Giá trị sáng tạo chữ viết hangul và vai trò của nó trong phát triển văn hóa, giáo dục hàn quốc

D~ HQC QUOC GIA HA NQI

.

TRlJONG DAI HOC
. KHOA HOC
. XA HOI
. VA NHAN VAN

1\HOA OONG PHUONG HQC

,.

..

_......

KY YEU HQI THAO KHOA HQC

GIA TRI• SANG TAO
CHU VIET HANGUL
•
VA VAl THO CUA NO THONG PHAT THIEN VAN HOA,
GlAD DUC
. HAN QUOC
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(V6'i Slf tai trfi cua Quy Han Quoc)

KYOG

HA NQI, 10/2006

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Trang
v~

St! sang t~o chfr vie't Hangul Hua'n dan chinh am va vai

tro cua n6 trong phat tri€n van hoa giao dvc Korea.
GS. TS. Le Quang Thiem

1

Vua Sejong (1418 -1450) va S':f sang t~o chit Hangul.
TS. Le EJinh Chlnh

7

Nguyen t~c phien am chit Hangul sang chit Latinh.

15

ThS. Le Thj Thu Giang
Tim hidu luNguytffn Thj Thu Ha

27

Thtr khao sat nh~n thuc cua ngudi Han v~ chit vie't Hangul.

37

HaGiang

Nhfrng u'u di€m n6i b~t cua Hangul.
LfKinhHMn

41

Chit vie't Hangul va mTS. Le Dang Hoan

55

Hangul voi v~n d~ giao dl:!C nfr gioi thdi Joseon.
Nguytffn Thi Thu Huang

61

Chit vie't Hangul trong buc- tranh chfr vie't the' gioi va
khu vue.

69

TS. Tr.inh Cim Lan
S\f ra d6i cua Hangul - Nhfrng chfnh sach ph6 c~p va
nhfrng thang td.m trong lich str.

81

ThS. Nguyin Phudng Lam

Buoc d~u tim hi€u moi quan h~ gifra am va chit trong h~

thong van t1;t Hangul.
D6 Thanh Thao JU'ien

85


Doi net v~ Hangul va chit qu6c ngit Vi~t Nam.
ThS. Vo Thj Jhu Nguy~t

91

Suy nghr v~ tinh hinh dao t~o tieng Han (J m('>t tntCing
D~i

h9c dan l~p.
Tra'n Thanh Nhan

97

Thuyet am dtteing ngil hanh va thien dia nhan trong Hangul.
JhS. Ha Minh Thanh

103

H¢ thong chit Hangul va tinh ttu vi¢t cua n6.

111

D6 Tien Thing va Lee Kye Sun
Hi~n

ttt<;:ing doi l~p v~ m~t ngti' nghra trong t1;1c ngti' Vi¢t
vaHan.

119

ThS. nin Van Tieng

o

Olit viet Hangul va s~ ra doi n~n van h9c qu6c ngii Korea.
Tra'n Th zic Vi~t

129

Giao dvc tieng Han t~i Truong B~i h9c Ba L~t.

135

Nguyin Thj Thanh Hoa
"Hua'n dan chinh am" va bang chit cai tieng Han.
Dao Vil Vil

141

Vai net v~ tieng Han Qu6c t~i Hue.
Nguytfn Vii1h Lf)c

149

11


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Le Quang Thiem .ii!.f::
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Le EJinh Chinh

7

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15

Le Thi Th u Giang -!4A f

27

Nguyen Thi Thu Ha
~~0111:ll~~~A}~~ ~~~A}

37

Ha Giang

41
Ly Kinh Hiei}_ ~
~~ ~

7}A191

~~

Le Dang Hoan
~~ ~ 3:: ~A11:11

55

1!fA f

Oi .Aj .ill.~

Nguyen Thi Thu Huang
J.-11 ~1 ~

61

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A1 ~ .3i llTI ~

69

Trinh Cam Lan /!fAf
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Nguyen Phuong Lam ~ ~1 ..A[--

