Ngữ pháp tiếng anh toàn tập_Ôn thi tôt ngiệp THPT Quốc gia

BÀI MỞ ĐẦU

ĐỘNG TỪ
VERB

Động từ được dùng để làm hành động cho chủ từ. Để phân biệt các loại động
từ (kinds of verbs), chúng ta hãy quan sát sơ đồ dưới đây:
Auxiliary verb : (do, have, be)
Special verb :
Verb :

Modal verb : (must, can, may, might, could, should …)
Regular verb : (open, close, clean, remember…)

Ordinary verb :

Irregular verb : (run, write, speak, drive…)

Động từ tiếng Anh có hai loại: động từ đặc biệt (special verb) và động từ
thường (ordinary verb).
(1) Động từ đặc biệt gồm có:
* Động từ trợ (auxiliary verb) : be (dùng để chia các thì tiếp diễn, thể thụ
động), have (dùng để chia các thì hoàn thành), do (dùng để chia các thể phủ đònh và
nghi vấn).
- He is working hard this month. (thì hiện tại tiếp diễn)
- The house was built five years ago. (thể thụ động)
- He has learned English for two years. (thì hiện tại hoàn thành)
- Do you like tea ? (thể nghi vấn)
- She does not like coffee. (thể phủ đònh)

* Động từ khiếm khuyết (modal verb) : cần phải có động theo sau.
- We must study hard.
- He can play the piano.
Đặc điểm chung của các động từ đặc biệt là khi đổi sang thể phủ đònh ta chỉ cần
thêm NOT vào sau các động từ đó và khi đổi sang thể nghi vấn ta đưa các động từ đó
ra đầu câu.
- He is not working hard this month.
- Is he working hard this month ?
- He has not found his book.
- Have you seen her yet ?
- She cannot swim.
- Should we go there ?

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(2) Động từ thường gồm có :
* Động từ có qui tắc (regular verb) : là động từ khi thành lập thì quá khứ đơn
(simple past) hay quá khứ phân từ (past paticiple) ta chỉ cần thêm –ED vào sau động
từ đó.
- I opened the door this morning. (simple past )
- I have opened the door. (past participle)
* Động từ bất qui tắc (irregular verb) : là động từ có hình thức quá khứ (xem
cột 2 của bảng động từ bất qui tắc) và quá khứ phân từ (xem cột 3) riêng.
to go
went
gone

to write
wrote
written
to run
ran
run
to hit
hit
hit
- He went to the cinema last night. (simple past )
- He has gone out. (past participle)
Động từ thường có chung đặc điểm là khi đổi sang thể phủ đònh và nghi vấn ta
phải dùng động từ trợ “to do”. Ta thêm NOT vào sau các động từ trợ ở thể phủ đònh
và đưa động từ trợ ra đầu câu nếu ở thể nghi vấn.
- He did not go to the pub last night.
- Did he go to the cinema last night ?
- I do not like tea.
- Do you enjoy classical music ?
- She does not know the answer.
- Does he understand the lesson ?
* Động từ “to do” vừa là động từ thường vừa là động từ trợ.
- He does his homework. (động từ thường)
- He does not understand the lesson. (động từ trợ)

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Bài 1:

CÁCH DÙNG CÁC THÌ
(THE USE OF TENSES)

Thì biểu thò thời gian và trạng thái của hành động được diễn đạt bằng động từ.
Có 12 thì ở dạng chủ động của động từ tiếng Anh. Để hiểu được hình thái của các thì,
ta có thể nghiên cứu cách chia động từ TO WORK trong bảng dưới đây :

Present

Simple

Continuous

Perfect

- I (You / We /
They) work
- He (She / It)
works

- I am working
- He (She / It) is
working
- You (We / They)
are working
- I (He / She / It)
was working

- You (We / They)
were working
- I (We) shall be
working
- You (He / She / It
/ They) will be
working

- I (You / We /
They)
have
worked
- He (She / It) has
worked
- I (You / He / She /
It / We / They) had
worked

- I (You / We /
They) have been
working
- He ( She / It) has
been working
- I (You / He / She /
It / We / They) had
been working

- I (We) shall have
worked
- You (He / She / it /

They)
will have
worked

- I (We) shall have
been working
- You (He / She / It /
They)
will have
been working

Past

- I (You / He /
She / It / We /
They) worked

Future

- I (We) shall
work
- You (He /
She / it / They)
will work

* 1.

Perfect
continuous

SO SÁNH THÌ SIMPLE PRESENT
VÀ THÌ PRESENT CONTINUOUS

Tiếng Anh có hai thì hiện tại mà đa số các em học sinh hay lẫn lộn cách sử dụng.
Đó là thì hiện tại đơn (Simple Present) và thì hiện tại tiếp diễn (Present
Continuous).
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* Thì Simple Present được dùng để chỉ một hành động diễn ra trong thời gian nói
chung, không nhất thiết phải là thời gian ở hiện tại. Thời gian nói chung là thời gian
mà sự việc diễn ra mỗi ngày (every day), mỗi tuần (every week), mỗi tháng (every
month), mỗi năm (every year), mỗi mùa (every spring / summer / autumn / winter)…
- He goes to school every day.
- Mrs Brown travels every summer.
* Thì Present Continuous được dùng để chỉ một hành động đang xảy ra (a
current activity) hay một sự việc chúng ta đang làm bây giờ (now/ at present/ at this
moment), hôm nay (today), tuần này (this week), năm nay (this year)…
- We are learning English now.
- Mary is playing the piano at the moment.
Hãy so sánh :

- I work in a bakery every day.
- I’m working in a bakery this week.

