Undoubtedly you have observed the movement of clouds in the atmosphere, the flight
of birds through the air, the flow of water in streams, and the breaking of waves at the

seashore. Fluid mechanics phenomena are involved in all of these. Fluids include gases and
liquids, with air and water as the most prevalent. Some of the many other aspects of our lives
that involve fluid mechanics are flow in pipelines and channels, movements of air and bloorl
in the body, air resistance or drags, wind loading on buildings, motion of projectiles, jets,
shock waves, lubrication, combustion, irrigation, sedimentation, and meteorology and
oceanography. The motions of moisture through soils and oil through geologic formations are
other applications. A knowledge of fluid mechanics is required to properly design water
supply systems, wastewater treatment facilities, dam spillways, valves, flow meters, hydraulic
shock absorbers and brakes, automatic transmissions, aircraft, ships, submarines, breakwaters,
marinas, rockets, computer disk drives, windmills, turbines, pumps, heating and air
conditioning systems, bearings, artificial organs, and even sports items like golf balls, yachts,
race cars, and hang gliders. It is clear that everybody's life is affected by fluid mechanics in a
variety of ways. All engineers should have at least a basic knowledge of fluid phenomena.
Fluid mechanics is the science of the mechanics of liquids and gases, and is based on
the same fundamental principles that are employed in the mechanics of solids. The mechanics
of fluids is more complicated subject than the mechanics of solids, however, because with
solid one deals with separate and tangible elements, while with fluids there are no separate
elements to be distinguished.
Fluid mechanics can be divided into three branches: fluid static is the study of the
mechanics of fluids at rest; kinematics deals with velocities and streamlines without
considering forces or energy; and fluid dynamics is concerned with the relations between
velocities and accelerations and the forces exerted by or upon fluids in motion.
Classical hydrodynamics is largely a subject in mathematics, since it deals with an
imaginary ideal fluid that is completely frictionless. The results of such studies, without
consideration of all the properties of real fluids, are of limited practical value. Consequently,
in the past, engineers turned to experiments, and from these developed empirical formulas that
supplied answers to practical problems. When dealing with liquids, this subject is called
hydraulics.
Empirical hydraulics was confined largely to water and was limited in scope. With
developments in aeronautics, chemical engineering, and the petroleum industry, the need

arose for a broader treatment. This has led to the combining of classical hydrodynamics (ideal
fluids) with the study of real fluids, both liquids (hydraulics) and gases, and this combination
we call fluid mechanics. In modem fluid mechanics the basic principles of hyrodynamics are
combined with experimental data. The experimental data can be used to verify theory or to
provide information supplementary to mathematical analysis. The end product is a unified
body of basic principles of fluid mechanics that we can apply to the solution of fluid-flow
problems of engineering significance. With the advent of the computer, during the past 25
years the entirely new field of computational fluid dynamics has developed. Various
numerical methods such as finite differences, finite elements, boundary elements, and
analytical elements are now used to solve advanced problems in fluid mechanics.
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A. GRAMMAR REVIEW
1. Passive voice
FORM: be + Past Participle (PP) (+ by + noun/noun phrase)
- Present Simple: amIislare
+
PP
Example: Fluid mechanics phenomena are involved in all of these.
- Past Simple: was/were
+
PP
Example: Empirical hydraulics was confined largely to water and was limited in scope.
- Infinitive:
• Modal verbs: modal auxiliary verb + be + PP
Example: The experimental data can be used to verify theory or to provide information
supplementary to mathematical analysis.
• to be + PP
Example: There are no separate elements to be distinguished.
- In
relative clause (s/lOrtenedform): Theforces exerted by or uponfluids in motion.

USE:
- When it is not necessary to mention the doer of the action.
- We choose the active or passive depending on what we are more interested in.
2.Adverbs
FORMATION OF ADVERBS WITH
Lf
- adj
+
ly: undoubtedly, largely, properly, entirely, consequently
- y
->
ily
- Ie
->
ly
FUNCTIONS
- modify a verb: A knowledge of fluid mechanics is required to properly design water
supply systems
- modify an adj: during the past 25 years the entirely newfield of computationalfluid
dynamics has developed.
- modify the whole sentence/clause: Consequently, in the past, engineers turned to
experiments, and from these developed empirical formulas that supplied answers to
practical problems.
POSITIONS
- Adverbs of manner: usually come after the verb, but if the object is long we usually
put the adverb before the verb.
Example: A knowledge of fluid mechanics is required to properly design water supply
systems
- Adverbs of time: usually come at the beginning or the end of the sentence or clause, but
in passives, come after the auxiliary.