81


~~~ gJ!}~A}~~l ~T

85

EJo Thanh Thao Mien
~~ ~

llll E 'if ~61 011

~ -6}c:ij

91

Vo Thi Thu Nguyet ~ ~rf4~~~~~~~61~~~~~~~~

Tran Thanh Nhan
~~ ~

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4.Af

{i Al <"{! ).}AJ-

Ha Minh Thanh

97

103

q.Af
111

EJo Tien Thang & Lee Kye Sun

l:lil E 'if- ~~4i-tf~ 61 ~ ~ ~ ~Acf
Tran Van Tieng --±/.A f

119

~~ ~ ~~~ ~61{f-~ lfr"'~

129

Tran Th uc Viet
45!-~~~~ ~~61 ~~~~

135

Nguyen Thi Thanh Hoa
~~61

°1 °~71
EJao Vu Vu

4-011 ~

141

cJ! ~f! /.j

~~61 ~ ~ ~ ~

149

Nguyen Vinh Lac

lV


VE
'

su. SANG TAO
. CHU VIET HANGUL HUAN DAN CHiNH AM
'

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,

,

,..?

VA VAl TRO CUA NO TRONG PHAT TRIEN
VAN HOA GIAO DUC
. KOREA
GS. TS Le Quang Thiem

1. Hom nay Ia ngay 7/10, con hai hom nfra la 9/10/2006 la ngay ky
ni~m

tron 560 nam ngay cong bo chfr viet Hangul va Hun min Chong urn

(huan dan chinh am) cua Korea.
Vi~c

ra dOi. chfr viet Hangul (chit viet Han ngay nay) va cong bo Hm1n

dan chmh am duqc coi la sv ki~n van tv, ngon ngit, van hoa
Korea. SlJ sang ti;io h~ thong chit viet Hangul va

vi~c

lan cua nhan dan

cong bo sir d\ffig r(mg rai

trong nhan dan khong chi la m(>t sv ki~n ngon ngit van t1! rna la m(>t sv ki~n
cua giao dlfC van hoa van minh. Boi vl v6'i h~ thong van tv d(>c dao va triet

ly

sang tq.o n6 duqc git'ii thich va quan tri~t da g6p phftn to 16n vao vi¢c phat tri~n
van hoa, giao dvc

y thuc va long tV hao dan t(>c cua Korea tit gifra the k:Y

15

cho den ngay nay va tuan.g lai.
2. Cling nhu nhieu ngon ngit cua cac dan t(>c khac 0 vilng Dong

A,

trong m(>t thai gian dill hang chlfc the ky tien Han khong c6 chit viet. M<;>i hlnh
thuc giao tiep deu thvc hi¢n b!ng tieng n6i. M(>t ngon ngit rna chua c6 chit viet
Ia thieu di m(>t tieu chf cua xa h(>i van minh d6 la theo cac Mac va Ph Anghen
xac dinh (Phoi bach sv doi l~p gifra quan di~m duy v~t va duy tam chu nghia
trong h~ tu tuemg Due). Va ngon ngit d6 cling khong th~ thlJc hi~n day du cac
chuc nang quan tr<;>ng Va da dq_ng CUa no nhU chuc nang cong Clf quan trQng
cua giao tiep tu duy luu giit tang trfr thong tin, chuc nang thi phap sang tq.o van
hoa thanh van. Thai bay gia Korea cling nhu Vi~t Nam va Nh~t Ban phii
muqn chfr Han dung tieng Han nhu ngon ngit chinh thuc cua cac nha nuoc dan


Creative value of Hangul script and its role in the development of Korean culture and education

t(>c. Vao gifra the ky thil 8 dum tri~u Shila nguOi Han rna dC;li di?n la Solchong
da sang
N6m

~o

ra mqt loC;li chu viet cho tieng Han gQi la Idu tucmg t1! nhu chu

ata. Chii ldu cau ~o theo phucmg thilc tuqng hlnh nhu chit Han va duqc

danh gia la "tam thuemg, que mila" vi n6 da dimg chu viet kh6ng khac gi chit

Han va xa xi doi vm chung ta (tile d6i vm nguoi Han loi phe phan ciia Choc
Malli). Chinh vi v~y rna sv ra dOi ca chit viet Hangul va huan dan chfnh am
duqc dinh gia la m(>t sv sang tC;lo dan tqc d(>c dao c6 y nghia to l6n.
3. B6i canh ra dm cua chii viet Hangulla vao the ky 15 thu(>c doi vua
thil 4 cua tri~u di!-i h~u Chason tri~u d~ rna xa h¢i phong kien Korea dC;lt den
dinh cao cua sv phat tri€n (nhu tri~u h~u Le ciia ta cling thai). Duoi tri~u di!-i
nay nhan dan Korea da c6 nhi~u thanh tvu sang tC;tO to 16n trong cac nganh
khoa h<;>c nhu; dja ly, ljch si'.r, thien van, am nhC;tc, ngon ngit, phap lu~t. .. Nhi~u
tac phfun da tra thanh c6 di€n do vi?n danh nhan hay con g<;>i la Vi?n t~p hi~n
t6 chile bien SOC;lll tfUOC tac rna vua Sejong (1418 -1450) la nguoi dUng dau
trong d6 (giong nhu Le Thanh Tong
CO CO

anuoc ta voi Tao d~m nhi th~p bat tu. D€

sa khoa hQC Va th1fC ti~n cho Sl;f sang t~O nha vua da cho cac nhorn bQC

gi'.ri qua Trung Qu6c va cac vuang qu6c Ian bang nghien CUu, m(>t so khac di
di~u

tra

acac d!a phuang. Suu t~p cac con tri?n phan tfch ve tren cac dau tri?n

con tri?n ca nhan d€ ve thi'.r, viet thi'.r cac dC;tng net chfr viet, tim each t6 hqp ket
hqp net chit theo loi modul hoa tC;to thanh h? th6ng chfr viet Hangul. Vua
Sejong la nguoi chu tri trong ca qua trinh nay. Cu6i cling vao nam 1443, 1444
va den 1446 thi chinh thilc c6ng b6 Hangul cling voi Huan dan chinh am, t~
hi€u nhu Ia am chinh xac d€ truy~n th\1 giao huan cho dan, giai thfch hu6ng
dftn each thilc, nguyen ly sang tC;lO h? th6ng chit viet moi rna nhan dan can thau

hi€u va dung theo.
4. Phai n6i rfulg vi?c sang t~o chfr viet Hangul .va c6ng bo Huan dan
chfnh am la m(>t vi?c lam c6 y nghia khoa h<;>c d(>c dao, y nghla van boa to Ion.

Ynghia khoa hqc n6i b~t 0 ch6: MHan tuqng hlnh rna nguyen t~c sang tC;to chfr Hangul lC;ti lam theo l6i ghi fun

2


Gia trt sang t90 chir viet Hangul va vai tr6 cua n6 trong phat trien van hoa, giao dl,IC Han Quoc

gan gfii voi nguyen tac sang t<;1o chfr La Tinh, chfr viet Slavo (Kirin Mephodl)
ciia Phuong Tay. Hai Ut each thuc t6 hqp net chfr, nguyen tac hqp to duqc th~
hi~n r6 theo loi phat sinh (lt ket hqp l~i th~mh nhieu, don thanh phuc) c(>ng vai

phuong thuc modul hoa (lap ghep theo khoi) d~ th~mh am tiet, ca.c am phuc. Ba
la each sap xep bai trf l~i theo loi do hlnh chu khong hoan toan hlnh tuyen gay
an tuqng t<;1o hlnh khoi dyp, can doi trong t6 hqp net chii. Cach sap xep bai trf
