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A Practical Guide to Linux® Commands,
Editors, and Shell Programming
By Mark G. Sobell
...............................................
Publisher: Prentice Hall PTR
Pub Date: July 01, 2005
ISBN: 0-13-147823-0
Pages: 1008

Table of Contents | Index

The essential reference for core commands that Linux users need daily, along with superior tutorial on
shell programming and much moreSystem administrators, software developers, quality assurance
engineers and others working on a Linux system need to work from the command line in order to be
effective. Linux is famous for its huge number of command line utility programs, and the programs
themselves are famous for their large numbers of options, switches, and configuration files. But the
truth is that users will only use a limited (but still significant) number of these utilities on a recurring
basis, and then only with a subset of the most important and useful options, switches and configuration
files. This book cuts through all the noise and shows them which utilities are most useful, and which
options most important. And it contains examples, lot's and lot's of examples. This is not just a reprint
of the man pages.
And Linux is also famous for its "programmability." Utilities are designed, by default, to work wtih
other utilities within shell programs as a way of automating system tasks. This book contains a superb
introduction to Linux shell programming. And since shell programmers need to write their programs in
text editors, this book covers the two most popular ones: vi and emacs.
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Page 1

Overview of Linux
Additional Features of Linux
Chapter Summary
Exercises
Part I. The Linux Operating System
Chapter 2. Getting Started
Conventions Used in This Book
Logging In
Working with the Shell
Curbing Your Power: Superuser Access
Getting the Facts: Where to Find Documentation
More About Logging In
Chapter Summary
Exercises
Advanced Exercises
Chapter 3. Command Line Utilities
Special Characters
Basic Utilities
Working with Files

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| (Pipe): Communicates Between Processes
Four More Utilities
Compressing and Archiving Files
Locating Commands
Obtaining User and System Information
Communicating with Other Users

Email
Chapter Summary
Exercises
Advanced Exercises
Chapter 4. The Linux Filesystem
The Hierarchical Filesystem
Directory and Ordinary Files
Working with Directories
touch
Access peremissions
Links
Chapter summary
Exercises
ADVANCED EXERCISES
Chapter 5. The Shell
The Command Line
Standard Input and Standard Output
Running a Program in the Background
Filename Generation/Pathname Expansion
Builtins
Chapter Summary
Exercises
Advanced Exercises
Part II. The Editors
Chapter 6. The vim Editor
History
Tutorial: Creating and Editing a File with vim
The compatible Parameter
Introduction to vim Features
Command Mode: Moving the Cursor

Input Mode
Command Mode: Deleting and Changing Text
Searching and Substituting
Miscellaneous Commands
Yank, Put, and Delete Commands
Reading and Writing Files
Setting Parameters
Advanced Editing Techniques
Units of Measure
Chapter Summary
Exercises
Advanced Exercises
Chapter 7. The emacs Editor
History
Tutorial: Getting Started with emacs

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Basic Editing Commands
Online Help
Advanced Editing
Language-Sensitive Editing
More Information
Chapter Summary
Exercises
Advanced Exercises
Part III. THE SHELLS
Chapter 8. The Bourne Again Shell

Background
Shell Basics
Parameters and Variables
Processes
History
Aliases
Functions
Controlling bash Features and Options
Processing The Command Line
Chapter Summary
Exercises
Advanced Exercises
Chapter 9. The Tc Shell
Assignment statement
Part IV. Programming Tools
Chapter 10. Programming Tools
Programming In C
Using Shared Libraries
make: Keeps a Set of Programs Current
Debugging C Programs
Threads
System Calls
Source Code Management
Chapter Summary
Exercises
Advanced Exercises
Chapter 11. Programming The Bourne Again Shell
Control Structures
file Descriptors
Parameters And Variables

Builtin Commands
Expressions
Shell Programs
Chapter Summary
Exercises
Advanced Exercises
Chapter 12. The gawk Pattern Processing Language
Syntax
Arguments
Options
Notes

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Language Basics
Examples
Error Messages
Chapter Summary
Exercises
Advanced Exercises
Chapter 13. The sed Editor
Syntax
Arguments
Options
Editor Basics
Examples
Chapter Summary
Exercises

Part V. Command Reference
Command Reference
Utilities That Display and Manipulate Files
Network Utilities
Utilities That Display and Alter Status
Utilities That Are Programming Tools
Miscellaneous Utilities
Standard Multiplicative Suffixes
Common Options
The sample Utility
Part VI. Appendixes
Appendix A. Regular Expressions
Characters
Delimiters
Simple Strings
Special Characters
Rules
Bracketing Expressions
The Replacement String
Extended Regular Expressions
Appendix Summary
Appendix B. Help
Solving A Problem
Finding Linux-Related Information
Specifying a Terminal
Appendix C. Keeping The System Up-To-Date
yum: Updates And Installs Packages
APT: An Alternative To yum
BitTorrent
Glossary