* CHÚ Ý :

(1) + Thì Simple Present thường được dùng với các động từ chỉ tri giác (verbs of
perception) như : feel, see, hear… và các động từ chỉ trạng thái như : know,
understand, mean, like, prefer, love, hate, need, want, remember, recognize,
believe…
+ Ngoài ra chúng ta còn dùng thì Simple Present với động từ : be, appear,
belong, have to…
+ Thì Simple Present còn được dùng với các trạng từ chỉ tần suất lập đi lập
lại (adverbs of frequency) như : always, usually, often, sometimes, seldom,
generally, rarely, never…
- That child needs care.
- This book belongs to me.
- He never comes late.
+ Chúng ta cũng dùng thì Simple Present để chỉ một chân lý hay một sự thật
hiển nhiên (a general truth).
- The sun rises in the east.
- Nothing is more precious than independence and freedom.
(2) Thì Present Continuous còn được dùng để chỉ hành động ở một tương lai gần
(a near future action) và thường đi với các trạng từ chỉ tương lai như : tomorrow, next
week, next month, next year, next summer…

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Exercise I : Put the verbs in brackets in the present simple or the present continuous
tense.
1/ I (have) __________ coffee for breakfast every day.
2/ My brother (work) __________ in a shoe store this summer.

3/ The student (look) ___________ up that new word now.
4/ She (go) __________ to school every day.
5/ We (do) __________ this exercise at the moment.
6/ Miss Helen (read) ___________ a newspaper now.
7/ It (rain) __________ very much in the summer. It (rain) _________ now.
8/ Bad students never (work) __________ hard.
9/ He generally (sing) __________ in English, but today he (sing) __________
in Spanish.
10/ We seldom (eat) __________ before 6.30.
11/ She sometimes (buy) ___________ vegetables at his market.
12/ Be quiet. The baby (sleep) ____________.
13/ We always (do) ___________ our exercises carefully.
14/ Look. A man (run) ___________ after the train. He (want) ___________ to
catch it.
15/ It (be) __________ very cold now.
16/ John (travel) __________ to England tomorrow.
17/ I (need) ____________ some money for my textbooks.
18/ Tom (like) __________ to go to the museums.
19/ Mary (love) __________ ice-cream.
20/ My mother (cook) ___________ some food in the kitchen at present. She
always (cook) __________ in the mornings.
21/ I often (leave) __________ the city at weekends.
22/ The guests (watch) __________ the TV programmes now.
23/ I (see) ___________ you (wear) ___________ your best clothes.
24/ The sun (set)___________ in the west.
25/ My friend (study) __________ English for an hour every night.
26/ Listen. I (hear)___________ someone knocking at the front door.
27/ I (do) __________ an exercise on the present tense at the moment and I
(think) __________ that I (know) __________ how to use it now.
28/ Honesty (be) __________ the best policy.

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29/ The earth (goes) __________ round the sun.
30/ Two and two (make) __________ four.

*2

SO SÁNH THÌ PRESENT PERFECT
VÀ THÌ SIMPLE PAST

* Thì Present perfect (Hiện Tại Hoàn Thành) được dùng để chỉ một quá khứ
không rõ thời điểm còn liên lạc với hiện tại.
* Thì Simple Past (Quá Khứ Đơn) được dùng để chỉ một quá khứ có thời điểm rõ
rệt cắt đứt với hiện tại.
+ CHÚ Ý :
(1) Thì Present Perfect thường đi với những từ như : up to now, up to the
present, so far (cho tới nay), not … yet (vẫn chưa), for, since, ever (đã từng), never,
several times (nhiều lần), just (vừa), recently (vừa mới), lately (mới đây) ...
- Have you ever seen a tiger ?
- The train has not arrived yet.
- We have lived here for 6 years.
- The bell has just rung.
(2) * Thì Simple Past thường đi với những tiếng chỉ thời gian quá khứ xác đònh
như : yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week, last month, last year, last
summer, ago.
- We came here a month ago.

- He went to the cinema yesterday.
* Thì Simple Past còn được dùng để chỉ một chuỗi các hành động kế tiếp xảy
ra trong quá khứ.
- He closed all the windows, locked the doors and then went out.
Exercise II : Put the verbs in brackets in the present perfect or the simple past tense.
1/ We (never watch) __________ that TV programme.
2/ We (wacth) __________ a good programme on TV last night.
3/ He (read) __________ that novel many times before.
4/ He (read) __________ that novel again during my last vacation.
5/ I (have) __________ a little trouble with my car last week.
6/ However, I (have) __________ no trouble with my car since then.

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7/ I (not see) __________ John for a long time. I (see) __________ him 3
weeks ago.
8/ The school bell (ring) __________. We must go now.
9/ I (meet) __________ Mary last night. She (become) __________ a very big
girl.
10/ He is very thirsty. He (not drink) __________ since this morning.
11/ It is very hot. Summer (come) __________.
12/ They (study) __________ at this school for 7 years now.
13/ They (begin) __________ to study at this school 7 years ago.
14/ Since when (you know) ___________ her ?
15/ How long ago (he start) __________ to learn French ?
16/ She (lose) __________ her handbag on the train yesterday morning.

17/ My mother (be) ________ in hospital for a long time and she cannot go
home yet.
18/ His dog (just run) __________ out of the garden.
19/ Mr Brown (travel) __________ by air several times in the past.
20/ He (travel) ___________ to Mexico by air last summer.

