Nghiên cứu bảo tồn và phát huy giá trị văn hóa và các dân tộc vùng phong nha, kẻ bàng

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BAO CA® MET QIIA MUMIli
NGHIEN CUU BAG TON vA PHAT HUY
NHCNG GIA TRI VAN HOA CAC DAN TOC

VUNG PHONG NHA - K '

Chii nhiem di tkt TS, NguylE The Mmn
Co quan chu tri de tai: Triideg Bal hoc Qiiiiig linii

Dmg Rm, thdng 10 ndm 20Q7


TRU6NG DAI HOC QUANG BINH
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BAO CAO K E T QUA XGHmiN ClfC DE TAI
NGHIEN c t r u BAO TON VA PHAT HUY
NHIJNG GIA TRI VAN HOA CAC DAN T O C
VUNG PHONG NHA - KE BANG

Chii nhiem de tai: TS. Nguyin The Hoan
Co quan chii tri de tai: Trudng Dai hoc Quang Binh

Dong H&i, thdng 10 ndm 2007


MUC LUC

Trang
A. Thong tin chung vi de tai

3

B. Noi dung nghien cihi de tai
1. Str cSn thiet cua vi6c nghien ciru

4

2. Lich sit nghien cuu

4

3. Muc tiSu ciia d6 tai

5

4. Cach tie'p can, phucmg phap nghidn ciJu
5. K6't ciu cua dS tai

6

PHAN 1: T 6 N G QUAN \ t Difiu KE&N TlTNHEfcN - XA U6l CAC DAN
T O C VUNG PHONG NHA - KE BANG
I.l. Dieu Iiien tu nhien
1.2. Dieu Itien xa hoi
PHAN H: N G H 1 £ N CCTU N H U N G GIA TRI VAN HOA CAC DAN T O C
VUNG PHONG NHA - K £ BANG

7
8
8
15
24

1.1. M O T S6 K H A I N I $ M

n.2. NGHlfeN ctru CAC GIA TRI VAN HOA VAT TH^
24

n.2.1 Nghien curu lang ban dan toe
a. Trang thai cu tni cua ngucfi Chut

24

b. Lang, ban cua nguoi Bru - Van Ki^u

28

n.2.2 Y phuc va trang sure
a. Y phuc va trang siic cua ngucri Chiit

36

b. Y phuc va trang siic cua ngucfi Bru - Van Kilu

38

n.2.3. Cong cu san xuat va do diing trong sinh hoat dcil song

42

a. C6ng cu san xua't va d6 dung cua ngucri Bru - Van Kieu

42

b. C6ng cu san xua't va d6 dung cua nguoi Chiit

53

n.2.4. Nghien cihi cac hinh thiic an, uong, hiit

66

a. Cac hinh thiic an, u6'ng, hiit cua nguoi Chiit

66

b. Cdc hinh thiic an, u6'ng, hiit cua nguoi Bru - Van Kieu

73

n.3 NGHlfeN ctru CAC GIA TRI VAN HOA PHI VAT THE

78

36

n.3.1. Vdn hoc dan gian
a. Van hoc dan gian ngucri Chiit

78

b. Van hoc dan gian ngucri Bru - Van Kieu

83


II3.2. Nghe thuat dan gian

86

a. Nghfi thuat dan gian cua ngucri Chiit

86

b. Nghd thuat dan gian cua nguoi Bru - Van Kieu

90

II.3.3. Cac loai nhac cu

92

a. Cac loai nhac cu cua ngucri Bru - Van Kilu

93

b. Nhac cu truyin thtfng cua ngucri Chiit

94

II.3.4 Cac ll hoi truyen thong

97

a. Ll h6i ciia ngucri Bru - Van Kilu

97

b. LI h6 cua ngucri Chiit

108

II.3.5. Phong tuc tap quan

100

a. Phong tuc tap quan cua ngucri Bru - Van Kilu

100

b. Phong tuc tap quan cua ngucri Chiit

122

n.3.6. Ton giao tin ngudng

125

a. T6n giao tin ngu5ng cua ngucri Chiit

125

b. T6n giao tin ngu&ng ciia ngucri Bru - Van Kilu

130

n.3.7. Cac luat tuc

136

a. Luat tuc ciia nguoi Chiit

136

b. Luat tuc ciia ngucri Bru - Van Kilu

141

II.3.8. To chiifc cong dong

159

a. T6 chiic xa h6i ciia ngucri Chiit

159

b. Td chiic xa h6i ciia ngucri Bru - Van Kilu

162

n.3.9 Nghien cihi tri thiic ban dja

173

a. Tri thiic ban dia ciia ngucri Bru - Van Kilu

174

b. Tri thiic ban dia ciia ngucri Chiit

186

PHAN IH: CAC GlAl PHAP BAG T 6 N VA PHAT HUY VAN HOA CAC
DAN T O C P H U C VU C H O HOAT D O N G DU LICH VA PHAT TRif N
KINHT^-XAHOI
I. NHAN XET T 6 N G QUAT \ t KET QUA DI^U TRA XA H O I HOC
H. CAC GiAi P H A P BAO T 6 N VA P H A T HUY GiA TRI VAN HoA cAc
DAN T O C

c. K£T LUAN
PHAN PHU LUC
TAI

LifiU NGHlfiN ctru vA THAM K H A O

200
200
212
220
213
244


A. THONG TIN CHUNG V£ Dfi TAI
1. Ten de tai: Nghien curu bao ton va phat huy nhung gia trj van
hoa cac dan toe vung Phong Nha - Ke Bang.
2. Chu nhiem de tai: Nguydn The'Hoan
Hoc vj: Tie'n sy
Noi cong tac: Khoa Boi dir6ng-Tai churc Trirdng Dai hoc
Quang Binh.

DT: 0912 483 587

3. Co quan chu tri de tai: Trirdng Dai hoc Quang Binh.
Dja chi: Phirdng Bac Ly- Thanh pho Dong H6i, tinh Quang Binh
Dien thoai: 052 822 010
4. Nhumg ngirdi tham gia chinh:
ThS. Le Thuy MiJi
ThS. Cao Thj Thanh Thuy

- Cao hoc. Hoang Van Tan
- CN. Tran Van Ninh
- CN. Tran Thj Dieu Hong


B. Ndi DUNG NGHlfiN CtTU Dfi TAI
1. Su can thie't ciia viec nghien cihi:
Tii trudrc den nay viing Phong Nha - Ke Bang da duac nhieu ngucri quan
tam, nghien ciiu, dac biet sau khi dugc UNESCO cong nhan la "Di san thidn
nhien The gidi", Phong Nha - Ke Bang thuc sir trcr thanh ncri thu hiit su chii y ciia
nhiiu nganh khoa hoc trong nudc va qud'c te. Ngoai nhirng gia tri mang tfnh toan
cSu ciia Phong Nha - Ke Bang nhu: Dia mao, dia cha't, danh thSng, da dang sinh
hoc cr day con chiia dung nhirng gia tri van hoa het siic d6 s6 va doc dao. Tuy
nhi6n hitn nay vin chua co mot cong trinh nao dl cap den va'n de nay do do viec
ngliien ciiu de tai co y nghia hl^t siic ca'p thilt.
Viing Phong Nha Ke Bang la dia ban cu trii ciia nhiiu dan tdc it ngucri
chu yfiii la dan tdc Chiit va Bru Van kilu trong dd dang chii y nha't la cac dan tdc
ngudfi A Rem, Rue, Sach (Chiit) va Van Kilu, Khua, Tri, Ma Coong, Ka Rai (Bru
Van Kilu). Day la nhiing tdc ngudi cd trinh dd phat triln kinh te van hoa - xa hdi
h^t siic lac hau. Nhiiu va'n dl vl ngudn g6c va qua trinh tdc ngudi, dac trung van
hoa, ngdn ngii con chua dugc di sau nghifin ciiu. Do sdng biet lap thanh nhiiu
nhdm nho, co sd' dan it, cu tni ncri heo lanh va dang trong tinh trang ngay cang bj
mai mdt van hoa; kha nang tu luc phat trien gap ra't nhiiu khd khan. Vi the' trong
tinh hinh hien nay viec nghien ciiu bao tdn va phat trien nhiing gia tri van hoa
ciia cac tdc ngucri & day viira la ydu cdu ca'p bach vita la bien phap hiru hieu de
bao luu nhirng di san van hoa vat cha't va tinh thdn ma tdc ngucri do da tao nen
trong qua trinh lich sir. Dilu nay cd y nghia vd ciing quan trpng, bdi vi su phat
triln hay tieu vong mdt cdng dong tdc ngudi bao gid cung tuy thudc vao nhiing
ye'u td' ndi sinh - truyin thd'ng van hoa ciia chinh cdng dong a'y. Mdt khi yd'u td
ndi sinh ye'u dt, van hoa tdc ngudi bi mai mdt thi se dan den nguy co danh ma't

ban sdc ciia dan tdc minh. Vi the', day la vdn dl cd y nghia dac biet lien quan de'n
sir sinh tdn va phat triln ciia cac dan tdc d khu vuc nay.
2. Lich sii nghien cihi
Vdn dl nghien ciiu van hoa ciia dan tdc it ngudi d tinh Quang Binh tnrde
day va hidn nay da dugc de cap de'n trong mdt sd cdng trinh nghien ciiu ciia cac
tac gia trong va ngoai nudc nhu. "So lugc gidi thieu cac ddn tdc it ngudi d miin
nui Quang Binh", "Dan tdc A Rem va ddn tdc Rue", "Tim hieu ngudi Rue d
miin niii Quang Binh" "Thanh phdn nhdn chung mdt sd nhdm tdc ngudi d miin
mii Quang Binh" ciia cac nha nghien ciiu ddn tdc hgc: Nguyin Binh, Mac