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",
Example: analytical elements are now used to solve advanced problems in fluid
mechanics.
- Sentence adverbs: at the beginning, at the end or after the verb "to be"
Example:
Undoubtedly you have observed the movement
0/
clouds in the atmosphere, the flight
0/
birds through the air, the flow
0/
water in streams, and the breaking
0/
waves at the
seashore.
Classical hydrodynamics is largely a subject in mathematics.
3. Word/ormation: SUFFIXES
Nouns:
-ment:
move
+
movement
treat
+
treatment
develo'p
+
development
-iOIl, -atioll: lubricate

+
lubrication
combust
+
combustion
irrigate
+
irrigation
accelerate
+
acceleration
relate
+
relation
consider
+
consideration
form
+
formation
inform
+
information
apply
+
application
compute
+
computation
-ellce, -ance: different

+
difference
significant
+
~ignificance
resist
+
resistance
Adjectives:
-ary: imagine
+
imaginary
supplement
+
supplementary
-al: practice
+
practical
experiment
+
experimental
theory
+
theoretical
mathematics
+
mathematical
analysis
+
analytical

computation
+
computational
-less:
friction
+
frictionless
4. Special expressions
Be concerned with: lien quan tOi
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Be combined with: duQ'cket hgp vrn
Be involved in: xuAthi~n
Ct
B. COMPREHENSION CHECK
I. Decide if the following statements are TRUE (T) or FALSE (F)
1. The movement of clouds in the atmosphere and the flow of water in streams are not
affected by fluid mechanics.
2. The mechanics of solids, which deals with tangible elements is not as complicated as the
mechanics of fluids.
3. The relations between velocities and accelerations and the forces exerted by or upon fluids
are the main point in the study of the mechanics of fluids at rest.
4. The results of the studies of classical hydrodynamics are used to supply answers to
practical problems.
5. The unified body of basic principles of fluid mechanics can be applied to the solution of
fluid-flow problems of engineering significance.
II. Answer the following questions:
1. What is the definition of fluid mechanics?
2. Why does an engineer need to have knowledge about fluid mechanics?
3. What is more complicated, the fluid mechanics or solid mechanics? Why?
. 4. What is the function of kinematics?

5. What is hydraulics for?
6. Why did we have to combine the classical hydrodynamics with the study of real fluids?
7. Why do we need experimental data?
8. How can we deal with advanced problems in fluid mechanics now?
C. PRACTICE
I. Change the following sentences into actives
I. Everybody's life is affected by fluid mechanics in a variety of ways.
Fluid mechanics .
2. Analytical elements are now used by hydraulic engineers to solve advanced problems in
fluid mechanics.
Hydraulic engineers : .
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3. In modem fluid mechanics, the basic principles of hydrodynamics are combined with
experimental data by researchers.
In modern fluid mechanics, researchers .
"
.
4. The experimental data can be used to verify theory in mathematical analysis.
Scienl isIs can .
5. For engineers, knowledge of fluid mechanics is required to properly design water supply
systems.
Engineers should have .
II. Match a word with its definition
I. hydraulics
A. connected with scientific experiments.
2. at~osphere
B. using a logical method of thinking about sth in order to understand it,
especially by looking at all the parts separately.
3. dynamics
C. a liquid or a substance that can flow.

4. experimental
D. a machine that is used to force liquid, gas or air into or out of sth.
5. turbine
E. to use power or influence to affect sb/sth.
6. analytical
F. the science of the forces involved in movement.
7. absorb
G. the mixture of gases that surrounds the earth.
8. fluid
H. a machine or an engine that receives its power from a wheel that is
turned by the pressure of water, air or gas.
9. pump'
I. the science of the use of liquids moving under pressure.
10. exert
J.
to take in a liquid, gas or other substance from the surface or space
around.
III. Word formation
1. Fluid mechanics provides the foundation for hydraulics. (THEORY)
2. Man uses hydraulics in many different (APPLY)
3. With the advent of the computer, during the past 25 years the new field of
computational fluid dynamics has developed. (ENTIRE)
4. Hydraulics is a topic of science and engineering dealing with the .
properties of liquids. (MECHANICS)
5. Modem fluid mechanics continues to be a of experimental results and
theory. (COMBINE)
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IV. Find thc odd onc out: Among tile following words or pllrases in eacll group tilere is a
word! pllrase wllicll does not belong to tile group
1. a. aeronautics

b. chemical engineering
c. mechanics d. principles
2. a. fluid mechanics
b. fluid statics
c. kinematics d. fluid dynamics
3. a. velocities b. fluids c. accelerations d. forces
4. a. liquids
b. gases c. elements d. solids
5. a. pipelines b. channels
c. dam spillways d.submarines
V. Fill each of the following gaps with an appropriatc word
Tile Basic Idea of How Hydraulic Machines Work
The basic idea behind any hydraulic system is very simple: Force that is applied at one
point is transmitted to another point using an incompressible fluid. The fluid is almost always
an oil of some sort. The force is almost always multiplied in the process. The picture below
shows the simplest possible hydraulic system:
Apply
Force
In this drawing, two pistons (red) fit into two glass cylinders filled with oil (light blue)
and connected to one another with an oil-filled pipe. If you apply a downward
____ (1) to one piston (the left one in this drawing), then (2) force is
transmitted to the second (3) through the oil in the (4). Since
____ (5) is incompressible, the efficiency is very good - almost all of the applied
force appears at the (6) piston. The great thing about hydraulic systems is
that the pipe connecting the two (7) can be any length and shape, allowing
it to snake through all sorts of things separating the (,8)pistons. The pipe can
also fork, so that one master cylinder can drive more than one slave cylinder if desired.
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