* 3.

SO SÁNH THÌ PRESENT PERFECT VÀ
THÌ PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

+ Thì Present perfect (Hiện Tại Hoàn Thành) được dùng để chỉ kết quả của một
tình trạng ở hiện tại (the result of the present state), một việc xảy ra trong quá khứ
không rõ thời điểm, lập đi lập lại nhiều lần và kéo dài đến hiện tại.
+ Thì Present Perfect Continuous (Hiện Tại Hoàn Thành Tiếp Diễn) được dùng
để chỉ sự tiếp diễn của một hành động (the continuity of an action) cho tới hiện tại.
- I have been waiting for two hours, but she has not come yet.
- He has been living here since 1975.
- We have been working in the garden all morning.
+ Thì Present Perfect Continuous còn được dùng với các động từ như : lie, wait,
sit, stand, study, learn, live, rest, stay…
- They have been learning English since 1995.
- The chair has been lying in the store window for ages.

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Exercise III : Put the verbs in brackets in the present perfect or the present perfect
continuous tense.
1/ I (try) __________ to learn French for years, but I (not succeed) __________
yet.
2/ She (read) _________ all the works of Dickens.How many (you read)
_________ ?
3/ I (wait) __________ here nearly half an hour for my girlfriend; do you think
she (forget) __________ to come ?
4/ Mary (rest) __________ in the garden all day because she (be) __________
ill.
5/ Although John (study) __________ at the University for 5 years, he (not get)
__________ his degree yet.
6/ Jack (go) __________ to Switzerland for a holiday. He (never, be)
__________ there.
7/ We (live) __________ here for the last six months, and (just, decide)
__________ to move.
8/ That book ( lie) __________ on the table for weeks. You (not read)
_________ it yet ?
9/ He (not be) ___________ here since Christmas; I wonder where he (live)
__________ since then.
10/ He (lose) ___________ his books. He (look) ____________ for them all
afternoon, but they (not turn up) ___________ yet.
11/ She (work) ___________ so hard this week that she (not have)
___________ time to go to the cinema.
12/ Your hair is wet. (You swim) __________ for a long time ?
13/ Bill is still a bad driver although he (drive)__________ cars for six years.
14/ You look very tired. (You work) __________very hard ?
15/ The phone (ring) __________ for 2 minutes, but I (not answer) __________
it yet.
Exercise IV : Put the verbs in brackets in the present tenses.

1/ I (be) __________ sorry. I (forget) __________ that fellow’s name already.
2/ Jack (look) __________ forward to his vacation next June.
3/ I (have) __________ no trouble with my english lessons up to now.
4/ Mr and Mrs Brown (be) ___________ in New York for 2 months.
5/ Michael (work) __________ 38 hours a week.
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6/ At present, that author (write) ___________ a novel.
7/ George (do) __________ good work in this class so far.
8/ The weather( generally, get) __________ hot in July .
9/ You must wake her up. She (sleep) __________soundly for 10 hours.
10/ Listen! I (think) __________ someone (knock) __________ at the front
door.
11/ How long (you learn) __________ English?
12/ That student (know) __________ all the new words very well now.
13/ Alice (lose) __________ her Vienamese-English dictionary.
14/ Fred (just, graduate) __________ from Oxford University.
15/ The earth (circle) __________ the sun once every 365 days.
16/ That grandfather clock (stand) __________ there for as long as I can
remember.
17/ That brown briefcase (belong) __________ to Dr.Rice.
18/ Jim (work) __________ on his report this year.
19/ Robert (wait) __________ for you since noon.
20/ That museum (stand) ___________ here for ceturies.
21/ The sun (get) __________ very hot during the afternoon.
22/ Tom (buy) ___________ a new car next week.

23/ The boys and girls (go) ___________ home after this lesson.
24/ Davis (play) __________ football every afternoon.
25/ Up to the present, we (write) __________ almost every lesson in this book.

* 4.

SO SÁNH THÌ SIMPLE PAST
VÀ THÌ PAST CONTINUOUS

+ Thì Simple Past (Quá Khứ Đơn) được dùng để chỉ một hành động ngắn (thình
lình) xảy ra trong quá khứ.
- I met him in the street yesterday.
+ Thì Past Continuous (Quá Khứ Tiếp Diễn) được dùng để chỉ một hành động kéo
dài trong quá khứ tương ứng với một hành động khác cũng trong quá khứ.
- I met him while he was crossing the street.
- She was going home when she saw an accident.
+ Thì Past Continuous còn diễn tả một hành động kéo dài tại điểm thời gian xác
đònh ở quá khứ hoặc hai hành động liên tiếp song song với nhau.
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- My father was watching TV at 8 o’clock last night.
- I was doing my homework while my father was watching TV.
Exercise V : Put the verbs in brackets in the past simple or the past continuous tense.
1/ He (sit) __________ in a bar when I (see) __________ him.
2/ When I (go) __________ out, the sun (shine) __________.
3/ The light (go) __________ out while I (have) __________ tea.