Dudng, Nguyin Dinh Khoa vao nhirng nam 60 de cdp dl'n mdt sd vdn dl nhdn
chiing hgc ciia cac nhdm tdc ngudi d Quang Binh. De'n nhirng nam 70 cac tac gia
nhu Duong Dinh Khdi Nguyin Van Tai, Ngd Diic Thinh da cd nhirng bai viit
nghien ciiu vl su phan bd dan cu, thanh phdn dan tdc va ngdn ngii ciia mdt sd tdc
ngudi d day. Nam 1988 cd cdng trinh nghien ciiu ve ngdn ngii ngudi Rue d
Quang Binh ciia Trdn Chi Ddi, Nguyin Phii Phong va M.FERUS thudc Trudng
Dai hgc Pari VII. Dang chu y nhdt la cac cdng trinh nghien ciiu ciia Nguyin Van
Manh, Nguyen Van Lgi, Vd Xuan Trang nhu "Tieng Rue", "Ngudi Chiit d Viet
Nam" (1996), "Ngudi Rue d Viet Nam" (1998), gdn day la cdng trinh "Phong
Nha Ke Bang tii tu lieu tdng quan" cua Sd khoa hgc cdng nghe va mdi trudng
Quang Binh nam 2002; "Di san thien nhien the' gidi - Vudn qud'c gia Phong Nha
Ke Bang" cua Cue dia chdt va khoang san Viet Nam nam 2003. Nhin chung
cac cdng trinh nghien ciiu tren dl cap de'n mdt sd vdn de vl nhdn chiing hgc,
ngdn ngii hgc, van hoa va mdt sd linh vuc khac ciia cac ddn tdc ft ngudi d Quang
Binh, nhung chi tap trung nghien ciiu vl cac nhdm tdc ngudi thudc dan tdc Chut
chii cac nhdm tdc ngudi thugc dan tdc Bru Van Kilu ft dugc chii y de'n. Mat
khac pham vi nghidn ciru kha rdng tren dia ban miin mii Quang Binh va nhirng
vdn dl neu ra cd tfnh chdt tdng quat chua cu the , dac bidt la chua dl cap dd'n
nhiing ndi dung ciia dl tai nghidn ciru. Tuy vay, dd la ngudn tai lieu rdt bd fch

cho vide nghien ciiu dl tai.
3. Muc tieu ciia de tai:
Nghidn ciiu nhirng gia tri van hoa ciia cac dan tdc d viing Phong Nha Ke Bang, chii yd'u la cac gia tri vl van hoa vat thi va phi vat the, nhdm giii gin
ban sdc van hoa ciia cac dan tdc d day trudc nguy co ngay cang bi mai mgt.
Trdn ccr sd nghien ciiu, danh gia thuc trang, de tai se de xudt mdt sd giai
phap cu thi cd tfnh kha thi nhdm bao tdn va phat triln van hoa cac dan tdc ngudi
vilng Phong Nha - Ke Bang va phuc vu cho cac hoat ddng du lich.
Viec nghidn ciiu dl tai se gdp phdn khang dinh thdm nhiing di san van
hoa ddc dao ciia vimg Phong Nha - Ke Bang dl khdng ngimg ddy manh vide
khai thac gia tri ciia di san thidn nhidn thd' gidi phuc vu cho vide phat trien kinh
te' - xa hdi van hoa d day.
4. Cach tiep can, phucmg phap nghien ciru
a. Phucmg phdp tiep can


van dung cac quan diem ciia Dang va Nha nudc ta ve chfnh sach dan tdc
ciing nhu nhiing vdn dl h luan va thuc tidn cdp bach cd lidn quan dd'n dan tdc,
tdc ngudi d nudc ta va trdn the' gidi. Dac biet la vdn dung quan diem ciia nghi
quye't Hdi nghi ldn thii 5 Ban chdp hanh Trung uomg Dang khoa VIII vl viec xay
dung va phat triln nin van hoa Viet Nam tidn tid'n dam da ban sdc ddn tdc. Ngoai
ra cdn dua vao cac nghi quylt ciia Tinh uy, Nghi Quyd't Dai hdi tinh Dang bd
Quang Binh ldn thii 13, 14 vl viec thuc hidn cac muc tidu phat trien kinh td'- xa
hdi d dia phucmg trong thdi ki cdng nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa.
Phucmg phap nha't quan, bao quat toan bd qua trinh nghien ciiu la each tie'p
can tdng hgp lien nganh. Ben canh chii y de'n cac chuyen nganh: lich sii, dan tdc
hgc, ngdn ngii hgc, dia If hgc va cdn kit hgp nhieu chuyen nganh khac: Van hoa,
tam If tdc ngudi, nghien ciiu tdng hgp nhirng vdn dl vl kinh td'-xa hdi.
Chii trgng vide idiao sat nghidn cun thuc dia va diin da dan tdc hgc nham
thu thap dilu tra, xii If thdng tin tir cac ngudn tu lieu khac nhau de tdng Idim ke,
phan loai cac di san van hoa vat the va phi vat the ciia cac dan tdc ft ngudi vung

Phong Nha - Ke Bang.
Sit dung cdng nghd phdn mim GIS dl quy hoach phat triln cac loai hinh
du lich d viing Phong Nha - Ke Bang nhu: Du lich van hoa, lich sit, du lich lang,
ban dan tdc, kd't hgp du lich van hoa, du lich sinh thai vdi du lich hang ddng va
tham quan cac di tfch lich sii bdng mdt hd thd'ng ban dd, scr dd, tranh anh... Cd
thi xem day la giai phap quan trgng gdp phdn phat triln du lich bin virng d khu
vuc Phong Nha - Ke Bang.
Sii dung cac phucmg tidn ki thuat hidn dai nhu: Camera, may anh, bang,
dia... nhdm luu gia nhiing di san van hoa tfch cue cung nhu tuydn truyin gidi
thidu rdng rai vdi khach tham quan vl cac loai hinh van hoa nghd thuat ddc dao,
phong tuc tap quan, nd'p sd'ng ciia cac dan tdc d viing Phong Nha - Ke Bang.
Tie'n hanh dilu tra xa hdi hgc de xem xet viec tid'p nhan mdt sd gia tri van
hoa cQa dan tdc khac (chii yeu la dan tdc Kinh) trong ddi sd'ng sirih hoat ciia cac
dan tdc ft ngudi d khu vuc nay. Mat khac tha'y dugc cac ye'u td van hoa ban dia
ciia cac tdc ngudi d day cdn luu giu dugc trong bdi canh giao luu van hoa va thuc
hien cac chuang trinh, du an xay dung cd sd ha tdng dien, dudng, nha d, va
chuang trinh xoa ddi giam ngheo dd'i vdi cac dan tdc it ngucri d vung Phong Nha
- Ke Bang trong nhirng thdi gian qua.
b. Ddi tuang phgm vi nghien cicu:


Van hoa vat the va van hoa phi vat the ciia ddng bao ddn tdc thidu sd khu
vac Phong Nha - Ke Bang sinh sdng d viing ldi (vung trung tam) va viing dem
ciia khu di san. Bao gdm cac tdc ngudi Van Kilu, Ma Coong, Khiia, Tri (Dan tdc
Bru - Van Kieu) va Rue, Sach, Arem, May (Dan tdc Chiit) cu the:
+ Vung loi cd 02 xa: xa Tan Trach (Bd Trach) cd ban 39 gdm tdc ngudi
Arem, va ban Dodng ciia tdc ngudi Van Kilu. Xa San Trach (Bd Trach) cd ban
Rao Con cua tdc ngudi Van Kilu.
+ Vung dem d khu vuc Phong Nha - Ke Bang cd 12 xa nhung trong dd cd
7 xa la cd ddng bao dan tdc sinh sd'ng, nhung dl tai chi tap trung nghien ciiu d 2

xa: Gdm 1 xa ciia huyen Minh Hoa la Thugng Hoa (gdm cac ban On, ban Yen
Hgp, ban Phii Ninh, ban O O (Rue Lan) cd cac tdc ngudi Rue, Sach, May,
Khua va 01 xa ciia huyen Bd Trach la Thugng Trach gdm cac tdc ngudi Ma
Coong, Khiia,Tri...
Tuy nhien do dia ban sinh sd'ng ciia cac dan tdc dugc trai dai tren mdt
pham vi he't siic rdng ldn, nen dl tai se tap trung di sau nghien ciiu cac tdc ngudi
d vilng ldi (viing trung tam) va d xa Thugng Trach, xa Thugng Hoa la chii yd'u.
Bdi vi day la viing ddng bao dan tdc cd trinh dd hd't siic lac hau va bi mai mdt
nhiiu vl van hoa. Hem niia la viing cd nhieu di tfch lich sii, van hoa, hang ddng
va du lich sinh thai quan trgng ciia vung Phong Nha - Ke Bang, tao dilu Icidn
ddy manh vide ke't hgp cac hoat ddng du lich ciia cac loai hinh du lich ciia di san
thien nhien the' gidi. Cdn cac dan tdc khac (Kinh) sinh sd'ng tren vilng Phong
Nha - Ke Bang, ndi dung nghien ciiu ciia dl tai Ididng dl cap de'n.
c. Nhiing dong gop cua detai:
Nghidn ciiu, thd'ng kd va phan loai cac di san van hoa vdt the va phi vdt
thi ciia cac ddn tdc ft ngudi d vimg Phong Nha - Ke Bang.
Dua trdn thuc trang va ludn eii khoa hgc, de tai se dl xud't mdt sd giai
phap cd tfnh kha thi nhdm bao tdn va phat trien van hoa cac dan tdc trong ddi
sd'ng ducmg dai va phuc vu cho cac hoat ddng du lich va gdp phdn phat trien kinh
tl-xahdidday.
5. Ke't ciu cua de tai:
Ngoai phdn md ddu, kd't ludn, va phu luc, dl tai gdm cd 03 phan.
Phdn I: "Tong quan ve dieu kien tu nhien - xd hgi cdc ddn tgc viing Phong
Nha-Ke Bdng".
Phan II: "Nghien cicu nhitng di sdn vdn hod vgt the vd phi vdt the ciia cdc
ddn tgc 6 vdng Phong Nha - Ke Bdng".
Phan III: "Cdc gidi phdp bdo ton vd phdt huy gid tri vdn hod cdc ddn tgc
phuc vu cho hogt dgng du lich vd phdt trien Icinh te- xd hgi".

PHANI
\t DIEU KIEN TU NHIEN - XA HOI
CAC DAN T O C VUNG PHONG NHA - KE BANG

T6NG QUAN

I.l. DI^UKlfiNTlTNHlfiN
a. Vi tri dja Iy, dia hinh
Khu vuc Phong Nha - Ke Bang ndm vl phfa tay bdc tinh Quang Binh, dgc
bien gidi Viet Lao, cd tga do dia ly 17°20'- 17°48' vi dd bdc, 105° 46'- 106° 24'
kinh dd Ddng. Chieu dgc nai dai nhdt la 70 km tir deo Mu Gia dd'n mii U Bd theo
hudng Tdy bdc- Ddng nam. Chieu ngang ncri rdng nhd't la 31 km tii Tay Gat (xa
Xuan Trach, huydn Bd Trach) din bien gidi Viet Lao, theo hudng Ddng bdc Tay Nam, ndm dgc theo bidn gidi Viet Lao vdi chilu dai khoang 50 km [20]
Theo sa dd kid'n tao lanh thd Viet Nam, khu vuc Phong Nha-Ke Bang thudc ddi
udn nd'p Vidt -Lao, tit ddu dai cd sinh nd da dugc hinh thanh, do tfnh chdt bao
mdn tao thanh mdt dia hinh Karst diin hinh .Nhin mdt each tdng quat trong khu
vuc cd 3 kilu dia hinh chinh (kilu dia hinh mii da vdi, kieu dia hinh phi karst,
kilu dia hinh chuyen tid'p).
- Kieu dia hinh niii dd voi
Kilu dia hinh nay chiem phdn ldn didn tfch trong Vudn Qud'c gia gdm khd'i
mii da vdi lidn tuc tit day niii Phu Toe Vu, deo Mu Gia (huydn Minh Hoa keo
dai tdi hang En, Rao But, Ca Rodng (huyen Bd Trach), dai khoang 70km. Ddy
chfnh la khd'i mii da vdi lien tuc rdng ldn nha't ciia Viet Nam. Pham vi ciia mii da
vdi trai rdng sang Lao cd didn tfch khoang gdn 200.000ha. N^u tfnh toan bd khd'i
mii da vdi lidn tuc ca vl phfa Vidt Nam va Lao thi day la mdt trong nhirng khd'i
mii da vdi rdng ldn nhdt hanh tinh (Pierre G,1966). Tai day, cac day mii da vdi
phat triln hdu nhu lidn tuc, thanh phdn tuang dd'i ddng nhdt, do cao trdn 1000m.
Dia hinh mii da vdi bi chia cdt rdt manh, vdi nhung vach da dung diing, xd'p ldp,
dinh ldm chdm, thudng kem theo qua trinh karst do hoa tan va ngung ddng
cacbonat hinh thanh ndn cac nhu da, mang da, ndm da, chudng da, cdt da da

dang, phiic tap, dep ki didu trong cac hang ddng. Nhiiu nai da bi mai mdn tao
ndn nhung cdng trdi, rumg da, cdu da, gid'ng da rdt ki thii. Giiia cac vach da
thudng la cac thung kin dai va nhd, rdng khoang 20-lOOm. Trong viing mii da
vdi hdu nhu khdng cd sdng sud'i trdn bl mat, ma chi thd'y d vanh ngoai. Cac mdt
hiit rai rac trong cac thung IQng dua nudc thoat theo cac sdng ngdm. Viing karst


nay cdn chiia nhiiu bf dn, nhiiu ncri chua hi cd ddu chdn ngudi dat tdi. Dac bidt
nd ndm d miin phan thuy giiia hai hd thd'ng sdng: Xd Bang Hien va Xe Bang
Phai chay vao sdng Me Kdng va he thd'ng sdng Son, sdng Gianh, sdng Dai Giang
chay ra biln Ddng [20].
Kieu dia hinh phi karst
Kilu dia hinh nay chiem ti le thdp, phan bd d vdng ngoai vung niii da vdi
d phfa Bdc, Ddng Bdc va Ddng Nam Vudn Qud'c gia. Do cao bid'n ddng tit 5001000m hay han chiit ft. Do chia cdt tucmg ddi sdu va do dd'c kha ldn, trung binh
25-30 Cd kha nhiiu thung IQng hep chay dai theo cac sud'i nhu khe Am, khe
Cha Lo, khe Chua Ngiit va d cue Tay Nam cd thung IQng dgc Rao Thucmg. Nhin
chung dia hinh phi karst khdng cao han nhiiu so vdi dia hinh karst Tit bdc
xud'ng Nam cd cac dinh: Phu Toe Vu (1000m), Ma Tac (1068m), Co Khu
(886m), U Bd (1009m), Co Rildt (1128m) ; dinh cao nhd't ciia dia hinh karst
cung la dinh cao nhdt cua Vudn Qud'c gia l£( dinh Co Preu (1213m), d vl phfa
cue Nam ciia Vudn Qud'c gia. Dia hinh phi karst cung la vung ddu ngudn ciia
cac con sdng, sud'i chay vao sdng Gianh. Dang dia hinh nay thoai va mim mai
vd cd dd chia cdt cQng khdng manh bang vilng niii da vdi ndn nhin chung dia
hinh hoi dan didu. [20]
Kieu dia hinh chuyen tiep
Day la kilu dia hinh cd su xen ke phiic tap giua cac khd'i da vdi va dia hinh
da luc nguydn. Chiing phdn bd rai rac, thudng tap trung d nhung vung chuyen
tie'p giiia niii da vdi va da luc nguyen. Dia hinh thudng la nhiing dinh niii thdp
dudi 800m, tuy khdng hilm trd nhu dia hinh karst nhung cung rdt da dang, phiic
tap.