nay c6

y nghia kien true dyp trong hlnh tuqng, lqi the cho bai trf, qmlng cao,

t<;1o dieu ki~n cho ngh~ thu~t thi phap nhu chu Han va dieu nay

lam cho m(>t so

nha ngon ngfr hQC chUa biet h~ thong chfr viet nay lam tUCmg rang day Ia h~
thong chu viet tuqng hlnh. C6 th~ n6i

y tuong ket hqp

truyen thong vai d6i

rnm, sang t<;lO chQn nguyen tac gan gUi voi nguyen tac sang t~o chu viet
phuong Tay ket hqp v6'i net Dong Ath~t r6 net.
5. D~c di~m uu vi~t va c6 y nghia van hoa to IOn. la

ad(>ng CO' va y thuc

sang t~o ciia Sejong va nh6rn quan than. Nha vua quan ni~rn rang vi~c muqn
dung chu Han la can thiet, nhung c6 nhieu kh6 khan va h~n che doi voi nguoi
dan. V~y can thiet sang t~o ra rn(>t h~ thong chu viet dan t(>c ghi llili chinh xac
tieng n6i ciia nhan dan d~ d9c, d~ nh6'. Trong Huan dan chfnh am c6 do~ viet:
"C6 khf h~u va dat dai trong 4 phuong troi la khac nhau. Nbfrng ltJc luqng v?t
chat cling nhu loi n6i cling khong giong nhau. Ngon ngu cua cac dan t(>c khac
nhau c6 each phat am rieng nhung l<;1i thieu chu viet nen ta muqn chu Han d~
thtJc hi~n cai can thiet n6i tren. Tuy v~y d6 la rn¢t co gang kh6 khan nhu ta
phai dun ban tay xuyen qua m(>t lo tron hyp v~y. Chinh vile d6 rna dieu quan
tn;mg dan t(>c ta phcli theo thl;l'c ti~n phat am ciia than dan rna lam ra chu viet
rieng d~ hQC, d~ nh6'. "Luc bay gia c6 nhieu hQC gia uyen tham Han hQC khong
tan thanh vi~c sang t~o ra Hangul thl Sejong qua quyet rang vi~c kh6 khan va
c6

y nghia Ian rna ta khong lam thl ai lam".

Vao dtp cong bo chfnh thuc chfr

viet Hangul vua c6 lm n6i dau giai thich d¢ng co 6ng lam vtec nay va m¢t
phl;l ta la Chong Il Ji viet loi giai trlnh giai thich qua trlnh sang t~o h~ thong

chfr viet, thuyet phl;lc nhfrng nguoi phan doi, khuyen dl;l nhan dan hqc theo. C6
th~ nh~n thay vao thffi bay gio rna CO

Vl

VUa CO

y thUC dan tQC,

nghi ve dan nhu v~y thl th~t dang n~ trQng va tOn vinh xilng dang.

khoa hQC Va


Creative value of Hangul script and its role in the development of Korean culture and education

6.

Y nghia khoa h<;>c d¢c dao va van boa to 16n cua Hangul va Huan dan

chinh am con th~ hi~n

atriet ly sang t~o sau site. H~ thong bang chfr cong b6

dau tien Ia 27 con chfr (nay dung 24) bao gom 7 ky hi~u ghi nguyen am, 17 ky
hi~u ghi phl;l am va 4 ky hi~u phl;l. Con so gan ba Chl;IC con chi! nay dung d~

ghi toan b¢ h~ thong (nguyen am, phl;l am) l~i duqc t6 hqp chi tit m¢t s6 net
chfr goc it bCJn, dCJn gian hem rna cac net chfr nay l~i duqc lien h¢i bi~u trung
boa tir CCJ

ky

hi~u

sa thlJc ti~n va triet ly triet hQC mang mau sac pbuoog Dong. Nhii'ng

goc m¢t b¢

ph~n

mo phong tuqng trung cbo ca quan b¢ may phat am

va phuang thrrc cau fun, vi nhu cac net chfr ghi ph1:1 am. Trong phl;l am
bi~t

l~i

pban

am dau va ph1:1 fun cuoi trong am triet. Cac net cbfr ph1:1 am nay l~i lien ket

t6 hqp d~ ~o ra ky hi~u ph1:1 am phuc. SlJ ket hqp, t6 bqp v6i net g6c ph\1 am
duqc lien h(>i, gicii thich theo triet ly Thai Cl;l'C va Am ducmg ngli hanh trong
Chu dich. Ba Icy hi~u goc nguyen am chi la 3 net chfr dCJn gian, t~m gQi la 3
net cham(.) ngang (-) s6 (I). Banet goc l~i c6 th~ t6 hqp theo m¢t so each
(phai sinh) d~ t~o thanh cac chfr nguyen am phuc. Banet goc duqc lien h¢i giai
thich theo thuyet Tam tai, thien dia nhan hqp nhat. C6 th~ nh~n thay r~ng
nbfrng blnh dung gifii tbicb bi~U trung boa gttn v6i nguyen ly triet hQC Va tblJC
ti~n trong Hangul va Huan dan chfnh am th~t tham buy sau sac. Nhln nh~n

toan b(> sang t<;to c6 th~ rut ra nhieu h~ lu~n, nhung theo t6i c6 m(>t sqi chi do
quan xuyen rna ta c6 th~ thay la: Sejong va cac tac gia sang t~o da lam ra m¢t
c6ng Cl;l hfi'u hi~u (chfr viet) d~ ghi l~i thU tai san VO cung quy gia CUa dan tQC
(la ngon ngfr) va dung n6 nhu m¢t c6ng C\1 c6 hi~u ll;l'c vo song d~ thong nhat
phat tri~n co dtnh van boa, van minh dan t(>c v6i ban linh ban sac rieng, v6i
d¢ng CCJ sang t~o va triet ly sang t~o vo cling sau sac. Gia tri sang t~o cua
Hangul va Huan dan chinh am th~t xl'rng dang d~ t6 chuc van boa giao dl;lc cua
LHQ (UNESCO)

l~p

ra gicii thuang vua Sejong (1989) va cong

nh~

la Di s
tu li~u van t1J the gi6i. (Memory of the world 1997)
7. Chi! viet Hangul ra dO'i da dong m¢t vai tro to Ian trong phat tri~n
giao d1:1c va van hoa dan t(>c Han. Cling giong nhu chfr Nom amr6c ta m¢t thai
roi chfr Quoc ngu· tiep theo chfr viet Hangul

4

a xu· Han cling nhieu luc bi lam


Gia trt sang !90 ch(J viet Hangul va vai tr6 cua n6 trong phat trien van hoa, giao dye Han Qu6c
V~lO

hoan d.nh thang tram, coi nhy. Do anh huang cua chii' Han va van hoa

Han con m~nh, nen m¢t so tri~u d~i ve sau it dung, it
D~c bi~t

d~

cao chii' viet dan t¢c.

du6'i thai ky bi do h¢ boi the Ivc nu6'c ngoai thl n6 bi cam dung cam

hQC t~p. truyen ba. Tuy nhien nhu m¢t gia tri sang t<;tO c6 c¢i re tu ban sac dan
t¢c, chu viet Hangul va quan di~m tien b¢ cua Huan dan chinh am vftn song,
van phat huy chong l~i thanh cong
van

tv Phuong

ffiQi

lmh hubng du la cuemg quoc van hoa,

Tay. Vai tro to l6n ciia n6 trong giao d1;lc, van hoa c6 nhieu

m~t, song n6i b~t hon ca theo doi la m¢t so di~m Ian sau day.