4/ When it (rain) __________ , she(carry) __________ an umbrella.
5/ We (walk) __________ to the station when it (begin) __________ to rain.
6/ He (teach) __________ English for 2 months when he (live) in Germany and
(work) __________ as a journalist.
7/ The house (burn) __________ fast, so we (break) __________ the window to
get out.
8/ He (eat) __________ three sandwiches while you (talk) __________ to him.
9/ The servant (drop) __________ two cups while she (wash up) __________
last night; neither of them (break) __________.
10/ While I (write) __________ a letter, the telephone (ring) __________; as
he (go) __________ to answer it, he (hear) __________ a knock on the door; the
telephone (still, ring) __________ while he (walk) __________ to the door, but just as
he (open) __________ it, it (stop) __________.

* 5.

SO SÁNH THÌ SIMPLE PAST
VÀ THÌ PAST PERFECT

+ Thì Past Perfect (Quá Khứ Hoàn Thành) dùng để chỉ một hành động xảy ra
trước một hành động khác cũng trong quá khứ (past action).
- When he had finished his work, he went home.
- By the time I arrived at the station, the train had gone.
+ Thì Past Perfect còn diễn tả một hành động xảy ra trước một điểm thời gian xác
đònh ở quá khứ.
- By 10 o’clock last night, I had gone to bed.
Exercise VI : Put the verbs in brackets in the past simple or the past perfect tense.
1/ They (go) __________ home after they (finish) __________ their work.
2/ He (do) _________ nothing before he (see) ___________ me.
3/ He (thank) __________ me for what I (do) __________ for him.

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4/ I (be) __________ sorry that I (hurt) __________ him.
5/ After they (go) __________ , I (sit) __________ down and (rest)
__________.
6/ When I (arrive), the dinner (already, begin) ______________.
7/ My friend (not see) __________ me for many years when I (meet)
__________ last week.
8/ He (learn) __________ English before he (leave) __________ for England.
9/ In England, he soon (remember) __________ all he (learn) __________.
10/ They (tell) __________ him they (not meet) __________ him before.
11/ He (ask) __________ why we (come) __________ so early.
12/ She (say) __________ that she (already, see) ___________ Dr. Rice.
13/ By the time Bill (get) __________ there, the meeting (start) __________.
14/ When we (arrive) __________ at our place, we (find) __________ that a
burglar (break) ____________ in.
15/ Almost everybody (leave) _________ for home by the time we (arrive)
________.

* 6.

SO SÁNH THÌ PAST PERFECT VÀ THÌ
PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS

+ Thì Past Perfect Continuous (Quá Khứ Hoàn Thành Tiếp Diễn) dùng để nhấn

mạnh tính liên tục của hành động trước khi một hành động quá khứ khác xảy ra. Hãy
so sánh :
- She had been studying English before she came here for classes.
(Hành động had been studying xảy ra liên tục cho tới khi hành động came for
classes xảy ra).
- She had studied English before she came for classes.
(Hành động had studied chấm dứt trước hành động came for classes)
Và hãy so sánh :
- It had been raining when I got up this morning. (Mưa đã dứt khi tôi thức
dậy.)
- It was raining when I got up this morning. (Mưa vẫn còn khi tôi thức
dậy.)
Exercise VII : Put the verbs in brackets in the past simple or the past perfect
continuous tense.
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1/ I (ask) _________ him what he (do) __________.
2/ Tom (be) _________ tired. He (run) __________ for an hour.
3/ Although he (go) __________ to the doctor for 6 months, he (not, feel)
__________ any better.
4/ The telephone (ring) __________ for 5 minutes before it (be) __________
answered.
5/ They (tell) __________ me you (live) __________ in London before the
war.
6/ The poor man (wait) __________ for 6 hours before he (be) __________
brought into the room.

7/ By noon that day, we (drive) __________ for 5 hours.
8/ The robber who (watch) __________ him running to the tree (sit)
__________ down under its branches and (begin) __________ to attack him.
9/ I (ask) _________ her what she (do) _______ since she (arrive) ________ in
England.
10/ She (tell) __________ me that she (study) __________ English literature.
* 7.
SO SÁNH THÌ SIMPLE FUTURE
VÀ THÌ FUTURE CONTINUOUS
+ Thì Simple Future (Tương Lai Đơn) diễn tả một hành động sẽ xảy ra (có hoặc
không có thời gian xác đònh ở tương lai); còn thì Future Continuous (Tương Lai Tiếp
Diễn) diễn tả một hành động liên tiến tại điểm thời gian xác đònh ở tương lai.
- He will go to the stadium next Sunday.
- We will / shall have the final test.
Hãy so sánh :
- I will eat breakfast at 6 o’clock tomorrow. (Vào lúc 6 giờ sáng mai, tôi sẽ
bắt đầu dùng bữa điểm tâm.)
- I will be eating breakfast at 6 o’clock tomorrow. (Vào lúc 6 giờ sáng
mai, tôi sẽ đang dùng bữa điểm tâm.)
+ Trong các mệnh đề trạng từ chỉ thời gian (adverb clause of time) hay mệnh đề
điều kiện (adverb clause of condition), thì Simple Present được dùng để thay thế cho
thì Simple Future.
- I shall not go until I see him.
- If he comes tomorrow, he will do it.
+ Chú ý : WILL còn được dùng cho tất cả các ngôi.
Exercise VIII : Put the verbs in brackets in the simple present or the simple future
tense.
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1/ We (go) __________ out when the rain (stop) __________.
2/ I (stay) _________ here until he (answer) __________ me.
3/ Wait until I (catch) __________ you.
4/ I (be) _________ ready before you (count) _________ ten.
5/ John must eat his breakfast before he (go) __________ out.
6/ Miss Helen (help) ___________ you as soon as she (finish) _________ that
letter.
7/ He (tell) _________ you when you (get) __________ there.
8/ She (not come) __________ until you (be) _________ ready.
9/ He (tell) __________ you when you (ask) __________ him.
10/ I (come) ________ and (see) _________ you before I (leave) ________ for
England.