Khu vuc Phong Nha -Ke Bang ndm chii yd'u trdn dia phan hai huyen Bd
Trach va Minh Hda la vilng niii thudc Bdc Trudng San hiem trd, cd dd cao trung
binh 700 - 800m so vdi mat nudc bien, vdi tga do 17°42' den 18°16'vi do bdc.
Viing da't nay phfa bdc tid'p giap tinh Ha Tinh, phfa tay giap nude Cdng hda Dan
chii nhan dan Lao, phfa Ddng giap huydn Quang Trach. La mien mii ndm dgc
theo triln ddng ciia day Trudng San ndn dia hinh Bd Trach va Minh Hda kha
hilm trd. Niii d day nghieng ddn theo hudng Tay Bdc - Ddng Nam va cd do dd'c
khdng diu nhau. Cd day mii nd'i liln nhau triing didp tao thanh hinh vdng cung
cd mdt ddu nhd ra sat biln (day Hoanh Son), bdn canh dd lai cd nhiiu nggn mii
da vdi hinh chdp nd'i dai lidn tuc, giua chiing cd khi gian doan bdi nhung thung


lung karst. Qua trinh karst d ddy dang trong giai doan phat trien manh me, Ichdp
viing ta thdy nhung phdu karst, gieng karst lam cho "riing niii, mudn hd, ngdt
ngheo dm u" Vi thi cac ddng chay d day thudng bi diit quang, cd nghia la
nhiing ddng sudi dang chay lai biln mdt va lai Id ra d mdt ncri khac tao ndn
nhiing mach nude ngdm (ddng bao quen ggi la rue nudc) va cung vi dja hinh
Karst hoat ddng manh ndn d day da hinh thanh nhiiu hang ddng ndi tie'ng.
VI mat cdu tao dia chdt, mii d day la mdt khdi da bien ehd't rdt cd, cd tir
trudc ky Dl vdn, dac biet d ddy la cd nhiiu mach mii granft cdt ngang. Nhutig
ididi da granft bi diit gay da lam cho ddt pdralit trao ra bao phu mdt viing rdng
ldn.
Mat Idiac do su didn bien phiic tap ciia qua trinh trdm tfch va phun trao da
vdi qua cac thdi ky kid'n tao dia tdng, ndn dja hinh d day khdng ddng diu, cd
vung niii nha'p nhd triing diep, cd ddt trdm tfch, viing ddt trdm tfch tao thanh
nhung thung lung tucmg ddi bang phing. Nhung thung lung d day thudng rdt
hep, sau va khdng md, cd nghia la niii diing bao phii xung quanh.(chang han nhu
thung lung d Ban Ddong, thung lung d Rao Con). Vdi dien tfch 68.119 ha, ne'u
tfnh ca khu vuc rirng dac chiing, dac dung trdn mii da thi khu vuc Phong Nha-Ke
Bang cd tdng didn tfch tren 147.000 ha [22].

b. Khi hau, sdng ngoi, thd nhudng va sinh vat
Vdi nhung dac diem vl mat ca'u tao dia hinh nhu da ndu. Cd the ndi rdng
dilu kidn tu nhien d vimg Phong Nha - Ke Bang la vd cung khdc nghidt, ludn
hiing chiu nhiiu yd'u td khf hau bdt thudng, mac dii khu vuc nay ndm trong vung
nhidt ddi dm gid mua. Tfnh ehd't nhiet ddi dm da tdc ddng mdt each sdu sdc dd'n
cac dilu kidn tu nhidn (dia hinh, dd't dai, ddng thuc vat...). Do cac cudc kiln tao
dia tdng phiic tap ndn dd't dai d day cd nhiiu loai khac nhau, thfch nghi vdi timg
loai ddt trdng cd gia tri nhu ddt ferah't vang, nau phat triln trdn da granit. Loai
ddt nay chid'm mdt didn tfch rdt ldn thfch nghi vdi cdc loai cay cdng nghidp nhu:
che hd tidu, dau, thudc la, vimg, dau tdm... d day cdn cd loai ddt nau thdm phat
triln tren da pargnai hay da phien thach. Loai dat nay thudng tha'y d cac sudn
ddi, thfch hgrp cho viec gieo liia, trdng hoa mau nhu: khoai, sdn. Hdu hd't nuang
rdy dl trdng liia va hoa mau cua ddng bao diu dugc khai thac trdn nhung ddi mii
cd loai da't nay. Ngoai ra d day cdn cd mgt loai ddt thich hgp cho vide phat trien
Ilia nudc, ngd, mfa... dd la dd't ddc tu. Dd't dd'c tu do qua trinh trdm tfch ciia da
vdi tao thanh va thudng la nhirng khoanh rudng bac thang d viing cac thung liing.

10


Nhu vay ddt trdng d Tuyen Hda va Minh Hda cd nhiiu loai, nhiiu tdng
canh tac, cho phep chiing ta phdt triln mdt nen ndng nghiep toan dien gdm nhiiu
loai cay trdng va vat nudi. Dia hinh d day cdn la dilu kien thuan lgi cho cac he
ddng thyc vat phat triln phong phii va da dang vl ca sd Iugng va chiing loai.
Vdi 1.398,58km^ tdng sd didn tfch ddt lam nghidp chid'm gdn 60% dien tfch
ty nhidn ca hai huydn, riing Bd Trach va Minh Hda la mdt kho tai nguydn phong
phu vl lam thd san, vdi nhiiu loai gd quy nhu: da huang, hue mdc, canh kid'n,
lim, tau, go, mun, ddi, chd, kin kin...Ngoai gd quy, ritng d day cdn cd nhiiu loai
tre niia song may, ddt, la ndn.... va nhiiu loai cay dugc lieu cd gia tri nhu: sa
nhan, ha thii d, ngu gia bi, sam, trdm...Riing d day cdn cd nhiiu loai rau qua:

ndm, mang...Dd la nhung nguyen lieu phong phii hd trg cho ngudn thyc phdm
ciia ddng bao. Xen ldn giira sdng, sudi, mii rimg, trdn cac sudn ddi la nhiing bai
cd xanh tuoi. Ngudn lgi thidn nhidn nay la dilu kidn dl mii ritng Bd Trach va
Minh Hoa phdt triln chan nudi dai gia siic.
Niii rimg Bd Trach va Minh Hda cdn la noi sinh sd'ng ciia hang tram loai
chim, thii nhu: hd, huou, nai, Ign rimg, chdn cao, son duomg, khi...mdt vai khu
riing gia cdn tdn tai nhiiu ddng vdt quy hid'm nhu: voi, gd'u, cdng. Mat ong cung
la mdt dac san rdt phong phii d day.
Nhin chung tham thyc vat va cac loai ddng vat d Bd Trach va Minh Hda cd
dilu kien phat trien thuan lgi, rimg d day nhiiu tdng, nhiiu ldp chiia dyng mdt
tiem nang ldnh td' ldn khdng chi trdn ITnh vyc khai thdc gd lam san, dugc lieu,
huang lidu... ma cdn la mdi trudng ly tudng cho nhiiu loai thu quy sinh trudng.
Bd Trach va Minh Hda cd mdt hd thd'ng sdng sud'i kha day dac. Mdt vai
con sdng nhu: sdng Gianh, Rao Nan, Rao Ndy, sdng Cu Nhang, sud'i. Ha Vi,
sdng Son va hang tram khe sud'i nhd khac, da chia cdt dia hinh d ddy dd'n miic cu:
vdi chuc km, cd noi vai km da thdy xudt hidn nhiing sdng sud'i kha Idn. Trong dd
dang chii y nhdt la sdng Gianh. Sdng Gianh phdt nguydn tit deo Mu Gia xud'ng
khe Ve dugc ggi la sud'i Bam va tir dd ra bien mdi ggi la sdng Gianh. Sdng Gianh
cd rdt nhiiu ghlnh thac sdu va rdng. Vung ha luu cua sdng chiu anh hudng ciia
thiiy trilu ndn cd chd' dd IQ lut theo mua, vdi dac trung myc nudc dang theo lu.
Sdng d ddy cd hidn tucmg dao long kha manh, do bdt ngudn tit vimg
thugng luu cd dd cao ldn (trdn 1.000m) rdi thdp ddn d viing ha luu va dd ra biln
Ddng. Vi thd' ddng sdng cd do dd'c ldn (tir 10,5 - 35°). Dd dd'c ldn nhdt la Iiic
ddng sdng chay qua vung da vdi Ke Bang. Luu Iugng nudc cua cac sdng, sud'i