M¢t Ia do tfnh uu vi~t de hQC, de nh6' cua n6 nen duqc nhieu nguoi dan
h9c theo. Chfr viet Hangul con g9i Ia chfr viet bu6i sang, boi c6 th~ h9c thu¢c
n6 trong m¢t ngay, m¢t bu6i. C6 nguoi con gQi n6 la chu viet vi d~i. Hi~u qua
thtJc te khi duqc ph6 bien la giup cho gan 100% dan chung thoat n<;tn mu chfr

trong m¢t thai gian ngan.
Hai la tir khi n6 ra doi, vm sl;t neu guO'ng sang tac ciia vua Sejong va cac
c~n than, cac hi~n tai thuc gia n6 da m0 dau xay dvng va phat tri~n m¢t n~n

van hQc dan t¢c c6 nhieu tac pham di vao c6 di~n nhu truy~n Xuan Huong va
c6 nhieu tac pham cua nhi~u nha van nha tho tieu bi~u khac. Khong nhfrng the
nhfrng sang tac dan gian, phonclo cung duqc suu t~p. co d!nh l~i bang van ban
Hangul, nhi~u hQC gia sang t<;tO cac rum VlJC dia 1;1, lich Slr, phap lu~t cung th~
hi~n ket qua tu tubng cua mlnh bang chii' Hangul. C6 th€ n6i m¢t nen khoa h9c

nhan Van phong phu, sau sac da dUQ'C sang t(;LO, lUU gifr bang thU Van tl! nay.

Ba la d~c di€m c6 vai tro to 1&1 trong van hoa giao d~c la 0 gia tri tl;t
than Sl;f sang t<;to nay (Hangul va Huan dan chinh am). N6 la bi~u hi~n cua

y

thuc va Sl! sang t~o d(>c dao dan t¢c. Vl v~y khi n6 ton t~i. hanh chuc luon luon
la niem khfch 1~. ni6m tl! hao dan t¢c chfnh dang, la sue m~nh chong l~i sv
dong boa eua ngo~i bang. Gia tri tlJ hao dan t¢e, sue m~nh dan t¢e ket gan v6'i
ehu viet Hangul va Huan dan ehfnh am doi v6'i nhan dan Han

th~t 1a to

Ian.

8. Tu nhieu nam nay, khi tim hi~u quan h~ hai nu6'e, ehung ta eung nhu
nhieu dong nghi~p Han Quoe nh~n thay rang Vi~t Nam va Han Quoe e6 nhi~u
tuong dong ve 4eh sir va van hoa, giao d1;lC. Tun hi~u v~ ehu viet Hangul va

Creative value of Hangul script and ffs role in the development of Korean culture and education
Hu~n

dan chfnh am chung ta dmg c6 dieu ki¢n li~n h¢ va phat huy nhi!ng sang

t~o d¢c dao to 16n trong truemg ky l!ch

str ki~n cuemg cua hai dan t¢c vao cong

cu¢c xay dlJilg phat tri~n moi ngay nay.
Hom nay chung ta t6 chile h¢i thao khoa hQc va ciing Ut dip d~ kY ni¢m
ngay ra doi va cong b6 Hangul va Hu~n am chfnh dan. Mong r~ng nhieu bao
cao

nghi~n

CUu khoa hQC trong hQi thao se lam Chung ta

th~m

yeu men tin

tuemg, d~y mchung ngay cang phat tri~n va c6 nhieu thanh tl!U hon nfra.


VUA SEJONG (1418-1450)
VA SU'. SANG TAO
. CHO HANGUL

TS. LeDinh Chinh
Khoa Dong Phudng h9c
Truong D<]i h9c KHXH va NV Ha N<)i

Trong Itch si'r Han Qu6c, chi c6 Sejong (1be Tong 1418-1450) duqc
ngum dan xu Han cho Ia xling dang voi danh hi~u "D~i de-''. Ong khong chi Ut
vi vua due d¢, anh minh, tri VI kh6n ngoan va tai nang, rna dum trieu d~i 6ng
tri VI, vimg ban dao Handa d~t duqc nhieu thanh tl;l'U f1!C ro. C6 th~ thay trong
lich si'r Han Quae, ngoai trieu d~i cua Vua Sejong, chua c6 rn¢t trieu d~i nao
l~i

co sue sang t~o ky di¢u va t~o ra nhieu thanh tVU to 16n nhu v~y.
Sejong sinh narn 1397, ong len ngoi vua nam 21 tu6i (1418). D~ chan

hung dat mr6c, xay dvng rn¢t trieu d~i m~nh, sau khi nam quyen dieu hanh dat
nuoc, Vua Sejong da thanh l~p Chiphyonjon(T~p Hien di~n) nharn thu hut
nhan tai trong nu6c. Chinh sach "chieu bien dai si'' dung dan cua Nha vua da
nhanh chong quy t1;1 duqc nhieu h<;>c gia n6i tieng trong nu6c ve TfZp Hie'n Di¢n
d~ nghien cliu va h<;>c t~p, t~p trung tri tu¢ cimg hoang gia tran hung dat nu6c.

Do c6 Sl;l' quan tam sau sac va Slf hqp tac ch~t che gifra Nha vua va cac hQC gia
trong TflP Hie'n Di¢n rna nhieu cong trlnh van hoa, khoa h<;>c, ki thu~t dum
thm Vua Sejong da ra dm.
Du6i Slf bao trq cua Nha vua, nhieu c6ng trlnh khoa hQC da duqc xuat
ban. Trong llnh VlfC phap lu~t, dang chu

y Ia b¢ Chongjon (Chinh Di~n)

gom

6 quy~n. Day la m¢t cong trinh khoa hQC 16n do cac hQC gia trong TfZp Hibz

Di¢n bien so~ nham t6 chuc l:;U CCJ cau chfnh tq cua trieu d<~i Choson. Thong
qua b¢ lu~t nay, quyen h;rc cua Nha vua khong chi duqc de cao rna b¢ may


Creative value of Hangul script and its role in the development of Korean culture and education

chfnh quy~n ti:r trung uang den cac d!a phucmg ciing s6m duqc cung c6. Tuy
nhien, trong qua trlnh ap d\ffig b¢ lu~t, ngum ta c6 cam gicac hQc gia trong T~p Hi~n Di¢n c6 i'mh huang Ian va thao tung den quy~n
kiem soat chrnh tq cua tri~u dinh Choson ..
Sir hQc ciing la llnh vt;rc duqc bao trq. V6i quan ni¢m, l!ch sir Ia tam
b~c

guong, Ia khuon mftu cua nhiing

tien vuang d6i v6i nha cAm

quy~n hi~n

t~i. De noi gucmg cac dm vua tru6'c, cong vi~c viet sir duqc Vua Sejong danh

sv quan tam kha d~c bi~t. Vl v~y, nhi~u cu6n sir n6i tieng da duqc xuAt ban.
Di~n hinh la b¢ sir Trieu Tien Vuong Trieu Thifc Llf,c( Choson wangjo sillok).

BQ sir nay do nhi~u sir gia trong Sir quan cua hoang gia bien

SO

Ban thao

cua tac ph~m duqc bao quan kha ki trong nhii'ng kho d~c bi¢t va duqc cat b 4
ncri nhu Seoul, Songju, Ch'ungju va Chonju. Ngoai b¢ Thvc Ll;lc, Vua Sejong
concho bien sob¢ Thvc L~c d~ neu guang cua cac b~c tien vucmg va nhiing lm khuyen giup
cho vi¢c cai tq t6t doi v6i cac dill vua sau.
Ben

c~nh

sir hQc, d!a ly cfing la nganh khoa hQc quan tn;mg duqc vua

Sejong danh st;r quan tam ngay ti:r dau khi ong len nam quyen. Di~n hlnh la
cuon Bat Dgo Dja Ly Chi (P 'alto chiri chi) bien so~ Ian dau tien vao nam