* 8. SO SÁNH THÌ FUTURE PERFECT VÀ THÌ
FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS
+ Thì Future Perfect (Tương Lai Hoàn Thành) được dùng để chỉ một hành động
sẽ hoàn thành trước một hành động khác trong tương lai hay một điểm thời gian ở
tương lai.
- The taxi will have arrived by the time you finish dressing.
- By next Christmas, he will have lived in Dalat for 5 years.
+ Để nhấn mạnh tính liên tục của hành động, chúng ta dùng thì Future Perfect
Continuous (Tương Lai Hoàn Thành Tiếp Diễn).
- By the time you receive this letter, we shall have been travelling through
Russia.
- By next June, they will have been working in this factory for 12 years.
Exercise IX : Put the verbs in brackets in the simple present, simple future, present
perfect or future perfect tense.

1/ I’ll wait until he (write) __________ his next novel.
2/ When you (come) _________ back, he (already buy) __________ a new
house.
3/ Don’t come until I (finish) _________ lunch.
4/ I (hope) _________ it (stop) __________ raining by 5 o’clock this afternoon.
5/ The river (not begin)_________ to rise until some rain (fall)__________.
6/ I (stay) __________ here until you (finish) _________ your work.
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7/ By next month, I (leave) _________ for India.
8/ He (finish) _________ his work before you (leave) __________.
9/ Before you (go) __________, they (leave) __________ the country.
10/ The meeting (finish) _________ by the time we (get) _________ there.
Exercise X : Put the verbs in brackets in the simple present, simple future, future
continuous or future perfect tense.
1/ We (send) __________ you a telegram as soon as we (arrive) _________ in
London.
2/ When George (come) __________ this afternoon, he (bring) __________ his
friends.
3/ I (speak) _________ to you about that matter after the meeting tonight.
4/ By the time you (receive) __________ this letter, we (cross) __________ the
Atlantic Ocean.
5/ By this time next week, you (meet) __________ my boyfriend, Ali.
6/ I (wait) __________ for you right here when you (come) __________ out of
the building.
7/ She (wait) __________ for you at 5 o’clock this afternoon.

8/ I (give) __________ it back as soon as he (want) __________ it.
9/ I (not move) __________ from here until you (get) __________ back.
10/ They (not come) __________ home until they (see) __________
everything.
Exercise XI : Supply the correct tense.
1/ They (just decide) __________ that they (undertake) ___________ the job.
2/ We (go) ___________ to the theatre last night.
3/ He usually (write) __________ in green ink.
4/ She (play) __________ the piano when our guests (arrive) __________ last
night.
5/ We (do) __________ an English exercise at the moment.
6/ She (just come) __________ in and (see) __________ you in 5 minutes.
7/ I (come) __________ as soon as my work is finished. (You be) __________
ready ?
8/ Where (you go) __________ for your holiday last year ?

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9/ I (not leave) _________ Paris since we (go) _________ to Dieppe three
years ago.
10/ My mother (come) __________ to stay with us next weekend.
11/ We (meet) __________ only yesterday and (already decide) __________ to
get married.
12/ I (never see) __________ snow.
13/ Violets (bloom) __________ in spring.
14/ We (not live) ___________ in England for the last two months.

15/ I (lose) _________ my keys; I cannot remember where I last (see)
_________ them.
16/ He (not arrive) __________ when I (write) __________ my last letter to
you.
17/ Whenever you (go) _________ to town nowadays, you (spend) _________
a lot of money.
18/ I (never forget) __________ what you (just tell) __________ me.
19/ They (prepare) __________ the Christmas dinner today.
20/ When I last (stay) ___________ in Cairo, I (ride) __________ to the
Pyramids on a camel that my friend (borrow) ____________ the day before.
21/ I (finish) ___________ the book before my next birthday.
22/ “Hello! (You make) __________ a cake ?
23/ He (walk) __________ very quickly when I (meet) __________ him
yesterday.
24/ We (meet) __________ you tomorrow after you (finish) __________ your
work.
25/ Yesterday I (buy) __________ a new watch as my old one (be)
__________ stolen.
Exercise XII : Supply the correct tense.
1/ He said he (be) __________ sorry he (give) __________ me so much
trouble.
2/ I am sorry that I (not know) _________ you (leave) __________ your pipe
when you (come) __________ to see me last Thursday.
3/ He (be) __________ so good to me when I was a boy that to this day I (not
forget) __________ his kindness, and I hope that I (never forget) __________.
4/ He (sleep) __________ and (not understand) ___________ what you (say)
__________ to him. He (wake) __________ if you (speak) __________ louder.
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5/ Some animals (not eat) ___________ during the winter and only (come)
__________ out in spring.
6/ After leaving school he (study) __________ French in Paris for two years
and then (move) __________ to America, where he now (live) _________. He (visit)
__________ England once or twice and (know) __________ English well; but (not
have) __________ yet the opportunity of visiting European countries.
7/ I (know) __________ him for a very long time.
8/ When my friend Tom grows a beard, even his closest friends (not recognize)
__________ him.
9/ When I (meet) __________ him in the street, he (go) __________ to the
pictures.
10/ I (study) _________ English for six years now.
11/ I expect he (leave) __________ for France as soon as he (get) __________
a visa.
12/ He (visit) ______ his friend yesterday and (find) _______ that he (be)
________ out.
13/ They (sell) _________ all the dresses before we (get) __________ there.
14/ After she (work) __________ at the hospital for two years, she (decide)
__________ to give up the job.
15/ He will come at once because I (tell) __________ him by phone that you
(need) __________ him urgently. I’m sure he (find) __________ his way easily
although he (never visit) __________ this house before.
16/ By the time you get back, I (finish) __________ all my correspondence and
then I (can help) ______________ you with yours.
17/ In a few minutes’ time, when the clock (strike) __________ six, I (wait)
__________ here for an hour.
18/ He (know) ________ her a long time before he finally (get) _______