11


thay ddi theo mua. Miia ndng nhirng ddng sdng, con sud'i thudng khd can thuan
Igi cho vide di lai cho con ngudi, nhung lai gay trd ngai ldn dd'n qua trinh san

xudt ndng nghidp, cung nhu dd'n ddi sdng hang ngay ciia ddng bao. Vao mua
mua luu Iugng nudc ra't ldn. Do riJng ddu ngudn bi tan pha, cac ddi mii ven sdng
sudi chil yd'u phat trien bai lau lach, cd tranh, hoac tham chf cd ddi trgc tra trgi,
ndn dd'n mua mua, tit hang ngan con sud'i ldn nhd nudc chay xud'ng cac ldng
sdng dd ra bid'n ca, cudn phang cd cay, bao mdn cac sudn ddi. Mat khdc do luu
Iugng cua ddng chay ldn ndn vide di lai va cac hoat ddng binh thudmg khac cua
ddng bao gap nhiiu khd khan.
Ve khf hdu, Nhidt do binh quan hdng nam bie'n ddng tir 23-25 °C giua cac
thdng dao ddng kha Idn, cyc dai vao thang 7 trdn 29 °C, cyc tieu vao thang 1 la
17 °C. Nhidt dd cao nhd't tuydt dd'i la 41,6 °C va nhidt dd thd'p nhdt tuydt dd'i la
5,5°C. Thdi tid't Ianh nhdt trong nam vao cac thang 12, 1 va 2 va thdi tiet ndng
nha't trong nam vao thdng 7, 8. Cd nhiet dd trung binh cao tren 28 °C. 10..La
vilng mii da vdi rdng ldn, sy dao ddng nhiet giua ngay va ddm rd't ldn, bidn dd
nhiet trong ngay he ndng biic, bidn do thudng trdn 10°C. Mua ddng sy dao ddng
nhidt vdn trdn 8° C [20].
Khu vyc Phong Nha -Ke Bang ndm trong vung cd lugng mua Idn, binh quan
tur 2000 dd'n 2500 mm/nam. 6 khu vyc mii giap bien gidi Viet-Lao, lugng mua
cdn ldn tdi 3000mm/nam (Minh Hod). Ba thang mua ldn nhd't la cac thang
9,10,11. Tdng lugng mua trong miia mua (tii thang 5 dd'n thang 12) rd't cao,
chid'm tdi 80% tdng lugng mua nam. Mua tap trung vdi cudng dd ldm, cd ngay
lugng mua dat 415mm.Tdn sd xudt hidn nhung tran mua to chid'm khoang 20%,
tap trung vao thang 9 va 10. Xdi mdn va Iu ldm thudng xay ra vao thdi gian nay.
Lugng bd'c hoi kha cao, bid'n ddng tii 1000 dd'n 1300mm/nam. Lugng bd'c hoi
ldn nhdt vao cac thang 5,6,7,8, vi anh hudng ciia gid Lao khd ndng.
Dd dm khdng khf d miic trung binh (83-84%). Mua khd cd do dm thdp hem
nhiiu, chi cdn d miic 66-68%, ca bidt cd ngay xud'ng tdi 28%. Ddy la nhutig
ngay gid Lao thdi manh, thdi tid't rd't khd, ndng, de doa chay ritng va hoa
hoan.Cd 2 miia gid chfnh la miia ddng va miia he.
Gid miia ddng: Tit thdng 11 dd'n thang 1 nam sau, thinh hanh hudng gid Ddng
Bdc xen giu'a cac dgt gid Ddng Bdc la nhumg ngay gid Ddng hoac Ddng Nam.

12


Gid miia he: Do yeu td dia hinh ndn cac nggn mii cao ngan chan gid hudng
Tay Nam va ddi thanh gid Tay Bdc tit thang 5 de'n thang 8. Gid nay khd ndng
gay khdng ft khd khan cho san xudt ndng nghidp va vide bao vd rimg.
Hang nam cd trdn 50 ngay cd gidng va 1 den 2 com bao di qua hoac anh
hudng den khu vyc vdi tdc do gid trdn cdp 8.
Nhu vay, dac trung cua chi do khi hau ciia viing Phong Nha- Ke Bang vdn
mang nhung net chung nha't ciia khf hau Quang Binh la khf hau nhidt ddi gid
miia, cd mua he khd ndng va mua dd'n mudn (Thu Ddng), chiu anh hudng manh
me ciia bao va gid tfn phong lanh phfa Bdc.
Khu vyc nay ndm ggn trong luu vyc cua cac ddng sdng sud'i: Rao Thucmg,
sdng Chay, sdng Trode, sdng Son... diu la thugng ngudn ciia sdng Gianh. Vudn
Qudc gia bao gdm mdt vimg da vdi rdng ldn, vi thd' hien tugng nudc chay ngdm
la phd bie'n. Tren mat da't cd mdt sd khe sud'i nhd dd vao Rao Thuang, chay Id
thidn nhung bi ngdt quang khi chay ngdm qua cac hang ddng, sau khi quy tu Iai
chay vl sdng Chay, sdng Trode vd hgp luu vao sdng Son rdi dd vd thugng ngudn
sdng Gianh.Miia mua, cac sud'i can cd nudc dang cao, tao ddng chay ldm va lu
cue bd, nhung can mua nudc nit rdt nhanh qua cac "mdt hut". Mua lu tir thang 9
den thdng 11 trimg vao nhiing thang mua Idn nhdt. Lii ldn thudmg xud't hidn vao
giua thang 9 va thang 10. [9]
Ngoai miia mua IQ chfnh, sdng Son cdn chiu anh hudng ciia dgt mua phu
(mua tiiu man) vao cdc thang 5,6. Mua tiiu man ddi khi gdy lu lut ldn. Khi lu lut
nudc sdng Son mang nhiiu phu sa, bdi ddp cho cac dai ddt ven bd va lam bid'n
dang ddng sdng do hidn tugng "bdi, lo"
Miia nudc can vao cac thang 1-7, cac khe sud'i nhd trd thanh "khe ehd't" Sdng
Chay va sdng Son cd muc nudc rd't thd'p va ddng chay tdi thilu.
Bd Trach va Minh Hda ndm trong viing nhidt ddi gid mua, khf hau ndng dm

va chia lam hai miia rd ret: Miia mua va miia khd. Miia khd ndng didn ra tit
thang 3 dd'n thang 8 va triing vdi gid miia Ddng-Nam. Sd gid ndng binh quan
hang ngay la 6,4 gid, ngay ndng nhiiu nhd't dat 9,9 gid. Ndng gay gdt nhat didn
ra tit thang 5 dd'n thang 8 hang nam, cd nhung nam ndng ndng keo dai tii 4 den 5
thang liln. Miia nay ft mua, nhung thang 5, thang 6 thinh thoang cd nhumg tran
mua gidng. Nhiet dd bdt ddu ldn cao tir thang 3 va len cao nha't tit thang 6, thang
7. Tit nu'a thang 7 trd di, gid thdi ndng, khd va rdt dii ddi. Ngudi ta ggi la gid
Lao. MQa mua bdt ddu tfir thang 9 nam trudc dd'n thang gidng hoac thang 2 nam
13


sau va keo theo gid miia Ddng-Bdc. Loai gid nay cd khi rdt manh va thudng
mang theo khdng khf lanh, mua ddm nhdt la tir thang chap trd di. Mua nhiiu nhdt
vao thang 9, 10 va 11. Trong 3 thang nay lugng mua nhiiu gdn gdp ddi lucmg
mua cua nhumg thang cdn lai trong nam. Nhidt dd tmng binh hang nam la 24,3°
d thdi diem cao nhdt nhidt do ldn dd'n 40°, thdi diim thdp nhdt nhidt do xud'ng
dudi 10°. .[22]
Nhin chung, dilu kidn ty nhidn d khu vyc nay hd't siic khdc nghiet da cd anh
hudng rd't ldn dd'n ddi sd'ng sinh hoat va lao ddng san xudt cung nhu sy sinh tdn,
phdt triln ciia cac ddn tdc vimg Phong Nha-Ke Bang.
Vl tai nguydn khoang san d Bd Trach va Minh Hda cd the ke dd'n mdt tru
lugng ldn md granit da cao tudi, da vdi da't Iam gach ngdi. Cdng vdi cac ngudn
tai nguydn quy gia khac ciia rimg, ngudn khoang san nay la nhiing tiin dl rdt
quan trgng dl phat trien nin kinh te d viing nay.
Nhin chung dilu kidn ty nhien ciia Bd' Trach va Minh Hda rd't phong phii
va da dang. Vdi dia hinh chia cdt nhiiu tdng, dd't trdng nhiiu loai, vdi chd' dd khf
hdu tucmg dd'i dn djnh, vilng ddt d day cd dieu kidn phat triln niiilu loai gid'ng
cay trdng va vdt nudi. Tham thuc vat va cac loai ddng vat phong phii d miin ritng
mii hai huydn nay cQng la nhumg tiin dl cd tfnh chdt quyd't dinh dd'n vide dn dinh
va phat triln nin kinh td', van hda xa hdi ciia dan cu trong viing.