1432 va sau d6 da duqc dua vao b¢ The'Tong Thlfc Lif-e da cung cap nhiing
thong tin can thiet giup cho
c~p den nhi~u

vi~c

cai tri dat nu6'c. N¢i dung cua cu6n sach

d~

van d~ quan trQng nhu ijch si'r hinh thanh va phat tri~n, d~c di~m

cua ti:rng d!a phuang trong ca nu6'c, nhiing viing dat, dan cu, duemg va buu
tr~m,

d6n tru quan, nhiing ncri. c6 den hi¢u giao thong ... Cling trong nam 1432,

vua Sejong con cho bien

so~n

cuon Tam Cuong H gnh Thlfc (Tamgang h

aengsil), n¢i dung phan anh kha chan thvc v~ due tinh trung, hieu, nghia trong

quan h~ vua- toi, cha-con, ch6ng-vq. Tac ph~m khong chi la m¢t cong trlnh
khoa hQC mang d~m tfnh nhan van, rna con la bai hQC Ian v~ gia tri giao d~c,
n~n tang cua d~o due nho giao nhmn duy trl tr~t tv xa h¢i cua Choson thai d6.

Ngoai nhiing llnh vvc neu tren, nhieu linh vvc khoa hQc khac dum thm
Vua Sejong ciing nhanh chong phat tri~n va d~ 1~ nhieu thanh 1\lU c6 gia tr!.


Gia trt sang t?o chcr viet Hangul va vai tro cua n6 trong phat tMn van hoa, giao d1,1c Han Qu6c

Trong Iinh V1fc nang nghi~p, dang chu
Nongsa chiksol) bien

SO<:pl

y

la cuon N 6ng Sif Trifc Thuyet(

nam 1430, duqc coi la cfun nang cua nen nang

nghi~p Trieu Tien luc bay gio. N¢i dung cuon sach duqc Vua Sejong de c~p

kha chi tiet ve d~c di~m cua m6i tinh va tren co so d6, ang ciing t6ng ket, danh
gia nhiing kinh nghi~m trong nong nghi~p va ph6 bien cho nong dan cac each
d\f tru giong, b6n dat, cay m(;l. . . Tm:mg 1\f, lien quan m~t thiet den nang
nghi~p. thien van va khi tuqng h<;>c ciing phat tri~n va d~t duqc nhieu thanh t\l'U

n;rc r6'. Nam 1442, Han Qu6c da sang che ra may do luqng nuoc mua, di tnroc
phat minh cua phuong Tay khmmg 2 the cy. Cau true cua loC;ti may nay kha
don gian, "no dUQ'C lam bfillg sat g6m ffiQt cai tfl;IC khoang 42,5cm SaU va 17
em duang kinh va nhfrng mftu bang gom"(l). Dl;lng Ct;l nay duqc d€ t';li tfl;l so
cua m6i hC;tt d~ do va ghi l~i luqng nuoc mua m¢t each kha chinh xac. Ciing
trong thai gian nay, Vua Sejong con cho sang che ra phong ki true- mqt lo~
dl;lng Cl;l d~ do huang gi6 va xac d!nh kha chinh xac d¢ m~ cua gi6. Nam
1434, t~i Kyongbok (Cdnh Phuc Cung), mqt dai quan sat duqc d\l'fig len va ben
trong ta m¢t dl;lng Cl;l thien van d~ quan sat bau trCri. Ngoai nhiing sang t~o
tren, d6ng h6 thien van, d6ng h6 m~t troi, d6ng h6 nuoc, ban d6 thien van, ban
d6 d!a hlnh cung la nhiing sang t~o quan tr<;>ng trong thm gian Vua Sejong
nam quyen cai tq ... C6 th~ thay, nhiing sang t~o khoa hQC tren day khong chi
danh dau sv tien b¢ vuqt b~c ve khoa h<;>c ky thu~t cua nguoi Han quoc thm d6
rna con gop phan quan trQng vao kho tang van minh cua nhan lo~i.
Ve y hQc, duqc Vua Sejong bao trq, tac phfun Huong· Duqc Tgp Thanh
Phucmg( Hyangyak chipsong pang) cung duqc xuat ban vao nam 1433. Tac
ph~m khong chi giup Nha nUOC Choson thiet l~p ffiQt nen y hQC dQC l~p bang

nhiing kinh nghi~m cua nguoi Trieu Tien rna n¢i dung cua n6 con de c~p den
vi~c ch~n doan b~nh, hOc thuoc, va phan lo~i cac chuyen khoa ve y hqc.

Tuong ttJ, nam 1445, cuon bach khoa tu di~n y hqc Y PhuC!ng Loc;zi T~t (Uibang

yuch 'wi) cung duqc xuat ban. Cong trlnh chua dvng ngu6n thlli~u phong phil,
thu~ ti~n

cho vi~c t~p hqp va tra CUu ve y, dUQ'C hqc.

Vao thai gian nay, nghe in

thm Sejong, ki

aHan Quoc ciing phat tri~n m~. Truoc

thu~t dung con chu bang kim lo';li da duqc ap dl)ng r¢ng rai


Creative value of Hangul script and its role in the development of Korean culture and education

trong vi~c in sach. Den nam 1403, Nha nu&c cho thanh l~p m¢t xuong due chti
va con chii' bang dong da ra doi gqi Ia chii' kyemy (Quy Mui tif), danh dau sq
tien b¢ vugt: b~c ciia ngh~ in trong ijch si'r nhan lo<;ti. Tuy v~y, ky thu~t in nay
vful con nhi~u h<;tn che. Den thai vua Sejong, vi~c in

an duqc Ccli tien len m¢t

bu&c mm bang each cac con chii' duqc due deu an kh&p v6i ca.c 6 vuong tren
tam dong va ky thu~t nay cho phep in duqc nhieu ban in lien tiep, dong thai
ciing giup cho cong vi~c xep chii' d~ in d~ dang h<1n.
Lmh Vl!C quan s\f du6i thai vua Sejong ciing phat tri~n kha toan di~n,
d~c bi~t laky thu~t due

va si'r d\}ng sung than cong- m¢t lo<;ti boa ll;tc m<;~.nh thai

d6. Cung v&i sq phat tri~n ciia khoa hqc quan sl;t, chii' Hangul ra dai da s&n
dua vao si'r dl;lng trong vi~c gi6i thi~u nhii'ng bi~u do ky thu~t trong tac phfun
Cho'ngt'ong tungnok (Sung Dong Dam Ll;lc) xuat ban nam 1948. Ngoai sung

than c6ng, vao nhii'ng nam sau d6(1451), ngum Han con sang che ra boa xa
(xe d<;ti bac), "si'r dl;lng thuoc n6 cham lira bang ngoi, dung d~ biln hang tram
ten lira duqc d~t tren m¢t cai gian dff'(2) .
Khong chi Hl nguoi bao trq cho cac llnh V1J"C khoa hQC ky
hqc, Sejong con Ia m¢t

vi

thu~t

va van

vua c6 dau 6c thqc te va luon quan tam den CUQC

song ciia than dan nhu cai t6 che d¢ thue, giam nhy thue cho nguai dan. Nam
1444, Vua Sejong da cho ban hanh cong phap( kongpop)- m¢t che d¢ thu thue
m6i, nho d6, ty 1~ thue duqc giam xuong con 1 phan 20 (3).
Tuy nhien, trong tat ca nhii'ng thanh

tvu duqc sang t<;tO, thanh tl;TU 16n

nhat ciia Vua Sejong la vi~c sang t<;to ra chii' Hangul- bang chu cai tieng Han.