Index
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Copyright
Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as
trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trademark
claim, the designations have been printed with initial capital letters or in all capitals.
The author and publisher have taken care in the preparation of this book, but make no expressed or
implied warranty of any kind and assume no responsibility for errors or omissions. No liability is assumed
for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of the use of the information or
programs contained herein.
The publisher offers excellent discounts on this book when ordered in quantity for bulk purchases or
special sales, which may include electronic versions and/or custom covers and content particular to your
business, training goals, marketing focus, and branding interests. For more information, please contact:
U.S. Corporate and Government Sales
(800) 382-3419

For sales outside the U.S., please contact:
International Sales

Visit us on the Web: www.phptr.com
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Sobell, Mark G.
A Practical Guide to Linux Commands, Editors, and Shell Programming / Mark G. Sobell
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-13-147823-0 (alk. paper)
1. Linux. 2. Operating systems (Computers) I. Title.
QA76.76.O63.S59483 2005
005.4'46—dc22
2005050051
Copyright © 2005 Mark Sobell
All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. This publication is protected by copyright,
and permission must be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a
retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
recording, or likewise. For information regarding permissions, write to:
Pearson Education, Inc.
Rights and Contracts Department
One Lake Street
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Text printed in the United States on recycled paper at Courier in Stoughton, Massachusetts.
First printing, June 2005

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Praise for Mark Sobell's Books
"I keep searching for books that collect everything you want to know about a subject in one place, and
keep getting disappointed. Usually the books leave out some important topic, while others go too deep in
some areas and must skim lightly over the others. A Practical Guide to Red Hat® Linux® is one of those
rare books that actually pulls it off. Mark G. Sobell has created a single reference for Red Hat Linux that
cannot be beat! This marvelous text (with a 4-CD set of Linux Fedora Core 2 included) is well worth the
price. This is as close to an "everything you ever needed to know" book that I've seen. It's just that good
and rates 5 out of 5."
—Ray Lodato Slashdot contributor
"Mark Sobell has written a book as approachable as it is authoritative."
—Jeffrey Bianchine Advocate, Author, Journalist
"Excellent reference book, well suited for the sysadmin of a linux cluster, or the owner of a PC
contemplating installing a recent stable linux. Don't be put off by the daunting heft of the book. Sobell has
striven to be as inclusive as possible, in trying to anticipate your system administration needs."
—Wes Boudville Inventor
"A Practical Guide to Red Hat® Linux® is a brilliant book. Thank you Mark Sobell."
—C. Pozrikidis University of California at San Diego
"This book presents the best overview of the Linux operating system that I have found. . . . [It] should
be very helpful and understandable no matter what the reader's background is: traditional UNIX user,
new Linux devotee, or even Windows user. Each topic is presented in a clear, complete fashion and very
few assumptions are made about what the reader knows. . . . The book is extremely useful as a

reference, as it contains a 70-page glossary of terms and is very well indexed. It is organized in such a
way that the reader can focus on simple tasks without having to wade through more advanced topics until
they are ready."
—Cam Marshall Marshall Information Service LLC Member of Front Range UNIX Users Group
[FRUUG] Boulder, Colorado
"Conclusively, this is THE book to get if you are a new Linux user and you just got into RH/Fedora
world. There's no other book that discusses so many different topics and in such depth."
—Eugenia Loli-Queru Editor in Chief OSNews.com
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Preface
A Practical Guide to Linux® Commands, Editors, and Shell Programming explains how to work with the
Linux operating system from the command line. The first few chapters quickly bring readers with little
computer experience up to speed. The rest of the book is appropriate for more experienced computer
users. This book does not describe a particular release or distribution of Linux but rather pertains to all
recent versions of Linux.
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Command line interface (CLI)
In the beginning there was the command line (textual) interface (CLI), which enabled you to give Linux
commands from the command line. There was no mouse or icons to drag and drop. Some programs,
such as emacs, implemented rudimentary windows using the very minimal graphics available in the ASCII
character set. Reverse video helped separate areas of the screen. Linux was born and raised in this
environment.
Naturally all of the original Linux tools were invoked from the command line. The real power of Linux
still lies in this environment, which explains why many Linux professionals work exclusively from the
command line. Using clear descriptions and lots of examples, this book shows you how to get the most
out of your Linux system using the command line interface.
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Linux distributions
A Linux distribution comprises the Linux kernel, utilities, and application programs. Many distributions
are available, including Debian, Red Hat, Fedora Core, SUSE, Mandriva (formerly Mandrake),
KNOPPIX, and Slackware. Although the distributions differ from one another in various ways, all of
them rely on the Linux kernel, utilities, and applications. This book is based on the code that is common
to most distributions. As a consequence you can use it regardless of which distribution you are running.
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Overlap
If you read A Practical Guide to Red Hat ® Linux®: Fedora Core™ and Red Hat Enterprise Linux,
Second Edition, or a subsequent edition, you will notice some overlap between that book and the one
you are reading now. The introduction, the appendix on regular expressions, and the chapters on the
utilities (Chapter 3 of this book—not Part V), the filesystem, and programming tools are very similar in
the two books. The three chapters that cover the Bourne Again Shell (bash) have been expanded and
rewritten for this text. Chapters that appear in this book and but not in A Practical Guide to Red Hat ®
Linux®, Second Edition, include those covering the vim and emacs editors, the TC Shell (tcsh), the gawk
and sed languages, and Part V, which describes 80 of the most useful Linux utility programs in detail.
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Audience
This book is designed for a wide range of readers. It does not require programming experience, although
some experience using a general-purpose computer is helpful. It is appropriate for the following readers:




Students taking a class in which they use Linux




Power users who want to explore the power of Linux from the command line




Professionals who use Linux at work



System administrators who need a deeper understanding of Linux and the tools that are available
to them





Computer science students who are studying the Linux operating system




Programmers who need to understand the Linux programming environment



Technical executives who want to get a grounding in Linux
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Benefits
A Practical Guide to Linux® Commands, Editors, and Shell Programming gives you an in-depth
understanding of how to use Linux from the command line. Regardless of your background, it offers the
knowledge you need to get on with your work: You will come away from this book understanding how
to use Linux, and this text will remain a valuable reference for years to come.
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Features Of This Book
This book is organized for ease of use in different situations. For example, you can read it from cover to
cover to learn command line Linux from the ground up. Alternatively, once you are comfortable using
Linux, you can use this book as a reference: Look up a topic of interest in the table of contents or index

and read about it. Or, refer to one of the utilities covered in Part V, "Command Reference." You can also
think of this book as a catalog of Linux topics: Flip through the pages until a topic catches your eye. The
book also includes many pointers to Web sites where you can get additional information: Consider the
Web an extension of this book.
A Practical Guide to Linux® Commands, Editors, and Shell Programming offers the following features:



Optional sections allow you to read the book at different levels, returning to more difficult
material when you are ready to tackle it.




Caution boxes highlight procedures that can easily go wrong, giving you guidance before you run
into trouble.




Tip boxes highlight places in the text where you can save time by doing something differently or
when it may be useful or just interesting to have additional information.





Security boxes point out ways that you can make a system more secure.



The Supporting Web site at www.sobell.com includes corrections to the book, downloadable
examples from the book, pointers to useful Web sites, and answers to even-numbered exercises.





Concepts are illustrated by practical examples found throughout the book.



The many useful URLs (Internet addresses) identify sites where you can obtain software and
information.





Chapter summaries review the important points covered in each chapter.



Review exercises are included at the end of each chapter for readers who want to hone their
skills. Answers to even-numbered exercises are available at www.sobell.com.




Important GNU tools, including gcc, gdb, GNU Configure and Build System, make, gzip, and

many others, are described in detail.




Pointers throughout the book provide help in obtaining online documentation from many sources,
including the local system and the Internet.
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Contents
This section describes the information that each chapter covers and explains how that information can
help you take advantage of the power of Linux. You may want to review the table of contents for more
detail.



Chapter 1 Welcome to Linux Presents background information on Linux. This chapter covers
the history of Linux, explains how the GNU Project helped Linux get started, and discusses some
of Linux's important features that distinguish it from other operating systems.

Part I: The Linux Operating System
tip: Experienced users may want to skim Part I
If you have used a UNIX/Linux system before, you may want to skim or skip some or all of the chapters
in Part I. All readers should take a look at " Conventions Used in This Book" (page 22), which explains
the typographic conventions that this book uses, and "Getting the Facts: Where to Find Documentation"
(page 29), which points you toward both local and remote sources of Linux documentation.

Part I introduces Linux and gets you started using it.



Chapter 2 Getting Started Explains the typographic conventions that this book uses to make
explanations clearer and easier to read. This chapter provides basic information and explains how
to log in, change your password, give Linux commands using the shell, and find system
documentation.




Chapter 3 Command Line Utilities Explains the command line interface (CLI) and briefly
introduces more than 30 command line utilities. Working through this chapter gives you a feel for
Linux and introduces some of the tools you will use day in and day out. The utilities covered in
this chapter include
o
o grep, which searches through files for strings of characters;
o

o unix2dos, which converts Linux text files to Windows format;
o
o tar, which creates archive files that can hold many other files;
o
o bzip2 and gzip, which compress files so that they take up less space on disk and allow you to
transfer them over a network more quickly; and
o
o diff, which displays the differences between two text files.




Chapter 4 The Linux Filesystem Discusses the Linux hierarchical filesystem, covering files,

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Supplements
The author's home page (www.sobell.com) contains downloadable listings of the longer programs from
this book as well as pointers to many interesting and useful Linux-related sites on the World Wide Web,
a list of corrections to the book, answers to even-numbered exercises, and a solicitation for corrections,

comments, and suggestions.
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