Tuy nhidn, dilu kien ty nhien d day khdng kem phdn khdc nghiet, khf hau
nhiet ddi ldm ndng nhiiu mua, gay nen han han keo dai d miia khd va lu lut d
miia mua, them vao dd che dd gid Lao va gid mua Ddng-Bdc trai diu 2 miia
trong nam. Dac biet vdi he thd'ng mii da Ke Bang trimg didp, hd thd'ng sdng ngdi,
khe sud'i, mach nudc ngdm day dac lam cho dia hinh niii rittig d day vd'n da hilm
trd lai cang hilm trd han. Tdt ca nhumg dilu dd da gay nen khdng ft khd khan
trong vide phat triln san xudt, dn dinh ddi sd'ng va qua trinh giao luu di lai ciia
ddng bao.
Horn nira, do ldi sd'ng du canh, du cu vdi hinh thiic canh tac ndng nghidp
bdc Idt ciia ddng bao cac dan tdc, he sinh thai rtoig ddu ngudn bi pha vd nghidm
trgng Iam cho ngudn tai nguyen eiia khu vyc bi thoai hda, can cdi, rittig bi tra
trgi. Vide pha vd he sinh thai riing ddu ngudn se ddn dd'n sy ndng ndng gay gdt d
mua khd va Iu lut triln midn d mua mua. Tdt ca nhumg dilu dd cang gay thdm
khd khan, phiic tap cho vide dn dinh ddi sd'ng ciia ddng bao cac dan tdc trong
vilng.

14


1.2. DIEU KIEN XA HQI
a. Tinh trang dan cu
Khu vyc Phong Nha Ke Bang ndm trdn dia phan cua 9 xa thudc hai
huydn Minh Hda va Bd Trach, dd la cac xa: Dan Hda, Hda Son, Trung Hda,
Thugng Hda (Huydn Minh Hda), Xuan Trach, Thugng Trach, Tan Trach, Phiic
Trach, San Trach (huydn Bd Trach).Cac xa giap ranh gdm: HungTrach, Phii
Dinh (huydn Bd Trach) va xa Trudng Som (huyen Quang Ninh). Miin Tay Bd
Trach va Minh Hda la huyen miin mii cua tinh Quang Binh- ncri sinh sd'ng chii
yeu cua ddng bao dan tdc Chiit va Bru Van Kilu. Day la mdt vung ddt ndm vl
phfa Tay Bdc ciia Trung Trung bd Viet Nam, cd day Hoanh Som giang ngang d
phfa Tay Bdc, day Trudmg Son vay kin phfa Tay Nam, vung ddi ban san dia khep

Iai d phfa Ddng. Vung mii huydn Bd Trach va Minh Hda cd mdt vi tri hd't siic
quan trgng vl kinh td', chfnh tri va qudc phdng ciia lanh thd Viet Nam. Noi ddy
chiia dyng nhiiu tilm nang ve kinh td' rittig, la noi sinh tu ciia nhiiu tdc ngudi
anh em ndi ngdn ngu Mdn- Khcrme, Viet - Mudng. La noi cd nhiiu mii cao, rifng
rdm, dd'c diing, nhiiu da vdi, nhiiu hang ddng ndi tid'ng, nhiiu dinh mii cao tidu
bilu nhu: Phucophi 2.071m, Cotapum 1.629m, Ca Rodng 1.029m, Ba ren
1.200m, Hoanh Scm 1.049m..., la noi nhung con dudng xuydn Viet - Lao, dudng
thugng dao Bdc Nam, dudng "xe dgc Trudng San di ciru nudc" va la nai can cii
dia ciia nhiiu cudc khang chie'n chd'ng ngoai xam ciia ddn tdc ta. Bd Trach va
Minh Hda la viing ddt cd lich sit van hoa Idu ddi, noi con ngudi da tu cu sinh
sd'ng tit ngan xua, nai chiia dyng nhiiu ddu tfch van hda ciia cac ldp ddn cu trong
qua trinh lich sii. Noi ddy cac nha khao cd hgc da tim tha'y ddu tfch cu tni ciia
ngudi nguydn thiiy. Tai cac hang ddng d day nhu: hang Hum, hang Khai, hang
Hdi Trudmg, hang Len Bang...cdc tdng van hda khao cd da dugc phat hidn nhu
tdng van hda vd d'c, dac bidt la dc van, dc mii, trai, hen va nhiiu xuang thii, dd
gdm. Dac bidt tai hang Khai, cac nha khao cd cdn tim dugc mdt bd xuang ngudi
ldn ndm canh bd xuomg tre em ngay trong tdng van hda vd d'c. Van hda khao cd
d cac hang ddng vung mii Tuyen Hda va Minh Hda dugc cac nha khao cd xdc
dinh thudc vao thdi dai dd da giiia, each ngay nay trdn dudi mdt van nam va theo
Colani- nha khao c6 hgc ngudi Phap thi cac nin van hda dd tucmg ducmg vdi van
hda Hda Binh d phfa Bdc.
Nam 1943, Xd-rang va Pha-rd Ma-gid da phat hidn va khai quat nhimg di
chi cd nidn dai mudn hom d vilng ddt nay nhu di chi hang Minh Cam, khe Toong.
Tai cac di chi nay tim dugc nhiing dd da, dd gdm cd kilu dang, phong each ciia
15


dd gdm ,dd da van hda Phiing Nguyen. Dd la nhumg cdng cu da cd nhiiu vet ghe
deo va dd gdm cd hoa van ddu thittig, hoa van hinh sdng nudc. Tai hang Minh
Cdm giiia nhiing khu md tang xuang cdt ldn xdn, cac nha khao cd hgc cdn tim

thdy mdt manh xuang gdt chan trai, cd vd't khda cd the la ddu rdc thit. Tuc rdc
thit ngudi ehd't phd bid'n nhiiu d thdi dai dd da mdi. Dac bidt thii vi han la cdn
tim thdy mdt cai rang bi cut nhu bi giua, bi mai bdi mdt cdng cu sdc cd hai ranh
song song. Phong tuc ca rang ciia ngudi tiin sit Quang Binh hidn nay vdn cdn d
ngudi Thugng [9].
Nhu vay Idp cu dan ddu tien d viing nay la nhiing bd lac nguyen thiiy. Hg
chua bie't lam nha, ma cdn d ddng, d hang, cho nen ngudi ta cQng cdn ggi hg la
ngudi cdc hang ddng. Hg khdng dimg sdt nhu chiing ta. Dao, rya ciia hg diu
bang da.
Ngay nay, chiing ta chi biet Idp cu dan cd mat rdt sdm d vung nay la ngudi
Chiit, bao gdm cac nhdm Rue, May, Sach, Arem, Ma Liing. Vi ddy la mdt bd
phan dan cu cdn bao luu nhiiu yd'u td cd nhdt vl van hda va ngdn ngii ciia khdi
tiin Vidt- Mudng. Chdc chdn nhdm cu dan nay tach ra khdi khd'i Vidt-Mudng
chung trudc khi Mudng tach khdi Viet. Hem nGa day la mdt tdc ngudi bi phan
tan, xe nhd, sd'ng tdch rdi nhau, ft cd lidn hd vdi nhau va chi trir nhdm Sach cdn
lai cac nhdm dang chiu mdt qua trinh thoai hda vl nhiiu mat ndn y thiic vl tdc
ngudi cua hg cdn rd't kem. Ngoai dan tdc Chut, d day, cdn cd dan tdc Bru- Van
Kilu sinh sd'ng. Do sy bid'n dgng lich sii, nhdm dan cu thudc ngdn ngii MdnKhame da trai qua nhiiu cudc thidn di trong dd cd dan tdc ngudi Bru - Van
Kilu. Day la bd phdn cu ddn cd tdn ggi cung vdi ten ggi Vdn Kilu d Quang Tri.
Trudc kia, ngudi Van Kilu chi cu tni tir huyen Quang Ninh trd vao phfa Nam. Tir
nam 1990, ngudi Van Kilu mdi di cu ra xa San Trach (Ban Dodng, Ban Rao
Con) mdt bd phan ft cua ngudi Khua sd'ng d xa Thugng Hoa. Trong nhdm Bru van Kilu thi tdc ngudi Ma Coong chid'm bd phan ldn. Ngudi Ma Coong la cu
dan chii yd'u ciia xa Thugng Trach. Nhdm Tri, vdi sd Iugng ft cimg cd dia ban cu
trii vdi nhdm Ma Coong. Mdt sd hd ciia ngudi Ka Rai, ngudi Mudng cung cu tni
dday.
Nhu vay, so vdi ngudi Bru - Van Kilu d Quang Tri, ngudi Bru - Van Kilu d
Quang Binh cd dac diem tdc ngudi khac han. Sy khac nhau dd thi hidn d chd: d
Quang Tri cdng ddng nay la ddng nhdt, trong khi dd d Quang Binh tuy sd Iugng
ngudi ft hon nhung lai cd tdi 4 nhdm cu dan khac nhau: Khiia, Ma Coong, Tri, va
van Kilu. Dd'n nay cd hom 2.000 ngudi phan bd chii ye'u d Thugng Trach, Tan