Sq ra doi ciia chii' Hangul khong chi la ket qua ciia m¢t qua trlnh

v~n

d¢ng

phat tri~n, sue sang t:;to van hoa m:;tnh me ciia dan t¢c Han rna con c6 y nghia
to 16n danh dau bu&c ngo~t mm trong dai song chinh tri, kinh te, xa h¢i va van
hoa ciia cu dan tren toan ban dao. Xuat phat til y thuc rang dan t¢c mlnh phai
c6 m¢t h~ thong chii' viet d~ bi~u d:;tt ng6n ngii' hang ngay va d~c bi~t Ia s\f suy
nghi cua Nha vua mong muon cho toan b¢ than dan c6 th~ hqc va dqc lo<;ti chii'
nay m¢t each d~ dang.

Y tuemg d6 da thuc day Vua Sejong sang che ra chfr

Hangul. Dau tien duqc gqi la Huan dan chinh am (hunmin- chongum) hay

10

am


Gia trt sang t9o chCr viet Hangul va vai tro cua no trong phat trien van hoa, giao dvc Han Quae

dung d~ d~y dan. Bang chfr cai Hangul ban dau bao g6m 28 con chfr (ngay nay
con 24 chfr, trong d6 c6 10 nguyen am va 14 ph\} am).
Nhu v*y, v~ m~t thCri gian, chfr Hangul duqc ra doi vao nam 1443 va
den nam 1446 n6 chfnh thuc duqc ban hanh. Theo

nh~n

xet ciia Giao su Le

Quang Thiem, chfr Hangulla "h¢ thong van 1\f ghi am-chfr viet ngfr am hQc- c6
kha nang ghi am, phien am bat ky m¢t lo~i am nao. C6 lai chao don, ca ngqi
cua m¢t so nha ngon ngfr hQc, cho dmg n6 la m¢t h~ thong chfr viet khoa hQc
nhat tren the gioi. Uu dii~m n6i b*t la n6 Ct!C k1 don gian va d~ dQc"(4). Khi
chii' Hangul duqc chfnh thuc cong bo, Vua Sejong da viet lai n6i dau va ong
giai thich d¢ng

C(J

phan dan giai c6

thuc dfty ong sang t~o ra h~ thong chii' viet nay. Lm tva cho

do~n:

" GiQng n6i ciia ngon ngfr chung ta khac v6i giQng n6i

ciia Trung Quoc va khong may

d~

dang duqc viet ra theo Han 1\f. Do d6,

du m<)t SO nguai trong SO cac than dan ft hQC cua chung ta mong muon

m~c

di~n

ta

y nghi cua mlnh, trong nhieu truang hqp ngum nay van khong di~n ta duqc.
Ngh1 t& nhii'ng nguai dan ay, nguOi dan ciia tram, v6i long cam thong, tram da
sang che ra each ghi cua 28 chfr cai, chi mong sao mQi nguai deu c6 th~ hQc
duqc ffiQt each

d~

dang Va Slr d\}ng cho lqi fch cua CUQC song thUOng ngay CUa

hQ"(5).
Cfing can thay rang, trong hoang gia luc d6, m¢t b¢ ph~ quan l~i von
la nhfrng quy t¢c yangban da khong nhii'ng khong hubng 6ng y tuang cua Vua
Sejong trong vi~c che t~o ra chii: hangul rna con c6 nhi~u y kien chong d6i
ong. Thai di~m d6, giai cap thong tri yangban cho dmg hQ can phai bao v~ sv
d¢c quyen cua hQ trong hQC van bfulg each tiep tl;lC sir dl;lng h¢ thong chfr Han.
Tuy nhien, VUQt qua nhii'ng trb ng~i tren, Vua Sejong da cuang quyet dAy
m~nh sv phat tri~n bang chii' cai Hangul. Tranh thu sv giup dO' cua cac hQc gia

trong T*p Hi~n Di¢n nhu Song sam-mun (Thanh Tam Van), Chong In-Ji
(Tr!nh Lan Chi), Sin Suk-chu (Than Thuc Chu) . .. , Vua Sejong da sang che ra
bang chfr cai Hangul. C6 the thay, day khong chi la m¢t St! sang t~o d¢c dao
trong khoa hQC, rna con Ia thanh tlJU van hoa tt;r hao nhat ciia dan t¢c Han.

ve

cau true, chii' Hangulla m¢t h¢ thong cac kf hi¢u d!fa tren bieu tUQllg cua trm,
dat, con nguOi va cac

ca quan phat am nhu luoi, moi rang, c6 hQng ... VOi h¢

Creative value of Hangul script and its role in the development of Korean culture and education

thong chfr cru nay, nguai Han c6 th~ "ghi 1~ tat ca. cac am ti€ng Han m(>t each
day du va dcm gian nhat nr tru6'c den nay"(6). Trang lm giiH trlnh cua Chongji
Inji- von la m(>t ph1;1 ta than c~n cua Nha vua trong sang t~a chfr viet, ong da

giai thfch dng V6'i h~ thong chfr viet nay "mqt ngUiJi thong minh CO thl ht;JC
thuqc long trong mqt bu6i sang, con nhu nguili toz dq. thi ciing chi mat mum
ngay"(1). Sl! ra dm cua bang chfr cai tieng Hangul danh dau bu6'c

nga~t

quan

trQng trong l!ch sir cua dan t(>c Han. Tu day, ngu6'i Han Quoc c6 th~ ghi l~i
tieng my de b~ng h¢ thong chfr viet cua mlnh.
Sau khi cong bo bang chu tieng Hangul, Vua Sejong cho thanh l~p
Chinh Am Sdnh hay con gQi la Ngq.n Van Sdnh (ca quan an loat chu Hangul).

Tiep d6, Nha vua dacha xuat ban m(>t so cong trlnh Ian nhu Yongbi o ch 'on ka

(Long Phi ng¥ thien ca), ca ngQi cong due t6 tien cua Nha vua; Worin Ch 'on'
gang chi kok (Nguy~t tin thien giang chi khuc) nhfun ca ngQi anh trang chieu

tren ngan song; Sokpo sangjok (Thich phd tuO'ng tilt) de c~p den cu(>c dm
Due Ph~t. Sau d6, den thm Vua Sejo (The t6, con cua Vua Sejang), d~ qufm If
vi~c

xuat ban kinh Ph~t, Vua Sejo da cho thanh l~p Khan Kinh Do Giam.

Nhieu kinh ph~t da duqc ca quan nay dich ra tieng Hangul. Tuy nhien, trong
thm gian nay, vi~c sir d~ng tieng Hangul con nhieu h~n che, nhieu cong trlnh
c6 tam quan trQng cua nha mr6'c vfin drrqc bien so~n b~g tieng Han.
Tom

l~i, vi~c

sang ti;to ra

h~

thong chfr viet Hangul Ia m(>t thanh tl!U

van haa Ian cua dan t(>c Han trong nira dau the ky XV. Tuy nhien, do nhfrng
dieu ki~n l!ch sir khac nhau, nhfrng the ki tiep d6, chfr Han van chiem vi trf
chu yeu trang dm song xa h(>i vimg ban dao Han. Va cung v6'i thai gian, den
the ki XIX; XX, chu Hangul da tro thanh van tl! chinh thuc cua nhan tren
toan ban dao.
Trang thoi kl Nh~t Ban cai tri (191 0-1945), vi¢c sir d1;1ng chfr Hangul
da bi gian do~n. Sau nam 1945, chfr Hangul duqc sir dl;lllg tro l~i. D~ ky ni¢m