married to her.
19/ I hope it (not rain) __________ when the bride (leave) __________ the
church.
20/ I (tell) a lie if I said that I (like) __________ you.
21/ They (intend) __________ to go there next week; but now they (find)
__________ they (not have) __________ enough money.
22/ When he grew old he often (think) __________ of all the things he (do)
___________ when he (be) __________ young.

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23/ When we (go) __________ to see them last night, they (play) __________
cards; they (say) __________ they (play) __________ since six o’clock.
24/ This is the second time you (break) __________ a cup; you (break)
__________ one yesterday. My last servant (never break)____________ anything,
and you (break) ___________ nearly half the things in the house.
25/ I always (tell) ___________ you to comb your hair, but you never (do)
___________ what I (say) ___________ .
EXERCISE XIII : Use the correct tense of the verbs in brackets.
1/ Mrs Reed (turn) _________ on the radio in her car while she (drive) _________
home yesterday. She (listen) ___________ to some music when she suddenly (hear)
___________ a siren. She (look) ____________ in her mirror and (see) _________ an
ambulance behind her. She immediately (pull) ________ her car to the side of the
road and (wait) _________ for the ambulance (pass) _________.
2/ My mother (call) ___________ me around 5 o’clock. My husband (come)
_________ home a little after that. When he (come) __________ home, I (talk)

___________ to my mother on the phone.
3/ Next month I (have) _________ a week’s vacation. I (plan) _________ to take a
trip. First I (go) _________ to Madison, Wisconsin to visit my brother. After I (leave)
________ Madion, I (go) _________ Chicago to see a friend who (study) _________
at a university there. She (live) _________ in Chicago for three years, so she (know)
_________ her way around the city. She (promise) _________ to take me to many
interesting places. I (never, be) _________ in Chicago, so I (look) _________ forward
to going there.
4/ Yesterday John (eat) _____________ breakfast at 8:00. He (already, eat)
_________ breakfast when he (leave) ____________ for class at 8:45. He (always,
eat) _________ breakfast before he (go) _____________ to class. I (usually, not eat)
_________ breakfast before I (go) _________ to class. But I (usually, get) _________
hungry about midmorning. Tomorrow before I (go) _____________ to class, I (eat)
_________ breakfast.
5/ Last year, I (go) __________ mountain climbing for the first time. It was exciting
and terrifying at the same time. We (move) ___________slowly and carefully, and it
(take) ___________ three days to get to the top. When we climbed onto the summit,
we (find) ___________ another group of climbers. They (arrive) ___________ several
hours ahead of us. They (have) ___________ dinner and listening to Beethoven. We
(laugh) __________ and they (invite) ___________ us to join them. The climb (be)
___________, to say the least, an unforgettable experience.
6/ The weather (be) ___________ terrible lately. It (rain) ___________ off and on
for two days, and the temperature (drop) ___________ at least twenty degrees. It (be)
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___________ in the low 40s right now. Just three days ago, the sun (shine)

___________ and the weather was pleasant. The weather certainly (change)
___________ quickly here. I never know what to expect. Who knows ? When I (wake)
___________ up tomorrow morning, maybe it (snow) ___________.
7/ A taxi driver (drive) ____________ along a street when he suddenly (black out)
___________ and lost control of his vehicle. The taxi (plunge) _________ into a
nearby river. A hawker, who (see) ______________ the accident, rushed from his
coffee stall and (dive) ___________ into the water. He (have) ___________ to swim
twenty five metres before he could get to the taxi. The taxi driver (try)
______________ to wind down the window. The hawker reached into the taxi for the
safety-belt. After he (release) __________ the safety-belt, he pulled the driver out
through the partially open window. At the hospital, the driver (say) ____________
that the black out might (cause) ______________ by his high blood pressure condition.
8/ Marie Curie, the Polish-born chemist, was a courageous and determined woman.
She (leave) ___________ her home for Paris to pursue her interest in science. Living
in poverty, she still (manage) ___________ to graduate at the top of her class. She
(meet) ___________ Pierre Curie shortly after graduation and (marry) ___________
him a year later.
Together, Pierre and Marie (form) ___________ the most famous husband-andwife partnership in science history. They (discover) ___________ the radioactive
elements, Polonium and Radium. They (award) ___________ the Nobel Prize for
Physics in 1903.