16


Trach (huydn Bd Trach). Cac nhdm ngudi nay tir lau da dugc cac nha dan tdc hgc
trong va ngoai nudc cho rang hg cd mdi quan he than thudc vdi cac nhdm Bru d
Lao nhu Sd, Khai, Tri va thidn di vao viing Tay Bdc Quang Binh trong nhieu thdi
gian khac nhau.
Tdm Iai ngudi Chiit dugc coi la ldp cu dan cd mat sdm nhdt d vilng niii Tay
- Bdc tinh Quang Binh. Tid'p dd'n la bd phan cu dan ndi ngdn ngS Mdn - Khame
(Van Kilu, Khua, Ma Coong, va vl sau nua la Tri) d Lao tran sang trong nhiiu
thdi ky lich sit. Cu thi dia ban cu tni va dan sd ciia cac nhdm tdc ngudi d vimg
Phong Nha- Ke Bang nhu sau:
1. Nhom Rue: Hidn nay da sd da dugc dinh canh, dinh cu tai ban Phii Ninh, ban
Yen Hgp, ban 6 6 va ban On, xa Thugng Hda, huydn Minh Hda cd 93 hd, 414
khdu..[44]
2. Nhom Sach: Sd'ng tuomg dd'i dn dinh d xa Thugng Hda ciia huydn Minh Hda
vdi 65 hd, 267 khdu.[44]
3. Nhom May Ngudi May d Thugng Hda cd 11 hd, 48 khdu [44]. Ddi sd'ng ciia
hg rdt khd khan. Kinh td' hai lugm, san bdn, bat ea vdn cdn ddng vai trd hd't siic
quan trgng trong ddi sd'ng hang ngay cua ddng bao.
4. Nhdm Arem. Cd sd Iugng dan cu ft nha't trong cac nhdm ciia tdc ngudi Chiit.
Hien nay d cdy sd 39 thudc Ban 39 cd 47 hd, 218 khdu thudc xa Tan Trach,
huydn Bd Trach [45]
5. Nhom VSn Kieu : Sd'ng chii yd'u d 2 xa cQa huydn Bd Trach, d Ban Dodng
(Tan Trach) cd 13 hd 64 khdu. Ban Rao Con (Som Trach) cd 26 hd 142 khdu.[45]
Day la nhdm tdc ngudi thidn di tit phfa nam ra va d mdt vi tri khd hiem trd hdu
nhu each bidt d bdn ngoai. Dd la nhumg thung IQng nam trong khu vyc Phong
Nha - Ke Bang di lai rd't khd khan.
6. Nhdm Ma Coong: Cu tni chu yd'u la d xa Thugng Trach (Bd Trach) giap bidn
gidi Vidt - Lao. Ddy la nhdm tdc ngudi cd sd Iugng nhiiu nhdt trong dan tdc Bru

- van Kilu d Quang Binh, sd'ng rai rac d cac triln mii, khe sud'i gdm 18 ban vdi
397 hd 1967 khdu. [45] Tdc ngudi nay da dinh cu d day kha lau. Theo cac nha
nghidn ciiu, lich sit cua tdc ngudi Ma Coong cho rang, hg la nhung ngudi cu dan
ban dja cd nhung dac diem khac vdi ngudi Van Kilu. Ngoai ra hg cdn cd md'i
lidn hd vdi ngudi Lao, trong ddi sd'ng van hoa cung cd nhumg anh hudng cua van

17


hoa Lao (phong tuc tap quan, y phuc.) Day la mdt lyc lugng quan trgng gdp
phdn bao vd vung bien gidi Viet - Lao thudc dia phdn tinh Quang Binh.
7. Nhdm Khua, Tri, Kai Rai, Mudmg: Day la nhdm tdc ngudi cd sd lugng ft
nhdt d viing Phong Nha - Ke Bang sd'ng chung vdi cdc tdc ngudi khac va d
nhOng dia ban khdc nhau, do vay vl mat van hod vira mang nhumg dac diim cua
tdc ngudi minh vira chiu anh hudng nhung net van hod cua tdc ngudi khac. Cu
thi: ngudi Khua sd'ng d ban Ydn Hgp (Thugng Hoa) cd 3 hd 11 khdu, d Ban 61
(Thugng Trach) cd 3 hd 15 khdu; tdc ngudi Tri d Ban But, Ban Cd Dd (Thugng
Trach) cd 13 hd 59 khdu; ngudi Mudmg d Ban But va Ban 51 (Thugng Trach) cd
6 hd 29 khdu, ngudi Ka Rai d ban Aky (Thugng Trach) cd 3 hd 14 khdu. [45]
Theo kd't qua dilu tra khao sat ciia chiing tdi hien nay sd lugng dan cu va phan
bd dia ban cu tni ciia cac dan tdc d vimg Phong Nha - Ke Bang nhu sau:
1). XA THUONG TRACH- HUYEN BO TRACH [45]

Ban

Sd hd

Sd khau

1, Ban A-Ky

19

98

Ma Coong

2. Ban Tudt

14

71

Ma Coong

3. Ban 61

30

143

Ma Coong

4. Ban Trol

14

70

Ma Coong

Tdc ngudi

5. BanCdDo

37

180

Ma Coong

6. Ban Cham Pu

23

122

Ma Coong

7. Ban 51

15

58

Ma Coong

S.Ban Nodng Cu

11

55

Ma Coong

9.Ban Nodng mdi

20

110

Ma Coong

18

Ghi chu
3 hd 14 khdu ngudi
KaRai

3 hd 15 khdu ngudi
Khua

12 hd ,54 khdu
ngudi Tri

5 hd 24 khdu ngudi
Mudmg


10. Ban But

31

144

Ma Coong

11. Ban Ka Rodng 1 25

129

Ma Coong

12. Ban Ka Rodng 2 21

98

Ma Coong

13. Ban Cu Tdn

32

154

Ma Coong

14. Ban Code

22

109

Ma Coong

15. Ban Con Roang

30

154

Ma Coong

16. Ban Nju

19

87

Ma Coong

17.Ban Ban

25

147

Ma Coong

18. Ban Khe Rung

9

38

Ma Coong

Cong

397

1967

1 hd ,5 khdu ngudi
Tri, 1 hd ,5 khdu
ngudi Mudng

2) XA TAN TRACH - BO TRACH [45]
Ban

Sd hp

So khau

Tdc ngudi

Ban 39

47

218

Arem

64

van Kilu

Ban Dodng

13

3) XA SON TRACH

Ghi chii

BO TRACH [45]

Ban

Sd hd

So khau

Tdc ngudi

Rao Con

26

142

van Kilu

Ghi chu

4) XA THUONG HOA - MINH HOA .[44]
Tdc

Ban Phu Ninh

Ban dn

Ban Yen Hgp

19

Ban Md 0


ngudi Sdhd
So khau Sdhd Sd khau Sdhd Sd khau

Sd
hp

Sd
khau

Sach

11

47

18

76

34

138

2

6

Rue

2

7

39

167

2

9

50

231

3

11

22

267

Khiia
May

1

Cong 14

2

9

43

1

3

56

66

286

40

161

2.Tinh hinh kinh tecac dan tdc vung Phong Nha - Ke Bang
Trong mdt khu vyc sinh tdn rdng ldn vdi da dang cac dieu kidn sd'ng, lai
tdn tai gdn nhu tach bidt nhau, ngudi Chiit, Bru - Van Kilu d Phong Nha - Ke
Bang la mdt cu dan ndng nghiep, nhung tinh hinh kinh te trong timg nhom cung
cd nhiing dac diim khac nhau ft nhiiu. Nhdm Sdch chu yeu lam rudng nudc, ben
canh dd cdn lam rudng vai (rudng khd) rdy, san bdt, danh ca, hai lugm, chan
nudi. Cac nhdm cdn lai, do phdn Idn dan cu phai sd'ng trong tinh trang hit siic lac
hau, hoang da, ndn kinh te' nucmg rdy ciia hg cQng he't siic lac hau. Vdi Id'i canh
tac chgc Id, tria hat trdn dd'c niii, nang sudt thdp, riii ro nhiiu, ndn ngudn thu tir
luong thyc trdng (Iiia, sdn, ngd...) chi du nudi sd'ng hg vai ba thang. Thdi gian
cdn lai trong nam, hg chd'p nhan sd'ng du canh, du cu vdi cdc hoat ddng kinh td'
hai lugm, san bdt. Nhin chung hoat ddng kinh te cua ngudi Chiit d khu vyc nay
Iam rudng, nucmg rdy, chan nudi va cac nghi phu gia dinh. Chan nudi chii yd'u la
trau bd, Ign, gia cdm, ngoai ra cdn cd hoat ddng khai thac cac san phdm tir rimg
nhu san bdt ddng vdt, Id'y gd, ciii, song may, cay thud'c. Cung gid'ng nhu dan tdc
Chiit, dan tdc Bru - Van Kilu hien nay cd nhihig hoat ddng kinh te chii yiu sau
day:
Trdng trgt: ddng bao Bru - Van Kilu d day trdng Iiia, ngd, sdn, thud'c la
tren nuong rdy.
Chan nudi: Ngudi Bru - Van Kilu chua coi hoat ddng chan nudi la