ngay Vua Sejong ban hanh chfnh thuc chfr Hangul nam 1446, ngay nay,
nguoi Han Quoc da ch9n ngay 9/10 lam ngay ki ni~m. Chfr viet Hangul
khong chi la m(>t sang tl;tO khoa hQC VI d~i, rna con la m(>t phtrang ti~n giao

12


Gia tn sang t9o chit viet Hangul va vai tro cua n6 trong phat trien van hoa, giao d1,1c Han Quae

tiep, truyen ba va bao ton nhfrng gia tri van hoa truyen thong va

hi~n

d<;ti cua

nguoi Han Quoc.
Ciing nhu nhieu ngon ngu khac tren the gi6'i, tieng Han ngay nay Ia
m¢t trong 20 ngon ngii' c6 m~t
cho thay c6 khoang gan 80
tri~u

nguoi

1 ,9 tri~u

anhieu quoc gia tren the gi6'i. Theo thong ke

tri~u

nguoi n6i tieng H?m bao gom khoang 25

aCqng hoa dan chii nhan dan Trieu Tien, 48 tri~u aHan Quoc,

aTrung Quoc, va nhieu nguoi thu¢c nhieu quoc gia khac nhu Nh~t

Ban, Nga, My, Canada, ... Hangul (chfr viet vi d<;ti) khong chi la tai san vo
gia cua nguoi dan xu Han rna con la niem W hao ciia m9i the h~ cu dan Han
Quoc trong lich si'r va hi¢n t<;ti.

Creative value of Hangul script and its role in the development of Korean culture and education

'

"

?

TAl LIJ;U THAM KHAO
1. Ki baik Lee; Korea xua va nay- Ltch

sa Him Quoc tan bien; Nxb TP. H6

Chi Minh- 2002, tr278.

sa Han Quoc tan bien; Sdd; tr280.
Ki baik Lee; Korea xua va nay- Lfch sa Him Quoc tan bien; Sdd; tr262.

2. Ki baik Lee; Korea xua va nay- Lfch
3.

4. U Quang Thiem; Van hoa van minh va yeu to' w1n hoa truyln thorzg

Han; Nxb Van hQc; Ha N¢i- 1998; tr248.
5. Ki baik Lee; Korea xua va nay - Ljch

sa Him Quoc tan bien; Sdd; tr 273-

274.

6. Nguyen Long Chau; Tim hilu van hoa Hem Quoc; Nxb Ghio d~c; tr311.
7. U Quang Thiem; Van hoa w'in minh va yeu to' van hoa truyln thong Han;
Nxb Van h9c; Ha N¢i- 1998; tr 251.


I

NGUYEN TAC PHI EN AM CHO HANGUL
SANG CHO LATINH
ThS. Le Thj Thu Giang
B~ m6n Korea hqc
Khoa £>6ng phuong hqc
UCJ.i hqc KHXH va NV Ha N~i

Nhu chung ta da biet, chii Hangul Ut

h~

thong chfr viet cua nguOi Han

dUq'C VUa Sejong cung cac hQC gia duai thai Joseon sang

t~O

vao nam 1443 va

duqc cong bo ra toan th~ cong chung vao nam 1446. Day la h~ thong chfr viet
duqc danh gia la CO tinh khoa hQC va tinh sang

t~O

rat cao, mang

d~c

trung

rieng cua dan t¢c Han. Trang qua trlnh l!ch sir, ban than h~ thong chfr viet
Hangul da phai triii qua nhi~u bien d6i, phat trien va hoan thi~n nh~m dap ling
m(>t each hi~u qua va phu hqp voi S\f phat tri~n chung cua ngon ngfr xa h<)i.
Tuy nhien, cung voi St! phat tri~n quan h~ quoc te va d~ hoa nh~p voi qua trinh
h¢i

nh~p

quoc te nhu hi~n nay, ben c~nh tinh d¢c dao rieng, chii Hangul, cling

nhu bat err ca.c

h~

thong chfr viet c6 tinh

d~c

trung rieng khac

d~u

tlm kiem

cho mlnh m¢t con duang tiep c~n vm the gim. D6 la tien ha.nh qua trlnh phien
am quoc te cho
vi¢c hQC

t~p

h~

thong chfr cua mlnh. V6'i hy v9ng dua ra m¢t tu

li~u

cho

va Slr d\}ng h~ thong chfr Hangul m¢t ca.ch hi~u qua han, trong f!.Qi

dung bai viet nay, chung toi muon de c~p den d~c di~m va nhfrng nguyen tac
CO'

ban cua vi~c phien am chfr Hangul sang chii cai Latinh.
Quy tac phien am chii Hangul sang chfr Latinh duqc d~ c~p va chfnh

thrrc ban hanh vao nam 1984. Trong d6, quy d!nh

vi~c

phien am chfr Hangul

theo bang chii cai Latinh phai duqc tht;rc hi~n theo cac nguyen tac sau:
1) Vi~c phien am chfr Hangul sang chfr Latinh duqc dt;ra tren nguyen tac
phat am duqc quy diflh theo quy tac phat am chufu.
2) Khong su d\}ng nhfrng ky hi~u ngoai h~ thong chfr Latinh.


Creative value of Hangul script and its role in the development of Korean culture and education

3) Tuan thii quy tac phien am m<)t am bang m<)t ky tlJ.
Nhfrng quy tac nay dUCJC bi~U hi¢n Cl) the trong bang phien am chii
Hangul ciia B¢ Van hmi ghio dl;lc ban hanh theo quyet d!nh s6 84-1 ngay 13
thang 1 nam 1984 nhu sau:
Bang phien am chfi' Hangul (1984)
MUC 1. Nguyen tim dzt(/c phien am theo nguyen tac sau:

Nguyen am dcm:

r

1

a 0
Nguyen am doi:

F

~

....L

H

T

u

0

..11.. 1T

~

0

~I _._1

ae e oe

1

~I

-1

ya yo yo yu yae ye iii
..s.} T~ .~-H T~~

Tl

Wa wo wae we wi
Chu

y: Nguyen am dai khong c6 nguyen t&c phien am rieng.

MUC 2. Ph¥ tim dzt(/c phien tim nhzt sau:

Amn6:

Am tac xat:

-,

11

'=1

k,g

kk

k'

c:

[[

E

t, d

tt

t'

t:::J

I:II:J

.ll

p, b

pp

p'

A

7\A

*

ch, j

tch

ch'

A

}J..

'5

s,sh

ss

h

(J

L

0

m

n

ng

A

Am xat:
Am miii:

Am luBi:

2

r, 1


Gia tn sang t?o chu viet Hangul va vai tro ciia no trong phat trien van hoa, giao dflc Hfm Qu6c

Chit

y 1 : Cac phlf dm ' 7,

C, 1=1, :A'

khi d{mg gii?a hai nguyen am

ho{ic khi dttng giiia phlf dm 'L, 2, a, 0' va nguyen am thi dw;c phien am
thimh 'g, d, b, j' con lgi thi duc;c phien am thanh 'k, t, p, ch
1

<Vf d1;1>

Chit

1
•

7~=jl kagu

1::1~~ paduk

~1::11 kalbi

A~l~ Cheju

@I::IH tambae

'E! ~ patch' im

y 2: Ph¥ am

'A' khi ke't hqp "voi nguyen am '

I

'dl thanh (.A./' thi

duc;c phien am Ia 'sh ', cac tntimg hqp con lgi duc;c phien am la 's '.
<Vf d1;1>

Chu

AI.Ef. shiro

~ '2.1- Shinan

~ ~ Shinch 'on

¥~Pusan

~1£. sangp'yo

~~ hwangso

y 3 : Phlf am

'2' khi dftng tntilc nguyen am duc;c phien am thanh

'r ', con khi d(tng trztilc phlf am ho{ic khi [am ph¥ am CUOl thi dtt(/C phien am