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Bài 2 :

CÂU ĐIỀU KIỆN
(Conditional Sentence)

Một câu điều kiện có hai mệnh đề : mệnh đề chỉ điều kiện (tức mệnh đề phụ) còn
được gọi là mệnh đề có if (If-clause) và mệnh đề chỉ kết quả còn được gọi là mệnh
đề chính (main clause).
- If he works harder, he will succeed in his examination.
(if-clause)
(main clause)
Chúng ta cũng có thể đặt mệnh đề chính ở đầu câu :
- He will succeed in his examination if he works harder.
Trong tiếng Anh có 3 loại câu điều kiện chính :
* Type I : ĐIỀU KIỆN CÓ THỂ XẢY RA ĐƯC (probable condition)
1/ Ý nghóa : Loại điều kiện này dùng để diễn tả một sự việc có thể xảy ra hoặc
không thể xảy ra ở hiện tại hoặc tương lai; nhưng chúng ta có nhiều hy vọng nó xảy
ra.
2/ Thì của động từ :
If- clause
Simple present

Main clause
Simple future
(shall / will + verb)

- If the rain stops, we shall go for a walk.
- He will come if you call him.
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* Ngoài ra chúng ta còn có thể dùng các khiếm khuyết động từ như : CAN, MUST,
MAY … để thay cho shall hoặc will ở mệnh đề chính.
- If you ask me, I can help you.
- You must study harder if you want to pass the coming exam.
* Mệnh đề chính có thể là một mệnh lệnh hoặc thỉnh cầu :
- Come to me if you need help.
- If you have time, perfect your English.
* Type II : ĐIỀU KIỆN KHÔNG CÓ THẬT Ở HIỆN TẠI. (Present- unreal Con)
1/ Ý nghóa : Loại điều kiện này diễn tả một điều kiện khó có thể xảy ra hay
một sự việc không thực hiện được ở hiện tại hoặc tương lai.
2/ Thì của động từ :
If-clause
Past Subjunctive
(Quá khứ giả đònh)

Main clause
Present Conditional
( Should / would + verb)

- If I had a lot of free time, I would go swimming.
(= I haven’t got free time, so I won’t go swimming)
- If Tom were here, he would know the answer.
(= Tom isn’t here, so he doesn’t know the answer.)
- I would call him if I knew his number.
(= I don’t know his number, so I won’t call him)
* Quá khứ giả đònh là hình thức quá khứ đơn của các động từ ngoại trừ động từ “to
be” chỉ có một hình thức WERE cho tất cả các ngôi.
* COULD, MIGHT… có thể được dùng để thay thế cho should hay would.

- If John worked hard, he could pass his exam.
* Type III : ĐIỀU KIỆN KHÔNG CÓ THẬT Ở QUÁ KHỨ. (Past-unreal
Condition)
1/ Ý nghóa : Loại điều kiện này dùng để diễn tả một điều kiện hoàn toàn không
thực hiện được hoặc không xảy ra trong quá khứ.
2/ Thì của động từ :
If-clause
Past perfect

Main clause
Perfect Conditional
(Should/ would have + past participle)

- If he had had a lot of money, he would have bought a bigger house.
- I would have taken you to the movie if you had come to see me yesterday.

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* “If” có thể được lược bỏ đi nếu có sự đảo ngữ (thường được dùng trong hình thức
nhấn mạnh).
- Were I rich, I would help you.
(= If I were rich, I would help you.)
- Had he known the truth, he would have been very angry.
(= If he had known the truth, he would have been very angry)
* Ngoài liên từ “if” ra, câu điều kiện còn được bắt đầu bằng các liên từ khác như :
suppose, supposing that (giả sử như), on the condition that (với điều kiện là), as

long as, so long as, provided that (miễn là), in case (trong trường hợp) , even if
( ngay cho là)...
- As long as you return the book by Saturday, I will lend it to you with
pleasure.
* Hai tiếng có nghóa phủ đònh : unless (trừ phi), but for (nếu không)
- He won’t come unless you call him.
(= He won’t come if you don’t call him.)
- But for the storm, he would have arrived much earlier.
EXERCISE I : Rewrite the sentences , using conditional clauses.
1/ I (do) if I (have) time.
- I will do it if I have time. (type 1)
- I would do it if I had time. (type 2)
- I would have done it if I had had time. (type 3)
2/ If she (not try), she (not succeed).
- ____________________________________________________
- ____________________________________________________
- ____________________________________________________
3/ If I (see) her, I (tell) her.
- ____________________________________________________
- ____________________________________________________
- ____________________________________________________
4/ (You do) it if I (ask) you ?
- ____________________________________________________
- ____________________________________________________
- ____________________________________________________
5/ If I (be) ill, I (stay) at home.
- ____________________________________________________
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- ____________________________________________________
- ____________________________________________________
6/ What (you do) if the bus (not come).
- ____________________________________________________
- ____________________________________________________
- ____________________________________________________
7/ I (be) sorry if she (leave).
- ____________________________________________________
- ____________________________________________________
- ____________________________________________________
8/ I (not stay) in this job if I (can find) another one.
- ____________________________________________________
- ____________________________________________________
- ____________________________________________________
9/ They (get) wet if it (rain).
- ____________________________________________________
- ____________________________________________________
- ____________________________________________________
10/ It (not bite) you unless you (move)
- ____________________________________________________
- ____________________________________________________
- ____________________________________________________
11/ We (go) out unless it (stop) snowing.
- ____________________________________________________
- ____________________________________________________
- ____________________________________________________
EXERCISE II: Put the verbs in brackets in correct tenses.