ngudn thu nhap cho dcri sd'ng. Vi the tuy hg cd nudi Ign va nudi ga nhung la sy
chan nudi ty nhidn ndn nang sudt rdt thdp.

20


Hai lugm: Day la loai hinh kinh tl dam bao ngudn cung cdp thyc phdm
chfnh cho ngucri Bru - Van Kieu. Di cd dugc luang thyc, thyc phdm cung cdp
cho ddi sd'ng hang ngay ciia minh, ngucri Bru - Van Kilu sit dung nhiiu phuang
tidn dl danh bat cac loai: bat ca, bdt thii riing, bdt chim va hai qua
Cd thi
ndi, kinh td' san bdn, hai lugm vdn la mdt hoat ddng kinh td' quan trgng trong ddi
sd'ng cua dan tdc Chiit va Bm - Van Kilu d Phong Nha Ke Bang hien nay. Tuy
nhien, hinh thiic ciia hoat ddng ldnh te nay cdn rdt thd sa vi nd phu thudc hoan
toan vao dilu kidn sinh thai ty nhidn ciia mii rimg. Bdn canh dd ddng bao cac dan
tdc d day cdn phat trien cac nghe thii cdng (dan lat va mdc). Cho dd'n nay d vung
nay vdn khdng cd chg, san phdm lam ra thudng dem trao ddi vdi ngudi Kinh d
ddng bang ldn hoac giua cac ban vdi nhau.
Nhumg nam gdn ddy, vdi sy giiip dd cua cac chuong trinh, dy an, ngucri
Bru-Vdn kieu va Chiit da cd nudi trdu, bd. Do chfnh sach bao vd rimg cua Nha
nudc, ngudi Bru - Van Kilu va mdt sd tdc ngudi Chiit (Arem, May) d Phong
Nha-Ke Bang ndi chung cung da dugc giao didn tfch rimg de bao ve. Mdi hd
dugc giao bao vd khoang 30 ha rirng. Tuy nhidn hinh thiic hoat ddng kinh tl nay
chua dem lai nhiing hidu qua cu the cho ngudi dan d day vi sd lugng bao vd rimg
la khdng dang kl so vdi didn tfch rimg ty nhien rdt ldm d Phong Nha - Ke Bang.
Nhin chung, tinh hinh kinh td' d ddy kem phat triln, ddi sd'ng ddng bao dan tdc
cdn gap nhiiu khd khan, thu nhap binh quan ddu ngudi hd't siic thdp. Tinh trang
thid'u ddi vdn didn ra thudng xuydn. Phan bd lao ddng Ididng ddng diu, ty Id
tham gia lao ddng cdn tha'p, do dd thid'u ngudn nhan lyc tai chd dl phat trien cac
nganh nghi kinh td' mdt each cd hidu qua. (xem bang).

Phdn bd' lao dpng vimg dong bao dan tpc d Phong Nha - Ke Bang [45]
Cac xa CO
ddng bao dan
tpc

Phan bd lao ddng
Tdng sd
ngudi

Nam

Nii

Sdlugng Tyle

SoIugng Tyle

Ghi chii

Thugng Trach

1967

469

23,8

388

19,7

Tan Trach

282

86

30,5

51

18,1

Som Trach

142

37

26,1

22

15,5

21


Thugng Hod

740

167

Cdng

3131

759

26,2

142

22,3

603

Tir nhung md ta ve tinh hinh hoat ddng kinh te cua ddng bao cac dan tdc viing
Phong Nha - Ke Bang, chiing ta cd the nit ra dugc mdt vai nhan xet vl hoat ddng
kinh tl d day nhu sau:
Kinh te ndng nghidp, bao gdm hinh thiic trdng trgt va san bdn hai lugm
la hinh thiic hoat ddng kinh td' chfnh dl duy tri cudc sd'ng ciia ngudi ddn d day.
Phuang thiic boat ddng san xudt la phuang thiic boat ddng kinh td' truyin
thd'ng. Trdng luomg thyc theo ldi canh tac nuomg rdy quang canh, cung cdp thyc
phdm theo Id'i san bdn, hai lugn san phdm trong rimg. Vdi phuang thiic boat
ddng nay, nang sudt lao ddng rdt thdp, thu nhap ciia ngudi dan khdng dang kl.
Vi thd' tinh trang thid'u ddi se khdng giam ma ngay cang trdm trgng hom.
3.Tinh hinh van hoa, giao due, yte
Do sd'ng trong mdi trudng thidn nhidn khdc nghidt, hiem trd, ca sd ha tdng

tha'p kem, nin kinh te cdn gap nhiiu khd khan, do vay tinh hinh van hod giao
due d ddy cd nhiiu han chd'. Phdn Idm ddng bao dan tdc d day trinh do dan tri cdn
tha'p, chil yd'u la nhiing ngudi ldn tudi. Qua khao sat ciia chiing tdi d 25 ban cd
ddng bao dan tdc sinh sd'ng gdm cac tdc ngudi Sach, Rue, May, Arem, Ma
Coong, van Kilu, Khiia, Tri cho thdy ty Id mii chii rdt cao, sd ngudi bid't dgc biet
vid't chi dat dd'n trinh dd Idp 1 Idp 2, sd hgc sinh phdn ldm la tiiu hgc, ft cd hgc
sinh d bdc trung hgc ca sd. Dac bidt, cd nai ty Id mii chu hdu nhu hoan toan
(ching han d Ban Dodng - Tdn Trach). d day lai khdng cd trudng hgc, tre em
hdu nhu thdt hgc, ca ban chi cd 2 ngudi bid't chQ. Tuy nhien hien nay do sy quan
tdm ciia cd'p uy Dang chfnh quyIn, sy nd lyc ciia nganh giao due dao tao va sy hd
trg ciia nha Nudc, he thd'ng trudng ldp viing ddng bao dan tdc d Phong Nha - Ke
Bang da tang Idn (xem bang).

22


Tinh hinh giao due vung ddng bao dan tdc d Phong Nha - Ke Bang
[46,47,48,49]
Tinh hinh phat trien giao due
Cac xa cd
ddng bao dan
tpc

So trudng
hpc
Sd
hp

Sd hpc sinh

Sd
Sd
khau Tieu THCS ldp Ldp
hpc
1-2

Ldp
3-5

Ldp
6-7

Ldp
tren
7

Thugng Trach

397

1967

01

01

22

3,5

128

75

0

Tan Trach

60

282

01

0

4

12

25

19

2

Som Trach

26

142

Khu
vyc
le

0

3

21

8

0

0

Thugng Hoa

142

740

01

01

11

76

33

6

4

Tdng cdng

652 3131

3

2

40

454

194

94

6

Cac loai hinh sinh boat van hod va ddi sd'ng tinh thdn ciia ddng bao cac
dan tdc d khu vyc nay cdn rdt thid'u thd'n va lac hau. Miic hudng thu van hoa
nghd thuat cdn thdp. Cudc sd'ng ddi ngheo, kinh td' bdp bdnh, bdnh tat de doa,
dilu kidn di lai khd khan da lam cho biic tranh van hoa, xa hdi vimg ddng bao

dan tdc d Phong Nha - Ke Bang trd ndn thid'u anh sang. Nhung nam gdn ddy,
Nha nudc da cd nhQmg chucmg trinh hd trg xay dyng ca sd ha tdng nhu giao
thdng, thuy lgi, nha d, trucmg hgc, tram y td' da khdc phuc dugc tinh trang thid'u
thd'n, lac hau, phdn nao tao dieu kidn cho vide md mang van hoa va timg budc dn
dinh ddi sd'ng.

23