thimh 'l', ' 2 2 ' thimh 'll'.
<Vf d1;1> A~%'" sarang - ~:cl mulgon - ~pal - ~~2.H chindallae
Trong bang phien

am

cling nhfrng quy d!nh v~ vi¢c phien am chfr

Hangul sang chfr Latinh duqc ban hanh vao niim 1984 cho thay rat r6 rang
ngum Han Qu6c da chqn cho minh phrrong phap phien am theo quy tic phien
am theo am dqc. Khi phien am m¢t ngon ngfr nao d6 sang chu qu6c te, nguoi
ta thuang dtfa vao hai phrrong phap: phucmg phap phien am theo am dqc va
phrrong phap phien

am theo chfr viet. Phuong phap phien am theo chu viet c6

d~c di~m la chuy~n d6i chfnh xac cac chfr cai trong ngon ngfi' nay sang chfr cai

tuong duong

angon ngfi' khac nen con duqc gqi la phuong phap chuy~n chfr

(~A~~). Phuang phap nay c6 uu di~m Ia phan anh trung thgc each sap xep va

ket hqp gifra cac chfr cai d~ t~o l~p tu cua ng6n ngu d6. Song phuong phap nay
khong th~ pharr anh duqc each dqc tht;rc te cua ngon ngfi' duqc phien am. Trang
khi d6, phuong phap phien am dva tren ca

sa phat am am dqc duqc gqi ra


Creative value of Hangul script and its role in the development of Korean culture and education

phuang phap bi~u am (lE:; t:g;l). Phucmg phap nay c6 nguyen tiic Ht viet theo
am dqc.

Vi~c

quy dinh phien am chu Hangul dtJa theo phuong phap phat am

chu~n cho thay rtmg ngum Han Qu6c da lay phuong phap phien

run theo am

dqc lam nen tang. Khi ap dl;lng phuong phap nay se mieu ta duqc chfnh xac am
dqc nhung n6 ciing c6 m¢t nhuqc di~m la se dan den hi~n tuqn.g chfr phien am
khac v6i chfr viet b ngon ngii' my ho~c hai chii' c6 nghia khac nhau, each viet
khac nhau nhung

l~i

duqc phien am thanh m(>t chit gi6ng nhau khi nguyen

tac bien d6i am v~n duqc tht;rc hi~n. D~c bi~t, tieng Han la lo~i hlnh ngon
ngu chap dfnh v6'i d~c trung luyen am kha phat tri~n. Vl the, khi phien am
theo

am dqc c6 khong it nhfrng truemg hqp m(>t chfr c6 each dqc va each viet

khac nhau.
Phuong phap phien am theo am dqc t~o rat nhieu thu~n lqi cho nguoi
nu6'c ngoai khi dqc chu Hangul nhung d6i v6i nguoi

H~m

Qu6c, n6 ciing gay

ra m¢t so bat ti~n. Bbi vl doi v6i nguoi Han Qu6c, quy tac rna ngum ta quen
thu¢c la quy Hie chinh ta chit Hangul chu khong

y thuc

r6 dmg ve hlnh thuc

ciia n6 khi phat am. Vi d1.,1 v6i tl:r '~ ~ 2 1' bat ky ai nguoi Han Quoc deu phat
am Ia [~'cfLIJ nhung h9 vein quen v6i each viet theo quy tac chinh ta cua n6
chu khong he c6 st;r lien tuerng tai hlnh thuc viet cua tu nay theo each phat
am. Vl the, d~ tuan thii m(>t each nghiem tuc each phien am theo am d9c thl
can phai c6 tri thuc ve quy tac phat am chufu. Day chfnh la m¢t kh6 khan
ciia ngum H~m Quoc khi tien hanh phien am h~ thong chii' cai cua mlnh sang
chii' Latinh.

Trang bang chit cai Latinh til a-z c6 26 chii' cai. Tieng Han c6 10
nguyen am don, 11 nguyen am kep va 19 phl;l am. Nhu v~y' xet ve soluqn.g, st;r
khac bi~t ve so chit cai Latinh va chu cai Hangul chfnh la nguyen nhan gay
kh6 khan cho

vi~c

phien am chit Hangul sang chii' Latinh. Nhu

v~y ,

ngoai

nhfrng chit cai phu hqp khi phien am, h~ thong chfr Latinh can c6 nhfrng
phuong ti~n phien am d~c bi~t khac d~ phien am cho chii' Hangul... Vf d1;1 nhu

18


Gia trt sang f9o chti viet Hangul va vai tro cua no trong phat tMn van hoa, giao dt,~c Han Qu6c

trong truang hqp cua nguyen am, trong chfr Latinh chi c6 5 trong khi chfr
Hangul c6 10. Vl the, d~ bi~u th! 5 nguyen am ciia chfr Hangul khong c6 trong
h~ thong chu Latinh ngu0i ta phai sir d\illg them cac

cho -. Nhung hai chu tren la nhfing ky

ky hi~u nhu: 6 cho -i va u

tv· khong duqc sir dl)ng r¢ng dii tren

the gioi nen n6 khong c6 tfnh ph6 bien. Tren thtJc te, khi phien am tieng Anh,
Phap hay tieng Tay Ban Nha bang chfi Latinh, vi~c them cac ky hi~u ngoai h~
thong chfi cai cua ngon ngfi d6 la c6 ton
bi~t

t~i.

co ban la trong cac ngon ngfi tren, ky

Tuy nhien,

aday c6 m¢t S\f khac

tv Latinh Ia ky t\{ duqc h9 sir dl;lng

tit lau nen vi~c sir dl}ng cac ky hi~u b6 sung th~m chf con la nguyen tac k.hong
th~ luqc

oo. Nhung ngon ngu truy~n thong cua ngum Han la tieng Han v6'i h~

thong ky tV la chfi Hangul. H~ th6ng ky tV nay c6 nguyen Hie hlnh th~mh va
ho~t

d¢ng hoan toan khac v6i h~ thong ky tl! Latinh. Vl the, vi~c sir dt;mg

nhfing

ky

hi~u

b6 sung khi phien am bang ky tg Latinh doi vm ngu0i Han

Quoc Ia vi~c lam rat kh6 va khong phil hqp. Khi bu¢c phai sir dl;lng nhfing
hi~u rna

ky

ban than hQ kh6ng hi~u duqc y nghia cua n6 la gl thl theo thm gian sg

can tra ciia n6 se tr6' nen cang Ion, nhat la trong thai ky sir dl)ng computer nhu
hi~n

nay.
D1Ing truoc nhfing kh6 khan nay, B¢ Van hoa va Du l!ch Han Qu6c da

tien hanh sua d6i va ban hanh quy tac phien am chu Hangul moi vao nam
2000. H~ thong phien am nay da co ban khac phl;IC duqc nhii'ng tr6' ng~i v~ cac
ky hi~u b6 sung rna bang phien am ban hanh nam 1984 chua giai quyet duqc.

Bang phien am m6i c6 n¢i dung C\1 th~ nhu sau:
Nguyen tac phien am chfr Hangul sang chfr Latinh
(Bao Van hoa - Du ljch so' 2000-8 (ngay 7 thang 7 nam 2000)
MUC 1. Nguyen tac phien

am cO' bdn

Dii u 1. Vi~c phien am chu Hangul sang chu Latinh duqc th\{c hi~n
theo quy uk phat a~ chuAn.

Die'u 2. Khong Slr d\illg nhfing ky hi~u ngoai bang chfr cai Latinh.