1/ If I (have) ________ a typewriter, I could type it myself.
2/ If I had known that you were in hospital , I (visit) ________ you.
3/ You could make much progress if you (attend) ________ class regularly.
4/ If I (know) ________ his telephone number, I would give it to you.
5/ If you (arrive) ________ ten minutes earlier, you would have got a seat.
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6/ If he (study) ________ harder, he can pass an exam.
7/ She may be late if she (not hurry) ________.
8/ Tell him to ring me if you (see) ________ him.
9/ If you (speak) ________ more slowly,he might have understood you.
10/ What (you do) ________ if you got fat ?
Exercise III : Supply the correct verb tense.
1/ If you are kind to me, I (be) _______ good to you.
2/ He (come) _______ if you waited.
3/ If you (ring) _______ the bell, the servant would come.
4/ If I had known that the baby was hungry, I (feed) _______ him.
5/ If it (not, rain) _______ a lot, the rice crop wouln’t grow.
6/ If today (be) _______ Sunday, we wouldn’t have to work.
7/ If she had had your address, she (write) _______ to you.
8/ We lost the match. If you (play) _______ for us, we (win) _______.
9/ So long as you return the book by Saturday, I (lend) _______ it to you with
pleasure.
10/ They would not be paid unless they (do) _______ their work well.
11/ Provided he (not, be) _______ interrupted, he can finish the work on time.
12/ If it (be) _______ convenient, let’s meet at three o’clock.

13/ If I became very rich, I (build ) _______ a hospital for the poor.
14/ If he (give) _______ up smoking, as his doctor orders, he will be soon well
again.
15/ He (not, have) _______ an accident if he had not been driving so fast.
16/ If she (write) _______ more carefully, she might not have made too many
mistakes.
17/ You would have to stay in bed unless your health (improve) _______.
18/ Did she have more practice, she (speak) _______ English better.
19/ Had I known that she was sick, I (visit) _______ her.
20/ Supposing World War III (happen) ________, human civilization (be)
_______ destroyed.
EXERCISE IV : Put “if” or “unless” into these spaces.
1/ ________ we hurry, we’ll miss the bus.
2/ Will you phone me ________ you come to England ?
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3/ ________ you see Jane, ask her to contact me.
4/ You’ll never pass your exam ________ you don’t work harder.
5/ Liverpool won’t win ________ they begin playing better.
6/ ________ you forget our address, you can find it in the phone book.
7/ You won’t pass your driving test ________ you drive more carefully.
8/ He’ll be ill ________ he doesn’t stop worrying so much.
9/ We’ll go to the beach tomorrow ________ it’s raining.
10/ We’ll never get there on time ________ the train leaves soon.
EXERCISE V : Use “if” in place of “unless”
1/ We won’t go out unless it stops raining.

-____________________________________________________________
2/ I will call the police unless you give back my bicycle.
-____________________________________________________________
3/ You wouldn’t be able to do this exercise unless your English were good.
-____________________________________________________________
4/ Unless we had enough rain, we couldn’t grow rice.
-____________________________________________________________
5/ The fishermen couldn’t have caught a lot of fish unless they had had good
nets.
-____________________________________________________________
6/ I wouldn’t buy it unless I could afford it.
-____________________________________________________________
7/ I would refuse to go unless they paid my expenses.
-____________________________________________________________
8/ I don’t agree with his economic policy. I wouldn’t vote for him unless he
changed it.
-____________________________________________________________
9/ He wouldn’t have written unless he had heard news.
-____________________________________________________________
10/ You might not have a terrible toothache unless you went to the dentist
regularly.
-____________________________________________________________
EXERCISE VI : The following sentences are first, second or third conditional. Put
the verbs in brackets into the appropriate form.
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1/ We wanted to go out yesterday but the weather was terrible. If it (be) … had
been … a nice day, we (go) … would have gone … for a picnic.
2/ Why don’t you explain everything to him ? If you (not tell) _______ him the
truth, I’m sure you (regret) _______ it one day.
3/ Mary was here not long ago. If you (come round) _______ earlier, you (see)
______ her.
4/ Apparently, the ferry company are planning to close the port in this town. If
that (happen) _______, the town (lose) _______ a great deal of money.
5/ I (help) _______ you with it if I (have) _______ more time but I’m afraid I
haven’t got any spare time at all at the moment.
6/ The government is expecting to win the next election, but if it (lose)
_______, the Prime Minister (resign) _______ from politics.
7/ I am so glad that you took me to your friend’s party. If we (not go) _______
there, I (never meet) _______ Kate Winset.
8/ It’s ridiculous that trains are so expensive. If fares (be) _______ cheaper,
I’m sure more people (use) _______ the train and leave their cars at home.
9/ If she (get) _______ that job she’s applied for, she (be) _______ delighted.
And I think she’s got a good chance of getting it.
10/ Fortunately the explosion took place at night when the streets were empty.
It (be) _______ a disaster if it (happen) _______ in the middle of the day.
11/ The talks between the two leaders keep breaking down. If they (break
down) _______ again, it is possible that there (be) _______ a war between the two
countries.
12/ If Alison (know) _______ anything about car mechanics, I’m sure she
(help) _______ us fix the car, but I think she knows even less than we do.
13/ They’ve been married for twenty years now but I don’t think she (marry)
_______ him if she (know) _______ what a selfish man he was.
14/ Children spend too much time watching television and playing computer
games. I’m sure they (be) _______ happier if they (spend) _______ more time playing
outside.

15/ James has everything he wants but he’s always moaning. I’m sure that if I
(have) _______ so much money, I (not moan) _______ all the time.
EXERCISE VII : Rewrite the following sentences using If clauses.
Model :
a/ My brother will have enough money. He will buy a bicycle.
→ If my brother has enough money, he will buy a bicycle.
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